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Geologic Features of Areas of Abnormal Radioactivity South of Ocala Marion County, Florida

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Geologic Features of Areas of Abnormal Radioactivity South of Ocala Marion County, Florida Geologic Features of Areas of Abnormal Radioactivity South of Ocala Marion County, Florida GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1046-J This report concerns work done on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with permission of the Commission Geologic Features of Areas of Abnormal Radioactivity South of Ocala Marion County, Florida £y GILBERT H. ESPENSHADE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1046-J This report concerns work done on behalf of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and is published with permission of the Commission UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1958 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Ofnce Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.00 (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract..____--_____-_-____-----_________________-_______-_-___ 205 Introduction______________________________________________________ 205 Radioactivity anomalies-___________________________________________ 206 Geology_______________________._.._________________ 206 Stratigraphy__________--______-_________-__-____-_--_-_-____ 206 Ocala limestone----_______-____________-___--______--_____- 206 Miocene sedimentary rocks.-..______________________________ 207 Pleistocene sediments.._____________________________________ 209 Structure_______________________________________ 210 Effects of weathering-.___-_____________________________________ 210 Drilling and sampling methods__________________________._____-____- 211 Uraniferous phosphatic materials..___________________________________ 212 Pellet phosphorite....________________________------______ 212 Clay-__________________________________-__-_ 216 Leached phosphorite.__________________________________________ 216 Conclusions_ ____________________________________________________ 218 References cited.__________--__-___-_________________--_---__-_-___ 219 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in packet] PLATE 12. Radioactivity anomalies south of Ocala. 13. Longitudinal sections and plan of auger drill holes 21-24. 14. Longitudinal sections of auger drill holes 25-29. 15. Longitudinal sections of auger drill hole 30. TABLES TABLE 1. Uranium, P20s, and quartz contents of different size fractions of samples of pellet phosphorite from drill holes.___________ 213 2. Uranium, P205, and quartz contents of samples of pellet phos­ phorite from the same (?) bed in four different drill holes _ 215 3. Uranium, PzQs, and quartz contents of samples of clay from drill holes...._________.__________________.__ 216 4. Uranium, PzOs, A1203, CaO, and quartz contents of samples of leached phosphorite from surface outcrops and float..____-._ 217 5. Uranium, P205, A12O3, CaO, and quartz content of samples of leached phosphorite from drill holes_____________________ 218 in CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM GEOLOGIC FEATURES OF AREAS OF ABNORMAL RADIOACTIVITY SOUTH OF OCALA, MARION COUNTY, FLORIDA By GILBERT H. ESPENSHADE ABSTRACT Areas of abnormal radioactivity south of Ocala, Marion County, Fla., discovered in 1953 by aerial survey, were investigated by surface examination and by 10 power-auger drill holes. Interbedded clay, clayey sand, and uraniferous phos­ phorite occur in the areas of anomalous radioactivity. Miocene fossils occur at 3 localities in these beds which are evidently outliers of Miocene sedimentary rocks on the Ocala limestone of Eocene age. The preserved outliers are southwest of the main belt of Miocene sedimentary rocks. The principal uraniferous rocks are clayey, sandy, pellet phosphorite that occurs in beds a few feet thick, and very porous phosphatic sand rock that makes abun­ dant float at many places. Apatite forms the phosphate pellets in the unweathered phosphorite. The very porous phosphatic sand rock is the highly leached residuum of the pellet phosphorite and is composed mainly of quartz, kaolinite, wavellite, and crandallite (pseudowavellite). It closely resembles the aluminum phosphate rock of the "leached zone" of the Bone Valley formation of Pliocene age in the land-pebble phosphate district. INTRODUCTION The geology of some areas of abnormal radioactivity south of Ocala, Marion County, Fla., was investigated as part of the Geological Survey's program of study of uraniferous phosphate deposits on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U. S. Atomic Energy Com­ mission. These anomalies had been discovered by the Geological Survey in 1953 in the course of aerial reconnaissance for uraniferous phosphate deposits (Moxham, 1954). One of the anomalous areas was examined at that time, and several other anomalies were later explored by means of a jeep-mounted power auger (Cathcart, 1954). The writer and L. A. Brubaker examined most of the anomalous areas in March 1955, and put down 10 drill holes at 3 localities with a power auger. Samples were taken for chemical analysis and miner- alogic study, and the drill holes were logged with a portable scintilla­ tion gamma-ray logger. 205 206 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF URANIUM The writer is grateful for the contributions made to this study by L. A. Brubaker during the fieldwork and by other colleagues of the Geologic Survey. RADIOACTIVITY ANOMALIES The occurrence of phosphate in this area had previously been reported by Matson (1915, pi. 3), and Cooke (1945, p. 158-159, pi. 1), who recognized outliers of phosphatic Hawthorn formation of Miocene age resting upon the Ocala limestone, and by various prospectors (Cathcart, J. B., written communication, 1955). For this reason the area was one of ten in Florida selected by J. B. Cathcart for airborne radioactivity survey. The aerial survey was made with scintillation- detection equipment by flying parallel traverse lines, a quarter of a mile apart, at about 500 feet above the ground (Moxham, 1954). Irregular areas of abnormal radioactivity were found between Ocala and Summerfield, which is about 13 miles southeast of Ocala (pi. 12). The average background radioactivity here, presumably over Ocala limestone, was about 1 /*r per hour (microroentgen per hour) at 500 feet above the ground; the highest anomalies recorded reached a maximum of 11/j.r per hour.1 Moxham (1954) points out that the anomalies seem to conform more or less to outliers of the Hawthorn formation, shown on the state geologic map by Cooke (1945). Several small areas of high radioactivity found during the geologic investiga­ tion are shown on plate 12; these evidently lie between the flight lines of the aerial survey. The area was not completely covered by ground examination, and it is possible that other small anomalies exist which were not detected. GEOLOGY STRATIGRAPHY OCAliA LIMESTONE The Ocala limestone of late Eocene age is the oldest formation exposed in the region, and exposures are scarce. Beds a few feet thick crop out in some sinkholes, but the formation is best exposed in abandoned quarries in the area covered by plate 12, and in active quarries a few miles to the north of the map area. The Ocala lime­ stone presumably lies beneath a thin mantle of soil and sand in nearly all the area shown in plate 12 except the areas of anomalous radio­ activity. The Ocala limestone is very fossiliferous, soft, porous, and white to cream; weathered surfaces are bluish gray. This limestone is 1 These values have been corrected from the values originally reported by Moxham (1954), namely 0.25 fur per hour for average background radioactivity and 2.75 /ir per hour for maximum radioactivity, which were found by later calibration tests to be too low (Moxham, written communication, 1955). ABNORMAL RADIOACTIVITY SOUTH OF OCALA, FLA. 207 characteristically almost pure and contains very little insoluble material. Light-gray chert containing silicified fossils occurs in lenticular masses that extend along the bedding and are a few inches to several feet thick. MIOCENE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Within the areas of abnormal radioactivity, the Ocala limestone is overlain by beds of clay, sandy clay, and sand. Phosphate pellets are abundant in some layers. These layers are exposed in only a very few places, but float of phosphate pellets, sandy phosphorite, and leached porous phosphorite is found at various places in the areas of abnormal radioactivity. Information about the detailed stratig­ raphy and lithology of these beds is derived mainly from the logs of the auger drill holes (pis. 13, 14, and 15). Beds composed largely of clay alternate with sandy beds that contain moderate amounts of clay; phosphate pellets are larger and more abundant in some sandy beds than in clay. The thickest sequence of beds presumed to be of Miocene age, nearly 65 feet, was cut in drill hole 28 (pi. 14); a thickness of 58% feet of beds assigned to the Miocene was cut in drill hole 30 (pi. 15). Fossils of Miocene age were found on the surface at 3 localities within areas of radioactivity anomalies. Hard white sandy lime­ stone with small phosphate pellets is exposed in slumped beds about 5 feet thick in a small pit about 200 feet northeast of drill hole 21 (fossil-collecting locality 63, pi. 13). Similar fossiliferous limestone occurs as float and low ledges along the roadbed at fossil-collecting locality 108, about 9 miles to the northwest of locality 63 (pi. 12); silicified oysters, shark teeth, manatee ribs, and abundant phosphate pellets are scattered over the surface here. Druid Wilson of the U. S. Geological Survey considered the fossils at these two localities to be of early or middle
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