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Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India
Language of the Snakes Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India Andrew Ollett Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2016 ©2015 Andrew Ollett All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Language of the Snakes Andrew Ollett Language of the Snakes is a biography of Prakrit, one of premodern India’s most important and most neglected literary languages. Prakrit was the language of a literary tradition that flourished om roughly the 1st to the 12th century . During this period, it served as a counterpart to Sanskrit, the preeminent language of literature and learning in India. Together, Sanskrit and Prakrit were the foundation for an enduring “language order” that governed the way that people thought of and used language. Language of the Snakes traces the history of this language order through the historical articulations of Prakrit, which are set out here for the first time: its invention and cultivation among the royal courts of central India around the 1st century , its representation in classical Sanskrit and Prakrit texts, the ways it is made into an object of systematic knowledge, and ultimately its displacement om the language practices of literature. Prakrit is shown to have played a critical role in the establishment of the cultural-political formation now called the “Sanskrit cosmopolis,” as shown through a genealogy of its two key practices, courtly literature (kāvya-) and royal eulogy (praśasti-). It played a similarly critical role in the emergence of vernacular textuality, as it provided a model for language practices that diverged om Sanskrit but nevertheless possessed an identity and regularity of their own. -
Culture Heritage History and Historiography in Dandakaranya (BC to 1250AD)– Vol
DYNASTY HISTORY OF UNITED KORAPUT (B.C. to 1250AD) DAS KORNEL First published 2017 @ Das Kornel 2017 All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the author and the publisher. ISBN 978-93-5288-893-1 Published by Das Kornel, 2017 [email protected] [email protected] Mobile: +91 9437411576 Coverpage by Arjun Ojha Dedicated to Prof.N.K.Sahu, the eminent Historian of Odisha who contributed immensely to the knowledge of local History in Western Odisha and Emperor Kharavela Dr. Das Kornel Dr. Das Kornel was born in a Punjabi family at Jeypore (Koraput district) in Odisha State of India on 18th August 1948. His family came down during 1870 from Amritsar to Jeypore, then was under the Agency area of Visakahpatam in Madras Presidency and Jeypore as a State ruled by the Suryavamsi family; they have few documents since 1892. Dr.Kornel is a qualified Veterinarian with specialization in Animal Genetics and exercised his profession uptill 1999.He had an excellent accademic carrier and had earned Honours to his degree and 3 University Goldmedals and several prizes. He worked with Government of India in various positions since 1971 and took Voluntry retirement from the post of Director, CCBF in 1999.He was instrumental in establishing Indo-Australian Sheep Breeding Project, Hissar and Central Cattle (Jersey) Breeding Farm, Sunabeda, Government of India. He had established Frozen Semen Bank and Embryo Transfer Laboratory in CCBF, Sunabeda. He has worked with DANIDA as Danida Advisor for 10 long years and was the Programmee Coordinator (IC- SDC) Indo-Swiss Natural Resource Management Programme, Odisha for 4 years. -
Urbanization and Interactions in the Early Historic Deccan: the Sātavāhana, Western Kṣatrapa, and Ikṣvāku Dynasties
Urbanization and Interactions in the Early Historic Deccan: The Sātavāhana, Western Kṣatrapa, and Ikṣvāku Dynasties Michael C. Skinner A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Washington 2012 Committee: Dr. Richard Salomon Dr. Purnima Dhavan Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature Table of Contents List of Figures, iii Chapter 1: The Early Historic Deccan: The Formation of a Region, 1 1.1. Defining the Early Historic Deccan, 1 1.2. Regional History of the Early Historic Deccan, 7 1.3. Urbanization in the Early Historic Deccan, 9 1.4. Sources and Methodology, 14 Chapter 2: The Sātavāhana Dynasty: A History of the Early Historic Deccan, 19 2.1. Historical Outline of the Sātavāhana Dynasty, 19 2.2. Impact of the Sātavāhana Dynasty on the Early Historic Deccan, 27 2.2.1. Sātavāhana Currency, 28 2.2.2. First Phase of the Sātavāhana Dynasty, 30 2.2.3. Second Phase of the Sātavāhana Dynasty, 33 2.2.4. Sātavāhana Statecraft, 34 Chapter 3: The Ikṣvāku Dynasty: Urbanization in the Early Historic Deccan, 37 3.1. Nāgārjunakoṇḍa: An Early Historic City in the Deccan, 38 3.2. Historical Outline of the Ikṣvāku Dynasty, 41 3.3. The Process of Urbanization in the Early Historic Deccan, 45 Chapter 4: The Western Kṣatrapa Dynasty: Interactions in the Early Historic Deccan, 54 4.1. Historical Outline of the Western Kṣatrapas, 54 4.2. Interactions between the Western Kṣatrapas and the Satavahana Dynasties, 57 4.3. Interactions between the Western Kṣatrapas and the Iksvaku Dynasties, 62 Concluding Remarks, 66 Appendix 1: The Purāṇic Genealogy of the ‘Andhra’ Dynasty, 68 Appendix 2: Sātavāhana Chronology Based on Epigraphic and Numismatic Evidence, 69 Appendix 3: A Comparison of Nahapāna and Sātavāhana Silver Royal Portrait Coins, 70 Bibliography, 72 i Acknowledgements I greatly appreciate the time given and patience show by Dr. -
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CINL24231MH1950PLC008311 Company Name PFIZER LIMITED Date Of AGM(DD-MON-YYYY) 06-SEP-2013 Sum of unpaid and unclaimed dividend 1785184 Sum of interest on unpaid and unclaimed dividend 0 Sum of matured deposit 0 Sum of interest on matured deposit 0 Sum of matured debentures 0 Sum of interest on matured debentures 0 Sum of application money due for refund 0 Sum of interest on application money due for refund 0 First Name Middle Name Last Name Father/Husb Father/Husba Father/Husband Address Country State District PINCode Folio Number of Investment Type Amount Proposed Date of and First nd Middle Last Name Securities Due(in Rs.) transfer to IEPF Name Name (DD-MON-YYYY) ANUJA MULLICK SUDHANGSH KUMAR MULLICK 30/3A NARASINGHA INDIA WEST BENGAL HOWRAH 711101 P0018439 Amount for unclaimed 5128.00 24-AUG-2018 U DUTTA ROAD and unpaid dividend HOWRAH LUCY DCOSTA CASMIRO BLOSSOM CO-OP H INDIA MAHARASHTRA MUMBAI 400059 P0031082 Amount for unclaimed 5888.00 24-AUG-2018 SOCTY LTD BLOCK and unpaid dividend 7/25 MAROL ANDHERI MUMBAI 59 SORAB BEHRAMJI BHAYA NA SHYAM NIVAS INDIA MAHARASHTRA MUMBAI 400026 P0119174 Amount for unclaimed 6720.00 24-AUG-2018 BLOCK 7 FLAT NO 42 and unpaid dividend 51 BHULABHAI DESAI ROAD MUMBAI MOHINI SUCHA KHERA SUCHA SINGH KHERA 10 PALAM MARG INDIA DELHI NEW DELHI 110057 P0025311 Amount for unclaimed 7320.00 24-AUG-2018 NEW DELHI and unpaid dividend S SUBRAMONIA IYER NA 208-A POCKET-C INDIA DELHI NEW DELHI 110091 P0144764 Amount for unclaimed 40.00 24-AUG-2018 MAYUR VIHAR and unpaid dividend PHASE II NEW DELHI PRITHVI CHAND BAKHSHI -
Vana-India Ühiskondlik-Poliitiliste Tekstide Käsitlusviise
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.4 STUDENT'S HISTORT OF INDIA PREHISTORIC ANCIENT AND HINDU INDIA R. D. BANERJI, M.A. Late Manindra Chandra Nundy Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Benares Hindu University; Sometime Lecturer Post- Graduate Department, Calcutta University; formerly Fellow of the Bombay University, &c. &c. BLACKIE & SON (INDIA) LIMITED WARWICK HOUSE, BOMBAY; CALCUTTA AND MADRAS f'trst PREFACE This book was written and revised by my father, but unfortunately he did not live to see it published. The duty of, in some measure, still further revising it, and of seeing it through the Press, has therefore fallen upon myself. The work is primarily meant for students, and if it can help to create in the heart of the rising generation a just pride in their national heritage, the deceased scholar's labours will be amply rewarded. Opinions will almost inevitably differ as to the value of sources relied upon, and the soundness of conclusions reached, by the Author. To generous critics who would have me correct some slip or make good some omission I shall feel grateful. My grateful thanks are due to Prof. S. Bhattacharji, M.A., of the Sanskrit College, Calcutta, and to Messrs. P. Gupta, M.A., and A. Raychaudhuri, M.A., for help received during the revision of the work. I have to acknowledge a debt of gratitude to Mr. Donald A. Mackenzie, who has so kindly contributed a Foreword to the book. Mr. Mackenzie has expressed " himself as being particularly struck by observing how far advanced the deceased author was in his perception of the trend of anthropological discovery in India ". -
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Mxlras Uolverrfty ffiatorical Series-No. 16 * "A GENERAL EDITOR : PROFESSOR K. A. NILAKANTA SASTRI EARLY HISTORY OF THE ANDHRA COUNTRY THE SATAVAHANA EMPIRE CM CSl *o N w w eo O H OJ CO r-t H r1 rH THeais approved for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy PRINTED BY G. 0* fMBftft; MAMtU, COOTENTS PAGES Foreword . ix Preface . xi Chapter I. Introductory .. 1-3 Chapter IL ORIGINS OF SATAVAHANA POWER Materials for a study of Satavahana history The old theory Epigraphic, numismatic and literary evidence against it 4- 27 Chapter III. THE EARLY SATAVAHANAS The Starting point Founder of the dynasty : Simuka- Kanha I Siri-Satakani I Satakarni : Meaning Sata- kani's Imperial Position Satakani I Kharavela Syn- chronism? Hakusiri Satisiri Skandastambhi Sata- kani II Apflaka His reign: Extent of his kingdom Hala Hala : meaning of the name Events of his reign . 28-43 Chapter IV. THE LATER SATAVAHANAS (a) Gotamlputa Siri-Satakani (i) Metronymics (ii) Gotamiputa Siri-Satakani and the Ksaharatas Ksaharata inroads into Satavahana dominions Bhumaka Naha- pana (iii) Comparative Chronology of Gotamlputa Satakani and Nahapana The Satakarni of the Girnar inscription (iv) Gotamiputa Satakani cannot be identified with Gotamlputa Vilivayakura of the coins (v) Gotamlputa's empire (b) Pulumavi II Messrs R. G. and D. R. Bhandarkars' theory of the conjoint rule of Gotamiputa Siri-Satakani and Pulumavi His dominions (c) Siva Siri-Satakani (d) Sivamaka Sada (Satakani) (e) Matfhariputa Sakasena Satakani (f) Gotamiputa Siri-Yana Satakani (g) Vasithlputa Cada Sfiti (h) Pulumavi m ..44-72 Chapter V. ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS IN THE SATAVAHANA EMPIRE Royal Succession The King Feudatories Nature of the titles: MahSbhoja Mahabhoji Mahara{his Mahfi- senapatis Officials and administrative divisions Appen- dix A : The Alluru inscription . -
DDK Historyf.P65
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF INDIAN HISTORY D. D. KOSAMBI PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION IN the revision, I had expected to learn a great deal more than has actually been possible from reviews by professional historians. The paramount importance of field work in the study of Indian history seems altogether to have escaped their attention. Such work in the field falls into three inter-related classes : archaeology, anthropology, and philology. All three need some preliminary knowledge of local conditions, the ability to master local dialects, and to gain the confidence of tribesmen as well as peasants. In all field work, it is necessary to develop a technique and critical method during the course of the investigation itself. Fitting observations into rigid, preconceived moulds is ruinous. The technique of asking the right questions in the proper way cannot be taught nor mastered except in the field. Whatever transport is used to reach any given locality, the actual fjeld work can only be done on foot. Field archaeology differs from site archaeology in ,that the amount of digging is negligible, but the ground covered extensive. The one indispensable tool is a stout staff with a chisel ferrule for prying artifacts out of the surface, used as a measuring and sighting rod, &c ; it serves also to discourage the more ambitious village dogs and the occasional marauder. The collection of surface finds, tracing of ancient routes, and collation with local cults, myths, and legends is a main task. Digging in X PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION carefully chosen spots may be a consequence, and will then give the greatest amount of information at minimuhi expense. -
H¯Ath¯Igumph¯A Raidkiri: Tekst Ja Kontekst
✐ ✐ “vrmt11” — 2012/7/24 — 17:55 — page 45 — #45 ✐ ✐ Hath¯ ¯ıgumpha¯ raidkiri: tekst ja kontekst Martti Kalda Hath¯ ¯ıgumpha¯ raidkiri Udayagiri mäel India Orissa osariigis on üks oluli- simaid mälestisi, mis pärineb Maurja (4.–2. saj e.m.a) ja Gupta (4.–6. saj) dünastia vahelisest segasest ajast, eepiliseks ajastuks nimetatud perioodist (4./3. saj e.m.a – 3./4. saj) India ajaloos. Käesolev artikkel analüüsib raid- kirja teksti kui (ajaloo)allikat ning süveneb kirjutist ümbritsevasse ruumi- lisse (geograafilisse), ajalisse (ajaloolisse), tekstuaalsesse (kirjanduslikku) ning religioossesse (ideoloogilisse) konteksti. Ruumiline (geograafiline) kontekst Udayagiri ja Khan.d.agiri liivakivist kaljud paiknevad Orissa pealinnast Bhu- baneswarist 6–7 km läänes Khordha (Khurda) maakonnas. Khan.d.agiri (‘Murtud mägi’) on 37,5 meetrit kõrge, Udayagiri (‘Idamägi’) veidi ma- dalam, 33,5 meetrit.1 Tänapäeval on Khan.d.agiri mäel 15 koobast ja üks džainistlik tempel. Uurijate arvates on võimalik, et üksnes koopad 1, 2 ja 3 pärinevad 2. sa- jandist e.m.a, teised Khan.d.agiri koopad on ilmselt keskaegsed, rajatud 10.– 15. sajandil.2 Seda tõestavad 10.–11. sajandisse dateeritud raidkirjad koo- 1Debala Mitra. Udayagiri and Khandagiri. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India, 1992, lk 1; http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_orissa_udayagiricaves.asp (15.12.2010). 2Ibid., lk 13; Shashi Kant. The Hath¯ ¯ıgumpha¯ Inscription of Kharavela¯ and the Babru Edict of Asoka:´ A Critical Study. New Delhi: D. K. Printworld Ltd., 2000, lk 7; George 45 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ “vrmt11” — 2012/7/24 — 17:55 — page 46 — #46 ✐ ✐ 46 HATH¯ IGUMPH¯ A¯ RAIDKIRI: TEKST JA KONTEKST 3 baste seintel. R. s.abhanathale¯ pühendatud džainistlik pühamu Khan.d.agiri mäel on ilmselt rajatud küll varasema templi kohale, ent praegune ehitis pärineb 18.