Management Plan for Wild Ungulates in Balochistan Pakistan
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University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1991 Management plan for wild ungulates in Balochistan Pakistan Amjad Tahir Virk The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Virk, Amjad Tahir, "Management plan for wild ungulates in Balochistan Pakistan" (1991). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 7004. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/7004 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY Copying allowed as provided under provisions of the Fair Use Section of the U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW, 1976. Any copying for commercial purposes or financM gain may be underàken only with the author’s written consent. MontanaUniversity of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR WILD UNGULATES IN BALOCHISTAN, PAKISTAN BY Amjad Tahir Virk B.S., University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 1981 M.L.S., University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan, 1985 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1991 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate School s 5 ~ ' Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP37805 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT DissarUition Riblishang UMI EP37805 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I Offer my sincerest thanks to Almighty God, the Magnificent, the Merciful, who gave me the potential and ability to write this management plan. I feel highly privileged to extend my gratitude to my major professor Dr. Bart W. O'Gara, who provided me the opportunity to study at the University of Montana. I admire the trust he had in me, his scholastic and advising skills and his useful guidance in writing this plan. I am thankful to Dr. Lee H. Metzgar for his assistance in my admission in the Wildlife Biology program and for his help for settling in my first quarter. I am greatly indebted to my committee members Dr. Daniel H. Pletscher and Dr. Kerry Foresman for their useful guidance, critique and valuable editorial assistance. I also thank Dr. I. Joe Ball and Dr. Richard D. Taber for their critical review of the plan. Financial support for my study and collection of data relevant to this plan was provided by USAID, through the Governments of Pakistan and Balochistan Province. I am thankful to these agencies for providing me an opportunity for advanced studies. Considerable material and useful information were provided by Ashiq Ahmed Khan, Abdul Latif ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rao, Kaleemullah Sherazi, Hamid All, Muhammad Shafique, Gul Muhammad, and many others. Their Cooperation is thankfully acknowledged. I am especially indebted to Mr. Nasir A. Tareen who frankly and generously provided much of the information on Torghar Conservation Project and permitted me the use of his article. Drs. Raul Valdez and David Shackelton provided useful information on Caprinae species. I want to thank David A. Ferguson and Dr. Richard Mitchell of the USFWS for their moral support and encouragement. Ginger Schwarz and Virginia Johnston of Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit were always kind and helpful throughout my stay. A word of appreciation is also due for Ginger for her efficient handling of correspondence related to my program. I also thank my fellow students at the university of Montana for their encouragement friendship, and willingness to share their knowledge. I am grateful to M. A. Farooqi whose friendliness and excellent company made my stay easier. Finally, I wish to thank my family for their moral support and prayers, and for their sufferings, while I was away from home. Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................... ü LIST OF TABLES .......................................... vii LIST OF F I G U R E S ...................................... vii CHAPTER I . INTRODUCTION ................................ 1 Location ................................ 3 Area and Land use ....... 4 Landform ............................... 6 Climate ................................... 8 Hydrological Features ................. 8 Fauna and F l o r a ........................ 10 Biogeographical affinities .... 10 Wild ungulates ........................ 12 Habitat types and associated wild u n g u l a t e s ............................ 12 Management History ..................... 17 II. CONSERVATION PROBLEMS ..................... 29 Law Enforcement ........................ 29 Socio-economic ........................ 34 Livestock grazing ..................... 34 Firewood removal ..................... 3 7 Habitat encroachment ................. 38 New R o a d s ............................ 39 P o l i t i c s ............................... 41 Lack of Awareness ..................... 4 2 Administration ........................ 44 Lack of organization ................. 44 Lack of co-ordination .............. 4 6 Scarcity of funds and low priority . 4 6 Shortage of Trained Staff .............. 48 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. III. WILD UNGULATES: STATUS AND MANAGEMENT . 51 M a r k h o r ................................... 51 Taxonomic position .................. 51 Straight-horned markhor .............. 52 Salient features .................. 52 Distribution ......................... 53 S t a t u s ................................ 54 Existing management .............. 56 Management objectives .............. 58 Management recommendations . 58 Chiltan markhor ..................... 61 Taxonomic position .................. 61 Salient features .................. 62 Distribution ......................... 64 S t a t u s ................................ 65 Existing management .............. 65 Management objectives .............. 68 Management recommendations . 69 Wild G o a t ................................ 71 Salient features ..................... 71 Distribution ......................... 72 S t a t u s ............................... 7 3 Existing management .................. 7 5 Management objectives .............. 77 Management recommendations .... 77 Balochistan Urial ..................... 80 Taxonomic position .................. 80 Salient features ..................... 80 Distribution ......................... 81 S t a t u s ................................ 82 Existing management .................. 84 Management objectives .............. 8 5 Management recommendations .... 86 Goitered Gazelle ......................... 88 Salient features ..................... 88 Distribution ......................... 89 S t a t u s ............................... 9 0 Existing management .................. 9 0 Management objectives .............. 9 2 Management recommendations .... 93 Chinkara Gazelle ......................... 95 Taxonomic position .................. 95 Salient features ..................... 95 Distribution ......................... 96 S t a t u s ................................ 97 Existing management .................. 99 Management objectives .............. 100 Management recommendations .... 100 Wild B o a r ................................ 103 Salient features ..................... 103 Distribution ......................... 104 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Status ............................ 104 Existing management .............. 106 Management objectives .... 107 Management recommendations . 108 IV. ROLE AND DEGREE OF POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION OF TRIBAL PEOPLE IN CONSERVATION 111 A Brief Review of Local People Participation Concept .... 111 Generation of funds for conservation projects ......................... 113 Benefits to the local community 115 Problems with the local participatory approach ........................ 116 Scope of Participation by Tribal Communities in Wildlife Conservation Efforts in Balochistan .... 117 Social and cultural setting 117 Objectives of local participatory approach ........................ 120