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Kriminalisasi Dalam Peraturan-Peraturan Daerah Di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Dalam Perspektifpolitik Kriminal

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Kriminalisasi Dalam Peraturan-Peraturan Daerah Di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Dalam Perspektifpolitik Kriminal M. Ahf Setiawan. Kriminalisasi dalam Peraturan-peraturan Daerah... Kriminalisasi dalam Peraturan-peraturan Daerah di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dalam PerspektifPolitik Kriminal M. ArifSetiawan Abstract There isanytrend ofcriminal threat intheendorsed laws in Yogyakarta Specialprovince. Itespecially deals with the regional tax viewed from criminal punishment perspective has been proportioned as the norm ofregulation, it seems thatto be forced socially and economically. The main aim of enclosing criminal sanction on regulation non-criminal punishment is actually forforcing inorderthatsocietymeet the EndorseLaws. Pendahuluan Hukum pidana dibangun di atas tiga Yang dimaksudkan dengan istiiah konsep utamayaitu; tindak pidana, kesalahan pemidanaan adaiah pengenaan ancaman dan hukuman pIdanaJ Tiga konsep tersebut sanksi pidana yang dijatuhkan kepada menurut Packer menlmbulkan tiga masalah sesecrang yang dinyatakan bersaiah secara mendasardalam hukum pidanayaitu: (1) what sah oleh Hakim pengadilan karena telah conductshould be designated as criminal; (2) meiakukan perbuatan yang diiarang dalam what determinations must be made before a hukum pidana atau bahkan mungkin tidak person canbe found tohave committed a crimi meiakukan perbuatan yang seharusnyajustnj nal offence; (3) whatshould be done with per wajib diiakukan. Packer mengartikan istiiah sons who are found to have committed crimi pemidanaan sebagai: nal offences.^ ^Moeljatno, Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana (Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1980). Herbert L Packer, TheiimitsofThe Criminal Sanction (California: Stanford University Press),him. 9.Packerberpendapat bahwa: Therationale ofthecriminal lawrestonthreeconcepts:offense,guilt, and punisment". 2Packer,/Wd. him. 16. 79 Criminal punishment means simply any jawaban terhadap beberapa masalah tersebut particular disposition or the range of permis seringkali bersifat dilematis sebagaimana sible dispositions that the law authorizes (or yang dikemukakan oleh Packer bahwa: It isa appears to authorize) in casesofpersons who necessary butnota sufficient condition for pun have beenjudgedthrough the distinctive pro ishment that is designed to prevent the com cesses ofthecriminal lawtobeguilty ofcrimes. mission of offences,^ yang dengan demikian Not all punishment is criminal punishment but menurut Packer pemidanaan itu perlu tetapi allcriminal punishment is punishment.^ sebenarnya tidak cukup (tidak efektif) untuk Dari penjelasan Packer tersebut mencegah seseorang melakukan kejahatan. sekaligus ditegaskan oleh Packer bahwa yang Teorl-teori tentang pembenaran dimaksud dengan istilah pemidanaan [crimi pemidanaan pada pokoknya antara lain akan nal punishment) adalah hukuman yang membahas masalah-masalah sebagai dijatuhkan secara sah terhadap seseorang berikut, yaitu mengapa sanksi pidana yang telah divonis bersalah melakukan diperlukan, siapa yang dapat menjatuhkan kejahatan. Tidak semua hukuman merupakan sanksi pidana, mengapa diperlukan hukuman pidana (pemidanaan), tetapi semua pemidanaan sedang dalam beberapa hal pemidanaan adalah hukuman. cukup diberikan dengan peringatan saja, dan Dari tiga konsep utama bangunan hukum mengapa ancaman sanksi pemidanaan perlu pidana tersebut—tanpa bermaksud mengurangi dibatasi?^ Mengenai masalah tujuan arti panting dari dua konsep lainnya—menurut pemidanaan, Packer mengemukakan penulis masalah pemidanaan nampaknya sebagai berikut: menjadi salah satu bidang kajian yang sering Inmy view, thereare two and only two mendapat "sorotan" perhatian. Banyak ultimate purposestobe servedbycriminal masalah yang berkaitan dengan aspek punishment: thedeserved infliction ofsuf kemanfaatan pemidanaan yang diajukan fering on evildoers and the prevention of sehubungan dengan keberadaan pemidanaan. crime, itispossible todistinguish a hostof Apakah tujuan diadakannya pemidanaan more specific purposes, butin theend ail dalam hukum pidana dan apakah ha! itu of themare simply intermediate modes of memang diperlukan, serta apakah pemidanaan one or the other of the two ultimate pur Itu memerlukan suatu pembenaran (justifikasi)? poses. These two purposes are almost Pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut nampaknya universally thought ofas being incompat sering diajukan manakala diperbincangkan ible; ...® masalah pemidanaan. Pembahasan dan Dengan demikian, menurut pandangan ' Packer, ibid.him. 35. * Packer, ibid.him.62. ®Sri Budiarti Hennyoso, Pengantar Diskusi Buku Herbert L. Packer mengenai 'Justification ofCriminal Punishmenf, pada Program Pascasarjana, Program Studi llmu Hukum Universitas Indonesia (Jakarta; 16 September 1993). Lihatjuga Packer, ibid. him. 9-10. ®Packer, ibid.him. 36. 80 JURNAL HUKUM. NO. 26 VOL 11 MEi 2004: 79-93 M. ArifSetiawan. Kriminalisasi dalam Peraturan-peraturan Daerah... Packer, hanya ada dua tujuan akhir yang penderitaan atas nama tujuan-tujuan yang hendak dicapai dengan pemidanaan, yaitu pencapaiannya adaiah masalah kesempatan memberikan pembalasan benjpa penderitaan saja. terhadap pelaku kejahatan untuk mencegah Hampir senada dengan pandangan dilakukannya kejahatan. Menurut pendapat Packer tersebut Gross berpandangan'bahwa Packer tersebut kita memang dimungkinkan pemberian pidana diumpamakan sebagai a untuk membedakan tujuan spesifik, tetapi- regrettable necessity, yaitu suatu keharusan pada akhimya semua itu hanyalah cara-cara yang patut disesalkan^ Pembenaran yang sifatnya pertengahan yang termasuk pemidanaan menurut Gross dijelaskan dalamsalah satu atau kedua tujuan akhirdari dengan mempergunakan perumpamaan yang pemidanaan itu. Menurut Packer keduatujuan ekstrim yaitu sepertl antara kedermawanan akhir in) secara universal sebenarnya (charity) dengan perbudakan (slavery). Dalam dianggap tidak cocok (ataubertentangan) satu hai ini Gross menuiis: dengan yarig iainnya.' Sincepunishment, unlike charity, is an evil, Berkaitan dengan macam-macam itneeds justification; and since, unlike sla pendekatan pembenaran pemidanaan very, itis not simply evil, it might be justi tersebut Packersampai pada satu pandangan fied. Justification ofpunishmentallperceive bahwa:Punishment Isa necessarybutlamen ' some grim necessity which make right in table form of social control. It is lamentable spite of the suffering and degradation it becauseitinflicts suffering inthenameofgoals produced.^ whose achievement is a matter of chance. Dengan demikian menurut Gross di atas Dengan demikian menurut Packer, karena pemidanaan bersifat jahat la tidak pemidanaan itu perlu tetapi sebenarnya seperti sifat kedermawanan, maka merupakan suatubentukyang patutdisesaikan. pemidanaan membutuhkan pembenaran, dan Karena pemidanaan mengakibatkan karena pemidanaan sebenarnya tidakiah ^Berdasarkan pandangannnya tersebut Packer mengemukakan adanya tiga macam pendekatan untuk melihat alasan pembenaran pemidanaan yaitu: Retribution, Utilitarian Prevention (Deterrence, dan Special Deterrence atau Intimidation), dan BehavioralPrevention (incapasHation dan Rehabilitation). Berdasarkan tiga macam kelompok pendekatan pembenaran pemidanaan tersebut Packersendiri mengajak untuk masuk ke dalam teori pemidanaan yangintegral. Packer, ibid, him 35-61,62-70. ®Hyman Gross, Justifcation ofCriminal Punishment (Hew York: Oxford University Press,1979). Dalam diktat Mardjono Reksodiputro ed.Sistem Peraditan Pidana Buku I(Jakarta: Lembaga Krimlnologi Universitas Indonesia], bahan kuliah, diterbitkan terbatas untuk kalangan sendiri di Program Pascasarjana ilmu Hukum Universitas Indonesia, hlm.61 - ^Gross, Ibid. him. 62. Meskipun pandangannya mengenai pemidanaan hampir samadengan Packer, namun teori-teori pembenaran pemidanaan yang dikemukakan oleh Gross temyala berbeda. Menurut Gross teori-teori pembenaran pemidanaan adaenam macam yaitu: (1) Removal ofsocially dangerous persons, (2) Rehabilitation ofsociallydangerous persons, (3) Paying one's debt tosociety, (4) Intimidation version ofdeter rence, (5) The persuation version ofdeterrence, dan (6) Apreferred Theory. Lihat Gross, ibid. him. 66-80. 81 benar-benar bersifat jahat, tidak seperti sla sementara waktu atau seumur hidup very, pemidanaan mungkin dibenarkan. (hukuman badan), dan bahkan bisa puia Pemberian hukuman untuk orang-orang yang bempa pencabutan nyawa. Dua terakhir dari bersalah memang sesuatu yang benar. empat macam ancaman sanksi pidana Dari pandangan Packer dan Gross di tersebut menurut penulis memang hanya atas, terlihat bahwa keduanya sebenarnya terdapat daiam hukum pidana, sedang dua mengakui sifat dilematisnya masalah ancaman yang pertama dikenai dalam hukum pemidanaan, di satu sisi dianggap sebagai keperdataan dan atau administratif." penampakan sifat jahat (evil), disisi yang Iain Mengingat sifat ancaman sanksi daiam pemidanaan masih mempunyai kemanfaatan hukum pidana yang sangatkeras tersebut, yaitu sehingga keberadaannya masih diperlukan ancaman pidana badan dan pencabutan tetapi untuk itu perlu adanya alasan nyawa, dalam hukum pidana sebenarnya pembenaran (justifikasi) yang tepat. Namun mengenal ajaran subsidiaritas, yang demikian hams pula diakui bahwa masih ada mengandung makna bahwa sebaiknya suatu pandangan iain yang justru tidak menyetujui perbuatan itu tidak diformuiasikan sebagai adanya pemidanaan dengan alasan masing- perbuatan pidana menumt ketentuan hukum masing, yang termasuk daiam hai ini misainya positif apabila dalam suatu masyarakat masih HulsmanJ° terdapat sarana-sarana yang lain untuk Bagi mereka yang pemah beiajar hukum mempertahankan nilai-nilai atau norma- pidana pastilah mengetahui bahwa salahsatu norma kehidupan. Atau kalaupun diperlukan sifathukum pidana yang tidak
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