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SPHERE: the Exoplanet Imager for the Very Large Telescope J.-L
Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. paper c ESO 2019 October 4, 2019 SPHERE: the exoplanet imager for the Very Large Telescope J.-L. Beuzit1; 2, A. Vigan2, D. Mouillet1, K. Dohlen2, R. Gratton3, A. Boccaletti4, J.-F. Sauvage2; 7, H. M. Schmid5, M. Langlois2; 8, C. Petit7, A. Baruffolo3, M. Feldt6, J. Milli13, Z. Wahhaj13, L. Abe11, U. Anselmi3, J. Antichi3, R. Barette2, J. Baudrand4, P. Baudoz4, A. Bazzon5, P. Bernardi4, P. Blanchard2, R. Brast12, P. Bruno18, T. Buey4, M. Carbillet11, M. Carle2, E. Cascone17, F. Chapron4, J. Charton1, G. Chauvin1; 23, R. Claudi3, A. Costille2, V. De Caprio17, J. de Boer9, A. Delboulbé1, S. Desidera3, C. Dominik15, M. Downing12, O. Dupuis4, C. Fabron2, D. Fantinel3, G. Farisato3, P. Feautrier1, E. Fedrigo12, T. Fusco7; 2, P. Gigan4, C. Ginski15; 9, J. Girard1; 14, E. Giro19, D. Gisler5, L. Gluck1, C. Gry2, T. Henning6, N. Hubin12, E. Hugot2, S. Incorvaia19, M. Jaquet2, M. Kasper12, E. Lagadec11, A.-M. Lagrange1, H. Le Coroller2, D. Le Mignant2, B. Le Ruyet4, G. Lessio3, J.-L. Lizon12, M. Llored2, L. Lundin12, F. Madec2, Y. Magnard1, M. Marteaud4, P. Martinez11, D. Maurel1, F. Ménard1, D. Mesa3, O. Möller-Nilsson6, T. Moulin1, C. Moutou2, A. Origné2, J. Parisot4, A. Pavlov6, D. Perret4, J. Pragt16, P. Puget1, P. Rabou1, J. Ramos6, J.-M. Reess4, F. Rigal16, S. Rochat1, R. Roelfsema16, G. Rousset4, A. Roux1, M. Saisse2, B. Salasnich3, E. Santambrogio19, S. Scuderi18, D. Segransan10, A. Sevin4, R. Siebenmorgen12 C. Soenke12, E. Stadler1, M. Suarez12, D. Tiphène4, M. Turatto3, S. Udry10, F. Vakili11, L. B. F. M. Waters20; 15, L. -
Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
Feature of the Month – January 2016 Galilaei
A PUBLICATION OF THE LUNAR SECTION OF THE A.L.P.O. EDITED BY: Wayne Bailey [email protected] 17 Autumn Lane, Sewell, NJ 08080 RECENT BACK ISSUES: http://moon.scopesandscapes.com/tlo_back.html FEATURE OF THE MONTH – JANUARY 2016 GALILAEI Sketch and text by Robert H. Hays, Jr. - Worth, Illinois, USA October 26, 2015 03:32-03:58 UT, 15 cm refl, 170x, seeing 8-9/10 I sketched this crater and vicinity on the evening of Oct. 25/26, 2015 after the moon hid ZC 109. This was about 32 hours before full. Galilaei is a modest but very crisp crater in far western Oceanus Procellarum. It appears very symmetrical, but there is a faint strip of shadow protruding from its southern end. Galilaei A is the very similar but smaller crater north of Galilaei. The bright spot to the south is labeled Galilaei D on the Lunar Quadrant map. A tiny bit of shadow was glimpsed in this spot indicating a craterlet. Two more moderately bright spots are east of Galilaei. The western one of this pair showed a bit of shadow, much like Galilaei D, but the other one did not. Galilaei B is the shadow-filled crater to the west. This shadowing gave this crater a ring shape. This ring was thicker on its west side. Galilaei H is the small pit just west of B. A wide, low ridge extends to the southwest from Galilaei B, and a crisper peak is south of H. Galilaei B must be more recent than its attendant ridge since the crater's exterior shadow falls upon the ridge. -
Astronomy and Astrophysics
THE DECADE OF DISCOVERY IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee Board on Physics and Astronomy Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1991 NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS • 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW • Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special compe_nces and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This project was supported by the Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FGO5- 89ER40421, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-8901685, the Naval Research Laboratory under Contract No. N00173-90-M-9744, and the Smithsonian Institution under Purchase Order No. SF0022430000. Additional support was provided by the Maurice Ewing Earth and Planetary Sciences Fund of the National Academy of Sciences created through a gift from the Palisades Geophysical Institute, Inc., and an anonymous donor. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data National Research Council (U.S.). Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee. The decade of discovery in astronomy and astrophysics / Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council. -
Glossary of Lunar Terminology
Glossary of Lunar Terminology albedo A measure of the reflectivity of the Moon's gabbro A coarse crystalline rock, often found in the visible surface. The Moon's albedo averages 0.07, which lunar highlands, containing plagioclase and pyroxene. means that its surface reflects, on average, 7% of the Anorthositic gabbros contain 65-78% calcium feldspar. light falling on it. gardening The process by which the Moon's surface is anorthosite A coarse-grained rock, largely composed of mixed with deeper layers, mainly as a result of meteor calcium feldspar, common on the Moon. itic bombardment. basalt A type of fine-grained volcanic rock containing ghost crater (ruined crater) The faint outline that remains the minerals pyroxene and plagioclase (calcium of a lunar crater that has been largely erased by some feldspar). Mare basalts are rich in iron and titanium, later action, usually lava flooding. while highland basalts are high in aluminum. glacis A gently sloping bank; an old term for the outer breccia A rock composed of a matrix oflarger, angular slope of a crater's walls. stony fragments and a finer, binding component. graben A sunken area between faults. caldera A type of volcanic crater formed primarily by a highlands The Moon's lighter-colored regions, which sinking of its floor rather than by the ejection of lava. are higher than their surroundings and thus not central peak A mountainous landform at or near the covered by dark lavas. Most highland features are the center of certain lunar craters, possibly formed by an rims or central peaks of impact sites. -
INDEX to VOLUME 26 of the JOURNAL of the ASSOCIATION of LUNAR and PLANETARY OBSERVERS (The Strolling Astronomer) by Michael
INDEX TO VOLUME 26 OF THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY OBSERVERS (The Strolling Astronomer) by Michael Mattei PUBLICATION DATA Issue Number 1-2, May, 1976.......Pages 1-40 3-4, August, 1976..... 41-84 5-6, November, 1976... 85-128 7-8, February, 1977... 129-172 9-10, May, 1977........ 173-216 11-12, August, 1977..... 217-260 AUTHOR INDEX Pages Ashbrook, Joseph An Amateur Program: Timing Eclipses of Jovian Satellites 233-235 Benton, Julius L. American and Italian Observations of Saturn in 1974-1975: Some Comparative Notes 166-168 A Simultaneous Observing Program for the Planet Saturn: Some Preliminary Remarks 164-166 Visual and Photographic Observations of Saturn: The 1974-75 Apparition 85-94 The 1975-76 Apparition of Saturn 173-184 The Planet Venus: A Summary of Five Morning Apparitions, 1967 - 1974 150-155 Two Eastern (Evening) Apparitions of the Planet Venus: 1973-74 and 1974-75 100-109 The 1976-77 Eastern (Evening) Apparition of the Planet Venus: Visual and Photographic Investigations 240-251 Budine, Phillip W. Jupiter in 1974-75: Rotation Periods 129-135 Jupiter in 1975-76: Rotation Periods 217-231 Measured Photographic Latitudes on Jupiter in 1975-76 231-233 Observed Latitudes of Jupiter's Belts and Zones in 1974-75 118-119 The A.L.P.O. at Kutztown, Pennsylvania 123-125 Capen, C.F. A Season for Vikings 41-46 Capen, Charles F. and Rhoads, Robert B. Mars 1971 Apparition - Martian Polar Hoods - ALPO Report II 1-8 Sassone-Corsi, Emilio and Sassone- Corsi, Paolo Some Systematic Observations of Saturn During its 1974-75 Apparition 8-12 Delano, Kenneth J. -
Interview with Harold Zirin
HAROLD ZIRIN (1930-2012) INTERVIEWED BY SHIRLEY K. COHEN February 3, 10 and 17, 1998 Photo taken 1977 ARCHIVES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California Subject area Astronomy, astrophysics Abstract An interview in three sessions, in February 1998, by Shirley K. Cohen with Harold Zirin, Professor of Astrophysics, emeritus, in the Division of Physics, Math and Astronomy at Caltech. Dr. Zirin received his undergraduate and graduate education at Harvard (AB, 1950; AM, 1951; PhD, 1953). He joined the Caltech faculty in 1964, became Chief Astronomer at the Big Bear Solar Observatory in 1970 and Director in 1980. The interview briefly covers Zirin’s youth and early education in New York City and Bridgeport, Connecticut, and notes his youthful interest in astronomy and success in school. Recalls Harvard astronomers Bart Bok, Harlow Shapley, Armin Deutsch, Donald Menzel. PhD work on stellar opacities under Philip Morse at MIT with Harvard’s approval; leads to first job at RAND Corporation and first move to California, 1952-1953. Denial of security clearance based on father’s membership in Communist party sends him back to Harvard for postdoc position. Move to Colorado to High Altitude Observatory and beginning of solar http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_Zirin_H observing; reminiscences of S. Chandrasekhar, G. Munch. Recruitment to Caltech by J. Greenstein, R. Leighton, 1964. Discusses history of solar observing at Mt. Wilson Observatory. Site survey for new Caltech solar observatory; role of astronomer Sue Kiefer; selection of Big Bear Lake site in San Bernardino Mountains (1967). Story of construction and operation of Big Bear Solar Observatory, concluding with its transfer to New Jersey Institute of Technology (1997). -
The Bursty Star Formation History of the Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Revealed with the HST
MNRAS 000,1–20 (2020) Preprint 12 January 2021 Compiled using MNRAS LATEX style file v3.0 The bursty star formation history of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy revealed with the HST V. Rusakov,1,2,3¢ M. Monelli,4,5 C. Gallart,4,5 T. K. Fritz,4,5 T. Ruiz-Lara,4,5,6 E. J. Bernard,7 S. Cassisi.8,9 1Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK 2Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) 3Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Lyngbyvej 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark 4Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 5Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 6Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands 7Universite Côte dÁzur, Observatoire de la Côte dÁzur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, France 8INAF - Astronomical Observatory of Abruzzo, Via M. Maggini, I-64100 Teramo, Italy 9INFN, Sezione di Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, 56127 Pisa, Italy Accepted 2020 December 24. Received 2020 December 7; in original form 2020 February 22 ABSTRACT We present a new derivation of the star formation history (SFH) of the dSph galaxy Fornax in two central regions, characterised by unprecedented precision and age resolution. It reveals that star formation has proceeded in sharp bursts separated by periods of low-level or quies- cent activity. The SFH was derived through colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) fitting of two extremely deep Hubble Space Telescope CMDs, sampling the centre and one core radius. The attained age resolution allowed us to single out a major star formation episode at early times, a second strong burst 4.6 ± 0.4 Gyr ago and recent intermittent episodes ∼ 2 − 0.2 Gyr ago. -
Today in Astronomy 111: Venus and Earth
Today in Astronomy 111: Venus and Earth Earth as a planet Venus, Earth and atmospheric circulation: Hadley cells. Venus, Earth and the greenhouse effect: one dead planet, global warming, and ocean acidification. Distinctive features of Earth Earth and Venus, from • Life and its influence on the Galileo and geology and the atmosphere Magellan missions, • Plate tectonics respectively (JPL/NASA). Click to • The core and the global spin the planets. magnetic field 22 September 2011 Astronomy 111, Fall 2011 1 Tomorrow afternoon, at 1:04 PM EDT – very close to true noon – the Sun crosses the celestial equator again: it reaches the autumnal equinox. Photo: Joe Orman Within a few minutes: what will the sidereal time be, at true midnight (1AM EDT) tomorrow night? A. 0h B. 3h56.4m C. 6h D. 1h04m E. 12h F. 23h 22 September 2011 Astronomy 111, Fall 2011 2 Mass 5.9736× 1027 gm Earth’s Equatorial radius 6.3781× 108 cm vital statistics Average density 5.515 gm cm-3 Moment of inertia 0.33MR2 Full Earth, seen from Clementine (US DoD) Albedo 0.37 Effective temperature 254.3 K 1.49597887147× 1013 cm Orbital semimajor axis (1.00000011 AU) Orbital eccentricity 0.01671022 Sidereal 365.256 days revolution period Sidereal 23.9345 hours rotation period Length of day 24.0000 hours Magnetic field 0.5 gauss 22 September 2011 Astronomy 111, Fall 2011 3 Venus, Earth and atmospheric circulation In 1735, George Hadley, who was interested in explaining the direction and steadiness of the trade winds, extended an earlier suggestion by Edmund Halley. -
Journal of the Association of Lunar & Planetary Observers
ISSN-0039-2502 Journal of the Association of Lunar & Planetary Observers The Strolling Astronomer Volume 46, Number 3, Summer 2004 Now in Portable Document Format (PDF) for MacIntosh and PC-Compatible Computers Inside. * The Perseids are coming! The Perseids are coming! And guess what — almost NO Moon this time! * Some early personal reports on the Venus transit * A report on the 1996 Jupi- ter apparition * A writeup on This Issue’s Cover: A great shot of the Venus transit by Mercury Section Coordinator the Moon’s Frank Melillo from Holtsville, NY, USA. Taken June 8, 10:40 UT (6:40 a.m. local time) using a Celestron 8-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain at f/10 equipped with a Starlight Xpress MX5 CCD Maestlin camera; exposure 0.5 second; some clouds present. For an animation of this image, go to Region http://hometown.aol.com/frankj12/specialtransitpage1.html . plus LOTS of reports about your ALPO section activities and much, much more. The Strolling Astronomer Journal of the In This Issue: Association of Lunar & Inside the ALPO Point of View: It’s Nice to be Noticed – Again..... 1 Planetary Observers, ALPO Founder Walter Haas Injured in Fall..........2 In Memoriam: Janet Mattei .................................2 The Strolling Astronomer ALPO’s L. Garrett: Asteroid Discoverer ...............2 Reminder: Address Changes ...............................2 Volume 46, No. 3, Summer 2004 Report from the ALPO Membership Secretary/ This issue published in July 2004 for distribution in both Treasurer.........................................................2 portable document format (pdf) and also hardcopy for- Interest Section Reports mat. Computing Section .........................................3 ALPO Lunar & Planetary Training Program....3 This publication is the official journal of the Association The Federation of Galaxy Explorers: The Future of Lunar & Planetary Observers (ALPO). -
Voyage to Jupiter. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 312 131 SE 050 900 AUTHOR Morrison, David; Samz, Jane TITLE Voyage to Jupiter. INSTITUTION National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC. Scientific and Technical Information Branch. REPORT NO NASA-SP-439 PUB DATE 80 NOTE 208p.; Colored photographs and drawings may not reproduce well. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 ($9.00). PUB TYPE Reports - Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Aerospace Technology; *Astronomy; Satellites (Aerospace); Science Materials; *Science Programs; *Scientific Research; Scientists; *Space Exploration; *Space Sciences IDENTIFIERS *Jupiter; National Aeronautics and Space Administration; *Voyager Mission ABSTRACT This publication illustrates the features of Jupiter and its family of satellites pictured by the Pioneer and the Voyager missions. Chapters included are:(1) "The Jovian System" (describing the history of astronomy);(2) "Pioneers to Jupiter" (outlining the Pioneer Mission); (3) "The Voyager Mission"; (4) "Science and Scientsts" (listing 11 science investigations and the scientists in the Voyager Mission);.(5) "The Voyage to Jupiter--Cetting There" (describing the launch and encounter phase);(6) 'The First Encounter" (showing pictures of Io and Callisto); (7) "The Second Encounter: More Surprises from the 'Land' of the Giant" (including pictures of Ganymede and Europa); (8) "Jupiter--King of the Planets" (describing the weather, magnetosphere, and rings of Jupiter); (9) "Four New Worlds" (discussing the nature of the four satellites); and (10) "Return to Jupiter" (providing future plans for Jupiter exploration). Pictorial maps of the Galilean satellites, a list of Voyager science teams, and a list of the Voyager management team are appended. Eight technical and 12 non-technical references are provided as additional readings. -
Asteroids Do Have Satellites 289
Merline et al.: Asteroids Do Have Satellites 289 Asteroids Do Have Satellites William J. Merline Southwest Research Institute Stuart J. Weidenschilling Planetary Science Institute Daniel D. Durda Southwest Research Institute Jean-Luc Margot California Institute of Technology Petr Pravec Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Alex D. Storrs Towson University After years of speculation, satellites of asteroids have now been shown definitively to exist. Asteroid satellites are important in at least two ways: (1) They are a natural laboratory in which to study collisions, a ubiquitous and critically important process in the formation and evolu- tion of the asteroids and in shaping much of the solar system, and (2) their presence allows to us to determine the density of the primary asteroid, something which otherwise (except for certain large asteroids that may have measurable gravitational influence on, e.g., Mars) would require a spacecraft flyby, orbital mission, or sample return. Binaries have now been detected in a variety of dynamical populations, including near-Earth, main-belt, outer main-belt, Tro- jan, and transneptunian regions. Detection of these new systems has been the result of improved observational techniques, including adaptive optics on large telescopes, radar, direct imaging, advanced lightcurve analysis, and spacecraft imaging. Systematics and differences among the observed systems give clues to the formation mechanisms. We describe several processes that may result in binary systems, all of which involve collisions of one type or another, either physi- cal or gravitational. Several mechanisms will likely be required to explain the observations. 1. INTRODUCTION sons between, for example, asteroid taxonomic types and our inventory of meteorites.