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Ethnologie De Personnes `` Sans Logis '' À Paris

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Ethnologie De Personnes `` Sans Logis '' À Paris De la survie à la reconnaissance: Ethnologie de personnes “ sans logis ” à Paris L. Graeff To cite this version: L. Graeff. De la survie à la reconnaissance: Ethnologie de personnes “ sans logis ” à Paris. Anthropolo- gie sociale et ethnologie. Paris Descartes; Sorbonne University UPMC, 2010. Français. tel-01924643 HAL Id: tel-01924643 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01924643 Submitted on 16 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ RENÉ DESCARTES – PARIS V FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES HUMAINES ET SOCIALES SORBONNE De la survie à la reconnaissance Ethnologie de personnes « sans logis » à Paris Par Lucas GRAEFF THÈSE DE DOCTORAT EN ETHNOLOGIE Sous la direction de Patrick GABORIAU Soutenue le 28 mai 2010 Jury : Monsieur Patrick BRUNETEAUX Madame Arlette FARGE Monsieur Patrick GABORIAU (dir.) Monsieur Olivier SCHWARTZ Monsieur Daniel TERROLLE À Ana et Ângela, pour l'amour, la patience et le support. 2 Résumé De la survie à la reconnaissance. Ethnologie de personnes « sans logis » à Paris. À partir d'une enquête ethnographique, effectuée de mai 2006 à avril 2008 à Paris, cinquantaine-et-une personnes « sans logis » sont étudiées. Sont considérés comme « sans logis » les personnes ne disposant pas des conditions sociales, économiques ou personnelles requises pour accéder à un logement et qui, de ce fait, dorment "dehors", dans une tente, sous un pont, ou dans une habitation construite avec des matériels trouvés dans la ville. En utilisant la méthode ethnographique – observation participante de longue durée, tenue minutieuse d'un carnet de terrain relatant les observations quotidiennes – l’auteur apprend par l’expérience corporelle, « par corps », les difficultés quotidiennes concernant l'hygiène et l'occupation de lieux publics, mais surtout les efforts réalisés pour se soustraire aux sentiments de honte et de « mépris social » et accéder à des formes de reconnaissance marquées par davantage de fierté et d'estime sociale. Contre le « mépris social », les personnes étudiées luttent comme elles peuvent : certaines s'installent dans des « coins » ou aux marges de la ville afin de se rendre peu visibles ; d'autres s'efforcent d'effacer toutes traces de précarité sur leurs corps ; d'autres encore rejoignent la manifestation des Enfants de Don Quichotte de l'hiver 2006 à Paris. Dans ces parcours, allant de la survie à la reconnaissance, les personnes donnent à voir et penser les logiques de domination à la fois morales, corporelles et cognitives qui caractérisent leur statut social. Mots clés : pauvreté ; sans logis ; SDF ; corps ; espace urbain ; lutte ; survie ; reconnaissance ; France ; Paris. 3 Abstract From survival to recognition: Ethnology of “homeless” people in Paris. Through an ethnographic investigation, made in May 2006, fifty one cases of “homeless” people were studied. “Homeless” people are considered as people with no social, economic and personal conditions that allow them to have housing and as a result, they sleep “outside”, in a tent, under a bridge or in a house made with materials from the city. Using the ethnographic method - long duration of active observation, careful and discreet holding of a notebook to mention the daily observations, the author learns by physical experience, “by body”, the daily difficulties regarding the hygiene, the occupation of public places, and especially the efforts made to encounter the feelings of shame and “social contempt”, and to have access to some forms of recognition marked by the pride and the social esteem. Those people fight against the “social contempt” in different ways: some of them settle down in “corners” or in the margins of the city to be less visible, others try to erase all forms of precariousness on their bodies, and others join the manifestation of “Enfants de Don Quichotte” in fall 2006 in Paris. During these paths, going from survival to recognition, the people make us see and think about the logics of domination which are at the same time moral, physical, and cognitive and which characterize their social status. Keywords: poverty, homelessness, homeless people, body, urban space, struggle, survival, recognition, France, Paris. 4 Cette thèse a été réalisée avec le financement de la Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), organisme rattaché au Ministère de l'Éducation et de la Culture du Brésil. 5 Table des matières Introduction............................................................................................... 9 Première partie ÉTONNEMENTS 1. Un anthropologue brésilien à Paris................................................... 20 La méthode ethnographique, une prise de position Ouverture et accommodements de perspectives, la tâche de l'ethnologue L'ethnographie, un travail d'écriture 2. Tous les « sans logis » ne fréquentent pas les services d'aide.......... 30 Avant les « sans logis » en France, les personnes âgées au Brésil Où vont les « sans logis » à Paris quand ils atteignent le troisième âge ? « 86 000 personnes sont sans domicile fixe en France » Une enquête d'exception ? 3. La pauvreté visible et les limites d'un terrain................................... 40 « Mon terrain » : conditionnement d'une expérience et effet d'écriture A la rue, qui est « sans logis » et qui ne l'est pas ? Une visibilité par vestiges d'occupation Une visibilité « par corps » Le corps et les luttes pour habiter, deux éléments incontournables Deuxième partie LES EFFETS DE LA RUE SUR LE CORPS 4. Corps « sans logis »............................................................................. 63 Le corps saisi par l'hiver Un abri de fortune ne libère pas le corps de son existence sociale Le corps et ses besognes Le regard des autres Faim et recherche de nourriture Corps et échanges de sensibilités 6 5. Les malaises du corps à la rue............................................................ 81 Un corps qui fait malaise à la rue Comment objectiver les malaises ? Douleurs et stigmates, malaises tragiques Feindre la souffrance, endurer la fatigue, tenir la peine Un corps qui fait malaise à la rue, c'est un corps qui se fait trop ressentir 6. Corps malodorant, corps gênant....................................................... 100 Quand les senteurs du corps donnent le ton des relations L'odeur fade des « bons pauvres » Les lourdes senteurs du « clochard » Gêne olfactive et animalité Le poids social de la puanteur du corps Troisième partie « TENIR » ET SURVIVRE 7. Quand le corps tient encore............................................................... 118 « Habitude à la rue », une technique du corps ? Corps « habitué », corps fier Corps « habitué », corps méprisé Les « habitudes », ou comment conjurer le mépris social 8. Réhabiliter le corps............................................................................ 135 Le poids des apparences Régénérer le corps, se débarrasser des apparences et habitudes Les impondérables de la reconnaissance Quatrième Partie HABITER LA RUE, CONFRONTER LA VILLE 9. S'approprier la ville............................................................................ 148 Errer dans les rues, se procurer des lieux acceptables Pourquoi Paris ? Pourquoi ce quartier et non pas un autre ? S'approprier la rue, s'immiscer dans un champ de forces 10. La rue : marquages et usages............................................................ 167 Marquer l'espace, circonscrire des lieux de vie Marquages par corps et par traces d'occupation Marquages par déplacements et trajectoires 11. Quand la rue devient habitat............................................................. 182 Habiter, c’est autre chose que se loger Aménager la rue, la rendre vivable Investir l'abri, appartenir au quartier La rue et l'habitat, une articulation précaire 7 12. Habiter ensemble rue......................................................................... 202 Les avantages du vivre ensemble Habiter la rue en « petite communauté » La visibilité de la vie en groupe : une situation de confrontation 13. Habiter la rue, une lutte perdue d'avance........................................ 214 Désaccords et disputes « entre pairs » dans l'univers de la rue Les tensions de la vie en groupe et l'imposition de normes de cohabitation Les pauvres ont « la ville dure » Hospitalités, hostilités et normes de bon voisinage Cinquième Partie UNE LUTTE COLLECTIVE : LES ENFANTS DE DON QUICHOTTE 14. La lutte des Enfants de Don Quichotte .............................................. 234 Le « coup de force » des Enfants de Don Quichotte Une lutte qui se pérennise, un campement qui se transforme L'émergence d'une star Une lutte entre visibilité et reconnaissance 15. Le corps, un enjeu entre mobilisation et disqualification............... 284 Des corps instrumentalisés mais incontournables Angoisse, division, instrumentalisation : effets de la médiatisation du corps Les logiques ségrégatives autour du « bon pauvre » médiatique Les paradoxes de la reconnaissance Conclusion................................................................................................
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