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The Effects of Management and Plant Diversity on Carbon Storage in Coffee Agroforestry Systems in Costa Rica

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The Effects of Management and Plant Diversity on Carbon Storage in Coffee Agroforestry Systems in Costa Rica Agroforest Syst (2012) 86:159–174 DOI 10.1007/s10457-012-9545-1 The effects of management and plant diversity on carbon storage in coffee agroforestry systems in Costa Rica Achim Ha¨ger Received: 3 September 2011 / Accepted: 28 June 2012 / Published online: 11 July 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 Abstract Agroforestry systems can mitigate green- found that the combined effect of farm type, species house gas (GHG) emissions, conserve biodiversity and richness, species composition and slope explained generate income. Whereas the provision of ecosystem 83 % of the variation in total C-storage across all services by agroforestry is well documented, the farms (P \ 0.001). Coffee agroforestry in general and functional relationships between species composition, organic farms in particular may contribute to GHG diversity and carbon (C)-storage remain uncertain. mitigation and biodiversity conservation in a syner- This study aimed to analyze the effects of management gistic manner which has implications for the effective (conventional vs. organic), woody plant diversity and allocation of resources for conservation and climate plant composition on aboveground and belowground change mitigation strategies in the agricultural sector. C-storage in coffee agroforestry systems. It was expected that organic farms would store more C, and Keywords Agrobiodiversity Á Functional diversity Á that an increase in plant diversity would enhance Greenhouse gas mitigation Á Organic coffee Á C-storage due to complementarity effects. Addition- Payment for environmental services ally, it was expected that steep slopes decrease C-storage as a result of topsoil erosion. Woody plants were identified on 1 ha plots within 14 coffee farms Introduction (7 conventional and 7 organic). C-stocks in trees, coffee plants and roots were estimated from allometric Agriculture is directly responsible for 10–12 % of equations. C-stocks in litter and topsoil (0–25 cm) anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and were estimated by sampling. On average, farms stored annual emissions are expected to increase further 93 ± 29 Mg C ha-1. Soil organic carbon accounted during the next decades (Smith et al. 2007). Cropland for 69 % of total C. Total C-stocks were 43 % higher and pastures currently cover between 40 and 50 % of on organic farms than on conventional farms (P \ the terrestrial surface area (FAO 2007; Smith et al. 0.05). Conventional and organic farms differed in 2007) and agriculture is a main driver for deforestation vegetation structure, but not in species diversity. It was and habitat destruction in the tropics (Wright and Muller-Landau 2006). However, Smith et al. (2008) estimated that agriculture has a mitigation potential of A. Ha¨ger (&) -1 5.5–6.0 Gt year CO2-equivalent by 2030, with as Center for Sustainable Development Studies, much as 89 % of this from soil organic carbon (SOC) School for Field Studies, P.O. Box 150-4013, Atenas, Costa Rica storage. One strategy for combining GHG mitigation e-mail: ahaeger@fieldstudies.org with economic benefits and food production in the 123 160 Agroforest Syst (2012) 86:159–174 tropics is agroforestry (Watson et al. 2000). Research- contribute more to ecosystem functions, than the effect ers have increasingly found evidence that agroforestry of overall diversity (sampling or selection effect). In provides carbon sequestration and other ecosystem the case of tropical agroforestry, positive relationships services, such as biodiversity protection and soil between plant species are well established. Vander- conservation (Jose 2009). meer (1995) pointed out that intercropping can increase Coffee is one of the most important export com- productivity by reducing interspecific competition (com- modities for many developing countries and represents petitive production principle), or as a result of positive a source of income for millions of producers, mostly effects that some plant species have on the growing smallholders (Donald 2004). Intensified coffee pro- environment of other species (facilitation). duction in monocultures has expanded during the last The objective of this study was to analyze the effect decades, resulting in habitat destruction, biodiversity of farm management (conventional vs. organic), loss and soil degradation (Donald 2004). At the same woody plant diversity and species composition on time, it has also been established that traditional coffee the carbon storage potential of 14 coffee agroforestry agroforestry represents a viable strategy for sustain- systems in the Rio Grande watershed in the Central able agriculture in the tropics. For example, Dossa Valley of Costa Rica. The study area has a steep, et al. (2008) found that shaded coffee has an important broken topography. It is known that slope affects potential for GHG mitigation, while, e.g. Perfecto et al. erosion processes and soil carbon storage in agricul- (2003) and Philpott et al. (2008) emphasized the high tural systems (e.g. Smith et al. 2007; Martinez-Torres importance of shade grown coffee for biodiversity 2008). Consequently, the effect of slope on carbon conservation. Organic coffee farming has the potential storage was also taken into consideration. to further enhance the environmental benefits from It was expected that total carbon storage would be sustainable agriculture, because it eliminates agro- higher under organic management, because organic chemicals, decreases fossil fuel dependency, controls farmers rely on the integration of trees and SOM for the erosion and accumulates soil organic matter (SOM) maintenance of soil fertility. It was further predicted (Pimentel et al. 2005; Martinez-Torres 2008). that carbon storage would increase with woody plant Uncertainties remain about the fundamental relation- diversity across farm types, due to complementary ships between management and agroecosystem func- relationships and the presence of functional groups that tioning. Few studies have explored the interactions potentially enhance the accumulation of biomass and between species composition, biological diversity, and SOM. Steep slopes were expected to limit carbon carbon storage potential in tropical agroforestry systems storage across farms types, due to increased topsoil (Kirby and Potvin 2007; Henry et al. 2009;Sahaetal. erosion. 2009). These interactions are particularly intriguing, because they may indicate potential synergies between biodiversity conservation and GHG mitigation. Methods Evidence for the positive effects of species diver- sity and composition on ecosystem function (e.g. Study site and sampling design productivity) has been accumulated mostly for rela- tively simple experimental assemblages and temperate Fourteen (seven conventional and seven certified grasslands (e.g. Tilman et al. 1997, 2001; Spehn et al. organic) coffee farms were assessed within the Rı´o 2005). Tscharntke et al. (2005) reviewed different Grande watershed near Atenas (9.98°N, 84.38°W), in mechanisms that can explain relationships between the Central Valley of Costa Rica between November species diversity and the function of agroecosystems. 2008 and April 2011. Farms sizes varied between 1.4 For example, species complementarity may increase and 24.5 ha, and elevation ranged from 800 to the efficiency of resource exploitation in diverse 1,250 m a.s.l. According to the classification by the communities and species redundancy stabilizes eco- Unites States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the system functioning in the face of environmental dominant soil order in this area is Alfisols. Twelve of change (insurance hypothesis). Finally, higher species the farms were located on Haplustalfs and the richness increases the chance that an assemblage remaining two farms were located on small patches contains disproportionately important species which of Ultisols and Inceptisols (ITCR 2008). Precipitation 123 Agroforest Syst (2012) 86:159–174 161 at the study site ranges from 2,000 to 2,500 mm. All of each subplot were pooled into a single sample, farms were located either in the premontane wet resulting in four samples per farm, which were sent to forest, or in the tropical moist forest (transition to the University of Costa Rica for analysis of SOC premontane) Holdridge Life Zones (ITCR 2008). content (see below). Additionally, one soil core As the number of suitable certified organic farms sample of 510 cm3 was taken at the center of each was limited, seven organic farms with a coffee crop subplot (four samples per farm) and dried at 105 °C area [1 ha were selected first within the Rio Grande for 48 h to determine bulk density. Watershed. All farms had been managed organically for The slope of the terrain was determined by at least 7 years at the time of the study. The organic overlaying the GPS coordinates for the 1 ha plots on farms were then paired with seven conventional farms geo-referenced maps (scale 1:10,000; IGNCR 2008), which were selected based on highest possible bio- with 5 m contour lines in ArcGIS 9.2 (ESRI 2006). physical similarity (micro-watershed, elevation, pre- The slope varied considerably across farms, however, cipitation, soil type). All 14 farms can be classified as average slope was similar for conventional (27 ± 8°) agroforestry systems as shade trees were incorporated. and organic farms (24 ± 15°). Structured interviews were conducted with all Data collection farmers between November 2008 and April 2011, as well as in February 2012 to collect information about A 1 ha plot (100 m 9 100 m) was established in the farm
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