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Luksave Em Bikpela Samting! Witnessing Violence in Papua New Guinea

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Luksave Em Bikpela Samting! Witnessing Violence in Papua New Guinea ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following work: Neuendorf, Nalisa Fay Mavoho (2019) Luksave Em Bikpela Samting! Witnessing Violence In Papua New Guinea. PhD Thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: https://doi.org/10.25903/ah2r%2Dm069 Copyright © 2019 Nalisa Fay Mavoho Neuendorf. The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owners of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please email [email protected] Luksave Em Bikpela Samting! Witnessing Violence In Papua New Guinea Thesis Submitted by Nalisa Fay Mavoho Neuendorf, BSoSc (Hons) James Cook University November 2019 For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy College of Arts, Society and Education James Cook University DEDICATION For Taunese Jane (TJ) Mavoho Neuendorf (1979 to 2010) This work is dedicated to my moriapo - a PNG woman who exemplified strength, resilience, tenacity, compassion, fragility, vulnerability, thoughtful focused and purposeful action and leadership. Your unwavering and ever-present support continues beyond life, and without which, I would decidedly not be in this position today. Thank you. i | P a g e ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bikpela tenkiu na hamamas i go long ol lain bilong Baimuru husait bin stap wantaim mi, bung wantaim mi na toktok wantaim mi lo kamapim dispela wok painim aut! Hai’ka’kare! Without the generous sharing of experience and story by the women and men in Baimuru, this work would not have been possible! My PhD journey has not been possible without the support of many. Although I am unable to name each person, I would like to take this opportunity to reflect on the important social relationships that have kept me sane and focused while undertaking this feat. To the women and men of Baimuru. Thank you for welcoming me into the community, for supporting me, lo luksave bilong yupela na lukaut bilong yupela. Wanbel stap! Specifically, the women and girls of Baimuru …. Your stories and your voice are important and valid, mi lukim yupela – ol mama na susa stap, na mipela tu stap! I am humbled and challenged, inspired and motivated by each of you. Thank you. Uncle Kola (Unks Mahn), Aunty Wendy (Mother), Mother Lillian, Sister Vicky, Sister Wendy and my kake Nasa. My time in Baimuru would not have been possible if it were not for you all and your love and support for me. To my PhD supervisors, Dr. Michael Wood, Prof. Rosita Henry, Prof. Betty Lovai, and Prof. Karen Sykes. Without your guidance, patience, wisdom, encouragement, robust debate, and belief in me this work would not be possible. Particularly to my primary supervisor, Mike. Thank you for pushing my intellectual boundaries and for allowing me to grow and claim my space as I have endeavoured and will continue to endeavour to forge my way in academia and in other pursuits. I am grateful for all the support that you have given me. Michelle and David Maclaren. You gave me my first opportunity to be a researcher and for that I will always be grateful. I have learned a lot during my time as your research assistant and now am humbled to call you both colleagues and friends. To my academic family. Rachie. Mother Liz. Janet. Christiane. Bard. Nick. Lokes. Vincent. Tahnee. Jenny G. Vyv. It is easy to feel isolated and detached in this PhD/postgrad life. I thank you all for making me feel less these things and for sharing this endeavour, for creating safe spaces where I have been able to express my worries, challenges and more so, for celebrating my triumphs. I hope I can continue to do the same for each of you. To my mother Setae and mummy Ivora (Aunty), two of the most influential people in my life. Your example to me and all our family and the cornerstone you each hold, has enabled me and strengthened me in ways that I can never fully express. Thank you. To my father Laevai and daddy Isaac (Uncle). You both exemplify what it means to be PNG men, PNG fathers. You each have supported, guided, challenged, and strengthened my journey. There are not enough words to express my gratitude. Simply, thank you both. To the Mavoho family. To the Meaforoe family. To the Neuendorf family. My life has been enriched by every interaction, every struggle, every triumph, and every member of every family. My ability to navigate this world is made possible because of the strong and lasting connection I have with each of you. Thank you. My Garden Hills family – thank you! ii | P a g e Aunty Josie. There are hardly words. Without your love and support, this endeavour would have been unimaginably harder. The strength, humility, grace and immense generosity with which you navigate your world, inspires and challenges me. Thank you. To my sisters … Wendy. Geraldine. Pamela. Janet. Laura (Raula). Tegan. Tahnee. Vyvyen. Linda. Jessica. Erin. Amanda. Emma. Kirsten. Martha May. Pauline. Marie. Lynnette (Nopi). Chayanne. Hakana. Sarah. Yasmin. Rochelle. Fiona. My life is made more vibrant by the loyalty of the sisterhood that has been formed. Each of you have provoked me to deeper thought and motivated me beyond my ability to motivate myself. I cherish this and will for many years to come. Thank you. To my brothers. Al (Yowie). Si. Junior. Sam. Lokes. Vincent. Jesse. Edward. Nick. Dabs. John. Johnny. Mikes. There are good men in this world, and each of you have proven this. Thank you. To Eva. My girl, this world is for you! I have marked my PhD journey by marking the immense change and growth in the milestones of your life. I cannot express how the simple act of being your God Mother provokes me to consider how I can make the world a better place, for your future through the work I am graciously afforded. Thank you, Windex, for bestowing such an important honour. For your amazing loyalty your insightful counsel, your sense of humour and your fierce friendship! The trail you blaze is going to light up the night sky. It inspires me to do the same. Geraldine my sister! Your unfailing support and friendship through all of my endeavours is very greatly appreciated! I cannot thank you enough for always being a willing ear, fierce and loyal friend. Your insight and honesty inspire me to think beyond and provoke me to deeper understanding. Thank you “fringez”. Sister Pamela, your counsel has been invaluable to me during this undertaking. Thank you for being my sounding board, for sharing the ups and downs of this journey, and for exemplifying what it means to be a trupela meri! One talk team! Tahn’s, Vin and Lokes. Without each of you my journey through this PhD would have been less fulfilling! Each of you have such candour, intellect, tenacity and grace, and I am glad that there are still more moments to share and lots of lessons for me to learn from each of you in the future! All images (i.e. plates) used in this thesis were taken by the Author, unless otherwise specified. Every reasonable effort has been made to gain permission and acknowledge the owners of copyright material. I would be pleased to hear from any copyright owner who has been omitted or incorrectly acknowledged. iii | P a g e STATEMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF OTHERS TO THIS THESIS I would like to acknowledge the following people and institutions for support and contribution toward the completion of this thesis. Rich intellectual contribution has been afforded to me through, conversation, debate, analysis, support and thoughtful discussion regarding the topics of this thesis. To my supervisors who have contributed to the completion of this thesis through analytical and editorial feedback. Others include: One Talk team: Tahnee Innes, Lokes (John) Brooksbank, Vincent Backhaus. Advisory, collegial, methodological and analytical support. Dr. Fiona Hukula (NRI): Analytical support. Pamela Toliman (IMR/Kirby Institute): Collegial, analytical and editorial support. Prof. Christine Jourdan (Concordia University) and Prof. Karen Sykes (University of Manchester): editorial support for publication from thesis material Dr. Jennifer Gabriel (JCU): Collegial and academic support Dr. Michelle Redman-MacLaren: (JCU): Collegial and disciplinary support. Mr John Brooksbank: Editorial review and support To the College of Arts, Society and Education at JCU for making funds available to undertake research in PNG. To the Graduate Research School for financial support as follows: HDR Travel Grant to attend the European Society for Oceanists (ESfO) Conference (2017) HDR Completion Grant (2018) I acknowledge the financial support of the Australian Government through the postgraduate (APA) scholarship program. These finances supported my field work and subsidised living expenses while in Baimuru (PNG), from March to November 2016. I acknowledge that ethical clearance was provided by the James Cook University ethics committee (H6323) and the National Research Institute (NRI) of Papua New Guinea (#99902237706) to undertake research in PNG. iv | P a g e ABSTRACT Gender violence presents as a persistent and pervasive issue in contemporary society in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Pathologized as a women’s issue, much research and reporting has focused on an urban experience, often citing embedded and on-going cultural practice, the subordination of women and inherent aggression of men as the main factors for women’s experience of violence. A lack of representative data sets limits nationally targeted response mechanisms that are primarily administered through Government and non-government agencies, focussed on Law & Justice and Health sector approaches and projects of economic and legal advancement for women. These response mechanisms are shaped by an experience that is not fully representative of a diverse, complex and layered local contemporary experience.
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