Penicillin Causes Non-Allergic Anaphylaxis by Activating
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www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Penicillin causes non‑allergic anaphylaxis by activating the contact system Yuan Gao1, Yixin Han1, Xiaoyu Zhang1, Qiaoling Fei1, Ruijuan Qi1, Rui Hou1, Runlan Cai1, Cheng Peng2* & Yun Qi1* Immediate hypersensitivity reaction (IHR) can be divided into allergic‑ and non‑allergic‑mediated, while “anaphylaxis” is reserved for severe IHR. Clinically, true penicillin allergy is rare and most reported penicillin allergy is “spurious”. Penicillin‑initiated anaphylaxis is possible to occur in skin test- and specifc IgE-negative patients. The contact system is a plasma protease cascade initiated by activation of factor XII (FXII). Many agents with negative ion surface can activate FXII to drive contact system. Our data showed that penicillin signifcantly induced hypothermia in propranolol- or pertussis toxin‑pretreated mice. It also caused a rapid and reversible drop in rat blood pressure, which did not overlap with IgE-mediated hypotension. These efects could be countered by a bradykinin-B2 receptor antagonist icatibant, and consistently, penicillin indeed increased rat plasma bradykinin. Moreover, penicillin not only directly activated contact system FXii‑dependently, but also promoted bradykinin release in plasma incubated‑human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In fact, besides penicillin, other beta‑lactams also activated the contact system in vitro. Since the autoactivation of FXII can be afected by multiple-factors, plasma from diferent healthy individuals showed vastly diferent amidolytic activity in response to penicillin, suggesting the necessity of determining the potency of penicillin to induce individual plasma FXII activation. These results clarify that penicillin‑initiated non-allergic anaphylaxis is attributed to contact system activation, which might bring more efective diagnosis options for predicting penicillin‑induced fatal risk and avoiding costly and inappropriate treatment clinically. Anaphylaxis is a serious, life-threatening, generalized or systemic, allergy or non-allergic hypersensitivity with hypotension and vascular hyperpermeability as underlying symptoms1,2. Drugs are the most common anaphylaxis triggers in adults3–5. Beta lactams, including penicillins and cephalosporins, are the most widely used antibiotics owing to their high safety profle, broad spectrum of activity, and low costs 6. However, together with cephalo- sporins, penicillins are the antibiotics that most frequently provoke hypersensitivity reactions ranging from mild cutaneous symptoms to severe, life-threatening reactions7. Previous reports demonstrated that 42.6% of severe drug-induced anaphylaxis was caused by beta-lactam drugs8, and penicillin was the most frequent cause and accounted for approximately 75% of fatal anaphylactic cases in the United States9. Penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, is still one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics today. Clinically, approximately 10% of patients report a penicillin allergy (PenA), and its incidence of anaphy- laxis has been estimated to be between 0.015 and 0.004%10,11. However, the reported PenA does not equate with true IgE-mediated allergy. In fact, true PenA is somewhat rare since only 1% of the general population is actu- ally allergic to penicillin12. Most individuals thought to be PenA do not have detectable specifc IgE (sIgE), and lack positive results from skin testing and oral challenge 13–16. Only less than 10% of those with PenA histories are found to be at risk for acute PenA 17. Some researchers ascribed the false attribution of PenA to IgE decline (disappearance) or viral rash misdiagnosis, while up to 90% of patients reporting PenA were found not to have a true allergy 10,12. Obviously, it is unconvincing that such a high false rate is completely attributed to the above reasons. Tese data suggest that non-allergic mechanism(s) may be more common in the clinic. 1Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 North Ma Lian Wa Road, Haidian District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. 2Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, People’s Republic of China. *email: [email protected]; [email protected] SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | (2020) 10:14160 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71083-x 1 Vol.:(0123456789) www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Te contact system is a plasma protease cascade initiated by activation of factor XII (FXII). Activated FXII (FXIIa) initiates two branches of downstream events that mediate the interface between coagulation and infam- mation. Te coagulation branch-activated FXI initiates fbrin formation and the infammatory branch (also called kallikrein-kinin system)-activated prekallikrein cleaves the nonenzymatic cofactor high molecular weight kininogen (HK) to liberate oligopeptide bradykinin (BK)18. BK is involved in the regulation of infammatory processes, vascular permeability, and blood pressure. Recent data have linked FXIIa-driven formation of BK and the downstream activation of the G-protein-coupled receptor B2 (B2R) signaling to anaphylaxis 19,20. Te name “contact system” comes from the mode of FXII being activated, as “contact” with negatively charged surfaces trig- gers FXII activation via conformational rearrangement. Activators that initiate FXIIa formation in vivo include polyphosphate, heparin, misfolded proteins, collagen, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), oversulfated chondroitin sulfate and artifcial surfaces21,22. In the present study, we demonstrate for the frst time that penicillin-driven FXII contact activation triggers kallikrein-kinin system, thus releasing BK to cause anaphylaxis. Our fndings suggest that targeting contact system-produced BK or its downstream signaling is a promising strategy for prevention and treatment of ana- phylaxis triggered by penicillin. Materials and methods Materials and reagents. Penicillin G sodium salt (1,550 U/mg) and other beta-lactams were from Solar- bio Life Sciences (Beijing, China) and Yuanye Biotechnology Ltd. (Shanghai, China), respectively. Icatibant was from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). S-2302™ was from Chromogenix (Milano, Italy). BK ELISA kit was from DS Pharma Biomedical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Kaolin, dextran sulfate sodium salt (DS; Mr ~ 500,000), propranolol, triprolidine, SB290157 and CV3988 were from Sigma-Aldrich (Darmstadt, Ger- man). PMX53 and pertussis toxin (PTX) were from GL Biochem Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and Enzo Life Sciences (Farmingdale, NY, USA), respectively. Citrate-anticoagulant standard human plasma and FXII-depleted plasma were from Boatman Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Antibodies for human FXII and transferrin were from GeneTex Inc. (San Antonio, TX, USA). Shrimp tropomyosin (ST) and its IgE monoclonal antibody (mAb) were prepared as we previously described23. Human plasma was obtained from eight healthy volunteers. Cells and animals. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were from Lonza (Basel, Switzerland). Te male Balb/c mice (18–20 g) and SD rats (180–200 g) were purchased from Vital River Experi- mental Animal Services (Beijing, China) and housed in an SPF laboratory. Anaphylactic shock assay. Anaphylactic shock was assessed by rectal thermometry 24. To increase the severity of anaphylaxis, the mice were pretreated (i.v.) with propranolol (35 μg/mouse)25,26. Twenty minutes later, the mice were challenged (i.p.) with normal saline (NS) or penicillin (50 KU/mouse). Tirty minutes later, the rectal temperature was measured. For the BK antagonist experiment, icatibant (0.25 mM, 800 μL/mouse) was injected (i.p.) into the mice 10 min before the propranolol pretreatment. Te anaphylactic shock assay in PTX-pretreated mice was performed according to previously described procedures27. Briefy, the mice were injected (i.p.) with PTX (200 ng/mouse) on days 1 and 3. On day 7, the mice were injected (i.v.) with normal saline (NS) or penicillin (30 KU/mouse). Tirty minutes later, the rectal temperature was measured. Evans blue extravasation assays. Evans blue extravasation assays in mouse hindpaws and rat dorsal skin were measured as previously described28,29. Measurement of blood pressure and BK generation in rats. Te rats were anesthetized and placed in a supine position. Catheters were placed into the carotid artery. Systolic arterial blood pressure was monitored in the lef carotid artery with an arterial catheter connected to a polygraph (RM6240C, Chengdu, P.R. China). Afer equilibrating, the rats were injected (i.v.) with penicillin (1,250 KU/kg) or NS, and blood pressure was continuously monitored. For the antagonist experiment, rats were treated with icatibant (200 μg/kg, i.v.) 5 min prior to penicillin challenge. For the determination of plasma BK, once penicillin (1,250 KU/kg) or NS was injected (i.v.) into the anes- thetized rats, arterial blood was immediately collected and added to ice-cooled absolute ethanol. BK level was determined by ELISA. Te overlapping efect of penicillin- and antigen/IgE-caused hypotension was measured using a rat undergo- ing passive systemic anaphylaxis. To clarify the respective role of penicillin and antigen, we deliberately chose anti-ST IgE, a non-penicillin IgE mAb, to induce IgE/antigen hypotension. Rats were passively sensitized intrave- nously (i.v.) with 1 mg/kg of anti-ST IgE. Twenty-four hours later, the rats were challenged (i.v.) with ST (10 mg/ kg) with or without penicillin (1,250 KU/kg),