Labor Market Assessment Graduating to Resilience

Labor Market Assessment

Graduating to Resilience

October 2018

“This publication is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the Office of Food for Peace, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under terms of Cooperative Agreement No. AID-FFP-A-17-00006. The contents are the responsibility of AVSI Foundation and Graduating to Resilience and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.”

Graduating to Resilience is implemented by AVSI Foundation in partnership with

Executive Summary Launched in October 2017, the Graduating to Resilience Activity (the Activity) aims to help extremely poor Ugandan and refugee households in Kamwenge, Uganda, graduate from conditions of food insecurity and fragile livelihoods to self-reliance and resilience. This Activity is being jointly implemented by the AVSI consortium (or team) consisting of the AVSI Foundation, IMPAQ International, and Trickle Up. To understand the current challenges and opportunities faced by Ugandan and refugee communities in pursuing meaningful livelihoods, the AVSI team conducted a labor market assessment (LMA). The purpose of the LMA was to: understand current livelihoods of Ugandans and refugee households living in Kamwege; identify avenues to strengthen current livelihoods for poor and ultra-poor households; and find ways to connect these households to other viable livelihoods that they could pursue with the Activity’s support. The key lessons learned from the LMA will contribute to the design and content of the interventions implemented under the Activity. To implement the LMA, we used a mixed methods approach to triangulate quantitative and qualitative evidence to examine the current state of the labor market among both Ugandan and refugee communities. As a first step, we conducted a rigorous desk review of existing literature to understand the main livelihoods and challenges in pursuing livelihoods for the host and refugee communities in Kamwenge. Next, the team conducted a pre-assessment site visit to narrow the scope of the analysis and contextualize the data collection tools. The team conducted key informant interviews with relevant stakeholders, such as the United Nations High Commission on Refugees, the Office of the Prime Minister, and district agricultural officials, and focus group discussions with Ugandan and refugee women and men. Following the pre-assessment visit, we conducted 17 focus group discussions with a total of 93 Ugandans and 117 refugees separately with Ugandan and refugee women and men. These focus group discussions elicited information from households on the broader challenges they face, the livelihoods they would like to pursue, and the reasons for choosing those potential livelihoods. We also learned the challenges unique to Ugandans and refugees for engaging in meaningful livelihoods. Finally, we designed and implemented a household and women’s survey among the host community and refugee households. The household survey was designed to collect information on the livelihoods pursued by household members. As a complementary effort, we also collected information specifically from women using a women’s survey to understand key elements of livelihood decision-making within the household since women will be the primary point of entry and contact for the Activity’s implementation. Our sampling strategy for the household survey was purposive. Our purpose was to select a proportionally high number of poor and ultra-poor households as they are the main target population for the intervention. We collected data in 19 Ugandan and 18 refugee villages, with a total sample size of 333 Ugandan and 350 refugee households. Given that the sampling was purposive and the households were not selected from the village roster list randomly, our household sample could be biased and the results from the survey should be interpreted with caution, especially with respect to the generalizability of the results. As is expected in a rural setting similar to Kamwenge, we found that a vast majority of Ugandan and refugee households were engaged in agriculture. Along with farming, engaging in casual labor was also common among the two household groups. Whereas livestock rearing was the third most frequent livelihood activity that the Ugandan households engaged in, pursuing a small 3

business was the third most common task pursued by refugees. Among the households involved in agriculture, maize and beans were the most common crops grown by both types of households. Ugandan households also cultivated bananas, millet, sweet potatoes, cassava, Irish potatoes, and groundnuts. In contrast, no refugee households in our sample cultivated millet, fruit, or coffee. Cassava was the other major crop grown by refugees. Overall, refugee households grew fewer types of crops as compared to their Ugandan counterparts. Among the households involved in livestock rearing, we found key differences between Ugandans and refugees. Ugandan households owned an average of 12 animals, and refugee households own about half as many. Ugandan households owned more sheep and cattle, whereas refugees owned smaller animals, such as chicken and ducks. We also elicited information on the types of livelihood opportunities households would like to pursue in the future if given some support and/or a cash transfer. The vast majority of both Ugandan and refugee households would pursue either a business, agricultural, or livestock livelihoods. A similar proportion of both Ugandan and refugee households would raise livestock (33 percent vs. 35 percent, respectively) or pursue a skilled trade (both 2 percent). However, a much larger proportion of refugee households relative to Ugandan households would engage in business pursuits (48 percent vs. 33 percent), whereas a higher proportion of Ugandan households would engage in agricultural pursuits (29 percent vs. 16 percent). We also asked women about the future livelihoods they would like to engage in. Refugee women overwhelmingly chose business enterprises, with a smaller proportion choosing livestock. Ugandan women chose agriculture, livestock, and business pursuits in similar proportions. The majority of households reported lack of access to capital as a significant constraint in pursuing meaningful livelihoods. A lack of training and lack of land were also considered significant constraints for survey respondents. While the broad patterns of livelihood activities pursued by Ugandans and refugees are similar, a closer analysis reveals key structural differences between the two groups. First, refugees earned significantly less per day for both agricultural and non-agricultural casual labor as compared to Ugandans. Second, refugees rented plots that were, on average, larger than the ones they owned, and larger than the ones owned by Ugandans. Moreover, refugees paid significantly more for renting their plots as compared to Ugandans. Third, a higher proportion of refugees were unable to obtain loans vis-à-vis Ugandans. Fourth, Ugandans were more likely to want to engage in agricultural pursuits compared with refugees, who wanted to engage in business. Presumably, refugees pursued non-agricultural livelihoods prior to relocating to Uganda. Given these differential structural constraints between Ugandans and refugees, program activities may have a varying level of success and acceptance among Ugandans and refugee communities. Similarly, differences in household decision making also exist among women and men belonging to the same household. Most household decisions are made jointly by the household head and the spouse. Women participate most in decisions pertaining to food crop farming. If the program aims to strengthen target households’ place in certain value chains, the AVSI team will need to consider these household dynamics. It is quite possible that cultivating certain crops may have a buy-in by women and not from men; therefore, both primary decision-makers in the household will need to be on board in making their economic plan. Ultimately, the program intervention should, closely examine these differences between and within households for enhancing the program impact.

List of Acronyms

The Activity……………………………………. Graduating to Resilience Activity DRC…………………………………………… Democratic Republic of Congo FEWS Net…………………………………..…. Famine Early Warning Systems Network FGD…………………………………………… Focus group discussion LMA…………………………………………… Labor market assessment OPM…………………………………………… Office of the Prime Minister UGX ………………………………………..…. Ugandan shillings UNHCR……………………………………….. United Nations High Commission on Refugees VSLAs……………………………………….… Village saving and lending associations WFP…………………………………………… World Food Program

1. Introduction

Launched in October 2017, the Graduating to Resilience Activity (the Activity) aims to help extremely poor Ugandan and refugee households in Kamwenge, Uganda, graduate from conditions of food insecurity and fragile livelihoods to self-reliance and resilience. The Activity will work directly with approximately 13,200 Ugandan and refugee households that are economically active but chronically unable to meet their basic needs. The suite of interventions under the Activity comprises coaching, consumption and saving support, risk management, technical training, asset transfer, and improving linkages within key value chains. The Activity will be designed for implementation under three treatment arms (standard adapted model, group coaching model, and the empowerment model) with each arm receiving a different set of interventions.

To understand the current challenges and opportunities faced by Ugandan and refugee communities in pursuing meaningful livelihoods, the AVSI consortium – consisting of the AVSI Foundation, IMPAQ International, and Trickle Up – conducted a labor market assessment (LMA), whose purpose was to identify avenues to strengthen current livelihoods for poor and ultra-poor households and ways to connect these households to other viable livelihoods that they could pursue with the Activity’s support. The key lessons learned from the LMA will contribute to the design and content of the interventions implemented under the Activity. Specifically, the LMA was designed to identify the following: • Existing livelihoods of poor households and refugees, including understanding the differences in livelihoods between poor and non-poor households, and between women and men • Barriers to work, including skill gaps, that may prevent households from accessing employment opportunities and improving their current livelihood options • Structural challenges, such as access to credit and information, impeding access to available employment opportunities and pursuing new livelihoods • Potential new opportunities/value chains for improving the livelihoods of poor households

We used a mixed-methods approach to triangulate quantitative and qualitative evidence to examine the current state of the labor market among both Ugandan and refugee communities in Kamwenge. In the remainder of the report, we describe the assessment’s methodology, findings, and the key priorities for the Activity’s programming. The rest of the report is organized as follows. The next section describes the background context of refugees and the host community in Kamwenge. Section 3 explains the methodology, including the sampling frame and timeline of the assessment tasks, in greater detail. Sections 4 and 5 provide a snapshot of the study sample and the current livelihoods pursued by households. Sections 6 and 7 discuss the potential livelihood activities, opportunities, and challenges that poor households face in the region. We discuss the learnings for program design and implementation in Section 8 and conclude in Section 9.

2. Background

Located in western Uganda, Kamwenge has a very high incidence of subsistence farming: it constitutes the primary activity for 85 percent of Ugandan households in Kamwenge, which is about 20 percentage points higher than the national average.1 The state of infrastructure in the district, reflecting the lack of overall economic prosperity, is also poor. Approximately 83 percent of households live in houses with a non-permanent wall and a similar percentage of households have no access to a toilet in their homes. Bananas are the main crop grown in the district, followed by maize, cassava, and sweet potatoes.2 Other crops, such as groundnuts, beans, sorghum, and millet, are grown largely for subsistence. Coffee, cotton, and tea are the primary cash crops grown in the district. The most common types of livestock owned by households are chickens, goats, and cattle. For those not involved in agriculture in Kamwenge, households reported being involved in other livelihood activities such as trade, manufacturing, and transportation and construction.3 The district is also home to approximately 77,035 refugees living in the Rwamwanja refugee settlement (the settlement), which constitutes about 16 percent of the district’s total population.4 The refugees are mostly from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and came to the settlement in 2012–2017, after which the settlement was closed to new arrivals. With Uganda’s progressive refugee-hosting policies, the refugees are free to move and seek employment in the country, while still being initially placed in the settlements.5 Refugee children have access to preschool and primary education similar to that for the host community. Upon initial entry and registration, the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) collaborates with the government, including the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM), to provide access to agricultural plots and public services such as healthcare clinics and boreholes to refugees. The freedom of movement and land provision allows refugee households to engage in a variety of livelihood activities, which we examine in the same way as the Ugandans in this assessment. Other studies have shown that the refugees in the settlement are also involved primarily in agriculture: about 56 percent of households reported working as farm laborers and about 55 percent also worked on their own farm.6

3. Methodology

The LMA used a mixed-methods approach using desk review and quantitative and qualitative data collection for understanding the current and potential livelihoods of Ugandans and refugees residing in Kamwenge. Such an approach is especially relevant to the assessment for triangulating quantitative findings with qualitative information to gain a deeper understanding of the barriers

1 Mathys, E. 2016. Opportunities to Provide Refugees and Ugandans with Alternative Livelihood Activities in Uganda’s Kamwenge District. Washington, DC: FHI 360/FANTA. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 United Nations Uganda. 2018. UN Uganda Briefing Note Within the Context of Investigations into Refugee Response. United Nations. 5 Taylor, J.E., Zhu, H., Gupta, A., Filipski, M., Valli, J., and Gonzalez, E. 2016. Economic Impact of Refugee Setttlements in Uganda. The World Food Programme, Rome, Italy. 6 Ibid. 7

and opportunities in improving livelihoods for poor households and the key differences between Ugandans and refugees. Exhibit 3.1 shows a crosswalk of research topics we address using the various data sources. Exhibit 3.1 Labor Market Assessment Topics and Data Sources Topics Data Sources Existing livelihoods of extremely poor Ugandan and Desk review, surveys, focus group refugee households discussions Barriers to work and technical skill gaps for scaling up Surveys, focus group discussions livelihood options Potential livelihood activities Surveys, focus group discussions, key informant interviews Constraints and challenges in pursuing livelihood Focus group discussions, key informant activities interviews

As a first step in implementing the LMA, we conducted a rigorous desk review of existing literature to understand the main livelihoods and challenges in pursuing livelihoods for the host and refugee communities in Kamwenge. The desk review also allowed us to understand the broader policy context in Kamwenge. Next, the Activity conducted a pre-assessment site visit to narrow the scope of the analysis and contextualize the data collection tools. The team conducted key informant interviews with relevant stakeholders, such as the UNHCR, OPM, and district agricultural officials, and held focus group discussions (FGDs) with Ugandan and refugee women and men. Following the pre-assessment visit, we conducted 17 focus group discussions for a total of 93 Ugandans and 17 refugees separately with Ugandan and refugee women and men. These FGDs elicited information from households on the broader challenges they face, the livelihoods they would like to pursue, and the reasons for choosing those potential livelihoods. We also learned the challenges unique to Ugandans and the refugees for engaging in meaningful livelihoods. These FGDs allowed us to further refine our quantitative data collection instruments, especially to fill any gaps in our understanding and obtain data more systematically. Exhibit 3.2 shows the timeline and sequence of activities implemented for the assessment.

Exhibit 3.2 Timeline of Study Activities

February March April May June

Pre-Assessment Planning Data Collection AnalysisAnalysis and and Reports Reports -Key informant interviews -Focus group discussions -Assessment input to -Focus group discussions -Household and women’s AVSI for program design survey

We now describe the qualitative and quantitative data collection methodology in greater detail.

3.1 Qualitative Data Collection The team conducted 17 FGDs with refugees and host communities, nine with refugees and eight with Ugandans. In total, 93 Ugandans and 117 refugees participated in FGDs, with an approximately even split between women and men participants. Six of the 17 FGDs were single gender – two with women refugees, two with men refugees, one with Ugandan women, and one with Ugandan men. The rest were mixed gender, with close to even numbers of women and men participants. The team recruited Ugandans and refugees who were poor but engaged in some income-generating activity. We also actively included participants with exposure to village saving and lending associations (VSLAs) or group livelihoods, and households that were headed by women, in our focus groups. The locations of the FGDs are provided in Exhibit 3.3. Exhibit 3.3 Focus Group Locations and Gender Composition Refugee Gender Makeup Location Status Women only Ntenungi A, Biguta Refugees Men only Ntenungi A, Biguta Mixed-gender Nkoma, Base Camp 2, Muhega A1, Mahani A, Kibwera Women only Kampala B Men only Kampala B Ugandans Mixed-gender Kakinga, Rubwona, Rukururu, Nsononsya, Kamusenene, Mukururu

Topics covered during the focus groups included the following: • Current livelihood activities • Challenges and barriers to starting and expanding livelihoods • Preferred or desired livelihoods • Information and skill needs • Access to credit and financial services • Attitudes toward group livelihoods, household decision-making, and relationships between refugees and Ugandans A facilitator moderated each of the FGDs, probing on each topic and encouraging discussion and exchanging of ideas and perspectives among participants. 3.2 Quantitative Data Collection We designed and implemented a household and women’s survey among the host community and refugee households. The household survey was designed to collect information on the livelihoods pursued by household members. Specifically, we elicited the following information in the household survey: • Current livelihoods pursued by household members, including involvement in agriculture, livestock rearing, salaried employment, casual employment, and business enterprises • Future potential livelihoods that household members would like to pursue • Key anticipated constraints and challenges of pursuing current and future livelihoods

• Training and information needs of households for engaging in current and future livelihoods As a complementary effort, we also collected information specifically from women using a women’s survey to understand key elements of livelihood decision-making within the household because women will be the primary point of entry and contact for the Activity’s implementation. Sampling Strategy, Design, and Size Our sampling strategy was purposive. Our purpose was to select a proportionally high number of poor and ultra-poor households, as they are the main target population for the intervention. Although our village selection was random, the household selection within those villages was non-random. In each village, using the same set of criteria, we selected poor and ultra-poor households to obtain information on livelihoods, challenges, and constraints. Additionally, we selected a few non-poor households to collect data on their livelihoods. Although the household selection was non-random, we employed Cochran’s rule to obtain a sample size of approximately 246 Ugandans and 246 refugees.7,8 Ultimately, we collected data in 19 Ugandan and 18 refugee villages, with a total sample size of 333 Ugandan and 350 refugee households. Section 4 provides more descriptive details about our sample. Village selection: We randomly selected refugee villages and Ugandan villages using different methodologies because although Kamwenge has many Ugandan villages where the Activity may be implemented, there are only 44 refugee villages in the settlement where the activity team will operate. We randomly chose 18 refugee villages from the list of 44 refugee villages. For selecting Ugandan villages, we chose randomly based on distance to markets. Within the Ugandan villages where the Activity programming will operate, we identified four of the largest markets in the area and drew villages randomly based on their relative distance to the city center. The list of Ugandan and refugee villages chosen for the assessment is given in Appendix 1. Exhibit 3.4 also shows the map of area where the surveys were implemented in Kamwenge.

7 Cochran, W. G. 1963. Sampling techniques. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 8 Cochran’s rule is a formula used for simple random sampling among known population sizes. We assumed a 95 percent confidence interval and a degree of sample variability of 80 percent. 10

Exhibit 3.4 Data Collection Region in Kamwenge

Household selection: The household selection was purposive. Upon entering the sample village, the field manager contacted an informed village head to construct a list of the poor and non-poor households in the villages. The field manager was trained to elicit these names using the same set of questions from each village head. For example, the field manager asked questions such as “Can you please share the names of households that are the poorest in the village?” or “Which are the households that are poor but are above subsistence levels?” and/or “Which are the non-poor households in the village?” Based on the listing, we selected an average of 16 households per village, which included about 1 or 2 non-poor households in each village. For the women’s survey, we selected approximately 3 households per village and also included female-headed households if they were present in the village.

Given that the sampling was purposive and the households were not selected from the village roster list randomly, our household sample could be biased and the results from the survey should be interpreted with caution. Although we took care to select poor households, the sample was still selected based on the listing provided by the village leader, who could have given us only the names that the leader was aware of or the names the leader considered poor and non-poor during the elicitation exercise.

4. Sociodemographic Characteristics This section describes the descriptive characteristics of our sample. As Exhibit 4.1 shows, our total sample consisted of about 683 households with a little over half the households belonging to refugee communities. About 28 percent of the households surveyed were headed by women. The incidence of female-headed households was about 8 percentage points higher among refugees as compared to the host community. About 51 of the survey respondents were women. It is possible that the men were not available in the household during data collection, and the enumerators interviewed the women decision-maker in that household. About 69 percent of household heads were married and the remaining heads of households were divorced, widowed, separated, or single. An average of a little over 5 members lived in Ugandan and refugee households. The average age of the respondents was 41.2 years.

Exhibit 4.1 Snapshot of Survey Households Household Sample All Ugandan Refugee Heads of Household Male and female 68.48% 72.97% 64.00% Female only 28.01% 23.72% 32.00% Male only 3.52% 3.00% 4.00% Sex of Respondents Male 48.46% 49.25% 47.77% Female 51.54% 50.75% 52.29% Marital Status of Head of Household Married 68.81% 74.17% 63.71% Divorced 1.17% 1.2% 1.14% Widowed 19.33% 19.52% 19.43% Separated 9.96% 5.11% 1.14% Age of Respondent 17–30 22.84% 16.67% 27.08% 31–55 60.70% 63.64% 60.70% 56+ 16.48% 19.70% 14.24%

We also elicited information from refugee communities about their country of origin and duration of stay in the country (Exhibit 4.2). On average, the refugees had stayed in country for a little less than four years, with the minimum and maximum duration of stay being one month and 96 months, respectively, among the sampled households. Almost all refugee respondents (99.43 percent) were from the DRC, with the exception of 2 households from Rwanda (0.57 percent). Almost all households had completed their desk registration upon entry into Uganda.

Exhibit 4.2 Descriptive Information of Refugee Households Surveyed Duration of Stay (months) Minimum 1 Maximum 96 Average 46.46 Country of Origin Democratic Republic of Congo 99.43% Rwanda 0.57% Completed Desk Registration Yes 99.43%

Exhibits 4.3. and 4.4 show the educational attainment of our sample of women and men age 17 or older. As shown, the largest proportion of men in our sample have an incomplete primary education, whereas the highest share of women had no formal education. When comparing the differences between Ugandans and refugees, we find that 23 percent of Ugandans had no formal education whereas about 39 percent of refugees had no formal education. About 45 percent of Ugandans and only 25 percent of refugees had an incomplete primary education. Moreover, only 62 percent of the households mentioned that they could read or write in the local languages. The English literacy level was significantly lower for refugee households: only about 14 percent could read or write in English, whereas about 35 percent of Ugandans had English literacy. Based on these differences, we also expect differences in the current labor market outcomes between the host and refugee communities. Exhibit 4.3 Highest Level of Completed Education by Household for Men 17 and Older

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Ugandan Refugee Total

Exhibit 4.4 Highest Level of Completed Education by Household for Women 17 and Older

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Ugandan Refugee All

Despite the low levels of educational outcomes and literacy, refugees seemed to have received more vocational training compared with the host community. About 27 percent of all individual refugee members (204 individuals out of 750 households) had received some kind of vocational training. In contrast, only 97 individuals (11 percent) among 883 Ugandans had received vocational training. Among those who had received any training, trainings imparting off-farm vocational skills were the most frequent, followed by business skills and enterprise training for refugees and training on agricultural practices for Ugandans. Exhibit 4.5 depicts the distribution of training given to our sample of refugees and Ugandans.

Exhibit 4.5 Types of Training Received by Ugandans and Refugees

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Ugandan Refugee

5. Current Livelihoods This section describes the major livelihoods and the differences between the labor market outcomes pursued by Ugandan and refugee households. We used a mixed-methods approach to contextualize and understand our labor market outcomes findings from the quantitative survey tool using qualitative information collected. We first describe the quantitative survey findings and then use the qualitative findings to contextualize and substantiate our results. As Exhibit 5.1 shows, and as is typical in rural contexts, a vast majority of Ugandan and refugee households were engaged in agriculture. The distribution of livelihoods pursued by Ugandans and refugees is also quite similar. Along with farming, engaging in casual labor was also common among the two household groups. Whereas livestock rearing was the third most frequent livelihood activity that the Ugandan households engaged in, pursuing a small business was the third most common task pursued by refugees. Overall, a little over half of our sample of Ugandan households (53.92 percent) pursued two livelihoods and about 16.26 percent of Ugandan households pursued more than two livelihoods. The distribution was similar among refugee households: 48 percent of the refugee households pursued two livelihoods and another 16.86 percent pursued more than two livelihoods. Only 29.82 percent of Ugandan and 35.14 percent of refugee households pursued one type of livelihood.

Exhibit 5.1 Livelihood Activities Pursued by Survey Households

700 621 600 500 400 321 300 311 300 167 200 155 156 125 88 85 82 100 17 10 27 37 0 Farming Salaried employment Casual labor Owner of a small Livestock/cattle business Rearing

Ugandan Refugee All

The crops cultivated by the households also demonstrate differences between Ugandan and refugee households. Maize and beans are the most common crops grown by both types of households (see Exhibit 5.2). However, Ugandans also cultivate bananas, millet, sweet potatoes, cassava, Irish potatoes, and groundnuts. In contrast, no refugee households in our sample cultivated millet, fruit, or coffee. Cassava is the other major crop grown by refugees. Very few refugee households cultivated bananas, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, or Irish potatoes. It is quite possible that refugee populations grow fewer types of crops as compared to their Ugandan counterparts due to lack of access to adequate land. Later sections will examine the various livelihoods in greater detail.

Exhibit 5.2 Most Common Crops Cultivated by Sample Households

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

Ugandan Refugee All

5.1 Salaried Employment A very small fraction of our sample was engaged in salaried employment – only 35 households reported being engaged in salaried employment. Only 10 out of these 35 households were from the refugee households. Similarly, a significantly larger proportion of men pursued regular income jobs. The age profile of those pursuing a salaried job is shown in Exhibit 5.3 More than 60 percent of those pursuing jobs were in the 17–30 year age group. The most common pursued salaried jobs were with an NGO or the government. Exhibit 5.3 Age Profile of Individuals Engaging in Salaried Employment

All Ugandan Refugee Age Male Female Male Female <17 1 0 0 1 0 17–30 22 11 5 5 2 31–55 11 7 2 1 1 56+ 1 1 0 0 0

5.2 Casual Labor As discussed earlier, engaging in casual labor was the second most common livelihood activity pursued by sample households. We also asked women about their primary reason for engaging in casual labor. As Exhibit 5.4 depicts, the two most commonly reported reasons for engaging in agricultural casual labor for women were either for earning their primary livelihood or for supplementing income seasonally.

Exhibit 5.4 Women’s Reported Reasons for Engaging in Casual Labor

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 As a main source of Additional source of Seasonal Temporary income income

Ugandan Refugee All

Of the 462 individuals who engaged in casual labor in our household sample, about 91 percent were involved in agricultural casual work. Of refugees involved in casual labor, 95 percent performed agricultural wage work (see Exhibit 5.5). On average, individuals seem to work for a whole day when engaging in non-agricultural temporary work, with Ugandans working in non- agriculture work for about 12 days and refugees for 14 days per month. Both Ugandans and refugees engaged in agricultural casual labor for about 14 days each month. However, refugees earned approximately 2,632 UGX9 less per day than Ugandans for agricultural wage work, and this difference is statistically significant. The difference in non-agricultural wage work is extremely large and also statistically significant: refugees earn about 13,861 UGX less per day as compared to Ugandans in non-agricultural daily wages. The gap between non-agricultural work wages and agricultural work wages is also huge among Ugandans as compared to refugees. It is quite possible that Ugandans who engage in non-agricultural casual labor find more skilled work as compared to refugees. However, more research is needed to fully understand the reason behind differences in agricultural and non-agricultural wages among Ugandans and refugees.

9 1 UGX is equal to 0.00026 USD. 17

Exhibit 5.5 Refugees Earn Less as Compared to Ugandans for Daily Wage Work

All Ugandans Refugees Non- Non- Non- Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture Average # of Days 13.98 12.72 14.41 11.85 13.51 13.81 Worked Wage Per Day 6,524.30 15,779.40 7,683.71 21,894.74 5,051.72 8,033.33 (UGX) Percent Employe 76% 55% 89% 50% 63% 63% d in Own Village Percent Employe d in Other 33% 41% 9% 40% 59% 44% Village in Same Sub- County Percent Employe d in Other Village in 8% 22% 4% 10% 19% 44% Different Sub- County or District

Refugees also tend to travel farther to engage in casual labor. Whereas 88 percent of Ugandans found casual agricultural wage work in their own village, only 63 percent of refugees engaged in wage work in their own village. This difference is likely because refugees are allotted a fixed-size landholding upon their arrival in Uganda, and family labor is presumably sufficient to meet their farm labor needs. Approximately 59 percent of refugees found agricultural temporary work in the same sub-county but in another village, and about 19 percent traveled to a different sub- county or district for finding employment. The incidence of Ugandans engaging in casual agricultural work outside their village was markedly lower. As Exhibit 5.6 shows, weeding, land preparation and opening, planting, and harvesting were the primary tasks in which households found casual labor. Very few individuals were involved in temporary work for processing and selling.

Exhibit 5.6 Commonly Pursued Daily Wage Work

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Land Opening Weeding Planting Harvesting Processing Selling Other

Ugandan Refugee All

5.3 Enterprises and Businesses Pursuing small business and enterprises was found to be the third most common livelihood activity among the refugees, which is also evident from the distribution of enterprises and businesses for refugees and Ugandans. Whereas about 143 refugee households pursued businesses and/or ran an enterprise, only about 40 Ugandan households were involved in such livelihood activities in our sample. Exhibit 5.7 shows the distribution of enterprises in which refugees and Ugandans are engaged.

Exhibit 5.7 Refugees Pursue Business Enterprises More than Ugandans

120

100

Ugandan Refugee All

Whereas the refugees reported being involved in this business because of their long history of involvement in the business, Ugandans cited high profitability of the business enterprise as their primary reason for pursuing business (see Exhibit 5.8). As Exhibit 5.9 shows, both groups also mentioned that accessing inputs, such as capital, land, and transportation, was the biggest

challenge in pursuing their business. The other two challenges they faced in pursuing their business were managing the cost of inputs and accessing markets for selling their products.

Exhibit 5.8 Reasons for Pursuing Business for Ugandans and Refugees

Ugandans 14

0 Working on the New opportunity New opportunity Was given Seemed High Saw Other, Please same enterprise after refugee’s after training in this profitable marketability friends/neighbors Specify since childhood arrival displacement enterprise pursue this enterprise

Refugees 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Working on the New opportunity New opportunity Was given Seemed High Saw Other, Please same enterprise after refugee’s after training in this profitable marketability friends/neighbors Specify since childhood arrival displacement enterprise pursue this enterprise

Exhibit 5.9 Key Challenges in Pursuing Business By Sample Households

All Ugandan Refugee Accessing inputs, such as capital, land, and transport 62.00% 86.67% 69.41% Cost of inputs 43.00% 46.67% 35.29% Accessing markets 20.00% 46.67% 23.53% Regulatory environment 18.00% 13.33% 12.94% Quality of inputs 14.00% 0.00% 8.24% Finding labor 2.00% 0.00% 2.35% Quality of labor 1.00% 0.00% 1.18% Other, please specify 5.00% 0.00% 3.53%

5.4 Agriculture As discussed above, maize and beans are the most commonly cultivated crops among Ugandans and refugees. The refugee households also tend to cultivate fewer types of crops as compared to the Ugandan households. This section describes land ownership patterns, employment of hired labor on farms, and household agricultural decision-making. Land Ownership On average, households owned 1.6 plots of land, with an average size of 3.94 acres. Among plot owners, 90 percent used them for their own cultivation. However, there were differences in plot ownership between Ugandans and refugees, with refugees reporting more plots than Ugandans (1.75 vs. 1.49), but these were, on average, much smaller (0.96 vs. 6.4 acres). Both refugees and Ugandans were equally likely to use these owned plots for their own cultivation (90 percent vs. 89 percent). Meanwhile, households rented a slightly larger number of plots than they owned, on average: 1.78. The average size among these rented plots was overall smaller than for owned plots, at 1.459 acres. Interestingly, the average size of plots rented by refugees was larger than the average of those rented by Ugandans (1.867 vs. 1.307 acres), and even larger than the average size of owned plots.

Exhibit 5.10 Average Number of Plots Owned/Rented

1.5

0.5

0 Average number of plots Average number of plots owned rented

Ugandan Refugee Overall

Exhibit 5.11 Average Size of Plots Owned/Rented (Acres)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Average size of plot owned Average size of plot rented

Ugandan Refugee Overall

Exhibit 5.12 Percentage of Plots Used for Own Cultivation (Among Plot Owners)

91%

90%

89%

88%

Ugandan Refugee Overall

Among renters, the average amount paid per season to rent their plot(s) was 319,685 UGX, with refugees paying far more on average for their plots (albeit larger plots on average) than Ugandans

(579,492.8 UGX vs. 222,783.8 UGX).10 The vast majority of renters overall paid in groups (79 percent), with no large differences between Ugandans and refugees. Exhibit 5.13 Average Amount Paid Per Season to Rent

700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0

Ugandan Refugee Overall

Exhibit 5.14 Percentage of Renters Who Pay for Land in Groups

81%

80%

79%

78%

77%

Ugandan Refugee Overall

Non-Family Labor Use Overall, non-family labor use (comprising friends/neighbors and casual laborers) in cultivating crops was primarily for cultivating maize, for a duration of 1 to 240 days. This pattern is similar across both casual laborers and friends/neighbors hired to cultivate crops.

10 Although our survey did not explicitly ask about the duration of the season, our focus group discussions revealed that an average season is generally six months long, although the length of the season depends on the crop cultivated.

Exhibit 5.15 Average Number of Days Friends/Neighbors Hired to Cultivate Crops11

5 AverageNumber Days of per Acre

0 Bananas Beans Cassava Irish Maize Millet Sorghum Other Crops Potatoes

Exhibit 5.16 Average Number of Days Casual Laborers Hired to Cultivate Crops12

120

100

Average Number Average Number of Days/ Acre 0

Pay was slightly higher for casual laborers hired for agricultural work (i.e., cultivation) relative to the pay for friends/neighbors, being concentrated around 5,000 UGX for casual laborers and 4,000 UGX for friends/neighbors. Refugees in both labor categories were also much more

11,13 Crops like bananas, fruit, millet, sorghum, vegetables, and other crops were not commonly cultivated by households in our sample. These estimates should be interpreted with caution. More information needs to be gathered on these crops to get a more precise estimate of the average number of days outside family labor was used to cultivate crops.

concentrated in these wage peaks, suggesting a standard expected wage for refugee work versus Ugandan work, which varied more, as discussed earlier. Exhibit 5.17 Amount Paid to Friends/Neighbors for Agricultural Work 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 Frequency 15 10 5 0 0 1 15 30 2000 2500 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000 16000 27000 UGX

Ugandan Refugee

Exhibit 5.18 Amount Paid to Casual Laborers for Agricultural Work 180 160 140 120 100 80

Frequency 60 40 20 0

UGX

Ugandan Refugee Overall

Agricultural decision-making We divided decisions about households into four categories: household head, husband/wife, head of household and spouse, and other. “Other” refers to a combination of father/mother, father/mother-in-law, son/daughter, and together as a household. For both refugees and Ugandan households, the person who makes decisions regarding crops to plant and which inputs to use for the crop (see Exhibits 5.19 and 5.20) was the household head more than 80 percent of the time. However, in male-headed households, and particularly Ugandan male-headed households, these decisions were less frequently made by the household head alone. In female-headed

households, these decisions were made more than 94 percent of the time by the head of household. Exhibit 5.19 Decision Maker for which Crop to Plant, by Household (HH) Type

100%

95%

90%

85%

80%

75% All Female HH Ugandan Female Refugee Female All Male Ugandan Male HH Refugee Male HH HH HH Households

Head of HH and Spouse Father/mother, father/mother-in-law, son/daughter, together as a HH Household Head

Exhibit 5.20 Decision Maker for which Inputs to Use, by Household Type

100%

95%

90%

85%

80%

75% All Female HH Ugandan Refugee All Male Ugandan Refugee Male Female HH Female HH Households Male HH HH

Father/mother, father/mother-in-law, son/daughter, together as a HH Head of HH and Spouse Household Head

Heads of households were overwhelmingly the ones to sell crops, keep the money from the sale of crops, and determine how the money is spent in the future. Interestingly, whereas in male- headed households more than 15 percent responded that another person was responsible for selling the crop, almost 100% of the time the money from this sale would go to the male head of household. However, this was not the case in female-headed refugee households, in which almost

20 percent indicated that other members of the household (apart from the women) kept the money.

Exhibit 5.21 Crop Seller, by Household Type

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% All Female HH Ugandan Female Refugee Female All Male Ugandan Male HH Refugee Male HH HH HH Households Father/mother, father/mother-in-law, son/daughter, together as a HH Head of HH and Spouse Husband/Wife Household Head Exhibit 5.22 Person Who Keeps Money from Crops, by Household Type

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% All Female HH Ugandan Female Refugee Female All Male Ugandan Male Refugee Male HH HH Households HH HH

Father/mother, father/mother-in-law, son/daughter, together as a HH Head of HH and spouse Husband/Wife Household head

Exhibit 5.23 Person Who Decides How the Money Is Spent, by Household Type 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% All Female HH Ugandan Female Refugee Female HH All Male Ugandan Male HH Refugee Male HH HH Households Father/mother, father/mother-in-law, son/daughter, together as a HH Head of HH and spouse Husband/Wife Household head

5.5 Livestock Rearing As previously mentioned, livestock rearing is the third largest livelihood in which households engage. Ugandan households own an average of 12 animals, and refugee households own, on average, half as many. Ugandan households tended to own, on average, more sheep (about 40) and cattle (about 11), whereas refugees owned smaller animals, such as chickens and ducks. Both types of households reported low average purchases of livestock in the past 12 months, except for chickens, which were highly popular among refugee households. Exhibit 5.24 shows the average number of livestock owned, number purchased in the past 12 months, and the purchase prices and selling prices for livestock. Comparing purchase prices, Ugandan households, on average, reported receiving lower rates for their livestock compared with refugees, but sold livestock, besides cattle, at similar prices. Most respondents reported selling cattle at the local market and a smaller proportion reported going to a larger market farther away. Exhibit 5.24 Livestock Ownership and Purchase Average Average Number Number of Purchase Price Purchased in the Selling Price (UGX) Livestock (UGX) Past 12 Months Owned Ugandan Refugee Ugandan Refugee Ugandan Refugee Ugandan Refugee Cattle 10.61 3.44 0.65 1.38 533,877 1,550,000 864,565 2,391,667 Chickens 9.3 10.96 0.42 9.15 7,837 14,259 18,950 18,250 Ducks 4.43 9.43 0.29 3.93 3,857.14 12,607 11833 0 Fish 200 0 0 0 0 0 2,000 0 Goats 8.96 3.83 0.51 3.17 37,358 118,902 116,400 140,569 Pigs 1.67 2.58 1.22 1.17 30,000 83,750 117,235.29 177,222 Sheep 40.47 5.66 0.71 4 62,142 133,333 113,076.92 173,333 Turkeys 0 4 0 0 0 150,000 0 200,000 Other 0 4.33 0 1.67 0 135,000 0 35,000

Across the sample, livestock raised was primarily sold by the family themselves instead of in a group setting. Moreover, informal selling was not commonly used by Ugandan or refugee households. We also asked households about their sources of information for their livestock. As Exhibit 5.25 shows, an even number of Ugandan and refugee households reported no access to information about livestock. Ugandan households did report veterinary workers and radio/TV as an information outlet. However, refugees relied more heavily on neighbors/friends as sources of information for livestock rearing.

Exhibit 5.25 Sources of Information on Rearing Livestock

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Ugandan HH n=185 Refugee HH n=142 All HH n=327

Moreover, households sold livestock primarily to pay for school, pay for medical expenses, and as a regular source of income (Exhibit 5.26). Ugandan households engaging in livestock rearing used the income primarily to pay for their children’s school. In contrast, refugees reported using their livestock primarily to buy food.

Exhibit 5.26 Primary Reasons for Selling Livestock

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 No longer regular buy more to buy food to pay to pay to pay debt to pay for emergencies Other needed source of animals medical school other income expenses expenses

Ugandan Refugee Overall

Decision-making regarding animal rearing was done by the head of household for Ugandan households and was made jointly by the household head and the spouse for refugee households. As the following three figures show, the heads of household for Ugandan households tend to decide on, raise, and sell livestock. Whereas refugee households have a greater dispersion of responsibility for raising their livestock, the head of household is more actively involved in livestock decisions. The “other” category is defined in Section 5.4 and applies to the graphs that follow.

Exhibit 5.27 Household Decision-Making for Livestock Rearing and Selling

Who Decides on Which Animal to Rear 150

100

0 Ugandan Refugee Ugandan Refugee Ugandan Refugee All Households Female-Headed Male-Headed Household head Husband/wife Household head and spouse together Father/mother, father/mother-in-law, son/daughter, together as a HH

Who Raises Livestock 150 100 50 0 Ugandan Refugee Ugandan Refugee Ugandan Refugee All Households Female-Headed Male-Headed Household head husband/wife Household head and spouse together Father/mother, father/mother-in-law, son/daughter, together as a HH

Who Sells Livestock

150 100 50 0 Ugandan Refugee Ugandan Refugee Ugandan Refugee All Households Female-Headed Male-Heade Household head husband/wife Household head and spouse together Father/mother, father/mother-in-law, son/daughter, together as a HH The following section describes the qualitative findings on the current livelihoods pursued by Ugandan and refugee households. The overall survey findings are supported by the information obtained in focus group discussions. 13 5.6 Qualitative Findings on Livelihoods Refugees All refugee focus groups reported growing beans and maize as a current livelihood activity. Several focus groups also reported growing cassava and groundnuts. Less commonly mentioned livelihoods included cultivating Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, eggplant, cabbage, tomatoes,

13 Our qualitative findings here and below provide additional information to complement our survey results. Focus group findings should be treated with caution. Focus groups were sampled purposively and not randomly, and thus participants’ perspectives may not be generalizable to the broader target population. In addition, focus groups provide self-reported information and interpretations that are subject to bias associated with their interests, motivations, or particular experiences. Additionally, the focus groups in this assessment provide group-level, in- depth information that can help illustrate and contextualize topics of interest in the study. They were not intended or designed to provide individual or household-level quantitative information about trends in the target population. This can explain discrepancies between the answers to the surveys and focus group findings.

onions, soy, peas, and bananas. Participants reported that unlike other crops, maize and beans do not require manure and are therefore easy to grow for those who have access to land. Other advantages of maize are that it can be stored at home for a long time before eating or selling and that because demand is high, it is easy to sell. Maize is used to make many food items such as posho, flour, or porridge, and trucks come directly to farmers to buy their maize. In terms of livestock, several refugee focus groups reported rearing goats, chickens, and pigs. Participants reported that they can sell goats relatively easily to neighbors and community members at local markets. They can walk with their goats to the market and require only a letter from the chairman permitting them to sell. Other advantages of goats are that they are a highly desired food locally, so if they cannot be sold at the market, goats can be eaten and shared with neighbors. Participants choose to rear chickens because they lay eggs daily, which they believe generate a lot of money. The reported advantages of pigs are that, unlike chickens, they do not easily get sick and die. Participants also said they do not have to travel to market to sell pigs, as they can sell directly to households. In addition to goats, chickens, and pigs, two refugee focus groups also reported rearing cows, sheep, and ducks. Buying and selling crops grown by others, in addition to or in lieu of growing crops themselves, were reported in all refugee focus groups. Examples mentioned included, but are not limited to, using money from WFP to buy tomatoes and silver fish to sell; borrowing from a VSLA to support a tomato, groundnuts, and silver fish business; buying crops from farmers, storing them, and selling to trucks from Kenya and Rwanda; and selling a portion of the household’s maize harvest to buy chickens to sell. Fewer focus groups reported buying and selling livestock, although goats and chickens were mentioned as livelihood activities in two FGDs. In some FGDs, participants reported that women are more likely than men to have small businesses that involve buying and selling crops and livestock. Casual labor was reported as a livelihood activity in the majority of focus groups. Those who do not own land rely on casual labor, typically cultivating, weeding, and planting. However, those with land also engage in casual labor because plots can be small and may be cultivated only a few days a week. Refugees first try to get work with the Congolese in the settlement, because it is closer, and then will travel to the host community to search for work. In two focus groups, refugee participants reported other types of livelihood activities. These include a shop or duka, tailoring, motorcycle transport, craftmaking, construction, brickmaking, and hairdressing. Ugandans Among Ugandan focus groups, six reported cultivating beans and five reported cultivating maize. A slight majority also reported cultivating bananas, cassava, groundnuts, Irish potatoes, and millet. Although there is overlap between commonly reported crops grown by Ugandans and refugees (i.e., beans, maize, cassava, groundnuts), there is greater concentration of crops among refugees than Ugandans. Collectively, Ugandans grow a more diverse set of crops, which may potentially indicate that they have greater knowledge of various crops or more opportunities to cultivate different varieties.

Unlike refugees, all Ugandan focus groups reported having cows and, similar to refugees, goats, pigs, and chickens were commonly reported types of livestock. Ugandan focus groups reported that they rear cattle because they can easily sell milk. For example, one group reported that middlemen come directly to the household to collect milk and then take it to the dairy. The

perceived advantages of chickens are that they can sell their eggs for consistent income and the advantages of pigs are that they grow quickly.

Ugandan focus groups were less likely than refugee focus groups to report engaging in small businesses that bought and sold agricultural products. Also, although most focus group participants were engaged in farming or rearing livestock, they were more likely to report being involved in retail or other trades. For example, participants reported owning shops, bars, and restaurants. Other professions mentioned included construction, hairdressing, doing nails, teaching, and driving boda boda. However, as in refugee focus groups, these types of livelihoods activities were not common. A minority of Ugandan focus groups reported participating in casual labor, in contrast to refugee focus groups, in which casual labor emerged as a prominent theme. Those that engaged in casual labor reported that they worked mostly for neighbors or “rich” people within their village, but would sometimes go to surrounding villages for work.

6. Potential Future Livelihoods and Opportunities There is great potential for supporting households in helping poor refugee and Ugandan households in Kamwenge pursue new livelihoods to improve their well-being. Overall, an overwhelming majority of surveyed households reported plans to start a new livelihood in the future. A higher proportion of the surveyed refugee households (98 percent) relative to the Ugandan households (90 percent) planned to start a new livelihood in the future, highlighting the fluctuation of livelihood pursuits in this community, particularly for refugee households.

Exhibit 6.1 Sample Households Planning to Start New Livelihoods Ugandan Households Refugee Households

Yes No Undecided Yes No Undecided

Households that were planning to start new livelihoods were then asked what specific kinds of livelihood they would engage in if barriers did not exist. The vast majority of both Ugandan and refugee households would pursue either a business, agricultural, or livestock livelihoods. A similar proportion of both Ugandan and refugee households would raise livestock (33 percent vs. 35 percent, respectively) or pursue a skilled trade (both 2 percent). However, a much larger proportion of refugee households relative to Ugandan households would engage in business

pursuits (48 percent vs. 33 percent), whereas a higher proportion of Ugandan households would engage in agricultural pursuits (29 percent vs. 16 percent).

Exhibit 6.2 Future Livelihoods for Refugees and Ugandans Ugandan Households Refugee Households

126 274 125 199

112 8 89 8 11 1 Agricultural Pursuits Livestock Agricultural Pursuits Livestock Business Pursuit Skilled Trade Pursuit Business Pursuit Skilled Trade Pursuit Other Other

Exhibit 6.3 taken from the women’s survey, shows the livelihoods women would engage in if barriers did not exist. Among Ugandan respondents, the distribution among agriculture, livestock, and enterprise is more evenly divided. On the other hand, refugees overwhelmingly chose enterprise, and a smaller, but significant, proportion chose livestock.

Exhibit 6.3 Future Livelihoods for Ugandan and Refugee Women Ugandan Refugees 0 2 4 4 15

31 33

38 60

Agriculture Livestock Agriculture Livestock Enterprise Salaried Employement Enterprise Salaried Employement Other Other

However, although Ugandan and refugee households in the sample were similarly interested in engaging in livestock livelihoods, the kind of livestock they would choose was starkly different. As seen in Exhibit 6.4, a much higher proportion of sampled Ugandan households wanted to

pursue raising cattle, as opposed to refugee households (60 percent vs. 37 percent), who preferred to raise goats (75 percent), and chickens (52 percent).

Exhibit 6.4 Future Livestock Preferences for Refugees and Ugandans 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Cattle Goats Sheep Pig Fish Ducks Chickens Turkeys Other

Ugandan Refugee

Differences also appeared in what agricultural products Ugandan and refugee households would like to raise, as seen in Exhibit 6.5. The vast majority of Ugandan households chose maize or beans, as did refugee households, although refugees chose in higher proportions to also pursue raising cassava, groundnuts, rice, Irish potatoes, and vegetables. A higher proportion of Ugandan households chose to pursue raising bananas relative to refugee households (18 percent vs. 4 percent).

Exhibit 6.5 Future Crop Preferences for Refugees and Ugandans 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Ugandan Refugee

Although “removing barriers” reflects removing the structural constraints households face, such as lack of access to adequate land of lack of access to capital, we also asked households the livelihoods they would like to pursue if they were given 900,000 UGX. A cash transfer just increases the income available to households, which may help address some constraints, but not

others. For instance, if a household lacks access to markets owing to the absence of roads, transferring money may not help remove that constraint. Although the responses we received are similar, there were some differences across respondents. Half of refugee households responded that they would invest this money in a business livelihood, whereas Ugandan households would invest this money in livestock (38 percent), agriculture (28 percent), and a business (29 percent) livelihood.

Exhibit 6.6 Future Livelihood Investment for Refugees and Ugandans if Given 900,000 UGX Ugandan Households Refugee Households

140 208

103 110 262 63

13 7 2 3 Argiculture Livestock Business Argiculture Livestock Business Skill trade Other Skill trade Other

Similarly, Ugandan and refugee households would cultivate the crops or raise the same cattle they stated they would like to pursue as a livelihood if they were hypothetically given 900,000 UGX. The responses from the women’s survey were similar to those in the larger household survey (Exhibit 6.7).

Exhibit 6.7 Future Livelihood Investment for Ugandan and Refugee Women if Given 900,000 UGX Ugandan Refugee 1 0 0

4 15 27 30

63 44

Agriculture Pursuit Livestock Agriculture Pursuit Livestock Enterprise Salaried Employement Enterprise Salaried Employement Other Other

Exhibit 6.8 Future Crop Investment for Refugees and Ugandans if Given 900,000 UGX 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Ugandan Refugee

Exhibit 6.9 Future Livestock Investment for Refugees and Ugandans if Given 900,000 UGX 80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% Cattle Goats Sheep Pig Fish Ducks Chickens Turkeys Other

Ugandan Refugee

In a majority of refugee focus groups, participants reported interest in cultivating groundnuts and Irish potatoes. Participants believe that both groundnuts and Irish potatoes are profitable, although they noted that they would need capital for land, manure, and seedlings. Focus group participants had less interest in vegetables but reported that there is a market for vegetables and that if they had land, seeds, and manure, they would grow vegetables such as eggplant or tomatoes.

A majority of refugee focus groups reported interest in chickens and pigs, and a slight minority in cows and goats. Advantages of chickens are that they are profitable and they lay eggs daily after three months, which can be sold at the market or to hotels, shops, and restaurants. However, capital and training in keeping chickens healthy are needed to pursue this livelihood. Pigs are also believed to be profitable and are less susceptible to disease than chickens, making them an attractive option. Pigs also reproduce once a year, so profits continue to come in over time, and pigs are easily sold directly to people in their homes. Participants interested in goats reported that benefits include buying pregnant goats and selling goats along with kids together, and goats are highly desired by neighbors, so if they are not sold at market, goats can easily be eaten or shared with neighbors. Rearing cows to sell their milk is also desirable, but this requires land, so participants felt that pursuing other livestock options would be easier.

Participants in all refugee focus groups reported a desire to buy or sell crops or livestock, such as potatoes, silver fish, tomatoes, goats, and the like. Women were particularly interested in small business. In addition, some focus group participants were interested in operating shops because this is less physically demanding and allows them to earn income year-round and not depend on the seasonal harvest. Participants in two refugee focus groups wanted to start a milling business together as a group and in two other focus groups, participants were interested in service jobs, such as cleaning, security, hairdressing, tailoring, medicine, and craft-making.

A slight majority of Ugandan focus groups reported wanting to cultivate maize, Irish potatoes, and bananas/matoke and believe them to be profitable. One focus group reported that matoke brings in more income than other crops but they do not grow it because they lack access to enough land. However, they believe matoke is easy to sell. For example one group reported that brokers used to come by to buy matoke and take it to Kampala, Ibanda, and Mubende, but they no longer come because people stopped growing it. They added that the brokers would come back if people in the village started growing it again. Maize is also believed to be easy to sell; one focus group shared a similar example and reported that brokers move from village to village buying up maize. In terms of livestock, Ugandan focus groups reported interest in pigs and goats and, to a lesser extent, chickens and cows. However, this may be because the majority of focus groups reported that chickens and cows were current livelihood activities, so they were more interested in pursuing new livelihoods.

Ugandan focus groups were less likely than refugee focus groups to report interest in buying and selling agricultural products, though it was mentioned. For example, some participants were interested in getting capital for a van so that they could buy maize and take it to a milling machine in Mbarara or Ibanda. In two focus groups, Ugandan participants reported interest in trades such as welding, construction, or bricklaying, but this was not common among the focus groups as a whole.

6.1 Key Information and Training Needs Overall, we see in Exhibit 6.10 that for future agricultural livelihoods, both Ugandan and refugee households would primarily want to receive information/training on agricultural methods in cultivating all kinds of crops. To a lesser extent, they would also want information on available inputs and markets for selling the crops. Information on the price of the crops came third, chosen by between 19 percent (bananas) and 39 percent (beans) of households, depending on the crop.

Selling the crops in groups was relatively less important for all crops, chosen by between 8 percent (beans) and 18 percent (vegetables).

Exhibit 6.10 Future Crop Training/Information Support Desired Overall 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Maize Beans Cassava Groundnuts Vegetables Bananas Soybeans Irish potatoes

Information/training on agricultural methods Information on available inputs Price of crop Markets for selling the crop Selling the crop in groups Other

As we see in Exhibit 6.11, surveyed household data indicated that, for currently cultivated crops, 83 percent would like to receive information or training on agricultural methods. Meanwhile, 49 percent would like to receive information or training on the market for selling their crops. Fewer wanted information on available inputs (39 percent), price of crops (34 percent), or selling crops in groups (15 percent). This information suggests that most farmers who currently cultivate crops are looking to improve their crop yields, rather than learn how to produce or sell their crops, which may be common knowledge.

Exhibit 6.11 Current Crop Training/Information Support Desired Overall

Info/training on ag methods Market for selling crop Info on availing inputs Price of crops Selling crops in groups Other

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Yes No

When disaggregating this data by Ugandan and refugee households (see Exhibit 6.12), the survey found that Ugandan and refugee households were equally interested in receiving information or training on agricultural methods for their current crops (81–85 percent). However, refugee households were much more interested, relative to Ugandan households, in information or training on the market and price for crops and on selling crops in groups. This supports the idea that refugees, even while cultivating crops in their host country, are still at an information disadvantage when it comes to knowing the local agricultural market networks.

Exhibit 6.12 Current Crop Training/Information Support Desired (Ugandan/Refugee)

Ugandan Refugee

Info/Training on ag Info/Training on ag 85% 15% 81% 19% methods methods

Market for selling crop 42% 58% Market for selling crop 55% 45%

Info on availing inputs 38% 62% Info on availing inputs 40% 60%

Price of crops 31% 69% Price of crops 36% 64%

Selling crops in groups 9% 91% Selling crops in groups 21% 79%

Other 4% 96% Other 5% 95%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80%100% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Yes No Yes No

In terms of raising livestock to improve their livelihood (see Exhibit 6.13), Ugandan households were much more likely to choose to raise pigs than were refugee households, which were more likely to raise chickens and goats. Goats, followed by cattle, remain the dominant livestock choices for both groups, together representing 74 percent of all livestock chosen overall.

Exhibit 6.13 Choice of Future Livestock 100% 1% 2% 1% 9% 15% 90% 22% 80%

70% 45% 60% 43% 40% 50%

40% 14% 5% 10% 30%

20% 32% 30% 31% 10%

0% Ugandan Refugee Overall

Cattle Chickens Goats Pigs None

After respondents selected what livestock they would raise with support from a group or the Activity, they were asked what support, in terms of training and information, they would like to receive for this livestock. Overall, we see from Exhibit 6.14 that across livestock chosen, households would like to receive information on taking care of the livestock they would like to raise (86–95 percent), how to prevent disease among the livestock (81–87 percent), and information on accessing veterinary care (56–67 percent). Households that would raise chickens reported wanting the most training and information, compared with training and information categories for other livestock. Those who selected goats and cattle expressed interest in fewer kinds of training and information support.

Exhibit 6.14 Training/Information Desired for Future Livestock Chosen (Overall) 100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% Information Information on Information /training on preventing Information Information Information on How to taking care diseases on where to on where to on selling accessing raise them Other of these among purchase sell price veterinary as a group animals these care animals Goats 86.01% 82.25% 17.41% 20.14% 21.84% 55.63% 16.38% 1.02% Pigs 89.42% 86.54% 23.08% 30.77% 20.19% 55.77% 17.31% 0.96% Cattle 87.14% 80.95% 17.62% 20.48% 22.38% 58.57% 11.90% 0.48% Chickens 95.45% 86.36% 37.88% 37.88% 31.82% 66.67% 37.88% 0.00%

Goats Pigs Cattle Chickens

After disaggregating these data by Ugandan and refugee households (see Exhibit 6.15), refugee households who were presented with the opportunity to raise livestock to improve their livelihoods were more likely than Ugandan households to want to receive information or training on taking care of livestock, accessing veterinary care, and especially raising livestock as a group. Whereas only between 5 and 8 percent of Ugandan households would like to receive information/training on raising livestock as a group depending on the livestock chosen, among refugee households, between 16 percent (cattle) and 51 percent (chickens) would like to receive this kind of information/training. Refugee households were also more interested in receiving information/training on raising chickens relative to Ugandan households across all information/training categories.

Exhibit 6.15 Training/Information Desired for Future Livestock Chosen (Ugandan/Refugee) Ugandan 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Information Information on Information /training on preventing Information Information Information on How to taking care diseases on where to on where to on selling accessing raise them Other of these among purchase sell price veterinary as a group animals these care animals Goats 79.26% 80.74% 18.52% 20.74% 21.48% 48.89% 5.19% 0.00% Pigs 87.50% 88.89% 25.00% 27.78% 18.06% 43.06% 8.33% 1.39% Cattle 85.85% 81.13% 20.75% 16.98% 24.53% 50.00% 7.55% 0.94% Chickens 88.24% 88.24% 29.41% 41.18% 17.65% 47.06% 0.00% 0.00%

Goats Pigs Cattle Chickens

Refugee 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Information Information on Information /training on preventing Information Information Information on How to taking care diseases on where to on where to on selling accessing raise them Other of these among purchase sell price veterinary as a group animals these care animals Goats 91.77% 83.54% 16.46% 19.62% 22.15% 61.39% 25.95% 1.90% Pigs 93.75% 81.25% 18.75% 37.50% 25.00% 84.38% 37.50% 0.00% Cattle 88.46% 80.77% 14.42% 24.04% 20.19% 67.31% 16.35% 0.00% Chickens 97.96% 85.71% 40.82% 36.73% 36.73% 73.47% 51.02% 0.00%

Goats Pigs Cattle Chickens

When households were asked what kind of information or training they would like to receive for livestock they currently raise, refugee and Ugandan households responded similarly, except that

refugee households were much more interested in receiving information on accessing veterinary care for their livestock and on how to raise their livestock as a group (see Exhibit 6.16).

Exhibit 6.16 Training/Information Desired for Current Livestock (Ugandan/Refugee) 90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00% Information Information on Information /training on preventing Information Information Information on How to taking care diseases on where to on where to on selling accessing raise them Other of these among purchase sell price veterinary as a group animals these care animals Ugandan 81.08% 75.68% 23.72% 22.52% 23.12% 39.94% 7.21% 5.11% Refugee 78.57% 68.57% 23.71% 24.00% 25.43% 57.71% 29.14% 16.00% Overall 79.80% 72.04% 23.72% 23.28% 24.30% 49.05% 18.45% 10.69%

Some households also responded to a women’s survey (Exhibit 6.17) and were asked about the animals they were currently raising or had raised in the past year. The highest proportion of women raised fish (12 percent), followed by chickens (6 percent), goats (4 percent), cattle (4 percent), ducks (2.5 percent), pigs (2.5 percent), and sheep (1 percent). Among refugee women surveyed, none reported raising pigs or sheep, whereas 5 percent of Ugandan women surveyed raised pigs and 1 percent raised sheep. Refugee women, however, reported raising ducks more than did Ugandan women.

Exhibit 6.17 Women’s Survey: Livestock Raised Currently or in Past Year 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Cattle Goats Sheep Pigs Fish Ducks Chickens Ugandan 5.13% 3.85% 1.28% 5.13% 12.82% 1.28% 6.41% Refugee 2.44% 4.88% 0.00% 0.00% 10.98% 3.66% 4.88% Overall 3.75% 4.38% 0.63% 2.50% 11.88% 2.50% 5.63%

Ugandan Refugee Overall

Our qualitative assessment supports our quantitative results. Refugee focus groups identified information about caring for crops, livestock rearing, disease prevention, and business and marketing as key needs. Refugees report that in order to pursue desired livelihoods in cultivation, training in modern farming, using manure and pesticides, when to plant, and crop spacing is required. Similarly, focus group participants reported gaps in knowledge in rearing animals, preventing and treating sickness in animals, and using maize bran to make feeds. Participants also stressed the importance of business skills such as marketing, identifying customers, selling, accessing price information, and managing money. This was particularly important to those interested in moving toward the business side of the value chain. To a lesser extent, participants reported interest in vocational or trade skills such as language skills or motor mechanic training.

Refugee focus groups also identified capital or access to inputs, such as machinery, seeds, pesticides, manure, and higher-quality animal breeds. Examples mentioned include start-up capital for youth business, as they received training but lack the capital to enter into new livelihood activities; capital for milling machines; improved breeds of chickens that lay eggs; high-quality groundnut seedlings; and pumps for spraying pesticides. According to participants, lack of access to high-quality inputs and knowledge or modern farming and livestock rearing make it difficult to start or expand livelihoods that they perceive would be profitable.

Similar to refugee focus groups, Ugandan focus groups reported needing information and training about modern agriculture and rearing livestock. Examples include planting in a line, how to use fertilizer from a cow, choosing high-quality seedlings, when to plant, when to spray or how to mix chemicals, feeding livestock, identifying whether livestock are sick, getting medicine, zero grazing, and preparing infertile land for livestock. To a lesser extent than refugee focus groups, Ugandan participants reported an interest in acquiring business skills. More often, they reported interest in vocational training such as welding, tailoring, construction, hairdressing, and driving.

Ugandan participants also reported needs for capital. They had similar reasons as refugees, namely to buy seeds, better breeds, pesticides, medicine, and so on. However, they gave greater emphasis 45

to using capital to rent or buy land. For example, participants in one focus group were interested in renting land to grow more maize. Another group was interested in buying land to grow matoke. They reported that matoke takes too long to grow, making renting land impractical, and that they want to buy large enough acreage to be able to produce enough to pay for labor.

7. Challenges and Constraints to Pursuing Livelihoods In this section, we highlight some of the key constraints and challenges captured in our survey and focus group discussions. We asked households to report their key challenges in pursuing meaningful livelihoods. Specifically, we asked them whether these constraints included lack of training, lack of access to funds for startup, lack of land, and lack of awareness of meaningful opportunities. As Exhibit 7.1 indicates, the majority of households reported lack of access to capital as a significant constraint in pursuing meaningful livelihoods. A lack of training and lack of land were also considered significant constraints for survey respondents. Exhibit 7.1 Challenges and Constraints that Hinder Engagement in Livelihood Activities

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Lack of training Lack of access to Lack of land Lack of Other No challenges funds for start awareness of up, equiment, opportunity material, supplies

Ugandan Refugee Overall

We also asked respondents to elicit specific challenges they faced in pursuing agricultural and livestock related livelihoods. Lack of access to land and the inability to purchase inputs were the two primary challenges for cultivating any crop, with the exception of maize, for both Ugandans and refugees. Ugandan respondents cited lack of labor as the second most frequent challenge for cultivating maize, with the inability to purchase inputs as the third most common challenge. The distributions of specific challenges for each crop are also shown in Exhibit 7.2.

Exhibit 7.2 Challenges and Constraints to Agriculture

Challenges and Constraints for Cultivating Crops for Ugandans 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bananas Beans Cassava Groundnuts Irish Potatoes Maize Soybeans Vegetables

Not enough land Cannot purchase inputs Do not know how to cultivate Do know know where to purchase input Do not know where to sell Do not have access to enough labor No Challenges Other

Challenges and Constraints for Cultivating Crops for Refugees 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Bananas Beans Cassava Groundnuts Irish Potatoes Maize Soybeans Vegetables

Not enough land Cannot purchase inputs Do not know how to cultivate Do know know where to purchase input Do not know where to sell Do not have access to enough labor No Challenges Other

The responses for challenges households face for raising livestock varied across animals and are described below and shown in Exhibit 7.3. • For goats, not having access to enough land and the inability to purchase medicine were the two main challenges. • Not having access to enough land and the inability to purchase the animal itself were the two main challenges in rearing cattle. • The lack of knowledge to prevent diseases and lack of access to land were reported as the two common constraints for raising chickens.

• The two most common challenges for pigs were the inability to prevent diseases and buy medicines.

Exhibit 7.3 Challenges and Constraints to Livestock

Ugandans 120

100

0 Not Cannot Cannot Cannot Cannot Do no Do not Do not Other enough purchase purchase purchase access know how know how know land animal feed medicine market to take to prevent where to care of disease sell them

Cattle Chicken Goats Pigs

Refugees 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Not Cannot Cannot Cannot Cannot Do no Do not Do not Other enough purchase purchase purchase access know how know how know land animal feed medicine market to take to prevent where to care of disease sell them

Cattle Chicken Goats Pigs

The focus group discussions shed significant light on these challenges that refugees and Ugandans face. We describe the qualitative findings on key challenges for Ugandans and refugees separately.

7.1 Qualitative Findings on Constraints and Challenges Refugees Refugee focus groups reported that lack of access to fertile land is a key barrier to improving their livelihoods. Those who own land report that plots are small and becoming infertile, resulting in meager harvests and few practical choices of what to grow. For example, participants report that OPM gives refugees only enough land for 100 kg of maize per season, which is not enough to do business. Also, for those with large families, their plot of land is not big enough to produce enough food to eat, much less sell for income. Compounding this problem is the poor quality of the soil. Because the land is infertile, refugees feel restricted to growing crops that do not require the purchase of pesticides or manure, such as maize and beans. They are hesitant, for example, to grow Irish potatoes because they deplete the soil’s nutrients. One of the most commonly cited barriers to improved livelihoods was lack of capital. Refugee focus groups reported strong interest in business as well as diversifying their crops and livestock and said that lack of capital prevents them from engaging in these livelihood activities. For example, participants reported that they or refugees they knew had professions or experience with small businesses in the DRC, but have been unable to start businesses in Uganda. Some refugees were doctors, hairdressers, tailors, carpenters, electricians, drivers, or livestock traders but “don’t have a place to work.” Refugees also reported that specific crops and livestock could be started, but require startup capital. Examples mentioned include groundnuts, goats, Irish potatoes, pigs, and maize. In addition to lack of capital, reported challenges with cultivation and livestock include protecting against diseases, pest control, and poor-quality seedlings. Limited knowledge about disease prevention, combined with lack or access to or the costs of vaccinations, medicine, and veterinary services, impede refugees’ ability and confidence to rear livestock. Similarly, lack of knowledge about pest control and the cost of pesticides are cited as a challenge for growing more diverse crops. Access to quality seedlings – in particular, groundnuts – was also mentioned as a challenge. Barriers to markets and market information include challenges in physically reaching markets as well as challenges in negotiating prices. Some refugees reported that there isn’t a market in the settlement and believed that other markets outside the settlement were too far to access. They also did not have means of transporting their harvest to Kampala, Mbarara, and Kasese, where they could sell some crops at higher prices. Participants also reported several challenges in negotiating prices when selling. For example, they reported that Ugandans fix the price for maize and that refugees do not have enough information to negotiate for more favorable prices. One focus group also reported that they believe that the host community uses fake weighing scales to cheat them out of fair prices. Casual labor, a commonly mentioned livelihood activity in focus groups, also presents challenges for refugees. Participants report that it is hard to find work outside the settlement and sometimes they must travel long distances, even as far as Kampala. Casual labor is also unreliable. Sometimes owners who hire refugees will not pay or pay less than what was agreed to. Some participants believe that this is because owners know that casual laborers have no other alternatives and others believe that the host community does not want to pay because they are refugees. Casual labor also brings other risks. For example, while working, refugees become sick, are abused, or work with no food or water. Even finding work requires luck, and if refugees are unable to find

work, they will not have enough money to buy basic necessities such as food or soap. Finding work and earning wages is particularly challenging during the lean season, after farms are cultivated and weeding is completed but before harvesting. During these times, there is little to no casual work available. During three FGDs, participants discussed types of discrimination that they believe affected their livelihood opportunities. Men reported that they are discriminated against for certain jobs that are considered “jobs for women,” such as weeding and planting. Women reported that they are not considered for certain jobs, such as construction, because they are for men. Both men and women agreed that older adults or the elderly face discrimination and that young people are preferred. Some participants also reported challenges related to their refugee status. For example, one focus group reported that refugees cannot be hired to drive a car for NGOs and another reported that it is challenging to move about “freely” outside the settlements, especially if a refugee doesn’t have an ID or refugee card. Some participants in all three focus groups reported that Ugandans pay less for labor and offer lower prices for agricultural products at markets. Ugandans Similar to refugees, Ugandan focus groups reported challenges related to the size and quality of the land they can access, and reported that these challenges restrict their options for growing or rearing particular crops or livestock. Generally, participants reported that soil is infertile and that fertilizer is needed to grow decent-quality crops that can be sold. Participants also reported that they cannot afford fertilizer, which limits what they can grow. For example, one focus group reported that the soil is not suitable for cassava, even though they used to be able to grow it and sell it at a decent price. Now the soil is “poor,” so they buy cassava instead of growing it. One focus group also reported that even beans, which can grow, will produce small yields if the household cannot afford fertilizer. Like refugees, Ugandans reported challenges with the size of plots of land they can access. For example, they reported that they cannot grow vegetables because their land is too small. One focus group reported that they could not make money rearing pigs because they didn’t have enough land to support a piggery. One focus group also reported facing challenges related to the settlement, with participants saying they use to have land where the settlement was, but that it was “taken away.” Ugandans are also interested in business and expanding or adding livelihood activities, but, like refugees, they believe that lack of capital is a major barrier. They believe lack of capital restricts their ability to access required inputs, such as high-quality seedlings, fertilizer, sprays and pumps or spraying machines, or medicine for livestock. They also report that lack of capital restricts their ability to enter into business. As an example, one participant reported that their youth had received vocational training in tailoring but were unable to start a tailoring business because they did not receive any startup capital. Ugandan focus groups also reported challenges related to accessing markets, but emphasized physical and transportation barriers more than information gaps. Multiple Ugandan focus groups reported that the quality of the roads or cost of transportation made it difficult to physically get to markets or reduced their profits. In one focus group, participants reported that they sold maize at their house for a lower price than it could be sold at local markets because the roads

to the markets were impassible. Some focus groups also reported that they could not transport large loads of harvests, for instance on a boda boda, and therefore could not sell much. Although casual labor was mentioned less among Ugandan focus groups than refugee focus groups, those who engaged in it reported similar challenges. Participants reported that casual labor is hard to find, especially during the off season, and that casual laborers walk long distances, can be overworked, are underpaid, or may not be paid at all. Also, in some situations, engaging in casual labor means not having time to dig one’s own garden, and reduces the food available to eat or sell. In addition to these overall challenges, we also elicited detailed information on challenges in accessing credit from the survey respondents, as access to credit is a key underlying condition for households to improve their livelihoods. 7.2 Access to Credit As we can see from Exhibit 7.4, 69 percent of households surveyed borrowed money in the past 12 months, with borrowing being more common among refugee households (76 percent) relative to Ugandan households (62 percent). Exhibit 7.5 shows that refugee households also more commonly were not successfully able to obtain loans when they applied for it (39 percent), compared to Ugandan households (32 percent). Exhibit 7.4 Households that Borrowed Money in the Past 12 Months 80% 76% 69% 70% 62% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Ugandan Refugee Overall

Exhibit 7.5 Households that Failed to Borrow Money in the Past 12 Months 45% 39% 40% 36% 35% 32% 30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

Ugandan Refugee Overall

Very large differences between Ugandan and refugee households appeared when it came to receiving consumption smoothing support (Exhibit 7.6). Whereas 93 percent of refugee households received consumption smoothing support, only 2 percent of Ugandan households received this assistance. Of the 2 percent of Ugandan households that reported consumption smoothing, 57.15 percent received support from a relative, 14.28 percent received support from WFP, and 14.28 percent received support from a member of parliament. Exhibit 7.6 Households Receiving Consumption Smoothing Support 100% 93% 90% 80% 70% 60% 49% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 2% 0%

Ugandan Refugee Overall

For both refugees and Ugandans, households faced the most cash shortages in March, May, September, October, and especially April (Exhibit 7.7). Considering the dependence of most households surveyed on agricultural or livestock livelihoods, the cash shortages of March, April, and May could be linked to the pre-harvest lean season in Uganda, estimated by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS Net) to be between March and June. Many crops are sowed

at this time, and few, if any, are harvested. September and October, meanwhile, are sowing seasons for both beans and maize, the latter being a major livelihood crop for respondents.14 Exhibit 7.7 Top 5 Months When Households Faced Cash Shortages 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 March April May September October

Ugandan Refugee All

Two refugee focus groups also discussed access to credit. Within those groups, participants reported several challenges related to accessing credit. These included an inability to borrow informally because “people won’t give loans because they know they won’t be able to pay them back,” very high interest rates, requirements to pay back double the loan amount, using their ration cards as collateral, and using WFP rations to take a loan and then borrowing again because the full WFP was used to pay back the first loan.

8. Key Lessons for Program Design and Implementation In this section, we provide the key lessons that emerge from the LMA and also elaborate on three ancillary aspects related to group membership, household decision-making, and the dynamics between Ugandan and refugee communities that are critical for AVSI’s overall program design. Exhibit 8.1 summarizes the key expected and unexpected findings from the LMA. Whereas the AVSI team is well aware of the expected findings because of their work with the communities in the district, it is the unexpected findings that are critical for designing the interventions and enhancing program impact. Most of the unexpected findings point to differences between Ugandan and refugee households; therefore, an intervention that works well for one community may not work as effectively for the other. For example, the low access to adequate land by the refugees may prevent them from participating or fully benefiting from certain value chains. Despite these differences, both Ugandans and refugees identified methods for crop cultivation and livestock disease prevention as their key information need.

14 Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS). Country Briefs: Uganda. http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=UGA 53

Exhibit 8.1 Expected and Unexpected Findings from the LMA Expected

• A vast majority of households engaged in agriculture, and maize was the most common crop grown. • Respondents reported using their land for their own cultivation. • Household heads were primarily the ones who made decisions regarding what crops to sell and how to spend money, and kept money from crops. • Refugees owned smaller animals, such as chickens and ducks. • Ugandan household heads tend to decide what livestock to rear, hold the responsibility for raising the livestock, and sell it, whereas refugee households involve more family members in the same tasks. • Lack of access to funds and lack of access to land were the two most cited constraints for agricultural pursuits. Additionally, lack of access to land also posed a constraint/challenge to livestock.

Unexpected • Businesses were more common for refugees than for Ugandans. • Few households pursued salaried jobs. • Refugees earned 2,632 UGX less per day for agricultural casual labor than Ugandans, and refugees earned 13,861 UGX less per day compared with Ugandan for non- agricultural causal labor. • Refugees rented plots that were, on average, larger than the ones they own, and on average larger than the ones owned by Ugandans. • Refugees paid far more for their plots than Ugandans (579,492.8 vs. 222,783.8 UGX, on average). • The vast majority of renters paid in groups for their land plots. • Refugees sold their livestock primarily to buy food, contrary to Ugandans, who sold livestock to pay for school and medical services. • Women tend to have small business that involve buying and selling of crops. • Ugandans were more likely to want to engage in agricultural pursuits compared with refugees, who wanted to engage in business. • Ugandans reported wanting to rear larger livestock, whereas refugees wanted to pursue smaller livestock options. • Both Ugandans and refugees reported wanting information on agricultural methods rather than information about inputs and markets for selling crops. • Information on how to care for the animal was the most desired training by both groups. Refugees showed more interest in receiving training in general rearing of livestock, including proper care and disease prevention.

Exhibit 8.2 also shows the similarities and differences that emerged in the LMA in our qualitative and quantitative findings. In contrast to the earlier exhibit, in which the unexpected findings were particularly relevant for the program design, the AVSI team should carefully consider the common

threads of lessons that emerged during our qualitative and quantitative data collection. It is quite likely that the qualitative findings differ from the quantitative ones because of the small sample size of the focus groups, which were mitigated to some extent in our quantitative surveys. As has been the focus of the LMA, these similarities describe the common livelihoods pursued by households, the key challenges and constraints they face, and the future livelihoods they would like to pursue. Exhibit 8.2 Similarities and Differences Between Qualitative and Quantitative Findings Similarities • Beans and maize were reported as the most common crops cultivated. • Casual labor was reported as a livelihood activity in both focus groups and surveys. • Refugees travel farther to find casual labor. • Ugandans grow a more diverse set of crops compared with refugees. • Ugandans reported rearing larger livestock, such as goats and cattle, whereas refugees choose smaller animals. Refugees expressed interest in learning how to rear animals that do not get as sick as chickens, like pigs. • Goats were highly desirable in both focus groups and surveys because they are seen as highly profitable. • Respondents reported wanting information related to caring for crops, livestock rearing, and disease prevention. Both groups had knowledge gaps in preventing disease for livestock. • Lack of access to land was reported in both groups, and focus groups clarified that it is the lack of access to fertile land that poses an additional barrier. • Land plots are not big enough to produce enough for household consumption and for selling in the market. • Lack of access to capital is preventing households from pursuing business. • Refugees in focus groups and survey reported barriers to negotiating prices in the market, and they also had trouble reaching different markets. • Refugees reported barriers to traveling farther to markets with better prices. • Refugees earn less for casual labor as compared with Ugandans.

Differences • Refugees in focus groups reported rearing goats and pigs at higher frequency than they did in the survey. • In focus groups, Ugandans were more likely to report being involved in retail or other trades compared with refugees. • Ugandans in focus groups reported low levels of engagement in casual labor. • Refugee focus groups reported wanting to grow groundnuts and potatoes, whereas those in the survey reported maize and beans as their top two crops of choice. • Focus groups reported wanting more information on available inputs and markets compared to survey respondents. Survey respondents reported wanting information and training on agricultural methods. • In focus groups, women preferred women-only groups.

In regard to group membership, household decision-making, and host community and refugee dynamics, the four key lessons are summarized below. • Although a majority of women surveyed had experience working in groups, participation in them may not always be conducive to improving livelihoods. As evident from the focus group discussions, loan repayment in saving and lending groups or other resource sharing may not always operate smoothly. • Most household decisions are made jointly by the household head and the spouse. Women participate most in decisions on food crop farming. Therefore, if the program aims to strengthen target households’ place in certain value chains, the team will need to consider these household dynamics. It is quite possible that cultivating certain crops may have a buy-in by women and not from men; therefore, both primary decision- makers in the household will need to be on board in making their economic plan. • Ugandan and refugee communities engage with one another, and despite a few challenges, our findings reveal an overall good working relationship between the two communities. • Refugees appeared to receive more vocational training then Ugandans, but saving trainings were low among both groups. We now describe these ancillary findings pertaining to group membership, household decision making, and host community and refugee dynamics in greater detail. 8.1 Group Membership In Exhibit 8.3, we see that less than 20 percent of respondents reported being a member of a group, with a slightly lower proportion among refugee households relative to Ugandan households. Exhibit 8.3 Member of Any Community Group

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Ugandan Refugee

Yes No

When we break down group membership in Exhibit 8.4, the highest proportion were members of a VLSA, with 10 percent of refugees and 8 percent of Ugandans being members. A lower proportion were members of a farmer’s group (2–6 percent) or women’s group (1–3 percent), with Ugandans being members of these groups in slightly higher proportions than refugees.

Exhibit 8.4 Member of Community Group, by Group 12.00%

10.00%

8.00%

6.00%

4.00%

2.00%

0.00% Farmer Youth Bank SACCO Livestock Women’s Farmer’s Other VSLA Field Group Association Group Group School

Ugandan Refugee

As opposed to household respondents, women who answered the women’s survey reported very different results. Overall, a much higher proportion of women were members of community groups (77 percent) relative to household respondents (18 percent), and those who were members of community groups were members of all kinds of producers’ groups at higher proportions relative to household respondents. Among these specific groups, the highest proportion of women (and particularly Ugandan women, at 83 percent) were members of mutual help or insurance groups. Among refugee women’s group members, the highest proportion of respondents were members of religious groups (56 percent). Higher proportions of refugee women were also members of forest users’ groups (43 percent) or trade and business association groups, the latter statistic likely being linked to refugees’ preference for business livelihoods relative to Ugandans. Meanwhile, more than 48 percent of Ugandan women in groups were members of water users’ groups, credit or microfinance groups, agriculture/ livestock/fishery producers’ groups, mutual help or insurance groups (as mentioned), or another women’s group. The participation of women in these groups is particularly important for establishing a gendered approach to understanding and working with these groups, and reflects the differing presence of Ugandan and refugee women in local groups. Focus groups with Ugandan and refugee participants provide additional context to complement the survey findings. Refugee focus group participants reported that they were currently involved in livelihood groups related to business, farming, and livestock rearing. Nearly all focus groups had participants with current or previous experience with VSLAs. As an example, one participant shared that he puts a small amount of his WFP stipend into his savings group, which he uses to help earn money. Most focus groups reported interest in joining livelihood or VSLA groups because they offer the ability to share ideas, access to credit when a problem arises, better rates, and access to support from other members. One focus group with female participants expressed interest in starting livelihoods groups in construction and other groups were interested in maize, milling, or chickens. In terms of the gender makeup of potential groups, one focus group with male participants reported that they would like groups to be mixed gender, but that some leadership positions should go to women in order to protect women’s investments. On the other hand, women preferred women-only groups.

Reported barriers to participating in groups included lack of cash to start group efforts, lack of income to save, and lack of skills to manage the group. Financial management and paying back loans were also of concern. For example, in previous groups, some members borrowed money expecting to pay it back when they received their WFP stipend, but then could not. Multiple focus groups also reported negative experiences with other livelihood or VSLA group initiatives. For example, one group reported that they did not receive the startup funds that they were told they would receive. Another reported that when they participated in a savings group, the male members “took all the money.” Still another reported that in the past, if members did not pay fees for one month, they would be kicked out and lose their investment. Therefore, participants in this focus group preferred to do income-generating activities individually.

In Ugandan focus groups, participants reported active livelihood groups relating to growing watermelons and tomatoes, rearing pigs, bricklaying, catering, and hospitality and were interested in new opportunities to work in groups. For example, one focus group reported that forming a group to bring a harvest together to sell would allow them to bring in more and prevent them from getting cheated, which happens when they sell individually. Focus groups also held positive views about VSLAs. They reported that the benefits of VSLAs are that members can use savings or borrow to pay school fees, pay hospital bills, afford food and soap, or buy medicine for livestock. Additionally, participants appreciate VSLAs because they do not have to rely on the harvest for funds, can go to the group for support if there is an emergency, and the share-out at the end of the year helps members plan for the upcoming year. In one focus group, women reported that they are interested in single-gender groups so that women could support one another.

Challenges and concerns discussed during FGDs included the physical distance between farmers, which makes it difficult to bring a harvest together, and that individuals will take loans to fund digging, but at harvest time, the harvest is used to pay off the loan and then there is not enough harvest to sell together. Relatedly, participants in one group reported that some families cannot afford to wait to sell together and brokers buy the harvest while it is still growing. Like refugee focus groups, Ugandan focus groups also reported negative experiences with groups and VSLAs in the past. For example, one reported that a previous group had a misunderstanding about dividing money, so now they work individually. Also, an NGO previously helped them form a VSLA, but did not provide startup money, and members’ income was not enough to get it started.

8.2 Decision Making in Households The women’s survey gave additional insight into the economic activities and associated levels of decision making of women in refugee and Ugandan households (Exhibit 8.5). Farming was the most common activity among all women, followed by casual labor (that is, working on other’s farm for daily wages or pursuing non-agricultural daily wage work). However, a smaller proportion of refugee women were engaged in farming: whereas 92 percent of Ugandan women were engaged in farming, only 73 percent of refugee women did the same. Meanwhile, refugee women were far more likely to own a small business, trade, enterprise, or artisan shop compared with Ugandan women (28 percent vs. 4 percent). These findings are in line with the responses the survey team collected from Ugandan and refugee households on their economic activities.

Exhibit 8.5 Economic Activities that Women Currently Engage In 100% 92.31% 90%

80% 73.17% 70%

60%

50%

40% 32.05% 32.93% 28.05% 30%

20% 12.82% 10.98% 7.32% 10% 3.85% 3.85% 0% Farming Casual labor Owner of a small Livestock/cattle None business/trade/ rearing enterprise/artisan shop

Ugandan Refugee

Surveyed women were then asked whether they had participated in decision making in five categories of economic activities (Exhibit 8.6). If they had, they were then asked how much input they had in making decisions about these activities. Overall, most surveyed women had input in most or all decisions related to economic activities, aside from non-farm economic activities (at 46 percent). Over 60 percent of women overall had input in most or all decisions related to food crop farming and wage and salaried employment. However, there were important differences in responses between Ugandan (Exhibit 8.7) and refugee women (Exhibit 8.8). Whereas only 4 percent of refugee women reported that they had no input or input in few decisions related to wage and salary employment, this number jumped to 19 percent for Ugandan women. However, the situation was reversed for decisions related to cash crop farming and non-farm economic activities, for which Ugandan women were less likely to say they had no input or input in few decisions compared with refugees.

Exhibit 8.6 Women’s Level of Participation in Decision Making (Overall) 100%

80% 52.99% 53.19% 45.71% 61.90% 62.07% 60%

40% 47.14% 39.32% 36.17% 25.86% 20% 31.29% 10.64% 12.07% 0% 6.80% 7.69% 7.14% Food crop farming Cash crop farming Livestock raising Non-farm Wage and salary economic activities employment

No input or input in few decisions Input in some decisions Input into most or all decisions

Exhibit 8.7 Ugandan Women’s Level of Participation in Decision Making 100% 90% 80% 51.85% 54.35% 48.39% 70% 65.28% 59.38% 60% 50% 40% 30% 21.88% 44.44% 36.96% 48.39% 20% 29.17% 10% 18.75% 8.70% 0% 5.56% 3.70% 3.23% Food crop farming Cash crop farming Livestock raising Non-farm Wage and salary economic activities employment

No input or input in few decisions Input in some decisions Input into most or all decisions

Exhibit 8.8 Refugee Women’s Level of Participation in Decision Making 100% 90% 80% 43.59% 58.67% 53.97% 52.08% 70% 65.38% 60% 50% 40% 46.15% 30% 34.92% 35.42% 33.33% 20% 30.77% 10% 8.00% 11.11% 12.50% 10.26% 0% 3.85% Food crop farming Cash crop farming Livestock raising Non-farm Wage and salary economic activities employment

No input or input in few decisions Input in some decisions Input into most or all decisions

Focus groups with Ugandan and refugee women explain some of the context behind these answers. Women in Ugandan focus groups reported that women with husbands make decisions together, but that men generally keep the money. In refugee focus groups there was more diversity, with some women reporting that they make decisions with their husbands and some that their husband makes all the decisions. In both types of focus groups, only women who were heads of households made decisions on their own. Female participants in both Ugandan and refugee focus groups reported that men are irresponsible with money and will spend money on alcohol or that money will “disappear.” One participant said that she does not tell her husband about savings she has in the VSLA or money she borrows from it.

8.3 Ugandan and Refugee Dynamics Refugee focus groups reported multiple benefits of living alongside the host community. These include being able to buy commodities such as bananas, fish, and rice from the host community, living in a peaceful place with “no bombs or bullets,” and getting food every month from the WFP. Additionally, they are positive about the opportunities for their children, particularly that they are able to study and know English. Reported challenges or tensions with the host community include that they believe Ugandans have more access to land, that refugees are chased away when looking for work, refugee children are beaten when looking for firewood, and in a few cases, refugee women are sexually assaulted when outside the settlement looking for firewood or work.

Ugandan focus groups also reported generally positive views about refugees. Benefits of refugees in the community include that refugees are available to hire for casual labor, which frees up Ugandans to pursue other income-generating activities; refugees rent Ugandans’ land; refugees share food from the settlement; refugees provide a market for fruit and bananas; and the presence of refugees has led to improved medical facilities. Reported challenges with refugees include that they believe that refugees have driven up the prices for land, refugees steal bananas, and Ugandans don’t receive the same quality of medical treatment at the medical facilities located in the settlement.

9. Concluding Remarks In this report, we describe the current labor market outcomes and potential future livelihood activities pursued by Ugandan and refugee households in Kamwenge. Although several commonalities emerge between the current livelihoods and the future needs of Ugandans and refugee households in our sample, a closer analysis reveals, perhaps, different causes of poverty in both communities. For instance, even though both Ugandan and refugee households wanted to initiate future business activities, our focus group discussions also revealed that refugee households were also business owners in their country of origin. Moreover, off-farm work wage differences and a greater need for market information reveal that refugee households might be at a greater disadvantage. Similarly, refugees have access to smaller plots of land. Given these differential structural constraints between Ugandans and refugees, program activities may have a varying level of success and acceptance among Ugandans and refugee communities. Similarly, differences in decision making also exist among women and men belonging to the same household, leading to different levels of outcome achievement. The program intervention should, therefore, closely examine these differences between and within households for enhancing the program impact. 61

ITALY Via Legnone 4, 20158 Milan, Italy Tel: +39 02 67 49 881 | Fax: +39 02 67 49 00 56 Email: [email protected] AVSI FOUNDATION IN www.avsi.org UGANDA AVSI-USA DC Area Office Plot 1119 Ggaba Road 8730 Georgia Avenue, Suite 512 P.O. Box 6785, Kampala, Uganda Silver Spring, MD 20910 Tel: +256 312 501604 Tel: +1 301 589 9009 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Appendix 1: Villages Sampled for Survey

Ugandan Villages Refugee Villages

Bihanga II Base Camp 1 Kabaare Base Camp 2 Kabingo Base Camp 3 Kaishunga Kaihora A Kampala Kaihora D Kayenba Kyempango A1 Kayonza Kyempango A2 Kitonzi Kyempango A4 Lyamugenyi Kyempango B2 Masangi Kyempango B3 Namirembe Mahega A2 Ntuntu Mahega B1 Nyabubare Mahega C1 Nyabushozi Mahega C3 Nyabwina Nkoma A Rwakasirabo Nkoma C Rwebishashi Ntenungi B Rwencwera Wijagahe

Appendix 2: Qualitative Data Collection Tools

Labor Market Focus Group Protocol: Refugee Men

CONSENT Our names are ______(Facilitator and Note Taker). Thank you very much for taking the time to participate in this discussion. We are working on behalf of the AVSI Foundation. The AVSI Foundation is implementing the Graduating to Resilience Activity to help refugee and Ugandan households in Kamwenge improve their livelihoods. As part of the activity, AVSI wants to learn about the households living here, and the challenges and opportunities for improving livelihoods. AVSI will use the information gathered in these discussions to make decisions about future program activities.

The questions we will be asking will be about you or community members in your settlement and will take about an hour and a half. You are free to choose whether or not to take part in this discussion and if after we begin you wish to leave, you may do so. If you choose not to take part, you will not be negatively affected in any way. All the information we obtain will remain strictly confidential, and your answers will never be shared with anyone other than AVSI or members of our team.

In case of any further questions after you have participated, you can always contact data collection team member like me, or you can call Massimo Lowicki-Zucca the Chief of Party of the Graduating to Resilience activity: 0779290799.

Would you like to participate?

Take Note of the Following:

Date of the Focus Group: Start Time: End Time: Venue/Locality: Number of Participants: Number of Villages Represented: Facilitator: Note Taker:

Also, we would like to record our discussion today. We will only be using the recording to recall the information you provide us today. Do we have your permission to record the discussion?

INTRODUCTION The discussion will work best if you do most of the talking. It is important that we hear from each one of you. We will never mention your name in any reports or share your identity with anyone else. We encourage you to speak openly and honestly about your experiences and opinions. There are no right or wrong answers and we don’t expect everyone to agree. If you have different experiences or opinions than someone else, it will be very important to hear about them. Do you have any questions for me before we begin?

1. Please introduce yourself and tell us your country of origin and how long you’ve been in this settlement.

2. Please describe the members of your household? Who lives with you?

EMPLOYMENT/LIVELIHOODS

1. Please think about you or your family. What types of livelihoods activities do you or your family engage in?

o Probe: agriculture, livestock, wage labor, casual labor, skilled trade, business/commerce, remittances, humanitarian assistance o Probe: Are these activities seasonal or temporary or permanent? o Probe: Do you work inside/outside the settlement? o Probe: Do you work for Ugandans or refugees? o Probe: Do you conduct any of these livelihood activities in a group?

2. Please think of other men in the refugee settlement. What types of livelihoods activities do other refugees in your village engage in? What are the sources of livelihood/income among households in this settlement?

o Probe: agriculture, livestock, wage labor, casual labor, skilled trade, business/commerce, remittances, humanitarian assistance o Probe: Are these activities seasonal or temporary or permanent?

3. What are the differences between young men and adult men in the type of work they do?

o Probe: What types of work do young men pursue in your community? What types of work do youth NOT pursue in your community?

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS

4. What are the challenges you face in earning money/generating income? What are the main challenges a typical refugee household faces?

o Probe: Ask about challenges associated with the specific livelihood activities reported earlier in the discussion

o Probe: Ask about the challenges in earning money from agriculture? Off-farm activities? Probe: Ask about the challenges with seasonal or temporary work? o Probe: Do you feel that your age, gender, and/or nationality affects your ability to find a job? How easy or hard is it to find jobs inside/outside the settlement? o Probe: What are the challenges that youth face? o Probe: To what extent are refugees allowed or able to access jobs?

5. Have any people or organizations tried to help you find work? If yes, which organizations? How have they helped?

6. Please think about what crops or livestock would be profitable or help improve your livelihood/income. What crops or livestock are interesting to you? What support do you need to work with these?

o Probe: What crops or livestock do you currently have that you would like to expand? o Probe: What new crops or livestock would you like to add or learn more about? o Probe: Why would these crops/livestock be beneficial? Why would they be more profitable? o Probe: What kind of training, extension services etc. would you need to help you expand your livestock/crop activities? o Probe: Could you work as a group (here or with other members of your village) to pursue these activities? o Probe: What inputs do you need to expand your current livelihood or start a new one? Machinery, quality seeds, labor, etc.

7. Please think about what non-agricultural or off-farm work would help improve your livelihood/income. What activities are interesting to you? What support do you need to work with these?

o Probe: skilled trades, entrepreneurship, business/commerce? o Probe: Why would these activities be beneficial? Why do you think they would be profitable? o Probe: What kind of training would you need to help you implement this activity? o Probe: What inputs do you need to expand your current livelihood or start a new one? Machinery, supplies, labor, etc. o Probe: How do you access information about the cost of inputs? o Probe: How do you access information about the price for which to sell?

8. Are you interested in pursuing any livelihood activity in a group? o Probe: Are you currently part of any livelihood activity group? Which one? o Probe: Why do you prefer working in a group? o Probe: Are there certain livelihoods that you think are better conducted in a group? o Probe: What are the challenges to doing livelihoods in a group?

9. In what ways can you increase your profit in maize cultivation?

o Probe: What are the key challenges in maize cultivation that does not allow you to produce more? What changes can help you remove some of these challenges? o Probe: What are the key challenges that does not allow you to sell maize for a better price? What changes can help you remove some of these challenges?

10. Would you and others in your community be interested to grow or expand vegetable cultivation?

o Probe: Which vegetables? o Probe: Do you grow these now? Why or why not? o Probe: What are your barriers to growing these vegetables?

SKILLS AND TRAINING

11. If you could learn any new skills, what would you like to be trained in?

o Probe: Would you prefer training in agricultural or non-agricultural skills? o Probe: What kinds of agricultural skills would be beneficial? o Probe: What kinds of non-agricultural skills would be beneficial?

12. Have you had challenges finding work because you lacked the necessary skills? What skills? And why?

o Probe: What are the most valuable skills to have to make money in this area?

ACCESS TO CREDIT/FINANCIAL SERVICES

13. Please think about the refugees in this settlement and how they cope with shortages of money. What are some situations where they may need more money than they have? What do they do when this happens?

o Probe: During which periods do they face the most shortages? o Probe: Do they ever borrow money? Who do they borrow from? At what fee/interest? o Probe: How do they use the money that they borrow? Probe: Do they have challenges paying back the money they borrowed? What kinds of challenges do they have?

14. Are you part of a VSLA group? If yes, what are the benefits of being part of a VSLA? o Probe: Would others who are not part of the VSLA like to join one? Why or why not?

CONTEXT

15. Please think about your and your family’s experience in Rwamwanja and the experiences of other refugees. How have you benefited from the host community? What problems have you faced with the host community?

o Probe: In general, what is the relationship like between refugees and Ugandans in Kamwenge? What kinds of benefits and challenges have other refugees experienced?

16. Are there any prohibitions for a refugee to engage in similar activities as done by Ugandans? If so, please explain?

o Probe: Are refugees able to move freely to access services like markets without any restrictions? o Probe: Can the refugee permanently own assets like land, machinery, tools, etc.?

17. What services did you receive from the local government or NGOs when you first arrived? What services do you receive now?

18. Are there any services that you need but cannot get? Have you experienced any challenges getting services from the government or NGOs?

WRAP-UP

19. Is there anything else we should know?

Labor Market Focus Group Protocol: Refugee Women

Would you like to participate?

Take Note of the Following:

Date of the Focus Group: Start Time: End Time: Venue/Locality: Number of Participants: Number of Villages Represented: Facilitator: Note Taker:

Also, we would like to record our discussion today. We will only be using the recording to recall the information you provide us today. Do we have your permission to record the discussion?

1. Please introduce yourself and tell us your country of origin and how long you’ve been in this settlement.

2. Please describe the members of your household? Who lives with you?

EMPLOYMENT/LIVELIHOODS

1. Please think about you or your family. What types of livelihoods activities do you or your family engage in?

2. Please think of other women in the refugee settlement. What types of livelihoods activities do other refugees in your village engage in? What are the sources of livelihood/income among households in this settlement?

o Probe: agriculture, livestock, wage labor, casual labor, skilled trade, business/commerce, remittances, humanitarian assistance o Probe: Are these activities seasonal or temporary or permanent?

3. What are the differences between young women and adult women in the type of work they do?

o Probe: What types of work do young women pursue in your community? What types of work do young women NOT pursue in your community?

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS

4. What are the challenges you face in earning money/generating income? What are the main challenges a typical Ugandan household in your community faces?

o Probe: Ask about challenges associated with the specific livelihood activities reported earlier in the discussion o Probe: Ask about the challenges in earning money from agriculture? Off-farm activities? Probe: Ask about the challenges with seasonal or temporary work? o Probe: Do you feel that your age, gender, and/or nationality affects your ability to find a job? How easy or hard is it to find jobs inside/outside the settlement? o Probe: What are the challenges that youth face? o Probe: To what extent are refugees allowed or able to access jobs?

5. Have any people or organizations tried to help you find work? If yes, which organizations? How have they helped?

6. Please think about what crops or livestock would be profitable or help improve your livelihood/income. What crops or livestock are interesting to you? What support do you need to work with these?

7. Please think about what non-agricultural or off-farm work would help improve your livelihood/income. What activities are interesting to you? What support do you need to work with these?

o Probe: What are the challenges to doing livelihoods in a group?

9. In what ways can you increase your profit in maize cultivation?

10. Would you and others in your community be interested to grow or expand vegetable cultivation?

o Which vegetables? o Do you grow these now? Why or why not? o What are your barriers to growing these vegetables?

SKILLS AND TRAINING

11. If you could learn any new skills, what would you like to be trained in?

12. Have you had challenges finding work because you lacked the necessary skills? What skills? And why?

o Probe: What are the most valuable skills to have to make money in this area?

ACCESS TO CREDIT/FINANCIAL SERVICES

14. Are you part of a VSLA group? If yes, what are the benefits of being part of a VSLA?

o Probe: Would others who are not part of the VSLA like to join one? Why or why not?

DECISION-MAKING Now that we’ve talked about livelihood activities and earning income, we next want to discuss how decisions within a household are made about livelihoods, employment and spending money. We are interested in learning who makes decisions and if members of a household work together or don’t work together to make decisions.

15. Please think about how your household and other typical refugee households make decisions about how to earn and spend money. How do you participate in decisions about crop production?

o Probe: what crop to grow, what variety to plant, what acreage to allocate, allocation of food crops versus cash crops, adoption of new technologies/practices, hiring of labor

16. How do you participate in decisions about selling?

o Probe: Where to sell, who to sell to, what price to sell at? o Probe: What about in a typical household in your village? Is it the same? Different? o Probe: How do women or youth participate in these decisions?

17. How do you participate in decisions on what livelihoods to pursue? For example, if you wanted to get training, grow a different crop, or start a business, would you be able to?

o Probe: Can you decide this on your own? Would you be able to get other members of your household to agree? o Probe: Are these decisions made by your husband/the head-of-household? o Probe: Would your husband/children/members of your household support you or work with you on a new livelihoods activity or project?

CONTEXT

18. Please think about your and your family’s experience in Rwamwanja and the experiences of other refugees. How have you benefited from the host community? What problems have you faced with the host community?

o Probe: In general, what is the relationship like between refugees and Ugandans in Kamwenge? What kinds of benefits and challenges have other refugees experienced?

19. Are there any prohibitions for a refugee to engage in similar activities as done by Ugandans? If so, please explain?

o Probe: Are refugees able to move freely to access services like markets without any restrictions? o Probe: Can the refugee permanently own assets like land, machinery, tools, etc.?

20. What services did you receive from the local government or NGOs when you first arrived? What services do you receive now?

21. Are there any services that you need but cannot get? Have you experienced any challenges getting services from the government or NGOs?

WRAP-UP

22. Is there anything else we should know?

Labor Market Focus Group Protocol: Ugandan Men

Would you like to participate?

Take Note of the Following:

Date of the Focus Group: Start Time: End Time: Venue/Locality: Number of Participants: Number of Villages Represented: Facilitator: Note Taker:

Also, we would like to record our discussion today. We will only be using the recording to recall the information you provide us today. Do we have your permission to record the discussion?

1. Please introduce yourself and tell us about the members of your household. Who lives with you?

EMPLOYMENT/LIVELIHOODS

1. Please think about you or your family. What types of livelihoods activities do you or your family engage in?

o Probe: agriculture, livestock, wage labor, casual labor, skilled trade, business/commerce, remittances, humanitarian assistance o Probe: Are these activities seasonal or temporary or permanent? o Probe: Do you work for Ugandans or refugees? o Probe: Do you conduct any of these livelihood activities in a group?

2. Please think of other men in your village. What types of livelihoods activities do others in your village engage in? What are the sources of livelihood/income among households in this village?

o Probe: agriculture, livestock, wage labor, casual labor, skilled trade, business/commerce, remittances, humanitarian assistance o Probe: Are these activities seasonal or temporary or permanent?

3. What are the differences between young men and adult men in the type of work they do?

o Probe: What types of work do young men pursue in your community? What types of work do youth NOT pursue in your community?

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS

4. What are the challenges you face in earning money/generating income? What are the main challenges a typical Ugandan household faces?

o Probe: What are the challenges that youth face?

5. Have any people or organizations tried to help you find work? If yes, which organizations? How have they helped?

6. Please think about what crops or livestock would be profitable or help improve your livelihood/income. What crops or livestock are interesting to you? What support do you need to work with these?

7. Please think about what non-agricultural or off-farm work would help improve your livelihood/income. What activities are interesting to you? What support do you need to work with these?

8. Are you interested in pursuing any livelihood activity in a group?

o Probe: Are you currently part of any livelihood activity group? Which one? o Probe: Why do you prefer working in a group? o Probe: Are there certain livelihoods that you think are better conducted in a group? o Probe: What are the challenges to doing your livelihood in a group?

9. In what ways can you increase your profit in maize cultivation?

10. Would you and others in your community be interested to grow or expand vegetable cultivation?

o Which vegetables? o Do you grow these now? Why or why not? o What are your barriers to growing these vegetables?

SKILLS AND TRAINING

11. If you could learn any new skills, what would you like to be trained in?

12. Have you had challenges finding work because you lacked the necessary skills? What skills? And why?

o Probe: What are the most valuable skills to have to make money in this area?

ACCESS TO CREDIT/FINANCIAL SERVICES

13. Please think about other Ugandan households in your village and how they cope with shortages of money. What are some situations where they may need more money than they have? What do they do when this happens?

14. Are you part of a VSLA group? If yes, what are the benefits of being part of a VSLA?

o Probe: Would others who are not part of the VSLA like to join one? Why or why not?

CONTEXT

15. Please think about your own experience in Kamwenge and the experiences of other Ugandans like you. How have you benefited from the refugees living in Kamwenge? What problems have you faced with the refugee community?

o Probe: In general, what is the relationship like between refugees and Ugandans in Kamwenge? What kinds of benefits and challenges have other Ugandans like you experienced?

16. What services have you received from the local government or NGOs?

17. Are there any services that you need but cannot get? Have you experienced any challenges getting services from the government or NGOs?

WRAP-UP

18. Is there anything else we should know?

Labor Market Focus Group Protocol: Ugandan Women

Would you like to participate?

Take Note of the Following:

Date of the Focus Group: Start Time: End Time: Venue/Locality: Number of Participants: Number of Villages Represented: Facilitator: Note Taker:

Also, we would like to record our discussion today. We will only be using the recording to recall the information you provide us today. Do we have your permission to record the discussion?

1. Please introduce yourself and tell us about the members of your household. Who lives with you? Do you have family members that live elsewhere?

EMPLOYMENT/LIVELIHOODS

1. Please think about you or your family. What types of livelihoods activities do you or your family engage in?

o Probe: agriculture, livestock, wage labor, casual labor, skilled trade, business/commerce, remittances, humanitarian assistance o Probe: Are these activities seasonal or temporary or permanent? o Probe: Do you work for Ugandans or refugees? o Probe: Do you conduct any of these livelihood activities in a group?

2. Please think of other women in your village. What types of livelihoods activities do others in your village engage in? What are the sources of livelihood/income among households in this village?

o Probe: agriculture, livestock, wage labor, casual labor, skilled trade, business/commerce, remittances, humanitarian assistance o Probe: Are these activities seasonal or temporary or permanent?

3. What are the differences between young women and adult women in the type of work they do?

o Probe: What types of work do young women pursue in your community? What types of work do young women NOT pursue in your community?

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS

4. What are the challenges you face in earning money/generating income? What are the main challenges a typical Ugandan household faces?

o Probe: Do you feel that your age or gender affects your ability to find a job? o Probe: What are the challenges that youth face?

5. Have any people or organizations tried to help you find work? If yes, which organizations? How have they helped?

6. Please think about what crops or livestock would be profitable or help improve your livelihood/income. What crops or livestock are interesting to you? What support do you need to work with these?

7. Please think about what non-agricultural or off-farm work would help improve your livelihood/income. What activities are interesting to you? What support do you need to work with these?

8. Are you interested in pursuing any livelihood activity in a group?

9. In what ways can you increase your profit in maize cultivation?

o Probe: What are the key challenges in maize cultivation that does not allow you to produce more? What changes can help you remove some of these challenges?

o Probe: What are the key challenges that does not allow you to sell maize for a better price? What changes can help you remove some of these challenges?

10. Would you and others in your community be interested to grow or expand vegetable cultivation?

o Which vegetables? o Do you grow these now? Why or why not? o What are your barriers to growing these vegetables?

SKILLS AND TRAINING

11. If you could learn any new skills, what would you like to be trained in?

12. Have you had challenges finding work because you lacked the necessary skills? What skills? And why?

o Probe: What are the most valuable skills to have to make money in this area?

ACCESS TO CREDIT/FINANCIAL SERVICES

14. Are you part of a VSLA group? If yes, what are the benefits of being part of a VSLA? o Probe: Would others who are not part of the VSLA like to join one? Why or why not?

15. Please think about how your household and other typical households in your community make decisions about how to earn and spend money. How do you participate in decisions about crop production?

o Probe: what crop to grow, what variety to plant, what acreage to allocate, allocation of food crops versus cash crops, adoption of new technologies/practices, hiring of labor

16. How do you participate in decisions about selling?

17. How do you participate in decisions on what livelihoods to pursue? For example, if you wanted to get training, grow a different crop, or start a business, would you be able to?

CONTEXT

18. Please think about your own experience in Kamwenge and the experiences of other Ugandans like you. How have you benefited from the refugees living in Kamwenge? What problems have you faced with the refugee community?

o Probe: In general, what is the relationship like between refugees and Ugandans in Kamwenge? What kinds of benefits and challenges have other Ugandans like you experienced?

19. What services have you received from the local government or NGOs?

20. Are there any services that you need but cannot get? Have you experienced any challenges getting services from the government or NGOs?

WRAP-UP

21. Is there anything else we should know?

Value Chain Focus Group Protocol

INTRODUCTION:

Our names are ______(Facilitator and Note Taker). We are working on behalf of the AVSI Foundation and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The AVSI Foundation is implementing the Graduating to Resilience Activity project to help refugee and Ugandan households in Kamwenge become self-reliant. As part of the project, AVSI is conducting an assessment of the [insert name of value chain] in order to learn about the people and organizations involved with [insert name of value chain]. We are talking to both refugees and Ugandans to help us better understand your experiences with [insert name of value chain] and how the value chain can be better supported. AVSI will use the information gathered in these discussions to make decisions about future programming.

The questions we will be asking will be about you or community members in your settlement and will take about an hour. You are free to choose whether or not to take part in this discussion. If you choose not to take part, you will not be negatively affected in any way. All the information we obtain will remain strictly confidential, and your answers will never be shared with anyone other than AVSI or members of our team.

Would you like to participate?

Take Note of the Following:

Date of the Focus Group Start Time End Time Venue/Locality Facilitator Notetaker Number of Participants

VALUE CHAIN INTRODUCTION

Explain to participants the value chain and show them a model of a value chain map. Explain the components of the value chain and that you are interested in learning about their position in the value chain and their challenges and opportunities. Before moving forward, ask if there are any questions about the components of the value chain.

Livelihood Information

1. Please think about you or your family. What types of livelihoods activities do you or your family engage in?

2. What are the challenges you face in earning money/generating income? What are the main challenges a typical household faces?

o Probe: Ask about challenges associated with the specific livelihood activities reported earlier in the discussion o Probe: Ask about the challenges in earning money from agriculture? Off-farm activities? Probe: Ask about the challenges with seasonal or temporary work? o Probe: Do you feel that your age, gender, and/or nationality affects your ability to find a job? How easy or hard is it to find jobs inside/outside the settlement? o Probe: What are the challenges that young men face? o Probe: To what extent are refugees allowed or able to access jobs?

3. Please think about what crops or livestock would be profitable or help improve your livelihood/income. What crops or livestock are interesting to you? What support do you need to work with these?

o Probe: What crops or livestock do you currently have that you would like to expand? o Probe: What new crops or livestock would you like to add or learn more about? o Probe: Why would these crops/livestock be interesting to you? Why would they be more profitable? o Probe: What kind of training, extension services etc. would you need to help you expand your livestock/crop activities? o Probe: Could you work as a group (here or with other members of your village) to pursue these activities?

o Probe: What inputs do you need to expand your current livelihood or start a new one? Machinery, quality seeds, labor, etc.

4. Please think about what non-agricultural or off-farm work would help improve your livelihood/income. What activities are interesting to you? What support do you need to work with these?

o Probe: skilled trades, entrepreneurship, business/commerce? o Probe: Why would these activities be interesting to you? Why do you think they would be profitable? o Probe: What kind of training would you need to help you implement this activity? o Probe: What inputs do you need to expand your current livelihood or start a new one? Machinery, supplies, labor, etc.

5. Are you interested in pursuing any livelihood activity in a group? o Probe: Are you currently part of any livelihood activity group? Which one? o Probe: Why do you prefer working in a group? Why don’t you prefer working in a group? o Probe: Are there certain livelihoods that you think are better conducted in a group? o Probe: What are the challenges to doing livelihoods in a group?

6. If you could learn any new skills, what would you like to be trained in? Why?

o Probe: What kinds of agricultural skills would be beneficial? o Probe: What kinds of non-agricultural skills would be beneficial?

INPUTS

7. Please think about the supplies that you need in order to grow [insert crop name] or farm/rear [insert livestock]. What supplies do you need? How do you get them?

o Probe: Ask about relevant examples such as seeds, fertilizer, animal feed, tools, or equipment o Probe: Who/where do you buy from? Do you know what to buy, how prices are determined, or how good the quality of the products are? o Probe: What challenges do you face in getting the supplies that you need?

8. Please think about the services and training that you need. What services are available? Are you able to use them? Why/Why Not?

o Probe: maintenance services, business development services, agricultural extension services, financial services, training (vocational training institutes, entrepreneurship training, farmer field schools, demonstrations)

9. How do you learn about supplies or services that are available?

o Probe: from suppliers, district or government organizations, NGO’s, family, community members? o How do you learn about ways to improve the quality of your product? o Are there techniques you’d like to learn or additional information you’d like to have (e.g. seeds, spacing, crop rotation, intercropping, post-harvest strategies, marketing, breeding, diseases)?

10. Do you hire anyone to help you? Who do you hire?

o Probe: Where do you find workers? o Probe: How much do you pay them? o Probe: Can you afford to hire them/do you have to take loans to pay them? o Probe: Are there challenges hiring the laborers you need?

BUYERS AND MARKETS

11. Please think about how you sell your [insert name of crop or livestock]? Who do you sell to? How do you decide what price to sell at?

o Probe: Do you sell directly to customers or to a broker, wholesaler, produce dealer, middleman, and collector? o Probe: How do you decide who to sell to? Do you sell to Ugandans or other refugees? o Probe: How do you decide how much to sell? o Probe: Where do you sell? How do you transport your products to buyers or markets? o Probe: Do you sell your [insert name of crop or livestock] prior to harvesting?

12. How do you interact with your buyer(s)?

o Probe: Directly, face to face, through an intermediary (e.g. collector, produce dealer) o Probe: Do they pay you in cash? Do they offer credit? o Probe: Do they come to your house? Do you go to them?

13. Please think about how you learn about the market for [insert name of crop or livestock]? How do you learn about market information?

o Probe: How do you learn about costs and prices, how much demand exists, quality standards, new technologies and methods? o Probe: How do you decide how much to grow/produce and how much to sell? o Probe: Do you sell whatever you produce at one time or do you store/save some? o Probe: How is the crop stored when waiting sale or future use?

o Probe: Is there competition for buyers? Do you know the price at which your competitors sell their products/services? o Probe: Do you sell in groups/cooperatives?

RECOMMENDATIONS AND WRAP-UP

14. Please think about the changes you’d like to see in how [insert name of crop or livestock] is produced, marketed, processed and sold. What kind of improvements or additional supports are needed?

15. Is there anything else we should know?

Appendix 3: Quantitiatve Data Collection Tools

GRADUATING TO RESILIENCE ACTIVITY – LIVELIHOOD AND VALUE CHAIN HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

Select Date: [Calendar drop down]

SUB-COUNTY: <> Name of Village: <> VILLAGE ID: <> INTERVIEWER NAME: <>

Time Started Interview: ______AM/PM Time Ended Interview: ______AM/PM

Hello, my name is [insert name] and I’d like to thank you for taking the time to talk to me. I am from the AVSI Foundation implementing the Graduating to Resilience Activity to help refugee and Ugandan households in Kamwenge become self-reliant. As part of the Activity, AVSI wants to learn about the households living here. We would like to speak with you to better understand the current situation in regards to livelihood activities undertaken by your household. Please ask me any questions that you have about this interview. It should take no more than 90 minutes of your time. The information we collect during the survey will only be used for research to understand the sources of livelihoods, the institutions and organizations that you access, and the key challenges you face in pursuing your livelihoods. AVSI Foundation has not started implementing the program and is collecting information from people in the area to better plan the interventions.

Please note that everything you say to me is confidential. We will never identify you or anyone in your household in any reports or information we release. If you prefer not to participate, you can choose to refuse to do this interview. You can also choose to refuse to answer any questions you are uncomfortable with or do not want to answer. There are no penalties to you for not participating or not answering a question.

In case of any further questions after you have participated, you can always contact the data collection team members like me, or you can call Massimo Lowicki-Zucca, the Chief of Party of the Graduating to Resilience activity at 0779290799.

Do I have your permission to continue? If yes:

SECTION 1: HOUSEHOLD ROSTER

Can you please tell me the name of the head of household? ______

Head of household is the person who lives here, is responsible for managing the affairs of the household and also makes most of the decisions on behalf of the household.

Can I have his/her cell phone number, in case I need to contact him/her to clarify some answers? ______

Name of the respondent: ______

1. Is the respondent the primary decision maker (head of the household)? 1 = Yes 2 = No

2. What is the gender of the respondent? Hint: Do not ask. Observe and mark. 1= Male 2= Female 3. Type of household 1 = Male and female adult 2 = Female adult only 4. What is the household head’s marital status? READ CATEGORIES.

1 = Monogamous married 2 = Polygamous married 3 = Divorced 4 = Widow/er 5 = Separated 6 = Never married 7 = Other, Please Specify______5. Is the household a Ugandan household or a refugee household? 1 = Ugandan 2 = Refugee 3 = Other ``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````

DO NOT CONTINUE SURVEY IF “OTHER” IS SELECTED FOR QUESTION 5.

We would first like to ask about the people who usually live AND eat in your household1. By this we mean:

 Members living in household and eating out of the same kitchen for six months and/or going to live there for the next six months.  Members who moved from the household, but are still supported by the household (for instance students). Do not count

 Household members who moved from the household and are no longer supported by the household (child marries and is now a member of his/her own household).  Any household member who is permanently living with other relatives.

Can you please tell me how many people live in this household? ______(RECORD NUMBER)

(FIRST GO ACROSS AND GET EVERYONE NAMES AND THEN GO DOWN THE GRID FOR EACH PERSON IN THE HOUSEHOLD)

Household Members 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Name

Age RECORD AGEs of all household members IN YEARS. Record the gender for each member of the household. 1 = Male 2 = Female

DO NOT ASK FOR HOUSEHOLD HEAD UNLESS NECESSARY. ASK FOR OTHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS AS NECESSARY. BUT RECORD FOR ALL. Is <> involved in any economic activity? Economic activities are those activities that help you earn money or repay any debt or earn anything in-kind such as agricultural crop (Ask for only those older than 15 years of age) 1 = Yes 2 = No 3 = Don’t know

1 National Population and Housing Census 2014

Ask these questions to refugee households only Household Members How long have you lived in this village/town/settlement after your last movement migration episode? Indicate the duration of stay in months

Hint: Write 99 if the respondent was born here and always lived here

In which country were you born? 1 = Uganda 2 = Democratic Republic of Congo 3 = Rwanda 4 = Burundi 5 = Sudan 6 = Other, Please Specify______Did the family complete the desk registration for the household with OPM upon arrival? 1 = Yes 2 = No 3 = Don’t know 4 = Refused to answer

Did you or someone in the household complete the biometric registration for the household with OPM upon arrival? 1 = Yes 2 = No 3 = Don’t know 4 = Refused to answer

We would like to ask you about the people who usually live AND eat in your household. By this we mean:

-Members living in household and eating out of the same kitchen for six months and/or going to live there for the next six months.

-Members who moved from the household, but are still supported by the household (for instance students).

Do not count:

-household members who moved from the household and are no longer supported by the household (child marries and is now a member of his/her own household)

-Any household member who is permanently living with other relatives

SECTION 2: EDUCATION

We would like to ask questions regarding education of the household members. Note: This question is only asked from those who are 2 years and older.

Household Members 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Can <> read and write in local languages? 1 = Yes

2 = No 3 = Don’t know Can <> read and write in English? 1 = Yes

2 = No 3 = Don’t know What is the highest level of education that <> has completed? 1 = No formal education 2 = Incomplete pre-primary 3 = Complete pre-primary 4 = Incomplete primary 5 = Complete primary 6 = Incomplete O-Level 7 = Completed O-Level

8 = Incomplete A-Level 9 = Completed A-Level 10 = Incomplete Tertiary (including diploma and certificates) 11 = Completed Tertiary (including diploma and certificates) 12 = Incomplete University 13 = Completed University 14 = Other, Please Specify______Has <> received training that has supported your livelihood or given you any vocational skills? (ask from those older than 12 years of age) Hint: Training only includes training for livelihood or vocational skills. It does not include religious training). 1 = Yes (Next question) 2 = No (Move to section 3) 3 = Don’t know (Move to section 3) If yes, which type of training has been received? 1 = Agricultural techniques 2 = Livestock/livestock products 3 = Health 4 = Nutrition/WASH 5 = Business skills/ entrepreneurship 6 = Off-farm vocational skills 7 = Savings and loans/financial training 8 = Other, Please Specify______

SECTION 3: LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Only answer this question for household members who answered yes to involve in any economic activity. Please select all economic activities that household members are engaged in. 1 = Farming (if yes to farming ask questions in section 3.1) 2 = Salaried employment (if yes ask section 3.2) 3 = Casual labor (if yes ask section 3.3) 4 = Owner of a small business/trade/ enterprise/artisan shop (if yes, ask section 3.4) 5 = Livestock/cattle rearing (if yes, ask section 3.5) 6 = Not applicable 7 = Other, Please Specify______

BEGIN THESE QUESTIONS FOR EACH ECONOMIC ACTIVITY SELECTED BY EACH HOUSEHOLD MEMBER.

3.1: FARMING

3.1.1 LAND: Ask these questions from all households irrespective of whether they engage in farming.

How many plots of land does the household own? ______[RECORD NUMBER] Please include land for which the household has ownership or user rights including for grazing and as fallow land. Please also include land belonging that is rented or leased out to another household.

ASK THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS FOR THE NUMBER OF PLOTS OWNED.

Plot 1 2 3 4 5 What is the size of the plot that you own? [ENTER IN ACRES] What was or is the primary use of the plot(s) during the year? 1 = Own cultivation 2 = Rented-out 3 = Fallow 4 = Pasture 5 = Woodlot/forest 6 = Household dwelling 7 = Other, Please Specify______

Are there any plots that you cultivate but DO NOT own?

1 = Yes (Skip to the next question) 2 = No (Skip to section 3.1.2 on crops)

How many plots do you cultivate but do not own? ______[RECORD NUMBER]

Plot 1 2 3 4 5

Plot 1 2 3 4 5 What is the size of the plot that you cultivate?

[ENTER IN ACRES] How did you acquire the plot? 1 = Inherited or received as a gift 2 = Leased/rented 3 = Do not know 4 = Received from the Ugandan government because of refugee status 5 = Agreement with land/use rights owner (user rights) 6 = Without agreement with land/use rights owner (user rights) 7 = Other, Please Specify______

 How much did you pay to rent the land? (Ask only if land is rented)

______Uganda Shillings/acre

Did you pay this as a member of a group? 1 = Yes 2 = No

3.1.2 CROPS We would like to ask questions about the crops planted by the household in the last 12 months. Crop Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Crop Name Rice Fruits Millet Beans Maize Cassava Bananas Sorghum Vegetable Ground Nuts Irish Potatoes Sweet Potatoes Other (specify)

In the last twelve months, did you cultivate <>? 1 = Yes 2 = No

3.1.3 CROP LABOR Did you use any non-family labor for cultivating <>?

Crop Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 10 11 12 13

va Crop Name Rice Fruit Millet Beans Maize Cassa Bananas Sorghum Vegetables Ground Nuts Irish Potatoes Sweet Potatoes Other (specify) Did you use any non-family labor for cultivating this crop? Non-family labor includes any friends or neighbors who may have worked on the farm without pay or any casual labor for pay. 1 = Yes (go to next question) 2 = No (move to section 3.1.4) Which non-family labor did you use? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY) 1 = Friends/Neighbors for no pay

2 = Friends/Neighbors for pay ______3 = Casual labor for pay______Since you hired friends/neighbors for pay for cultivating <>, how many days did you use them? How many friends/neighbors did you hire per day to cultivate <>?

Since you hired friends/neighbors for cultivating <>, how much did you pay each friend/neighbor per day? Since you hired casual labor for cultivating <>, how many days did you use them? How many casual laborers did you use per day to cultivate <>? Since you hired casual labor for this <>, how much did you pay per laborer per day?

3.1.4 AGRICULTURAL INPUTS Conduct this section one row at a time Input Code 1 2 3 4 5 6

Input Name anic Other Seeds Seeds Org (specify) Fertilizer Fertilizer Inorganic herbicides Purchased Pesticides/ Did you or a member of your household use <> in the past 12 months? 1 = Yes 2 = No How did you or a member of your household obtain <> in the past 12 months? 1 = Purchase 2 = Refugee support package (UNHCR)/relief assistance/Government assistance/NGO assistance 3 = Own farm (cow manure, seeds from harvest) 4 = Farmer to farmer support 5 = Other, Please Specify______If purchased, where did you or a member of your household purchase this <> from? 1 = Other farmers 2 = Agro-input dealers in local market 3 = Agro-input dealers in main market 4 = Traders 5 = Middlemen 6 = Government/OPM/UNHCR/ Other NGO 7 = Other, Please Specify______

In what Unit did you purchase <> How much do you spend on the <> per unit (ent (enter (enter (enter (enter for <> cost? er amoun amoun amount amoun amo t spent t spent spent t spent (Note: Enter each input and enter each unit cost unt per per per per kg) separately) spen liter) kg/liter kg/liters t per s) ) kg)

What challenges have you experienced with using <>? 1 = Cost 2 = Availability/Access 3 = Quality 4 = Transport 5 = Don’t need the input 6 = Limited technical experience 7 = No challenge 8 = Don’t know 9 = Other, Please Specify______

Input Code 1 2 3 4 5 6

Input Name anic Other Seeds Seeds Org (specify) Fertilizer Fertilizer Inorganic herbicides Purchased Pesticides/ Did these challenges prevent you from using the <>? 1 = Yes 2 = No

3.1.5 AGRICULTURAL ASSETS Now record an answer for each type of asset used by the household before going through the entire module for each applicable column, conduct this section one column at a time.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Asset Code

How did you or a member of your household obtain <> in the past 12 months? (select all that applies) 1 = Purchase 2 = Refugee support package (UNHCR)/relief assistance/Government assistance/NGO assistance 3 = Own farm (already owned or used more than 12 months ago) 4 = Farmer to farmer support 5 = Other, Please Specify______If purchased, where did you or a member of your household purchase this <> from? 1 = Other farmers 2 = Agro-input deals in local market 3 = Agro-input deals in main market 4 = Traders 5 = Middlemen 6 = Government/OPM/UNHCR/ Other NGO 7 = Other, Please Specify______

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Asset Code

Asset Name Bicycle Ox plough Seed planter Other (Specify) Spraying machine Conventional yokeConventional Tractor/Tractor powTractor/Tractor Cart barrowCart or wheel shovel/spade, pick shovel/spade, ax, Tools Hoe, a ax, as such Pump/irrigation equipment machete/panga, fork, slasher How much do you spend on the <> per ___ unit cost? cost ______Uganda shillings Tool What challenges have you encountered in using <>? 1 = Cost 2 = Availability/Access 3 = Quality 4 = Lack of technical knowledge 5 = Don’t need the input 6 = Don’t know 7 = Other, Please Specify______

3.1.6 AGRICULTURAL HARVEST Crop Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Crop Name Rice Fruits Millet Beans Maize Cassava Bananas Sorghum Vegetables Ground Nuts Irish Potatoes Sweet Potatoes Other (specify) How much <> did you harvest in 2017?

(Indicate in kilograms)

(If crop failure recorded zero kilograms) (999 for immature crop) How did you use the harvest from this <>? (select all that applies) 1 = Set aside for own consumption 2 = Sold to other households in village

3 = Sell in local markets 4 = Sell in trading centers 5 = Sell to contract buyers 6 = Sell to middlemen 7 = Sell to NGOs/WFP

Crop Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Crop Name Rice Fruits Millet Beans Maize Cassava Bananas Sorghum Vegetables Ground Nuts Irish Potatoes Sweet Potatoes Other (specify) 8 = Sell at another location, please specify ______How much of <> harvested was set aside for consumption by the household?

(Indicate in kilograms for all others except bananas. For bananas, enter unit in bunches) How much of the <> was sold/given to people in the village?

(Indicate in kilograms) What was the total value earned from <> sold to other households in the village?

(Value in Ugandan Shillings) How much of the <> was sold in the local markets?

(Indicate in kilograms) What was the total value earned from <> sold in the local markets?

(Value in Ugandan Shillings) How much of the <> was sold at nearby trading centers?

(Indicate in kilograms) What was the total value earned from <> sold at nearby trading centers?

(Value in Ugandan Shillings) How much of the <> was sold to contract buyers? Hint: A contract buyer is someone who promises to buy your crop before planting for a certain agreed upon crop.

(Indicate in kilograms) What was the total value earned from <> sold to contract buyers?

(Value in Ugandan Shillings)

Crop Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Crop Name Rice Fruits Millet Beans Maize Cassava Bananas Sorghum Vegetables Ground Nuts Irish Potatoes Sweet Potatoes Other (specify) How much of the <> was sold to middlemen? Hint: Middlemen are intermediaries who may buy your crop from your home/village and sell it to a bigger trader or at the mill.

(Indicate in kilograms) What was the total value earned from <> sold to middlemen?

(Value in Ugandan Shillings) How much of the <> was sold to WFP or other NGOs?

(Indicate in kilograms) What was the total value earned from <> sold to WFP or other NGOs?

(Value in Ugandan Shillings) How much of the <> was sold at any other location, not mentioned. Please specify location ______

(Indicate in Kilograms) What was the total value earned from <> sold at another location?

(Value in Ugandan Shillings) How much time does it take for you to you travel to sell <>?

______Kilometers What is the cost of transporting <>?

(Value in Ugandan Shillings) What mode of transportation do you primarily use to get goods to the market? 1= Walk 2= Car 3= Motorcycle 4= Bicycle 5= Other, please specify

Crop Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Crop Name Rice Fruits Millet Beans Maize Cassava Bananas Sorghum Vegetables Ground Nuts Irish Potatoes Sweet Potatoes Other (specify) Do you sell your <> as an individual/family or in an informal or formal group? 1 = Individual/family 2 = Informal group 3 = Formal group 4 = Other, Please Specify______What challenges do you face in selling your <>? (Check all that apply) 1 = Markets are far away 2 = Road quality 3 = Weather 4 = Lack of transport 5 = Price of transport

6 = Low demand for product 7 = Don’t receive market price when selling (low prices) 8 = Unstable/fluctuation in selling price 9 = Improper measurement of crop quantity 10 = No challenges 11 = Other, Please Specify______

3.1.7 AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION Where do you get information on farming methods?

1 = There is no access to this information 2 = Extension workers from government 3 = Extension workers from NGOs/international organization 4 = Neighbors/friends 5 = Agricultural input dealers 6 = Radio /TV 7 = Newspapers 8 = Internet 9 = Mobile phone 10 = Church/mosque 11 = Public Notice board 12 = Buyers 13 = Other, Please Specify______

Where do you get market information about prices, where to sell, and availability of agricultural inputs?

1 = There is no access to this information 2 = Extension workers from government 3 = Extension workers from NGOs/international organization 4 = Neighbors/friends 5 = Agricultural input dealers 6 = Radio/TV 7 = Newspapers 8 = Internet 9 = Mobile phone 10 = Church/mosque 11 = Public Notice board 12 = Buyers 13 = Other, Please Specify______

3.1.8 AGRICULTURAL DECISIONS Who makes decisions regarding agriculture work in the family?

Who decides which crop to plant?

1 = Household Head 2 = Husband/Wife 3 = Household head and Husband/Wife together

4 = Father/Mother 5 = Father/Mother-in-law 6 = Son/Daughter 7 = Together as a household 8 = Other, Please Specify______Who makes decisions regarding the inputs used?

1 = Household Head 2 = Husband/Wife 3 = Household head and Husband/Wife together 4 = Father/Mother 5 = Father/Mother-in-law 6 = Son/Daughter 7 = Together as a household 8 = Other, Please Specify______Who owns the assets used?

1 = Household Head 2 = Husband/Wife 3 = Household head and Husband/Wife together 4 = Father/Mother 5 = Father/Mother-in-law 6 = Son/Daughter 7 = Together as a household 8 = Hired Workers 9 = Other, Please Specify______Who keeps the money from the sale of the crops?

1 = Household Head 2 = Husband/Wife-Husband/wife 3 = Household head and Husband/Wife together

4 = Father/Mother 5 = Father/Mother-in-law 6 = Son/Daughter 7 = Together as a household 8 = Other, Please Specify______Who makes decisions on how to use the profits from the crop sale?

3.2: SALARIED EMPLOYMENT

We would like to ask questions about household members who are employed with a salaried income. Ask these questions if any household member indicated working for salary employment.

Household Members 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 What salaried income does <> partake in? (Select all that apply):

1 = Government work 2 = NGO work 3 = Truck Driving 4 = Construction 5 = Farming 6 = Tailoring 7 = Leather tanning 8 = Carpentry 9 = Craft Making 10 = Working in a shop 11 = Business (buying and selling) 12 = Welding 13 = Butcher 14 = Sell cooked food in the market 15 = Other, Please Specify______

3.3: CASUAL LABOR We would like to ask questions about household members who work as casual agricultural laborers and/or casual non-agricultural laborers. Household Members 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 What kind of casual labor does <> pursue? (Check all that apply) 1 = Agricultural labor 2 = Non-agricultural labor

3 = Don’t know

[Ask agricultural and non-agricultural questions below based on the selection made] What types of agricultural casual labor did <> participate in the last twelve months? (Check all that applies) 1 = Land opening/preparation 2 = Weeding 3 = Planting 4 = Harvesting 5 = Processing 6 = Selling 7 = Other, Please Specify______How many months did <> work as a casual laborer in agriculture in the last 3 months? In a typical month during the last 3 months that <> worked as a casual laborer in agriculture, how many days did she/he work? On a typical day, when <> worked as a casual laborer in agriculture in the last 3 months, how many hours did he/she work? In a typical month during the last 3 months <> worked as a casual laborer in agriculture, how much did he/she earn?

Uganda Shillings: ______

Unit: Monthly/Weekly/Daily/Hourly In kind: ______

Household Members 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Where did <> work in agricultural casual labor? (Select all that applies) 1 = Own village 2 = Other village, same sub-county 3 = Other village, different sub-county 4 = Other Village, different county 5 = Other village, different district 6 = Other, Please Specify______What is your primary mode of transportation to engage in labor for agricultural activity? 1 = Walk

2 = Car 3 = Motorcycle 4 = Bicycle 5 = Other, Please Specify ______How much time in minutes does <> travel to engage in casual labor for agricultural activity?

______minutes What kind of non-agricultural casual labor activities did <>engage in? [Hint: Count tailoring etc. in enterprise if <> started the enterprise. This refers to working for somebody in these activities] [Check all that apply] 1 = Tailoring 2 = Leather tanning 3 = Carpentry 4 = Shop keeper 5 = Construction 6 = Business (buying and selling) 7 = Welding 8 = Butcher 9 = Sell cooked food in the market 10 = Other, Please Specify______How many months did <> work as casual laborer in a non-agricultural activity in the last 3 months? In a typical month during the last 3 months that <> worked as a casual laborer in non-agricultural activity, how many days did she/he work?

Household Members 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 On a typical day, when <> worked as a casual laborer in a NON- agricultural activity in the last 3 months, how many hours did he/she work? In a typical month during the last 3 months <> work as a casual laborer in a NON-agricultural activity, how much did he/she earn?

Uganda Shillings: ______Unit: Monthly/Weekly/Daily/Hourly

In kind: ______Where did <> work in a NON- agricultural activity casual labor? (Check all that applies) 1 = Own village 2 = Other village, same sub-county 3 = Other village, different sub-county 4 = Other village, different county 5 = Other village, different district 6 = Other, Please Specify______What is your primary mode of transportation to engage in labor for non-agricultural activity? 1 = Walk

2 = Car 3 = Motorcycle 4 = Bicycle 5 = Other, Please Specify ______How much time in minutes does <> travel to engage in casual labor for non-agricultural activity?

______minutes

3.4: ENTERPRISE We would like to ask questions regarding off-farm income generating activities operated by members of the household in the last 12 months. Ask these questions for any household member who indicated working in any enterprise above.

Household Members 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 What income generating enterprise did <> operate over the last 3 months? 1 = Handicrafts 2 = Soap Making 3 = Tailoring 4 = Leather tanning 5 = Carpentry 6 = Shops Keeper 7 = Brick laying/masonry 8 = Other construction (Please specify) 9 = Business (buying and selling) 10 = Welding 11 = Motorcycle (transport and/or repairs) 12 = Butcher 13 = Sell cooked food in the market 14 = Hair/beauty care 15 = Bicycle Repair 16 = Other, Please Specify______

Ask all members of the household involved in enterprise.

What was the total revenue for the enterprise in the last month?

How did <> mainly obtain inputs for the enterprise? 1 = Purchase 2 = Rent 3 = Provided by Ugandan government 4 = Provided by national or international organization 5 = Received a loan 6 = Nature 7 = Other, Please Specify______How far is the furthest enterprise from your home?

______kilometers What were <>’s reasons for

Household Members 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 choosing this enterprise? 1 = Working on the same enterprise since childhood 2 = New opportunity after refugee’s arrival 3 = New opportunity after displacement 4 = Was given training in this enterprise 5 = Seemed profitable 6 = High marketability 7 = Saw friends/neighbors pursue this enterprise 8 = Other, Please Specify______Where did <> acquire the skills to operate this enterprise? 1 = Trained (If trained, specify

where_____) 2 = On the job 3 = Other, Please Specify______What challenges does <> face in operating an enterprise? 1 = Accessing inputs, such as capital, land, and transport 2 = Cost of inputs 3 = Quality of inputs 4 = Finding labor 5 = Quality of labor 6 = Accessing markets 7 = Regulatory environment 8 = Other, Please Specify______

3.5: LIVESTOCK You answered yes to a member of your household being involved in livestock production activity. We would like to ask questions about this activity.

3.5.1 ANIMALS/LIVESTOCK Record an answer for each type of livestock or animals raised by the household before going through the entire module for each applicable column. Conduct this section one column at a time. Animal Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Animal Name s Pigs Fish Other Goats Cattle Sheep Ducks Turkeys Chick (specify) How many of <> do you or members of your household currently own?

(if none, write zero) Where do you get information on rearing animals? (Check all that apply) 1 = There is no access to this information 2 = Veterinary workers from government 3 = Veterinary workers from NGOs/international organizations 4 = Neighbors/Friends 5 = Radio /TV 6 = Newspapers 7 = Internet 8 = Mobile phone 9 = Church/mosque 10 = Public Notice board 11 = Other, Please Specify______In the last twelve months, how many of <> did the household purchase?

(if none, write zero) At what price did you purchase the <>? (Provide answer for per animal)

Uganda Shillings ______

Animal Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Animal Name s Pigs Fish Other Goats Cattle Sheep Ducks Turkeys Chick (specify) Where would you generally go to buy the <>? 1 = Local market 2 = Larger market further away

3 = Friends/neighbors 4 = Middlemen 5 = Local Restaurants 6 = Other, Please Specify______How long do you keep the <> before selling?

______Months What is the cost of feed for this <>? Enter cost per animal per month Does this <> need land for grazing?

1 = Yes 2 = No If yes, how much land does this <> need for grazing? ______acres If yes, do you currently have access to this land?

1 = Yes 2 = No What are the other costs per month for raising <>? Include veterinary medicine cost.

Enter cost per animal per month What price do you sell the <> for (answer for per animal)? Uganda Shillings ______Where do you sell the animals? (Check all that apply) 1 = Local market 2 = Larger market further away 3 = Friends/neighbors 4 = Middlemen 5 = Local restaurants 6 = Don’t sell 7 = Other, Please Specify______

Animal Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Animal Name s Pigs Fish Other Goats Cattle Sheep Ducks Turkeys Chick (specify) How far do you travel to sell your <>? ______Minutes What is the cost of transportation when you go to sell <? What challenges do you face in selling your <>? 1 = Markets are far away 2 = Road quality 3 = Weather 4 = Lack of transport 5 = Price of transport 6 = Low demand for product 7 = Don’t receive market price when selling (low price) 8 = Other, Please Specify______Where do you get market information when selling? 1 = There is no access to this information 2 = Veterinary workers from government 3 = Veterinary workers from NGOs/international organizations

4 = Neighbors/Friends 5 = Radio /TV 6 = Newspapers 7 = Internet 8 = Mobile phone 9 = Church/mosque 10 = Public Notice board 11 = Other, Please Specify Do you sell your <>> as an individual or in an informal/formal group? 1 = Individual 2 = Informal Group 3 = Formal Group 4 = Other, Please Specify______

Animal Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Animal Name s Pigs Fish Other Goats Cattle Sheep Ducks Turkeys Chick (specify) What is the reason for primarily selling your <> generally: 1 = No longer needed 2 = Regular source of income 3 = Buy more animals 4 = To buy food 5 = To pay medical expenses 6 = To pay school 7 = To pay debt 8 = To pay for funeral of household member 9 = To pay for social event 10 = To pay for other expenses 11 = Emergencies 12 = Other, Please Specify______Did you lose any <> in the previous 12 months? 1 = Yes 2 = No 3 = Don’t know If yes, how many of the following <> were lost? (Record number) What were the reason(s) for loss of <>? 1 = Disease 2 = Theft

3 = Drought 4 = Debts 5 = Wild animals 6 = Other, Please Specify______

3.5.2 LIVESTOCK INPUT Record an answer for each type of input used by the household before going through the entire module for each applicable column. Conduct this section one column at a time. Input Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

ure/ Input Name Labor Water Fodder Horning Insurance or Repairs Feeds, salt (medicine, Enclos Equipment Vet Services Vet Branding/De Manufactured Other (specify antibiotics, etc.) Shelter Purchase Shelter Purchase

Did you or a member of your household use <> in the past 12 months?

Input Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 = Yes 2 = No How did you or a member of your household obtain <> in the past 12 months? 1 = Purchase/Rent/Hire 2 = Refugee support package (UNHCR)/relief

assistance/Government assistance/NGO assistance 3 = Own farm (fodder, already owned branding/de-horning equipment) 4 = Farmer to farmer support 5 = Other, Please Specify______

If purchased or rented, where did you or a member of your household purchase this <> from? 1 = Other farmers 2 = Local market

3 = Main market 4 = Middlemen 5 = Government/OPM/UNHCR/ Other NGO 6 = Other, Please Specify______

What challenges have you with the inputs used? 1 = Cost

2 = Availability/Access 3 = Quality 4 = Other, Please Specify______During the last twelve months, how much did you spend on the <> for all your livestock? ______Uganda shillings

3.5.3 LIVESTOCK ASSETS Record an answer for each type of asset used by the household before going through the entire module for each applicable column. Conduct this section one column at a time. Asset Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Asset Name shing Fi Bicycle Vehicle Feeders Milking branding Drinkers/ Incubator Equipment Equipment Equipment Equipment for Tools a as such Slasher or Fork Other (Specify) Pump/Irrigation Did you or a member of your household use <> in the past 12 months? 1 = Yes

Asset Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 = No

How did you or a member of your household obtain <> in the past 12 months? 1 = Purchase/Rent/Hire 2 = Refugee support package (UNHCR)/relief assistance/Government assistance/NGO assistance 3 = Own farm (cow manure, seeds from harvest) 4 = Farmer to farmer support 5 = Other, please specify ______If purchased or rented, where did you or a member of your household purchase this <> from? 1 = Other farmers 2 = Local market 3 = Main market 4 = Middlemen 5 = Government/OPM/UNHCR/ Other NGO 6 = Other, Please Specify______During the last twelve months, how much did you spend on the <>, including transport?

______Uganda shillings What challenges have you had with the <> used? 1 = Cost 2 = Availability/Access 3 = Quality 4 = Other, Please Specify______

3.5.4 LIVESTOCK DECISION MAKING Who makes decisions regarding the livestock in the family?

Who owns the animals?

1 = Household Head 2 = Husband/Wife 3 = Household head and Husband/Wife together 4 = Father/Mother 5 = Father/Mother-in-law 6 = Son/Daughter 7 = Together as a Household 8 = Other, Please Specify______

Who makes decisions about the livestock?

Who raises the livestock?

(select all that apply)

SECTION 4: ACCESS TO CREDIT

Ask these questions for the entire household from the respondent.

During the past 12 months, did you or any member of your household borrow money?

1= Yes 2= No If yes; what were the main reasons for borrowing the money?

(Check all that apply)

1 = To buy food 2 = To pay for health care 3 = To pay fees/scholastic needs 4 = To finance my business 5 = To buy agricultural Inputs 6 = To pay for funeral of household member 7 = To pay for other social event/emergency 8 = Other, Please Specify______From whom did you or the household member borrow money?

1 = Bank 2 = Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations (SACCO) 3 = Village Saving and Loan Association (VSLA) 4 = Farmer’s Group 5 = Farmer Field School 6 = Livestock Association 7 = Women’s Group 8 = Youth Group 9 = Money lender 10 = Friends/Relatives 11 = Other, Please Specify______

In which months do you particularly face cash shortages?

1 = January 2 = February 3 = March 4 = April 5 = May 6 = June 7 = July 8 = August 9 = September 10 = October 11 = November 12 = December 13 = There was shortage every month

14 = Don’t face cash shortages

Does your household have any kind of savings?

1 = Yes 2 = No If yes, where do you save your money? Think of this resource as something you could use at the time of emergency or for any big household expenditure like paying for your children’s education. (Check all that apply)

1 = Cash at bank 2 = Cash with a cooperative or union/SACCO/VSLA 3 = Cash at home 4 = With an informal group 5 = Stored grains 6 = Livestock 7 = Other, Please Specify______During the past 12 months, did you or a member of your household attempt to borrow money but failed?

1 = Yes 2 = No If yes; what were the reasons for failing?

1 = Lack of acceptable security/collateral 2 = Failure to obtain a loan guarantee 3 = Policy of Financial Institution is not to lend Refugees 4 = VSLA/ saving group had no money left to borrow

5 = Other, Please Specify______Are you currently receiving any consumption smoothing/cash transfer support?

1 = Yes 2 = No If yes, who is providing you with consumption support?

1 = WFP 2 = LWF 3 = Save the Children 4 = Others specify ------How much consumption support are you currently receiving per household member?

 ______Uganda shillings/month

SECTION 5: GROUP MEMBERSHIP

Household Members 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Does <> belong to any of the following organizations or groups? (Check all that apply) 1 = Bank 2 = Savings and Credit Cooperative Organizations (SACCO) 3 = Village Saving and Loan Association (VSLA) 4 = Farmer’s Group 5 = Farmer Field School 6 = Livestock Association 7 = Women’s Group 8 = Youth Group 9 = Other, Please Specify______10 = Does not belong to any group What services does the union or cooperative provide to you? [Check all that apply] 1 = Loans 2 = Savings and lending 3 = Input buying and distribution 4 = Value addition processing 5 = Bulk selling 6 = Storage 7 = Financial education 8 = Farming education 9 = Enterprise training 10 = Other

SECTION 6: FUTURE LIVELIHOODS AND VALUE CHAINS

Are you planning to start a new livelihood in the future?

1 = Yes 2 = No 3 = Undecided 4 = Don’t know What challenges/constraints hinder members of your household from engaging in meaningful livelihood activities and accessing economic opportunities? (check all that apply)

1 = Lack of training 2 = Lack of access to funds for startup equipment, materials, supplies 3 = Lack of land 4 = Lack of awareness of opportunities 5 = No challenges 6 = Other, Please Specify______What livelihood would you engage in for a living or expand a current livelihood if these barriers did not exist? (check all that apply)

1 = Agricultural pursuit, please specify 2 = Livestock, Please Specify (use same options as above in livestock module to populate) 3 = Business, Please Specify (use same options as in above sections) 4 = Skill trade, Please Specify (use same options in salaried employment above) 5 = Other, Please Specify______If you were given 900,000 Ugandan Shillings, what enterprise would you start or expand upon

1 = Agricultural pursuit, Please Specify 2 = Livestock, Please Specify 3 = Business, Please Specify 4 = Skilled trade, Please Specify 5 = Other, Please Specify______For improving your livelihood, if given a choice among these agricultural crops, which crop would you like to grow using some support from a group and/or AVSI? (Read these options to the respondent) (select only one)

1 = Maize 2 = Beans 3 = Cassava 4 = Groundnuts 5 = Vegetables

6 = Bananas 7 = Soybean 8 = Irish potatoes 9 = None of them For this <>, what support in terms of training and information would you like to receive? (Check all that apply)

1 = Information/training on agricultural methods 2 = Information on availing inputs 3 = Price of crop 4 = Markets for selling the crop 5 = Selling the crop in groups 6 = Others, please specify What are the biggest challenges in cultivating this <> for your household? (Check all that apply)

1 = Not enough land 2 = Cannot purchase input 3 = Do not know how to cultivate 4 = Do not know where to purchase input 5 = Do not know where to sell 6 = Do not have access to enough labor (both family and hired) 7 = No challenges 8 = Other, please specify Would you like to cultivate any of these crops in a group? (select only one)

1 = Maize 2 = Beans 3 = Groundnuts 4 = Cassava 5 = Vegetables 6 = Bananas 7 = Soybean 8 = Irish potatoes 9 = None of them What are the advantages of cultivating this <> in a group? (If mentioned a crop above) (Check all that apply)

1 = Can exchange information on how to grow 2 = Can provide labor together 3 = Can buy inputs together 4 = Can sell together 5 = Can contribute money 6 = Reduces risk in case crop fails

7 = Other, please specify For the crops that you currently cultivate, what kind of information/training would you like to receive?

1 = Information/training on agricultural methods 2 = Information on availing inputs 3 = Price of crop 4 = Markets for selling the crop 5 = Selling the crop in groups 6 = Others, please specify For improving your livelihood, if given a choice among these livestock, which livestock would you like to raise using some support from a group and/or AVSI? (Read these options to the respondent)

1 = Goats 2 = Pigs 3 = Cattle 4 = Chickens 5 = None of them For this <>, what support in terms of training and information would you like to receive? (Check all that apply)

1 = Information/training on taking care of these animals 2 = Information on preventing diseases among these animals 3 = Information on where to purchase 4 = Information on where to sell 5 = Information on selling price 6 = Information on accessing veterinary care 7 = How to raise them as a group 8 = Other, please specify What are the biggest challenges in raising this <> for your household? (Check all that apply)

1 = Not enough land 2 = Cannot purchase animal 3 = Cannot purchase feed 4 = Cannot purchase medicine 5 = Cannot access markets 6 = Do not know how to take care of them 7 = Do not know how to prevent diseases 8 = Do not know where to sell 9 = No challenges 10 = Other, please specify

Would you like to raise any of these animals in a group? (select only one)

1 = Goats 2 = Pigs 3 = Cattle 4 = Chickens 5 = None of them

What are the advantages of raising this <> in a group? (

If mentioned a livestock above) (Check all that apply)

1 = Can exchange information on how to raise 2 = Can share land 3 = Can buy feed together 4 = Can sell together/access markets 5 = Can contribute money 6 = Can share information about disease prevention 7 = Can access veterinary care together 8 = Reduces risk in case animal dies 9 = Other, please specify For the animals that you currently raise, what kind of information/training would you like to receive?

1 = Information/training on taking care of these animals 2 = Information on preventing diseases among this animals 3 = Information on where to purchase 4 = Information on where to sell 5 = Information on selling price 6 = Information on accessing veterinary care 7 = How to raise them as a group 8 = Other, please specify

++++++++++++++++++++SURVEY ENDS HERE++++++++++++++++++++++++

GRADUATING TO RESILIENCE ACTIVITY – WOMEN’S LIVELIHOOD SURVEY

DISTRICT: <> SELECT DATE: <> SUB-COUNTY: <> VILLAGE: <> HHID: <> UNIQUE IDENTIFIER: <> INTERVIEWER NAME: <>

Time Started Interview: ______AM/PM Time Ended Interview: ______AM/PM

Hello, my name is [insert name………………………] and I’d like to thank you for taking the time to talk to me. I am from the AVSI Foundation that is implementing the Graduating to Resilience Activity to help refugee and Ugandan households in Kamwenge become self-reliant. As part of the Activity, AVSI wants to learn about the households living here. We would like to speak with you to better understand the current situation in regards to livelihood activities undertaken by your household. Please ask me any questions that you have about this interview. It should take no more than 90 minutes of your time. The information we collect during the survey will only be used for research to understand the sources of livelihoods, the institutions and organizations that you access, and the key challenges you face in pursuing your livelihoods. AVSI Foundation has not started implementing program and is collecting information from peole in the area to better plan the interventions.

Do I have your permission to continue? If yes:

SECTION 1: INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION AND INFORMATION

Name of female respondent currently being interviewed: ______

Type of household

1 = Male and female adult 2 = Female adult only Telephone number of the female respondent or any member of the household: ______

Is the respondent the primary decision maker (head of the household)?

1 = Yes 2 = No If not, what is the gender of the household head? 1 = Male 2 = Female Is the respondent a Ugandan household or a refugee household?

1 = Ugandan 2 = Refugee 3 = Other, Please specify ______

[END SURVEY HERE IF HOUSEHOLD IS “OTHER”] If refugee, in which country was the respondent born?

1 = Uganda 2 = Democratic Republic of Congo 3 = Rwanda 4 = Burundi 5 = Sudan 6 = Other, Please Specify______What is your age?

[RECORD AGE OF THE FEMALE RESPONDENT]

What is the respondent’s marital status?

READ CATEGORIES.

1 = Monogamous married 2 = Polygamous married 3 = Divorced 4 = Widow

5 = Separated 6 = Never married 7 = Other, Please Specify______Can the respondent read and write in local languages? 1 = Yes 2 = No Can the respondent read and write in English? 1 = Yes 2 = No What is the highest level of education that the respondent has completed?

1 = No formal education 2 = Incomplete pre-primary 3 = Complete pre-primary 4 = Incomplete primary 5 = Complete primary 6 = Incomplete O-Level 7 = Completed O-Level 8 = Incomplete A-Level 9 = Completed A-Level 10 = Incomplete Tertiary 11 = Completed Tertiary 12 = Incomplete University 13 = Completed University 14 = Other, Please Specify______Is the respondent currently attending school, training, or other forms of education?

1 = Yes 2 = No Has the respondent received any vocational or life skills training in the last 5 years?

1 = Yes (Next question) 2 = No (Move to next section) If yes, which type of training has been received?

1 = Agricultural techniques 2 = Livestock/livestock products 3 = Health 4 = Nutrition/WASH 5 = Business skills/ entrepreneurship 6 = Off-farm Vocational Skills 7 = Savings and Loans/financial training 8 = Other, Please Specify______

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SECTION 2: ROLE IN DECISIONMAKING AROUND PRODUCTION AND INCOME GENERATION

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Livestock raising Food crop farming Cash crop farming farm economic activities other household otherneeds) household -

Activity Description Non Major household expenditure Minor household expenditure Wage and salary employment (such as bicycles, land, a (such as food for daily consumption or (such consumptionas daily food for Did you participate in decision making about <> in the past 12 months (that is, during the last one/two cropping seasons)?

1 = Yes 2 = No 3 = Not applicable, skip to section 3 When decisions are made regarding <>, who is it that normally makes the decision? (Check all that apply)

1 = Self 2 = Partner/Spouse 3 = Other household member 4 = Other non-HH member How much input did you have in making decisions about the <>?

1 = No input or input in few decisions 2 = Input in some decisions 3 = Input into most or all decisions To what extent do you feel you can make your own personal decisions regarding <>?

1 = Not at all 2 = Small extent 3 = Medium extent 4 = To a high extent

boda boda) boda) boda

Livestock raising Food crop farming Cash crop farming farm economic activities other household otherneeds) household -

Activity Description Non Major household expenditure Minor household expenditure Wage and salary employment (such as bicycles, land, a (such as food for daily consumption or (such consumptionas daily food for How much input do you have in decisions on the use of income generated from <>?

1 = No input or input in few decisions 2 = Input in some decisions 3 = Input into most or all decisions

SECTION 3: ACCESS TO PRODUCTIVE CAPITAL

Now I’d like to ask you about your household’s access to and ownership of a number of items that could be used to generate income. Does anyone in your Do you own any of Who would you Who would you household currently the <> say can decide say can decide have any agricultural 1 = Yes, solely whether to whether to sell, land (pieces/plots) 2 = Yes, jointly purchase new give away, 1 = Yes 3 = No <>most mortgage or rent 2 = No of the time? <> most 1 = Self of the time?  If no, skip to next row 2 = Partner/ 1 = Self spouse 2 = Partner/  3 = Other HH spouse member 3 = Other HH 4 = Other non- member HH 4 = Other non- member HH 5 = Not member applicable 5 = Not applicable Does anyone in your Do you own any of Who would you Who would you household currently the <>)? say can decide say can decide have any large 1 = Yes, solely whether to whether to sell, livestock (oxen, cattle) 2 = Yes, jointly purchase new give away, 1 = Yes 3 = No <>) most of mortgage or rent 2 = No the time? <> most 1 = Self of the time?  If no, skip to next row. 2 = Partner/ 1 = Self spouse 2 = Partner/ 3 = Other HH spouse member 3 = Other HH 4 = Other non- member HH 4 = Other non- member HH 5 = Not member applicable 5 = Not applicable

Does anyone in your Do you own any of Who would you Who would you household currently the <>s say can decide say can decide have any small 1 = Yes, solely whether to whether to sell, livestock (goats, pigs, 2 = Yes, jointly purchase new give away, sheep) 3 = No <> most mortgage or rent 1 = Yes of the time? <> most 2 = No 1 = Self of the time? 2 = Partner/ 1 = Self  If no, skip to next row spouse 2 = Partner/ 3 = Other HH spouse member 3 = Other HH 4 = Other non- member HH 4 = Other non- member HH 5 = Not member applicable 5 = Not applicable Does anyone in your Do you own any of Who would you Who would you household currently the say can decide say can decide have any chickens, <><<>>? whether to whether to sell, ducks, turkeys, pigeons 1 = Yes, solely purchase new give away, 1 = Yes 2 = Yes, jointly <> most mortgage or rent 2 = No 3 = No of the time? <> most 1 = Self of the time?  If no, skip to next row 2 = Partner/ 1 = Self spouse 2 = Partner/ 3 = Other HH spouse member 3 = Other HH 4 = Other non- member HH 4 = Other non- 5 = Member HH 6 = Not member applicable 5 = Not applicable Does anyone in your Do you own any of Who would you Who would you household currently the<> say can decide say can decide have any fish pond or 1 = Yes, solely whether to whether to sell, fishing equipment 2 = Yes, jointly purchase new give away, 1 = Yes 3 = No <> most mortgage or rent 2 = No of the time? <> most 1 = Self of the time?  If no, skip to next row 2 = Partner/ 1 = Self spouse 2 = Partner/ 3 = Other HH spouse member 3 = Other HH 4 = Other non- member HH 4 = Other non- member HH 5 = Not member applicable 5 = Not applicable

Does anyone in your Do you own any of Who would you Who would you household currently the<> say can decide say can decide have any farm 1 = Yes, solely whether to whether to sell, equipment (non- 2 = Yes, jointly purchase new give away, mechanized: hand 3 = No <> most mortgage or rent tools, animal-drawn of the time? <> most plough) 1 = Self of the time? 1 = Yes 2 = Partner/ 1 = Self 2 = No spouse 2 = Partner/ 3 = Other HH spouse  If no, skip to next row member 3 = Other HH 4 = Other non- member HH 4 = Other non- member HH 5 = Not member applicable 5 = Not applicable Does anyone in your Do you own any Who would you Who would you household currently <>? say can decide say can decide have any farm 1 = Yes, solely whether to whether to sell, equipment 2 = Yes, jointly purchase new give away, (mechanized: tractor- 3 = No <> mortgage or rent plough, power tiller, [ITEM] most of <> most treadle pump) the time? of the time? 1 = Yes 1 = Self 1 = Self 2 = No 2 = Partner/ 2 = Partner/ spouse spouse  If no, skip to next row 3 = Other HH 3 = Other HH member member 4 = Other non- 4 = Other non- HH HH member member

5 = Not 5 = Not applicable applicable

“Now I’d like to ask you about your household’s access to and ownership of a number of items that could be used to generate income.” Does anyone in your Do you own any Who would you say Who would you household currently <>? can decide whether say can decide have any nonfarm to sell, give away, whether to business equipment 1 = Yes, solely mortgage or rent purchase new (solar panels used for 2 = Yes, jointly <> most of <> most recharging, sewing 3 = No the time? of the time? machine, brewing 1 = Self 1 = Self equipment, fryers) 2 = Partner/ 2 = Partner/ spouse spouse 1 = Yes 3 = Other HH 3 = Other HH 2 = No member member 4 = Other non- 4 = Other non-  If no, skip to next HH member HH row. 5 = Not member applicable. 5 = Not applicable Does anyone in your Do you own Who would you say Who would you household currently a<>? can decide whether say can decide have a house or other to sell, give away, whether to structures? 1 = Yes, solely mortgage or rent purchase new 2 = Yes, jointly <> most of <> most 1 = Yes 3 = No the time? of the time? 2 = No 1 = Self 1 = Self 2 = Partner/ 2 = Partner/  If no, skip to next spouse spouse row 3 = Other HH 3 = Other HH member member 4 = Other non- 4 = Other non-

HH member HH 5 = Not member applicable 5 = Not applicable Does anyone in your Do you own any Who would you say Who would you household currently <>? can decide whether say can decide have any large to sell, give away, whether to consumer durables 1 = Yes, solely mortgage or rent purchase new (refrigerator, TV, 2 = Yes, jointly <> most of <> most sofa)? 3 = No the time? of the time? 1 = Self 1 = Self 1 = Yes 2 = Partner/ 2 = Partner/ 2 = No spouse spouse 3 = Other HH 3 = Other HH  If no, skip to next member member row 4 = Other non- 4 = Other non- HH member HH 5 = Not member

applicable 5 = Not applicable

5 = Not member applicable 5 = Not applicable Does anyone in your Do you own a Who would you say Who would you household currently <>? can decide whether say can decide have a cell phones? to sell, give away, whether to 1 = Yes, solely mortgage or rent purchase new 1 = Yes 2 = Yes, jointly <> most of <> most 2 = No 3 = No the time? of the time? 1 = Self 1 = Self  If no, skip to next 2 = Partner/ 2 = Partner/ row spouse spouse 3 = Other HH 3 = Other HH member member

4 = Other non- 4 = Other non- HH member HH 5 = Not member applicable 5 = Not applicable Does anyone in your Do you own any Who would you say Who would you household currently <>? can decide whether say can decide have any other land to sell, give away, whether to not used for 1 = Yes, solely mortgage or rent purchase new agricultural purposes 2 = Yes, jointly <> most of <> most (pieces/plots, 3 = No the time? of the time? residential or 1 = Self 1 = Self commercial land)? 2 = Partner/ 2 = Partner/ spouse spouse 1 = Yes 3 = Other HH 3 = Other HH 2 = No member member 4 = Other non- 4 = Other non-  If no, skip to next HH member HH row 5 = Not member applicable 5 = Not applicable

“Now I’d like to ask you about your household’s access to and ownership of a number of items that could be used to generate income.” Does anyone in your Do you own Who would you say Who would you household currently any<>? can decide whether say can decide have any means of to sell, give away, whether to transportation 1 = Yes, solely mortgage or rent purchase new (bicycle, 2 = Yes, jointly <> most of <> most motorcycle, car) 3 = No the time? of the time? 1 = Self 1 = Self 1 = Yes Next I’d like to ask 2 = Partner/ 2 = Partner/ 2 = No about your spouse spouse household’s 3 = Other HH 3 = Other HH  If no, skip to next experience with member member row borrowing money or 4 = Other non- 4 = Other non- other items in the HH member HH past 12 months. 5 = Not member

applicable 5 = Not applicable

SECTION 4: ACCESS TO CREDIT

Next, I’d like to ask about your household’s experience with borrowing money or other items in the past 12 months.

Would you or anyone Has anyone in your Who made the in your household be household taken any decision to borrow Who makes the able to take a loan or loans or borrowed from <> decision about borrow cash/in-kind cash/in-kind from most of the time? what to do with the from a formal lender <> in 1 = Self money borrowed (bank/financial the past 12 months? 2 = Partner/ from institution) if you spouse <> wanted to? 1 = Yes, cash 3 = Other HH most of the time? 2 = Yes, in-kind member 1 = Self 1 = Yes 3 = Yes, cash 4 = Other non- 2 = Partner/ 2 = No, if not, and in-kind HH member spouse why? 4 = No 5 = Not 2 = Other HH ______5 = Don’t know applicable member 3 = Other non- HH member 4 = Not applicable Would you or anyone Has anyone in your Who made the Who makes the in your household be household taken any decision to borrow decision about able to take a loan or loans or borrowed from <> what to do with the borrow cash/in-kind cash/in-kind from most of the time? money/ item from an informal <> in 1 = Self borrowed from lender (such as an the past 12 months? 2 = Partner/ <> individual in your spouse most of the time? community who is 1 = Yes, cash 3 = Other HH 1 = Self not your immediate 2 = Yes, in-kind member 2 = Partner/ friend/relative) if 3 = Yes, cash 4 = Other non- spouse you wanted to? and in-kind HH member Other HH 4 = No 5 = Not member 1 = Yes 5 = Don’t know applicable 3 = Other non- 2 = No, if not, HH why? member ______4 = Not applicable

Would you or anyone Has anyone in your Who made the Who makes the in your household be household taken any decision to borrow decision about able to take a loan or loans or borrowed from <> what to do with the borrow cash/in-kind cash/in-kind from most of the time? money/ item from a friend or <> in 1 = Self borrowed from relative if you wanted the past 12 months? 2 = Partner/ <> to? Has anyone in your spouse most of the time? household taken any 3 = Other HH 1 = Self 1 = Yes loans or borrowed member 2 = Partner/ 2 = No, if not, cash/in-kind from 4 = Other non- spouse why? [SOURCE] in the HH member 3 = Other HH ______past 12 months? 5 = Not member applicable 4 = Other non- 1 = Yes, cash HH 2 = Yes, in-kind member 3 = Yes, cash 5 = Not and in-kind applicable 4 = No 5 = Don’t know Would you or anyone Has anyone in your Who made the Who makes the in your household be household taken any decision to borrow decision about able to take a loan or loans or borrowed from <> what to do with the borrow cash/in-kind cash/in-kind from most of the time? money/ item from a group based <> in 1 = Self borrowed from micro-finance or the past 12 months? 2 = Partner/ <> lending including spouse most of the time? VSLAs / SACCOs if 1 = Yes, cash 3 = Other HH 1 = Self you wanted to? 2 = Yes, in-kind member 2 = Partner/ 3 = Yes, cash 4 = Other non- spouse 1 = Yes and in-kind HH member 3 = Other HH 2 = No, if not, 4 = No 5 = Not member why? 5 = Don’t know applicable 4 = Other non- ______HH member 5 = Not applicable

Would you or anyone Has anyone in your Who made the Who makes the in your household be household taken any decision to borrow decision about able to take a loan or loans or borrowed from <> what to do with the borrow cash/in-kind cash/in-kind from most of the time? money/ item from informal <> in 1 = Self borrowed from credit/savings groups the past 12 months? 2 = Partner/ <> such as merry-go- spouse most of the time? rounds, tontines, 1 = Yes, cash 3 = Other HH 1 = Self funeral societies, and 2 = Yes, in-kind member 2 = Partner/ etc. if you wanted to? 3 = Yes, cash 4 = Other non- spouse and in-kind HH member 3 = Other HH 1 = Yes 4 = No 5 = Not member 2 = No, if not, 5 = Don’t know applicable 4 = Other non- why? HH ______member 5 = Not applicable Would you or anyone Has anyone in your Who made the Who makes the in your household household taken any decision to borrow decision about have access to cash loans or borrowed from <> what to do with the transfers such as cash/in-kind from most of the time? money/ item remittances if you <> in 1 = Self borrowed from wanted to? the past 12 months? 2 = Partner/ <> spouse most of the time? 1 = Yes 1 = Yes, cash 3 = Other HH 1 = Self 2 = No, if not, 2 = Yes, in-kind member 2 = Partner/ why? ______3 = Yes, cash 4 = Other non- spouse and in-kind HH member 3 = Other HH 4 = No 5 = Not member 5 = Don’t know applicable 4 = Other non- HH member 5 = Not applicable

SECTION 5: GROUP MEMBERSHIP

“Now I’m going to ask you about groups in the community. These can be either formal or informal and customary groups.” Is there an agricultural / livestock/ fisheries producer’s Are you a member of this group (including marketing groups in your community? group? 1 = Yes Are you a member of this group? 1 = Yes 2 = No 2 = No Is there a water users’ group including marketing Are you a member of this groups in your community? group? 1 = Yes Are you a member of this group? 1 = Yes 2 = No 2 = No Is there a forest users’ group (including marketing Are you a member of this groups in your community? group? 1 = Yes  Are you a member of this group? 1 = Yes 2 = No 2 = No Is there a credit or microfinance group (including Are you a member of this SACCOs/merry-go-rounds/ VSLAs, including group? marketing groups) in your community? 1 = Yes 1 = Yes  Are you a member of this group? 2 = No 2 = No Is there a mutual help or insurance group (including Are you a member of this burial societies group including marketing groups in group? your community? 1 = Yes 1 = Yes 2 = No 2 = No Is there a trade and business association group in your Are you a member of this community? group? 1 = Yes 1 = Yes 2 = No 2 = No Is there a civic groups (improving community) or Are you a member of this charitable group (helping others) in your community? group? 1 = Yes 1 = Yes 2 = No 2 = No Is there a Religious group in your community? Are you a member of this 1 = Yes group? 2 = No 1 = Yes 2 = No Is there another [women’s/men’s] group (only if it does 1 = If Yes, please not fit into one of the other categories) in your specify______community? 1 = Yes 2 = No

SECTION 6: CURRENT LIVELIHOODS

What economic activities does the respondent currently engage in for a living or has engaged in in the past? SELECT ALL THAT APPLIES.

1 = Farming 2 = Salaried employment 3 = Casual labor 4 = Owner of a small business/trade/ enterprise/artisan shop 5 = Livestock/cattle rearing 6 = Other, Please Specify______7 = None If farming, do you have experience growing the following crops? SELECT ALL THAT APPLIES.

1 = Maize 2 = Millet 3 = Sorghum 4 = Beans 5 = Cassava 6 = Ground nuts 7 = Rice 8 = Bananas 9 = Fruits 10 = Irish potatoes 11 = Sweet potatoes 12 = Vegetables 13 = Other, Please specify ______If salaried employment, what salaried income do you participate in? (Select all that apply)

1 = Government work 2 = NGO work 3 = Truck Driving 4 = Construction 5 = Farming 6 = Tailoring 7 = Leather tanning 8 = Carpentry 9 = Craft making 10 = Working in a shop 11 = Business (buying and selling) 12 = Welding 13 = Butcher 14 = Sell cooked food in the market 15 = Other, Please Specify______16 = Not applicable

If casual labor, what kind of casual labor do you pursue? (Check all that apply)

1 = Agricultural labor 2 = Non-agricultural labor If casual labor, what kind do you pursue? (Check all that apply)

1 = Agricultural labor 2 = Non-agricultural labor What types of agricultural casual labor did you participate in during the last twelve months?

1 = Land Opening 2 = Weeding 3 = Planting 4 = Harvesting 5 = Processing 6 = Selling 7 = Other, please specify When do you usually engage in agricultural casual labor?

1 = Throughout the year (main source of livelihood) 2 = Throughout the year (to earn additional income) 3 = Seasonal - In between agricultural seasons (agricultural off-season) 4 = Temporary – If I can find work and if my family needs it 5 = Others, Please Specify ______What types of non-agricultural labor activities did you participate in?[Check all that apply]

1 = Tailoring 2 = Leather tanning 3 = Carpentry 4 = Shop keeper 5 = Construction 6 = Business (buying and selling) 7 = Welding 8 = Butcher 9 = Sell cooked food in the market 10 = Other, Please Specify______When do you usually engage in non-agricultural casual labor?

1= Throughout the year (main source of livelihood) 2 = Throughout the year (to earn additional income) 3 = Seasonal - In between agricultural seasons (agricultural off-season) 4= Temporary – If I can find work and if my family needs it 5= Others, Please Specify ______

Where did you go for working as agricultural or non-agricultural casual labor?

1 = Own village 2 = Other village, same sub-county 3 = Other village, different sub-county 4 = Other village, different county 5 = Other village, different district 6 = Other, Please Specify ______If enterprise, what income generating enterprise do you work in?

1 = Handicrafts 2 = Soap Making 3 = Tailoring 4 = Leather tanning 5 = Carpentry 6 = Shops Keeper 7 = Brick laying/masonry 8 = Other construction (Please specify) 9 = Business (buying and selling) 10 = Welding 11 = Motorcycle (transport and/or repairs) 12 = Butcher 13 = Sell cooked food in the market 14 = Hair/beauty care 15 = Bicycle Repair 16 = Other, Please Specify______What were your reasons for choosing this enterprise?

1 = Working on the same enterprise since childhood 2 = New opportunity after refugee’s arrival 3 = New opportunity after displacement 4 = Was given training in this enterprise 5 = Saw friends/neighbors pursue this enterprise 6 = Seemed profitable 7 = High marketability 8 = Other, Please Specify______If livestock, which animals are you raising currently or have raised in the past year?

1 = Cattle 2 = Goats 3 = Sheep 4 = Pigs 5 = Fish 6 = Ducks 7 = Chickens 8 = Turkeys 9 = Others, Specify ______

SECTION 7: FUTURE LIVELIHOODS

Are you planning to start a new enterprise in the future?

1 = Yes 2 = No 3 = Undecided 4 = Don’t know What challenges/constraints hinder members of your household from engaging in meaningful livelihood activities and accessing economic opportunities?

1 = Lack of training 2 = Lack of access to funds for startup equipment, materials, supplies 3 = Lack of land 4 = Lack of awareness of opportunities 5 = Other, Please Specify______What livelihood would you engage in for a living or expand a current livelihood if these barriers did not exist?

1 = Different agricultural pursuit, Please Specify 2 = Livestock, Please Specify 3 = Enterprise, Please Specify 4 = Salaried Employment, Please Specify 5 = Other, Please Specify______If you were given 900,000 Uganda Shillings what enterprise would you start or expand upon?

1 = Different agricultural pursuit, Please Specify 2 = Livestock, Please Specify 3 = Enterprise, Please Specify 4 = Salaried Employment, Please Specify 5 = Other, Please Specify______

SECTION 8: MARKET ACCESS

Service name

icultural icultural extension Crop markets International markets Livestock markets Seed Markets Fertilizer /pesticide Markets Credit (informal/formal) Agr services Warehouse and storage services for selling crops Grazing areas Veterinary services Equipment Markets valueProcessing and addition services Do you currently access <>? 1 = Yes 2 = No Why do you currently not access <>?

1 = Do not need it, not relevant for me 2 = Not available in my area 3 = Too costly 4 = Women do not access 5 = Other, please specify (___) Do you pay for the <>? 1= Yes 2 = No From where do you obtain the <>? 1 = Government 2 = NGOs/other international organization 3 = Market 4 = Middlemen 5 = Traders 6 = Friends/family/ neighbors/ informal 7 = Group where you are a member 8 = Other, Please Specify ______

SECTION 9: TIME USE

Did you work outside the home in the last 24 hours?

1 = Yes 2 = No Do you regularly have time to dedicate to market activities outside home?

1 = Yes 2 = No How much time do you spend on domestic work per day, including child care?

Insert time in hours _____

How does your time use spent in domestic chores impact your scale of agricultural activities (e.g. planting, processing, marketing, etc.)

1 = No impact 2 = Minor impact 3 = Neutral 4 = Moderate impact 5 = Major impact Has time spent in your domestic chores and activities prevented you from starting any enterprise, seeking training, or engaging in agricultural/non-agricultural work in the last 12 months?

1 = No, not at all 2 = To some extent 3 = Yes