NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION
Sheep breeding technology
Training materials of project
IMPROFARM - Improvement of Production and Management Processes in Agriculture Through Transfer of Innovations, Leonardo da Vinci Transfer of Innovations programme, number 2011-1-PL1-LEO05-19878
www.improfarm.pl
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
Content 1. Animal physiology ...... 7
1.1 Naming of particular groups of sheep ...... 11
1.1 General bio-breeding characteristics of the sheep ...... 11
2. Types of utility ...... 14
2.1 Woolly sheep ...... 14
2.2 Sheep meat type ...... 14
2.3 Sheep milk type ...... 14
2.4 Sheep sheepskin type ...... 15
2.5 Sheep usefulness of bilateral ...... 15
2.6 A versatile utility Sheep ...... 15
3. Typical race ...... 16
3.1 Merino ...... 16
3.2 Polish lowland sheep ...... 17
3.3 Wielkopolska sheep ...... 18
3.4 Anglomeryno sheep ...... 18
3.5 Lowicz sheep ...... 19
3.6 Zelaznienskia sheep ...... 19 3.7 Uhruska sheep ...... 20
3.8 Polish long-haired sheep ...... 21
3.9 Pomeranian sheep ...... 21
3.10 Kamieniecka sheep ...... 22
3.11 Polish mountain sheep...... 23
3.12 East-Friesian sheep ...... 26
3.13 Alpine White Sheep ...... 27
3.14 Bergschaf sheep ...... 28
3.15 Wrzosówka sheep ...... 30
3.16 Olkuska sheep ...... 32
3.17 Coloured Sheep Mountain ...... 35
3.18 Cakiel podhalański sheep ...... 36
3.19 Ile de France ...... 38
3.20 Blackface sheep ...... 39
3.21 Suffolk sheep ...... 39
3.22 Berrichonne sheep ...... 40
4. Sheep crossing ...... 42
5. Products sheep and their economic importance with special emphasis Małopolskie ...... 45
6. Breeding technology ...... 51
6.1 Thermal conditions ...... 53 6.2 Humidity and air movement ...... 55
6.3 Adjusting the microclimate fold ...... 57
6.4 Lighting ...... 61
6.5 Other factors microclimatic ...... 62
6.6 Stable for the rearing of sheep ...... 65
6.7 Electrical installation and lighting ...... 69
6.8 Plumbing - Plumbing...... 69
6.9 The most important types of buildings shepherd ...... 70
6.10 Features fold ...... 73
7. Maintenance systems and technologies of rearing ...... 77
8. Organic sheep production...... 85
9. Nutrition - Requirements and Recommended Practices ...... 89
9.1 Base feed...... 96
9.2 Nutrition various technological groups of sheep ...... 102
10. The most common disease entities...... 114
10.1 Ketosis ...... 114
10.2 Purulent inflammation caused hobble ...... 115
10.3 Mastitis ...... 117
10.4 Teat injury ...... 117
10.5 Congestion caused by breakage lists ...... 117 10.6 Bulge ...... 118
10.7 Ammonia poisoning ...... 119
10.8 Diarrhea ...... 119
10.9 Paralysis of perinatal ...... 119
10.10 Tetany ...... 120
10.11 Diarrhoea lambs ...... 120
10.12 Flu lambs ...... 120
10.13 Tapeworm ...... 121
10.14 Gastro-intestinal helminthiasis ...... 121
10.15 Forceps ...... 121
10.16 Scabies ...... 121
10.17 Deworming animals ...... 121
11. Good agricultural practices and hygiene and prevention ...... 123
11.1 Hygiene Policy ...... 129
11.2 Treatments allowed ...... 130
12. The nature and objectives of the measures necessary for the development of sheep production and its economics 131
13. Lines of action necessary for the development of sheep...... 133
13.1 Natural conditions that affect the development of sheep ...... 133
13.2 Organizational and marketing efforts to increase the economic efficiency of sheep ...... 137 13.3 Concentration of production ...... 137
13.4 Setting up producer groups and farmers organizations ...... 138
13.5 Organization of buying lambs and milk ...... 138
13.6 Promotion of sheep ...... 139
13.7 Alternative forms of activity on the farm ...... 140
13.8 Summary ...... 141
14. Case studies ...... 141
1. Animal physiology
Sheep as the earliest domesticated animal species, accompanied mankind for over 10,000 years providing them with meat, milk, wool and leather. For centuries, their image is also present in mythology, religion and symbolism. Sheep has not been subordinated to the popular trend of standardization of the genetic and production. Environment and sheep farming includes both the natural conditions - the region's natural and rural infrastructure, technical preparation of farmers to the use of certain treatments and technologies, and the possibility of alternative sources of income. Due to regional differences many models of sheep production should be expected. This should sustain regionalism, because in many cases it can be a marketing advantage and increase profitability of shepherd. Regionalism has also its drawbacks in the case of global marketing, which requires high quality and a level production batch. A significant obstacle inhibiting the development of rational sheep production is poor agrarian structure. Much of sheep are bred on farms in the backyard keeping system, causing elimination of effective genetic improvement opportunities and reasonable adjustments to production systems. Nevertheless, geographical conditions, the number of permanent grassland, the requirements of environmental and landscape protection predispose sheep as a natural participant of business processes in these areas. You can also talk about sheep farming in a sustainable or organic farming. Large parts of this area are difficult to use and sheep (except cattle) provide an opportunity for the proper use and management. Due to the fact that the wool is no longer a decisive factor for the profitability of sheep production technology should be a focused on a good quality of lamb meat. At the same time an opportunity for sheep breeding are national brand products, which can be successfully sold on the domestic market and the EU.
Given the trends in the system of human nutrition products tended towards health education and the prospect of economic growth and, consequently, increase of the standard of living, you must take steps to organize the market shepherd.
Sheep are livestock for multilateral utility, because it provides valuable products, such as wool, meat, skin, milk, besides, are also used in slaughter waste (intestines, horns, hooves), and manure. A valuable product is sheep lamb and mutton meat. Meat of the young individuals is tasty and nutritious, also sought on foreign markets is a valuable export product. A very important product to market are sheep skin used by the industry for products such as sheep skin fur and haberdashery. Sheep milk has a very high nutritional value because it contains twice as much fat and protein as cow's milk. The by-products obtained after slaughter of sheep are used to produce a variety of industry products. All of this argues for the necessity of development of sheep farming to meet the domestic demand and eliminate costs of imported wool. Raising sheep can be carried out both on farms large and small, intensive and extensive systems. A very important feature of this is that it is - except during shearing and lambing - very little time consuming, so it can be carried out where the felt labor shortages. In addition, work with the sheep is not very hard can be entrusted to older people. The national sheep population in comparison to other European countries, is characterized by a great diversity of race. In Poland, currently in use is 29 races and 19 genetic groups of sheep, such as breeding lines, crosses and hybrids prolific displacement.
In Poland, the number of sheep in December 2008 was 269 627 units, including 188 038 ewes, and even eighteen months earlier in June 2007, there were respectively 336 352 and 208 004 units. This disturbing trend of rapid decline in the number of sheep still persists and is very dangerous for the Polish sheep farming. Analysis of statistical indicators and the status of the sheep and the growing lack of profitability of sheep production in our country indicates a continuation of this trend in the long term. The decline affects both sheep herds and commercial flocks. Only in flocks of genetic resources, kept for the conservation of endangered native breeds of sheep there is a growing trend. Therefore impassable barrier stopping the drastic reduction of the number of population is number of 41 000, i.e. the number of sheep mothers that can be subsidized under the limited resources of the RDP in 2007-2013, and is served by the protection of endangered farm animal genetic resources .
1.1 Naming of particular groups of sheep Ewe - adult female sheep utilized for breeding; Ram - adult male used for breeding; Lamb - a young sheep; Wether - castrated male sheep for fattening.
1.1 General bio-breeding characteristics of the sheep In the scheme of zoological species domestic sheep (Ovis aries) belongs to the order Artiodactyla, suborder of ruminants and bovids family, which includes goats and domestic cattle. After wild ancestors preserved sheep: mobility, agility, the ability to overcome great distances in the march, the ability to climb steep slopes. Most breeds of sheep shows a strong herd instinct. This allows for the formation of herds counting during grazing more than 1000 pieces. Adult rams weight ranges from 40 to 160 kg (average in Poland 100 kg) adult ewes weigh from 30 to 100 kg (average in Poland 60-70 kg). Size expressed the height at the withers depending on race and gender (e.g. Polish Merino ram is usually more than 72 cm, and the ewe of 68 cm). The most common coat of sheep is uniformly white. There are also breed a white body and black head or mouth, or lower legs, completely black, red, brown, gray. Some discolored with age, are white or graying. There are breeds of sheep horned and hornless, also horns can occur in both sexes or only in males. Sheep horns have a triangular cross-section. Sheep skull is clearly convex and has a large part of the front. In bone, the sheep are 7 cervical, thoracic 13 or 14, from 5 to 7 lumbar vertebrae fused cross 4, and from 3 to 24 caudal vertebrae (shorttailed considered as sheep to the caudal vertebrae 13). The chest is roomy, has so many pairs of ribs, thoracic vertebrae far and among them only 8 pairs of ribs bridge. Variability of bone depends on such the type of utility sheep. The legs are long, which indicates to adapt to the fast lane. The final section of the fingers are hooves. Between the hoofs slit over each limb is a sebaceous gland between the hoofs mouth, which, like the skull cavity lacrimals called hole is a specific feature that distinguishes it from the sheep goats. The site draws attention to oral lip split in the middle into two parts muscular septum skin and developed stronger language than in other ruminants. Rounded to slashing are only found in the lower jaw. Thanks to these properties, sheep breaks the grass close to the ground, the lowest of all the grass-eating, and because it is light and handy can use pastures and feed remains unavailable to other livestock. Adult sheep have 32 teeth: 8 incisors and 24 molars located at 6 on each side of both jaws. Lambs milk teeth appear in the first week of life. As we age, are gradually replaced permanently. This allows you to determine the approximate age of the sheep. For 12-15 month all mandibular teeth only products. At the age of 15-18 months change pliers, internal mediocre 21-24 months, and half of the third year of life outside mediocre. In sheep 3.5-4 exchanged last summer teeth. Is a multi-chambered stomach, sheep and complex. The total capacity of all four chambers of the stomach in adult sheep is an average of 25-30 liters. Volume ratio stomachs are gradually changing with age of the animal, while accompanied by functional changes in the rumen. This should be accounted for and properly differentiate feeding lambs and adult sheep. Ruminating feed intake is from ¼ to 1/3 of circadian period. Sheep reach sexual maturity at the age of 5-8 months, a breeder of between 8 and 24 months of age. In most breeds of ewes seasonality of sexual activity. With normal usage breeding ewe gives birth once a year, but some sheep breeds can parent 3 times in 2 years or even 2 times a year. Pregnancy lasts an average of 150 days. In one litter born usually 1 - 2 lambs (in a few, a very prolific breeds can be up to 5 - 8 lambs. Rearing so many children is very complicated, because the sheep - the mother has two active udder teats. Newborn lambs, depending of race, individual features of parents, gender and level of maternal nutrition during pregnancy, usually weigh from 1.5 to 6.5 kg. soon after birth have a high capacity for self-movement and mobility. Longevity natural sheep was established at around 12 - 14 years, but usually they are removed from the herd at the age of 6 - 7 years. Thanks to the training of the relevant characteristics of the variety of live sheep adaptation, sometimes extreme climatic conditions. Among the most important characteristics of the sheep is a constant growth of woolly coat. Coat regrowth rate ranges from 5 to 40 g per day, but the 15 g of excess only more efficient sheep breeds. 2. Types of utility
Sheep domestication was a long time ago, because already about 8-9 thousand years b.c., first in Mesopotamia, then in Central Asia and Europe. Different environmental conditions and knowingly conducted selection, the selection of animals for breeding and cross-breeding of different breeds of sheep led to the creation of modern breeds and types of sheep. Most of the currently cultivated races or appearance, or use features not resemble their wild ancestors. Today reared sheep characterized by vastly more efficient wool, the better quality and higher efficiency slaughter and milk yield. Due to the nature of the resulting main product, we can distinguish the following types of utility sheep woolly, meat, milk, sheepskin and others. This division is very conventional and only indicative, because none of the current breeding sheep breeds in Poland does not represent only one type of utility, most of the combined utility has at least two sides. 2.1 Woolly sheep are of the highest quality wool: a single thin, dense and almost compensated for the entire body surface. Fleece (woolly coat) of these sheep is a compact, completely closed. Utility woolly sheep of late maturing, not very well use the feed, and their muscles are very weak. 2.2 Sheep meat type characterized by stocky, solid construction and heavy musculature. They grow quickly and make good use feed. Wool of a single, medium-thick or coarse. 2.3 Sheep milk type very early maturing, are quite delicate bones, thin skin and a very strongly developed digestive tract and udder. Annual milk production in Friesian sheep, the only representative of this type, it comes to 1200 kg per year. Wool uniform average thickness.
2.4 Sheep sheepskin type have a strong and elastic skin and coat mixed very useful for sheepskin. This type of utility represent Wrzosówka breed. 2.5 Sheep usefulness of bilateral such as meat-or milk-woolly woolly (the second part of the name determines the main direction of use) are characterized by intermediate features. Wool are uniform thin or medium. 2.6 A versatile utility Sheep are generally crude, not refined, low efficiency of wool mixed medium thickness, but is typically characterized by high resistance to disease and difficult to maintain. 3. Typical race
3.1 Merino the most consolidated domestic sheep racial group. They represent the direction of the meat- and-woolly and are grown throughout the country, in addition to the mountains and foothills region. Body weight of ewes and rams is as follows: 55- 75 kg and 90 - 120 kg. Lambs have good suitability for fattening dairy and intensive medium. Wool characterized by thin, uniform, assortment A-AB-B (22-29 m), with a capacity of 42-48% pure fiber. It is an early maturing breed, the fertility 130-170%. It is suitable for maintenance and grazing. It has developed a strong herd instinct.
Merino sheep
A large part of the population that animals in which estrus occurs almost throughout the year, and therefore in the herds of this breed can produce slaughter lambs throughout the year. We use this case to shorten periods between pregnancy and we can implement intensive lamb production system: three lambings within two years.
Polish Merino ram.
3.2 Polish lowland sheep - Under this name we understand a number of varieties of sheep produced on the basis of locally occurring primitive sheep, which refines and longflees merinoes English breeds (Lincoln, kent and leicester). They do not represent the same type, and therefore distinguish here include: Greater sheep, corriedale, sheep Lowicz, żelaźnieńskie and Uhruska. They are characterized by a similar pattern. Characterized by the average utility meat and high-performance wool. Maternal body weight is about 60-80 kg, rams 100-110 kg. They can be used for reproduction in the first year of life, their fertility is 130-150%. Well-suited for cross mark. - Under this name we understand a number of varieties of sheep produced on the basis of locally occurring primitive sheep, which refines and long woolly merinoes English breeds (Lincoln, kent and leicester). They do not represent the same type, and therefore distinguish here include: Greater sheep, corriedale, sheep Lowicz, żelaźnieńskie and Uhruska. They are characterized by a similar pattern. Characterized by the average utility meat and high-performance wool. Maternal body weight is about 60-80 kg, rams 100-110 kg. They can be used for reproduction in the first year of life, their fertility is 130-150%. Well-suited for cross mark. 3.3 Wielkopolska sheep is the largest and most uniform variety. Ewes and rams weigh respectively, 65-75 kg and 100-120 kg of wool. Wielkopolska sheep ewes ripen early, so you can hide them in the first year of life, when reached 70-75% of adult ewes. Lambs bred and hybrids after trykach meat breeds are very good material for slaughter.
Wielkopolska sheep
3.4 Anglomeryno sheep (corideil) created by used worldwide model of lincolnami merino cross. They are characterized by variety of wool BC-C (31-34 m), with strong luster and crimping. In comparison to ovine Wielkopolska mature later and may be covered at the age of 14-18 months. Slaughter lambs of this variety are worse but the growth rate observed in less adiposity obtained ink. Body weight may be ewes and rams 65-80 kg 100-130 kg. 3.5 Lowicz sheep formed with the participation of the breed rams kent and like Greater suitable for the production of slaughter lambs in the three lambings / two years.
3.6 Zelaznienskia sheep associating a primitive sheep bred in the vicinity of Lowicz leicester rams, and corriedalami merinoes. They can be used early reproduction average (14-18 months) and deserve the attention because of the high rates of reproductive performance - about 170% fertility. Body weight of ewes and rams is as follows: 55-65 kg, 100-115 kg.
Zelaznienska sheep 3.7 Uhruska sheep variation are very well adapted to the environmental conditions of the area south-east of the country. These are medium-sized sheep with a strong herd instinct. Average fertility is 150% and the weight of ewes and rams is as follows: 55-80 kg, 95-110 kg. Ewes can be used for reproduction in the age of 10- 12months.
uhruska sheep
3.8 Polish long-haired sheep - A group of sheep varieties produced in the postwar period, which differ from lowland fact that in creating them used merino. Therefore, their uniform fleece is thicker, has a assortment BC-CD, and bars are height 12-16 cm. Adapt well in difficult environmental conditions, good farm feed use. Maternal body weight is about 60-75 kg, rams 90-110 kg. Early maturing medium, prolificacy of 140%. Among the varieties of sheep long-haired meet a variety of very good conformation - Pomeranian sheep and great usability woolly - Kamieniecka sheep and mountain range in the type wool-meat and meat-and-woolly.
3.9 Pomeranian sheep recommended to keep the race in flocks of small, well adapted to the harsh local environmental conditions Pomerania. Sheep are large frame body weight is 65-75 kg ewes and rams 80-110 kg. Have good usability meat and lamb meat produce tasty and high quality.
Pomeranian sheep
3.10 Kamieniecka sheep Dried POHZ was prepared with the participation of rams: Lein, texel, kent. This variety is worthy of attention because of the very good adaptation to harsh environmental conditions. Ewes are characterized by earliness of ripening, it is recommended to first mating of young mothers at the age of 1.5 years. They represent the type of utility wool-meat, with very good features woolly (assortment BC- D, height 11-13 cm). Body weight is 60-70 kg ewes and rams 90-110 kg. They can be held in different regions of the country, although the population is most numerous in the region of Warmia and Mazury.
3.11 Polish mountain sheep is an important part of culture Highlands. These sheep are part of the landscape, from the point of view of overground tourist attractions of the region, and their grazing pasture protects against degradation. From now held in the Malopolska province sheep breeds only Polish mountain sheep farming has economic importance, and the majority of products of sheep on the market comes from this breed. Despite centuries of selection, it is a primitive sheep. It is characterized by moderate usefulness, but it is very well adapted to the harsh conditions of mountain regions.
Group of mothers race Polish mountain sheep with lambs
Polish mountain sheep is a breed of late maturing (18 months, overall growth - 3.5 years) and very sesonal. This breed is characterized by a milky-woolly direction of use, 3 fraction, mixed wool, a candidate primarily for the manufacture of carpets, textiles and folk art. It has a poorly developed conformation traits, making this a useful little lamb fattening. Mother sheep characterized by low fertility, rate of only 1.2 lambs per litter, while the threshold for profitability is at a level of 1.5 of ready lamb. Comparison of the exterior features of the Polish mountain sheep breeds in meat and meat wooll-low shows the parameters of meat. Moreover, it is not suited to intensive fattening and medium heavy. Assessment made by EUROP classification (German classification system merchantability sheep carcasses) resulted in a substantial part evaluated disqualification heavier carcasses. This is due to the fact that production of heavy lambs of the breed did not have far more important commercial and income obtained from export of live lambs Easter (milk) to Italy. However, in the region of mutton Podhale was used mainly for subsistence. Valuable advantage of Polish mountain sheep is a very poor carcass fat, but fat is deposited in the cavity of the body, mainly in the form of deposits kidney. Polish mountain sheep is derived from the Carpathian cakiel, which, together with representatives of the various ethnic groups inhabiting the Balkan Peninsula, in the framework of the so-called. Wallachian colonization, reached into the Highlands. This late medieval migration, advancing to the north line of the Carpathians course, led to the spread of culture in southern pastoral areas of contemporary Polish. For centuries, sheep were randomly and accidentally crossed with many varieties and breeds of sheep imported to Podhale. At the beginning of the twentieth century, when they started documented test operations, were very primitive population and varied in terms of exteritoried and production. Due to the harsh environmental conditions, inadequate nutrition and poor living conditions over the centuries, highland sheep at that time were more primitive than Cakle Carpathian, from which they were derived. It is not surprising that the improvement of highland sheep used Cakiel coming from the Carpathian region of Transylvania. The quoted text below is the current version of the image of the breed given by prof. Assoc. Julian Ciurusia - a scholar, a distinguished breeder and coach (Polish Mountain Sheep, Sheep in Poland). Polish mountain sheep is characterized by a light and harmoniously built body, supported by a relatively thin, dry, but strong legs, and a slightly redesigned, truncated and narrow hindquarters. Head light, straight profile, with usually horned rams, ewes with less. The narrow, slightly arched torso insufficient education emphasizes meat traits of the breed. Wool white, mixed, thick - is particularly suitable for carpet products. Loose covers, villi, the thatch construction and distinctive dorsal compartment. The ratio of down to a fraction of the thickness of the guide and the latter are the main indicators of the degree of processing of a coat. Belly well woolled, overgrown limbs at least to the ankles and wrists, and often below, the head of the line of sight. In addition there is a variety of white sheep with black wool, with age getting red, or graying, and also occasionally spotted individuals. In sheep white pigmentation is also often not covered with wool of the limbs, mouth and ears. Mountain sheep are used milky. Milk yield during milking ewes (150 days) ranges from 50 to 80 liters a fat content of 7-8%. Utilization sheep and lamb meat mountain is poor. Slaughter yield is approximately 40%, is characterized by the meat, however, very low levels of fat and has a good taste. One-sided selection of mountain sheep in the direction of woolly have an adverse effect on their milk yield, which for centuries this breed owes its existence. Increased sheep milk is the primary direction of selection for the race, given the growing interest in the market of milk products, especially oscypek and sheep cheese, which the producers obtain protection for a specific place in the Polish manufacturing. Total Polish mountain sheep population is estimated at about 50 000. Most is maintained in a flock of 10 to 30 sheep, and the size of a few more than 200 mothers. Ram Polish mountain sheep breeds Barrier to the implementation of the planned breeding of sheep is, paradoxically, the traditional practice of collective grazing, which was once the driver of its development. The reason for this is the most uncontrollable, harem mating during grazing, which in practice makes it impossible to carry out the planned breeding work. A similar effect can often sell the most plump lamb products for export, rather than those due to the selection criteria should be eliminated from the culture. In addition, the date of their sale by breeders does not coincide with the date of departure for pastures. Early weaning of lambs from their mothers forced to milking sheep breeders on farms until putting their shepherd. Not exactly causes the milking done gradually congealed in ewes and their lower milk yield during milking grazing. For several years, the main income of mountain sheep lambs to sell products, whose exports stands at about 30 000 units per year. Importers from Italy and Spain appreciate the quality, pasture nutrition and clean environment in which they are reared. Early increase the efficiency of sheep in the mountains, as evidenced in the Shepherd Mountain Station MA in Bielanka, it is possible by improving fertility and milk yield, crossing mountain sheep breeds of rams and the prolific three-way intersection pog meat breeds of rams. The implementation of such a program, however, should be in stores herds of mountain sheep.
3.12 East-Friesian sheep is a hybrid of the mothers race Polish mountain sheep and rams the East race. Has a high, coming in at 350-400 liters milk yield and early maturity breeder. Both in terms of fertility (about 200%) and body weight (ram: 100-120 kg ewe: 65-80 kg) exceeds the Polish mountain sheep. However, this breed is characterized by a lower resistance to environmental conditions, which can be operated in regions with milder climates. F1 hybrids characterized by rapid growth (growth in excess of 300 g daily), reaching the age of 7 months adult weight Polish mountain sheep rams. Seed production is at the level of about 150% (110-120% in the case of an element with a peak value of 180%) and the weight of offspring is higher on average, 10 kg (20%) compared to a mountain sheep. Ewes hybrids can hide in the first year of life to give more than 80% efficiency. F1 ewes milk productivity outweigh the mountain sheep by up to 100%. Still more preferred production results are obtained by the cross ewes with rams F1 F1. Body weight of little ram F2 on the second day after birth is about 1 kg higher than the Polish mountain sheep lambs, and after 7 months of the differences amount to about 13 kg, resulting in an increase in average daily gains of 60%, compared with lambs bred Polish mountain sheep. All parameters of carcass quality, their components, as well as indicators of slaughter F2 hybrids are clearly better, both of which characterize Polish mountain sheep, as well as F1 hybrids. This applies to carcass weight and slaughter performance, weight, thigh, and the percentage of meat in the carcass. This last difference means that in compensated age and reared under the same conditions of lamb (pasture, grazing with their mothers) of meat in the carcass weight F2 hybrids is 90% higher than that identified in pure-bred lambs Polish mountain sheep.
Groups of ewes hybrids F1 (East -Friesian sheep x Polish mountain sheep)
3.13 Alpine White Sheep comes from Switzerland, which represents the majority (56%) of numbering about 430,000 heads of sheep. Sheep high caliber, with a strong, compact build, arched very good ribs and muscles-particularly the party forward and rump. It is a race hornless; surround head is to the eye. Adult ewe body weight is 60-100 kg, adult rams - 90-130 kg. Wool uniform asortment BC-C (about 28-35μ). The annual wool yield is 4.0-5.0 kg rams, ewes - 3.5-4.5 kg, and productivity the 180-day regrowth - 4.0-4.5 cm. The average age of ewes Weisse Alpenschaf at first lambing is 21 months, with an average fertility of 150-160%. The distance between the lambings to 11 months. Lambs are best suited for grazing fattening (up to the age of about 6 months) and before the descent from the pasture average body weight gain of 40 kg. Yield lamb carcass is at a level of 46%, a content of meat and fat in the carcass, respectively, 64% and 14%. It was found that over 85% of carcasses originating from sheep lambs white Alpine, located in the U and R grades by rating EUROP. Sheep breed Weisse Alpenschaf characterized resistance to harsh environmental conditions (grazing above the upper limit of forests, to an altitude of 3000 meters above sea level) and a predisposition to extensive grazing fattening (without feeding). Calm are animals, showing a large herd instinct, which facilitates the organization of grazing. Kocaeli is relatively easy, and only in a few cases, human intervention is needed.
Rams race Alpine White Sheep
(Photo by F. Ringdorfer).
3.14 Bergschaf sheep (Tyrolean mountain sheep) was produced by crossing a very large breed of sheep kalibrowo Bergamaska (race wysokoplenna) with stone sheep (Steinschaf). Adult caliber pieces - medium to large, with a long torso, mounted on tall, strong legs. Bezrożna head, narrow, arched, with very long, hanging ears. Obrost head wool - to the eye. Bergschaf is very asezonalną race, wysokoplenną, with very good instincts and good maternal milk. Body weight of 12-month rams is 70 kg and lambs - 50-60 kg, adult rams - 70-130 kg and mothers - 70-90 kg, with an annual capacity of wool, respectively: 3-5 kg, 2.5-4 kg . Wool uniform with a tendency to the occurrence of light waves, the average asortment (C, about 30-35 μ). Bergschaf a race early maturing, and with good ewes rearing can be covered at the age of about 9 months. Prolificacy of the breed average is at a level 180-250%. For lambings three times in two years and the fertility achieved 180% average of 2.7 lambs per year. Average distance between lambings is 180-200 days. The present race is used, among others for the production of good quality (in terms of utility meat) lambs, aged 4-5 months reach 40-45 kg body weight. Fattening tryczków leads to weight loss in the range: 22-42 kg and ewes - 22-35 kg. Race is characterized by high fertility, maturity class and good meat content, and, most importantly, high resistance to adverse weather conditions. Small populations Tirolean Mountain Sheep (like the Alpine White Sheep) and its hybrids with Polish mountain sheep are kept in several farms in the area of Krynica.
Sheep breeds Tyrolean mountain sheep
(photo F. Ringdorfer).
Long-term, systematic crossbreeding scheme led to the production of synthetic meat line BWP/75, registered in the list of Polish sheep breeds under the code digit 41, with the participation of the following breeds of breeding work: 37.5% - Bergschaf, 37.5% - Weisse Alpenschaf and 25 % - Polish mountain sheep. In terms of the characteristics of fattening and slaughter far exceeds the Polish mountain sheep, and they are close to characterizing the Alpine race. The adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and the Polish commitment to the protection of endangered species and breeds, led to the extension of protection selected herds of sheep breeds focusing following: Polish mountain sheep color variety, korideil, Kamieniecka, merino color variety, sheep Olkuska , Pomeranian, świniarka, Uhruska, Wielkopolska, żelaźnieńska, wrzosówka, Tatra Sheep, merino old type. These are valuable indigenous breeds produced in a specific region, perfectly adapted to local environmental conditions, a significant resistance to disease and the use of a good feed. Characterized by a specific and unique characteristics and uses genotype. They provide milk and meat for specific sensory qualities. These breeds, because they have lower productivity in intensive production, and less important, and their populations rapidly disappearing. Genetic Resources Conservation Program Livestock includes 13 local breeds of sheep on the total number of units 34,403 units (2010). In some cases, the number of sheep breeds are at a level of about 450-650 units (eg świniarka sheep breeds, sheep or żelaźnieńska Olkuska), which can be a serious obstacle to the acquisition of breeding material. 3.15 Wrzosówka sheep is the second most numerous (the Pomeranian sheep already presented) of sheep breeds conservation. This is one of the oldest native breeds derived from the northern short-tailed sheep (Ovis brachyra borealis). Its native habitat area is the north-eastern Polish borderlands, and now Polesie area. In the period after World War II wrzosówka race was relatively popular. Even in 1955 the population was 3%, or about 120 thousand pieces. This is the type of sheep sheepskin-breeding. Very easy to adapt to different environmental conditions and climate, being a race that requires very little in terms of breeding and feeding conditions. It is characterized by a high vitality and resistance to disease. It is early maturing sexually race (about 7 months old) and asezonalną. Lambing in the average fertility of the breed is high at 140-200% and at two year lambings sometimes reaches the level of 280%. You can use the system 3 lambings within 2 years.
Due to the excellent taste and a very specific kind of meat (similar to venison - a dark shade), a small, few kilograms lambs are very happy as the material bought for slaughter, had previously been earmarked for export to Germany.
Group rams of the breed wrzosówka - fold Institute of Animal Production in Aleksandrowice
A strand of extracting the coat of a slightly different structure compared to the mountain sheep. Fraction of down is much bigger, the hair gets in touch with the length of hair leading core fraction. The ratio for the core downy hair is like 3:1. Skin obtained from Wrzosówka rivers are highly appreciated. The best come from 6.5-7.5-month rams. These skins have a very small mass, mainly due to a small area, and a thin coat of very thick. Leather inferior in terms of quality sheepskin sheep typically only Romanowski (more surface area and less dense coat). Due to the presence of two fractions woolly pile (hair thick, dark and thin, gray) and not too large, the density, is observed felting fibers. Sheep of this breed are small and dry figure of harmonious construction. Short backs, a sloping croup. Tail short, flattened, covered with hair - like the head and legs. With rams horns are wide apart, ewes are usually without horns. Head black, light, dry, simple profile with very long, thin and bustling ears. Limbs black, medium-high, thin and dry bones. Woolly coat color is gray and dark gray. Lambs are born black, and later started the process of graying woolly coat. Usually takes place at the age of 2-3 months and lasts until 8-9. months of age. Weight of adult sheep mothers: 35-40 kg adult rams: 45-50 kg. 3.16 Olkuska sheep was produced in the district was Olkusz (southern Poland) in the interwar period, as a result of the crossing of Pomeranian sheep rams Friesian sheep, and then - with rams Kent. Wool white, crimped, assortment C (30 - 35 microns). High fertility. This race is likely to have (like the breed Booroola) gene of high fertility - in the culture small herd reported cases of 5 or even 7 animals. Over the past 15 years, the size of a sheep population remains Olkuska at a similar level - about 600 mothers (40 herds). Currently, the material is located mainly in the two larger herds belonging to the School of Life Sciences and the University of Agriculture in Cracow and in several private herds, which belong to mr Korczyński of Imbramowice (Malopolska province) has the most valuable genetic material. Population does not guarantee preservation of genetic diversity of the breed, both because of the danger of inbreeding and genetic drift. Olkuska prolific sheep should have a long torso, construction typical of dairy animals and feeding well developed udder. Fertility of ewes two years and older, with wykocie once a year, should not be less than 200%, and reproductive performance no less than 180%. Both rams and ewes are characterized by early puberty, enabling the use of breeding in their first year of life.
Large head, long ears, ewes and rams hornless, head to the line cover ears, neck moderately long, big frame body and a long torso, limbs medium height, tail short, slightly covered with wool; muscle medium, the lamb feeding well developed udder. Woolly coat - semi-open, wavy, with a loose pole and soft grip, assortment C to D, a good cover, color - white. Body weight before the first breeding ewes at the age of 9 months - not less than 40 kg, ewes 3 years old and older - over 55 kg. Race has a high milk yield and a strong maternal instinct.
Olkuska sheep ewe breed of offspring: 7-handles (photo breeder, Mr. Korczynski, Imbramowice, 1998). 3.17 Coloured Sheep Mountain has a slightly different character than the coat of the white variety (Polish mountain sheep), suggesting a different structure primordial follicles. This is particularly evident in lambs in the first weeks after birth. Exterior is similar to the white mountain sheep. Universally usable as a sheep is milked in the summer, during grazing.
Ram breed colorful Polish mountain sheep
After weaning, lambs produces a similar amount of milk to the white varieties such as mountain sheep in the range 35-60 kg of milk containing 7-8% fat. Close to 100% fertility, fertility - 115-120%. Color change, which is homozygous recessive characterized by the same parameters except for the color of the wool. During the grazing season in the mountains of wool gaining a little fade dark chocolate color. 3.18 Cakiel podhalański sheep ages were held in Podhale Podkarpacie and Beskids. The tradition dates back to the sheep farming movement period Walachian-Russian pastoral tribes along the chain of the Carpathians, which lasted from the fourteenth century and ended in the Moravian Gate in the sixteenth century. There were two varieties distinguished Cakiel Tatra: the western and eastern. Around the Western Carpathians Podhale and was only grown white variety. To the east, and prevailed in the eastern Galicia and the variety of dark (or black), reaching beyond the pre-war borders to Romanian Transylvania and Bessarabia. After World War II, along with starting work on the improvement of the white variety Cakiel Polish Tatra adopted the name for the group Polish mountain sheep. However, the type of sheep in the Tatra Cakl are still found in mountainous areas. Tatra Sheep is characterized by resistance to harsh environmental conditions and high health status. It is a sheep stud, with a strong maternal instinct.
Cakiel podhalański sheep (the beginning of the XX.) Cakiel podhalański sheep (2007 r.).
Preferred direction of current use of sheep meat makes in recent years, increased interest in meat breeds and lines of domestically produced meat: Blackface, Suffolk, Berrichon, dorset horn, ile de france, Charolaise, texel, Caspian and Black-line meat. Sheep are characterized by maturity class and high-caliber body ewes and rams 65-70 kg 100-125 kg. In national terms, however, often receive lower reproductive performance parameters than in the country of origin. Lambs after rams race: ile de france, Berrichon du Cher, suffolk suitable for fattening dairy and intensive body weight 30 kg, while for higher standards blackhead weight - 40 kg. are useful for the production of heavier lambs (extended intensive fattening) are characterized by very low levels of body fat. This breed is characterized by the production of high-quality wool. In the 80s and 90 of the last century brought the Polish race dorset horn and Charolaise. Dorset Horn breed only in the country grilled meat, has a very good meat and utility parameters is recommended for fattening to low standards of weight (20-25 kg). These sheep have a long season of sexual activity so the herd can provide rhythmic production of lambs on the market. Seed production of 160-170% puts me in first place of the beef. Very good fertility and milk yield but are characterized by Charolaise ewes bred in France and imported into the country in the mid-90s The twentieth century. Currently, the number of ewes is more than 700 animals. Due to the achieved reproductive performance indicators have been introduced to the Program Improvement fertility fertility and improve maternal breeds. Charolaise Ewes are very good mothers, lambs breed a great weight gain back more than 400 g / day. At the age of 70 days rams receive on average about 22kg.
3.19 Ile de France – Breed imported from France. Muscular, with a deep body. It has a well- filled inner and outer spheres. Merino wool type, less hairy belly. Body weight is 100-125 kg rams, mothers 65-75 kg. Seed production is approximately 135%. Well acclimate to the lower-lying areas
Ewe breed Ile de France (“Sheep in Poland”)
3.20 Blackface sheep - Blackface present in Poland was mainly imported from Germany, this breed of sheep. It is characterized by a black head and legs. It has a medium-length large and deep trunk with a broad back. Construction of a typical sheep meat. Legs well developed and muscled. Body weight is rams 90-120 kg, 65-85 kg mothers. Seed production is approximately 120%. Well acclimate to the lower-lying areas and the uplands. They give good results in the crossing of goods.
Blackface ewe breed
3.21 Suffolk sheep This breed comes from the UK. These sheep have a long and deep body of the party very well muscled lumbar-dorsal, black head and legs. Construction of a typical sheep meat. Legs well developed and muscled. Rams body weight: 120- 150 kg, mothers: 80-100 kg. Seed production is approximately 130-150%. Sheep breed well acclimate to both the lowlands and the highlands, crossing trademark used for the production of lambs for slaughter.
Suffolk ram breed 3.22 Berrichonne sheep This sheep imported from France. They are characterized by a small head. They have a long and deep body with a broad back. Race meat. Legs very well developed and muscled. Body weight is 100-120 kg rams, mothers 70- 85 kg. Seed production is approximately 125%. Well acclimate to the lowlands. They give good results in the crossing of goods.
Berrichonne race ram
Paternal prolific race are primarily used as a component in a two-stage crossing to obtain a high performance ewe reproductive performance. There follows father's prolific breed: Friesian sheep, Romanowski, Finnish, Olkuska fertile sheep and Booroola Merino. Finnish sheep, Romanowski and Booroola Merino breeds asesonal are 200-280% of fertility. Friesian sheep in addition to high fertility (220%) has a very good milk production, so the ewes rams hybrids after this race very well keep lambs after weaning and can be milked. In this case, the acquisition of milk consumption may be an additional source of income for the sheep farm. Noteworthy is also the only fertile breed of sheep native Olkuska characterized by yielding about 220%, and meets the fertility of ewes 300 and 500%. It is believed that the high fertility gene is conditioned by the presence of a large effect. Within each set of races conducted breeding work aimed at breeding progress and ultimately improve the characteristics of successive generations. The method of improvement is to carry out the selection or choice of the parents of the next generation. For further breeding should therefore getting individuals with the highest breeding values. In the selection of breeding material in breeding herds selection indicator is used, taking into account many of the characteristics and conducted on the basis of selection index. The index are estimated separately for a meat breed, and breed maternal and fertile. The method of selection index, under certain assumptions, allows you to rank the evaluated rates of animals in the herd. The problem is the comparison of individuals with different types of birth, located in different herds. Widely used assessment of livestock breeding value based on the method of BLUP - animal model allows the ranking of individuals across the population estimate, regardless of the constant factors differentiating it: sex, type of birth, number of lambings, ewe and herd. The method of BLUP - animal model can only include stocks, which were evaluated by a national index of at least 20 offspring at least 2 rams. The proposed evaluation method of breeding sheep BLUP complements national assessment based on a selection index. Such an evaluation for a national index treated as observational feature has been implemented for stocks at the Institute of Animal father in 2004. The results of studies confirm the validity of its introduction - the average index value for offspring traits rams classified as the best show in the four most numerous breeds represented a distinct advantage in the features observed in comparison to the total population estimate.
4. Sheep crossing
In our country many times attempts were made to improve the usefulness of sheep meat. Associate Polish mountain sheep were carried out mainly with the following breeds of sheep: Suffolk, Bergschaf, Weisse Alpenschaf and Friesian sheep and satisfactory results in spite of crossing they were not universally accepted by growers and fixed in practice Polish mountain sheep breeding. However, it still does not have utility pog. forces making new attempts at finding ways to improve the level of its usefulness. As mentioned above, the cross marks the races with higher values conformation, milk yield and fertility raises sheep and crossed utility allows you to get a good production results in a short time.
There are two groups of freight crossing: 1. simple cross, such as a result of which the entire hybrid offspring is assigned for slaughter, 2. continuous crossing, which obtained hybrid ewes rams are covered with one or more races.
The first group may include a simple cross: Crossing two races (single). This is the simplest and most widely used method of breeding sheep. The aim of this approach is to improve lamb growth rate, decreased feed consumption per 1 kg of weight gain and improved conformation and slaughter value of lambs, all of which are earmarked for slaughter. The disadvantage of this method is that it does not increase maternal fertility and thus increase the profitability of production obtained is small. For this crossing can use all beef raised in this country.
Crossing three races (two-stage). This crossing allows for a greater number of lambs with good suitability for fattening and slaughter value better. In the first stage of the breeding ewes associated with the breed fertile rams (sheep Romanov, Finnish, Frisian, Olkuska). However, in the second stage, the generation of F1 ewes rams crossed is beef (suffolk, Berrichon du Cher, ile de France, Charollais, Dorset Horn). F2 progeny obtained young rams and ewes in the second generation (the second level crossing) and rams the F1 generation (first grade crossing) is entirely devoted to the fattening and slaughter. Crossing two-step gives a very good production results, as used here is the phenomenon of maternal and individual heterosis hybrids F2. Crossing it is recommended for use in large flocks as it requires both the breeding of pure-bred ewes and ewes hybrid F1 generation. It is very contracted to improve the usefulness Polish mountain sheep.
For continuous methods include cross: Crossing commutative. It involves crossing each other in turn two races. In subsequent generations of hybrids ewes rams are covered with one or the other race. The best results of this cross breed of the mother get the (local) is a prolific breed or line-meat and other meat. The advantage of this method is also that ewes obtained by this crossing remain in self-repair flock rams are purchased only. This method because of the simplicity of the organization and benefits is highly recommended. Rotational crossbreeding. It involves crossing three or more races for many generations. The advantage of this cross is that it can be carried out in packs, irrespective of their size. The renovation of the stock in the next generation is left to the best hybrid ewes and lambs obtained are aligned in terms of fitness for fattening and slaughter value. Moreover, in every generation hybrids maintains a high level of heterosis. Before choosing a method of cross mark must be taken into account environmental conditions and way of living sheep, because not all methods of crossing an equivalent degree will get the planned production target. The environmental conditions of the mountains, the sheep grazing on pasture spend is not recommended keeping the crossing, which may lead to denial determining the characteristics of a good adaptation to the harsh environmental conditions of local sheep breeds. Because the loss of this resistance instead of increasing productivity may be impaired.
Allow cross breeding method in a sustainable way to make cross-breed sheep. The result of such an action are genetically fixed desirable production traits and breeding. Crossing creative. It involves the production of new synthetic breeds or strains of sheep at the scheduled percentage of each component in the final crossing of the target generation. This method has been applied widely in our country in the 60s of the twentieth century to produce a population of lowland sheep and longfleece.
5. Products sheep and their economic importance with special emphasis Małopolskie
Wool for centuries been the primary product identified with the breeding of sheep in the world. To the 80s the last century wool production in Poland was the primary aim of keeping sheep on the farm. Low prices offered to farmers stimulated selection lines of sheep of all breeds in the direction of woolly, which adversely affected the usefulness in other fields - meat and milk. Although in this period, exports of live sheep was carried out - the limit of the limits of the quota granted by the EU, but there were no population selection in this direction (with the exception of improving interracial breeding lamb meat content). Polish mountain sheep milk production - the only race Malopolska milked during the summer grazing - are impaired. The reason was the lack of control of milk performance, as well as exports of milk lamb before Easter. Also failed to make an official inspection Friesian milk sheep, considered to be the most powerful race in terms of milk production.
Covered with wool sourced from sheep excess maintenance costs of all races, from producing high-quality raw merino, held in the intense, extensively cultivated for mountain sheep. In 2007 Poland produced 955 tons of wool, and the focus of this 32.5%. The average price paid at the end of 2006 was 2.90 PLN / kg. In the absence of wool business purchasers, coordinating the organization of larger batches of wool for occasional buyers in recent years has been RZHOiK in Nowy Targ. The rest of the breeders looking for customers on your own. Currently no economic significance, what's more - does not provide for the revival of this type of production in Poland. There are several reasons for this. First, 20 years on the market available to the public a wide range of new textile materials, which in terms of technical parameters exceed the most wool products (thermal insulation, water resistance, lightness and durability. Secondly, luxurious textiles to which is added wool currently require large Party assortments of high quality, better than produced by domestic sheep (of the nature of our culture very different in terms of woolly coat.) Thirdly, the market economy - the lack of subsidies and cheap wool imported in any quantities and assortments. Australia and New Zealand, making this direction - as in Europe - unprofitable. You can clearly tell that the product used with great economic importance, which is the wealth of organizations focusing mainly Merino sheep (eg Mesta in Spain), lost its economic importance, both in Europe and in Poland. To sum up: Wool is a perplexing product is currently difficult to organize and not covering the cost of shearing, but unfortunately permanently associated with the breeding of sheep. In the near future, do not scratch the prospect of cost-effective use of this resource. Sheepskin supply on the domestic market is small, because of Polish exports mainly live animals. It is estimated that the market offered Małopolskie year is about 10 000 skins. These skins come from the slaughter of lambs for slaughter, selected rams, gaps and slaughter of necessity. So it is a very diverse goods and neither the volume nor the quality is not interested in higher plants fur. Most of the skins going to the market comes from the largest breed of Malopolska - mountain sheep. Skin are low suitability to produce high quality confectionery products, due to their large weight, thin hair, and the thickness is not compensated. There is often called here. "Strap" that is, a significant thickening of the dorsal, with a very thin region of the abdomen. These features preclude the use of such material for sewing garments in high quality. The leather used in remote times were mass Fur. Only skin wrzosowka were considered the most useful for the production of dross because of the lightness and strength. Currently, derived skin are managed by local furriers and used to sew small batches of coats, blankets, and a colored or white leather decorating and enjoying strong demand regional slippers. To sum up: Obtained skins of sheep characterized by a great diversity of quality. It does not represent a valuable raw material for the production of high-quality clothing. Fur contained in our market are made from the skins imported in large, uniform batches of Iceland and the UK.
Sheep meat in Poland is recognized part of consumers. Typically, it has been traditionally used for subsistence peasant families. In the postwar years were primarily live sheep export - lambs to the western countries, adults and cull sheep - to the Arab countries. Only in the villages, especially in Podhale, sheep meat was used in their own farms. No lambs slaughtered very young (milk), as the high price of wool lamb justify detention until the end of the grazing season, at the end of which they were trimmed. Until recently, the most commonly offered type of sheep meat in the retail trade was mutton - meat from animals older and often faulty - or imported, low on the western market, frozen meat, originating in New Zealand and Australia. Such meat is usually too greasy and characterized - in the opinion of the majority of consumers - not acceptable odor.
Lamb meat is a very rare item in the market. In our holiday culinary traditions, as opposed to Italian or Spanish, where at least three times a year (Christmas, Easter and August 15 in Ferragosto), eats a very young lamb, there was no place for this type of meat. Greater consumer interest in lamb and mutton will require intensive promotion and advertising, both by regional farmers associations, local authorities, government agencies, and above all - by the same breeders. Global production of sheep for slaughter in Poland stands at 5.2 thousand. tonnes (according to live weight, 2007). In Galicia this production makes up 21.15% of the "lamb" in the country and is 1 thousand. tonnes, of which nearly 40% is managed at the local market. Material slaughter lambs are mostly under the age of 1 year, with a mass of race, or type of crossing. Since the performance of the national slaughter sheep ranges from 40% for mountain sheep and 45% for hybrids and other races, the weight of the meat to the development of the market does not exceed 200 tonnes, which in per capita terms the region is less than 100 g of meat per year. According to the Central Statistical Office in Poland in 2007, the focus of animals produced 45.7% and it was the same number as in 2006, which is the tendency persists. Subsistence farms sheep have used up 39.2% of its production of live sheep. Market sheep meat (mutton and lamb), despite little significance in the volume of meat production in Poland in general, has some prospects. There is a growing interest in the meat by good restaurants, which indicates slow changes in consumer preferences. This is due to the increasing affluence of Polish consumers (lamb dishes are expensive), and changes in eating habits of society, are increasingly inclining towards diet and healthy products. Although the food is served in good restaurants is prepared in most of the imported lamb, well-prepared, respectively, confectionary, but also part of the meat comes from domestic production. Therefore, it is necessary not only to promote the meat, but also the breeding program and organizational measures that would allow the market to offer a single lot. Sheep's milk products. In Poland, nearly all products from sheep's milk comes from mountain regions. Only there for centuries dojono traditional mountain sheep and sheep's milk was processed in the huts. By the end of the 80s Twentieth century, in addition to profitable wool from sheep mountain (milked from May to September) achieved an average of 40-50 liters of milk, which would more than covered the cost of summer grazing. In central and northern Poland sheep were hardly dojone.Obecnie, southern Malopolska are milking is carried out almost 38 thousand. each sheep, which produce approximately 1 500 000 liters of milk within 110 cozy mountain huts. Number of sheep milked in individual huts range from 250 to over 1000 pcs. Sheep are traditionally milked manually. Due to many reasons, which could include the purchase of high cost, lack of the necessary infrastructure in the mountains, low milk yield of mountain sheep and a small fitness for milking, the equipment has not met with interest shepherds. By the end of the 80s the last century, half of the grazing season to milk was processed in accordance with the centuries-old tradition, the bundz, which was bought from shepherds and processed into cheese. It was not until the middle of the season as soon as the milk contains more fat and dry matter - started production ostiepky. Currently, due to the huge demand for these cheeses, oscypeks produced throughout the season. Oscypek is the flagship product of sheep regional mountain, the mountain sheep, which has been protecting the place of manufacture and name. Bundz is the primary sheep cheese. Due to the rich flora (sheep's milk is not pasteurized), it ferments very quickly, so that its time to eat is short. For this reason, has always been considered an intermediate in the production of a more stable bryndza. Is on sale at markets and huts. Both amateurs is in the first phase after production when sweet, and after a few days, when it dominates the taste of sour. Price per kilogram of cheese ranges from 15 zł. To produce 1 kg of cheese requires approximately 4.5-5 liters of sheep's milk. Due to leakage of the whey, a commodity in the sales troublesome. Therefore, most of the cheese was stored on shelves in the huts for about two weeks and sold for further processing into cheese. The volume of supply bundz sheep products on the market has a very pronounced seasonality. At the beginning of the season, when the sheep milk production is high, sheep's milk is processed into less laborious bundz. During the period of intensive field work takes place similar trend. In view of the increasing demand for sheep cheese and bryndza, bundz as part of the final product on the market will show a downward trend.
Bryndza is a very popular product throughout the Carpathians. Milling of mature bundz with 2-3% salt, and then the exact compaction (in stone or wooden vessel in order to deprive him of air), it allows you to store cheese preserved for several months. Bryndza gained recognition outside the region of the mountains and is now used as a spicy addition to many dishes and sandwiches. Is very popular among the customers, and even in times of prosperity the demand exceeded the supply of sheep on the delicatessen product. Currently, after the EU bryndza protect the character and the name of the straits podhalańska (PDO), entitled shepherd can be produced in a shepherd's hut. Sold in stores straits with different names than "podhalańska," produced by dairy plants, enters the market as the straits sheep- cow cheese with the addition of different cows. Some of these cheeses because of mass production, dairies in force (such as pasteurization of milk and thermization products, company recipe), depart their taste and texture of the original values of sheep cheese. Therefore, the primary objective should be to maintain producer of quality standards in its production, as a regional product. Bryndza kilogram price ranges from 15-20 zł (the hut, the price in the shops - more than 30 zł / kg). Demand for this product now and in the future will exceed supply.
Żentyca. The cheese consisting mainly of whey proteins (albumin and globulin), separated from the whey by heating it. In our tradition, the cheese is consumed in liquid form. In each hut for cheese production are to use substantial amounts of whey, reaching several percent of milk used. Although żentyca is only part of the volume of whey that is a significantamount. Is consumed on the spot and never sell it outside hut. Due to the low durability, żentyca is distributed and sold in stores offered. 6. Breeding technology
One of the basic principles of farming properly to ensure optimal animal welfare. This is reflected in the optimization space and their microclimate, proper handling, feeding and watering, as well as in ensuring the company of other animals, and freedom of movement. In breeding sheep buildings play a key role, especially in the climatic conditions of our country, where a significant part of the year by the sheep are staying indoors. They isolate the animals from the external environment, often adverse to their well-being and productivity. On the microclimate inside the fold largely affected animals in the processes of heat transfer, water removal, the production of CO2 and other gases. So microclimate of the space can be defined as a set of physical, chemical and biological compartments enclosed space (walls, ceiling and floor), which directly affect the animals and determine their living conditions. The main components of the microclimate in the premises for sheep are: temperature, humidity, air velocity, permeability barriers heat, cooling, air pollution level of harmful gases and dust, and lighting and sunlight inside. Particularly sensitive to the quality of the microclimate of the premises are imported sheep breeds (eg sheep wschodniofryzyjska). Ensuring adequate animals mentioned factors - including, among others. physiological status and age - is one of the basic assumptions of rational breeding and may be reflected in their high productivity and high quality of the products. Deterioration of the microclimate areas the fold leads to lower productivity of animals, their resistance to disease, delayed growth and development of young people, and in extreme cases cause falls. In animals observed metabolic disorders, reduced digestibility and absorption of nutrients. Studies have shown that sheep do not provide suitable microclimatic conditions specified for their requirements of quality and welfare, such as keeping animals in damp, cold, drafty and poorly ventilated reduces their productivity by 10-40%, increase in feed consumption by 12-35 % and 2-3 fold increase in their susceptibility to diseases (especially lambs and young people). Deteriorates the quality of the resulting products: milk is contaminated, becomes a kind of smell ammonia, increasing its acidity and bacterial content. The meat slaughter lambs undesirable glycolytic metabolism, leading to the formation of the so-called. PSE meat (bright, soft, watery).
6.1 Thermal conditions The indoor thermal conditions determines the amount of heat, which give the animals into the environment and the total heat loss from the building. The daily production of heat by animals depends on their body weight, age, current physiological state (pregnancy, lactation, growth), activity and temperature. The lowest heat production called basic metabolism was observed in fasted animals, staying in the thermoneutral zone in complete peace. For all the basic metabolism of mammals can be expressed by the equation:
M = 70 W 0,75 M – basic transformation; W – weight
In practice, the heat production of sheep is from a few to tens of percent higher than the standard, depending on the activity level of physiological and feeding. Shhep is a species specific, as no farm animal is not subjected to over the life of such a drastic human intervention in the process of thermoregulation, and it is the fleecing. Sudden deprivation of sheep wool protection afforded significant loss of heat, the more, the greater the difference between the temperature of the skin and the air. To counteract this process, the body of the animal immediately activates the mechanism of reducing the blood supply to the skin, which after a few minutes, its temperature decreases. If this mechanism is not sufficient, the animal will activate the processes that are called chemical thermoregulation, consisting in increasing the production of heat by the combustion of the spare, mostly fat. As regrowth wool insulation is improved and sheep reduces heat production. Observations on sheep breeds Polish mountain sheep have shown that these animals under adverse temperature conditions reduce their milk production and weight gain. Even slight changes in design, consisting of the replacement of the traditional barracks perches boards make up the mountain pastures during the windless night, the temperature inside the stable not differ from prevailing in a covered area. However, maintenance of sheep shorn in the barracks until late fall quickly deprives them of power supplies that have accumulated during the summer grazing. Although several months offshoot sheep wool to keep the negative tolerate temperatures (up to-200C), the fact remains that their welfare is to ensure a minimum temperature of about 50C. A temporary drop in temperature to 00C, and even below does not substantially decrease the efficiency, particularly in a suitable and sufficient nutrition. During lambing and the first days of life, and they should provide a temperature of 10-120C. It should be noted that keeping the sheep in insulated areas allows to reduce the consumption of feed and their effect on thermal comfort. The proposed farm buildings seeks to create the conditions for the behavior of the balance between the heat produced by the animals, and the losses occurring through partitions (walls, ceiling, floor) and ventilation.
Qb + Qw = Qzw [kcal/h] Qb – heat loss from the building; Qw – heat loss through the ventilation; Qzw – heat production by animals.
Sheep buildings are not heated, and must meet certain conditions for keeping the heat generated by staying in the animals and decomposing manure. Sheep-ewes produce, on average, based on weight, from 80 kcal / hr. (40 kg) to 110 kcal / hour. (65 kg), and the rams - 120 kcal / h. (100 kg). The heat given off by one adult sheep allows you to heat approximately 4-4.5 m3. Assuming that 1 unit in the fold for about 1 m2 of floor space, the ceiling of the building should be located at a height of about 4-4.5 m above the utility. Accumulates in the sheep manure should be removed in the autumn, which allows for a sufficiently thick layer of new it before winter. In summer, when the flock is a group layer of manure, occurring at the time excess heat in the building can be easily overcome by opening the gates of the upper wings and windows fully open and ventilation ducts. The degree of thermal insulation fold depending on the type of material from which it is built. Generally preferred are flocks made of wood. This material provides good insulation in addition to the desired climate in the building. Due to the fact that this material is relatively expensive, tend to use blocks or bricks. 6.2 Humidity and air movement
In addition to temperature very important role in the welfare of sheep, in particular - being born lambs, plays humidity and air movement. Humidity has an effect on the life processes of animals, causing major changes in their economies heat. Sheep are extremely sensitive to the species of excessive humidity, which adversely affects their health, is destructive to the wool, and is particularly dangerous for them at low temperatures. However, the air humidity, high temperature heat transfer difficult physiological through evaporation and facilitates survival of the microorganisms in areas of the pathogen. Although sheep can tolerate temperatures below 00C, but in dry and draft-free. Fold relative humidity should be at the level of 75%. When the value exceeds 80% of the observed resistance is to reduce the occurrence of animal and respiratory diseases, increased feed consumption and worse utility. Alive of her newborn depends on its launch in utero accumulated reserves and produce enough heat, which is sufficient to maintain a constant temperature in new environment. Experiments have shown that such power supplies derived from lambs fed mothers well reach 250 kcal / kg of body weight. This allows the 3-kilogramowemu lamb during several minutes to achieve and maintain the level of production of heat 50-150 kcal / hr., Ie as much as one hour in 50-pound prepared sheep. This significant energy expenditure is short-lived, because limiting it to certain fat stores. Drying after birth consumes the most energy, and a strong air flow wet cooling can increase lamb up to 6-fold compared with the lamb dry. When constructing a building and its ventilation flock should also take into account the amount excreted by sheep vapor that the high art of translation is 300 g / fold h. Ventilation building and insulating walls shall be designed so that the difference between the air temperature and the inner surface of the wall did not exceed 30C. The idea is to avoid the so-called. , And dew point'' and - as a consequence - of condensation on the walls and ceilings of the building. Increased movement of animals may also cause an increase in air humidity, which in the form of water (dew) settles on cold surfaces. This phenomenon leads to the degradation of thermal insulation of walls and roof of the building, as the moisture increases their thermal conductivity. In the cold season a big impact on the microclimate of the fold has a frequency of opening doors and windows. Excessive ventilation of the building will lose large amounts of heat, and consequently increases the relative humidity of the air in the room. Moist air conducts heat better, which will further the loss of the building, cool the animal organisms and the occurrence of thermal discomfort. 6.3 Adjusting the microclimate fold
Adequate air exchange in the fold is one of the main factors determining the health and productivity of animals. It also has a significant impact on the status and condition of the building. The air in the fold should be a full replacement within half an hour (the recommended number of air changes per 1 piece: Winter - 8 m3 / h, summer - 35 m3 / h). In summer, air exchange should be several times higher than in winter. However, in periods of transition (fall, spring), this exchange should evolve to a level twice as high than in the winter. Air exchange is the building ventilation system (intake and exhaust ducts). The ventilation system in the room acts as a livestock exchanger not only air, but also as micro-climate control. There are gravity and forced ventilation (mechanical). In the case of the first, most frequently encountered, traditionally used exhaust ducts, culminating in the vent (about 30 cm above the roof fold) with deflectors.
Classic natural ventilation system with deflector Chanarda. Exhaust duct cross-section can not be too small (40 x 40 cm), but not greater than 60 x 60 cm. Channels and their diameter exhaust is determined by the maximum total weight of animals kept in the building. Height (length) exhaust ducts shall not be less than 2.0 (1.5) did not exceed 4.5 m exhaust system to work effectively, it must be secured supply of fresh air into the fold through holes (channels) air supply. They are installed in the walls of the building, or - which is more advantageous - in the window openings in the form of a perforated board with the air flow control. Supply air openings in the walls of the building installed are equipped with controls amount of air flow, and the outlet in the building is directed upwards, which protects the animal from direct contact with the cold air. It is recommended to protect them from the outside of the metal mesh (for protection against rodents).
Chanard’s Deflector
There are also alternative natural ventilation system, which channels exhaust function meet gaps ridge, with adjustable width flow.
Schematic of natural ventilation chimney in the traditional building height 3,5-5 m exhaust duct, supply air duct and exhaust duct regulatory iris; exhaust ducts cross-sectional area is 0.05 to 0.06 m2/1SD, and air duct cross-sectional area is 2/3 section of exhaust ducts.
Schematic of sub-eaves natural ventilation and cross-ridge in the open building: adjustable air - curtain or screen roll, exhaust duct cross- sectional area, the ridge is from 0.15 to 0.20 m2/1SD.
Mechanical ventilation (forced) is not applicable in its sheepfolds, where he met all the design requirements and recommendations of the ad. cast. This system was used many years ago in the fattening houses and buildings with slotted floors in which there was a large concentration of animals per unit area, and the emission of water vapor and ammonia - oversize. In such extreme cases, the use of natural ventilation would not provide sufficient air exchange. It should be noted that properly designed and constructed system can not cause draft in the zone litter buildings, in which there are animals, the ventilator and the walls must be insulated against heat, prevent rapid cooling of the exhaust air and condensation.
6.4 Lighting
Light plays a key role in the areas of livestock. Regulates hormone levels and affects the reproductive cycle of sheep. Sunlight also acts as a disinfectant. Natural light for housing depends on the physiographic factors (ie, latitude, time of year and day, altitude, slope direction, cloud cover), the building and its surrounding structures. According to current design standards, fold window should occupy about 20-25% of its surface, and the light level should be in the range of 20 to 50 lux. Room lighting time in the winter sun should not be less than 3 hours in the spring and fall - 6 hours. Windows - open to the inside - should be placed relatively high, which ensures a good distribution of light over the entire work surface fold. It is assumed that the angle of incidence should be below 250 With this placement of windows, roofing circulars can move away from the wall of the main building at the height of the fold windowsill, without blocking the light penetrating into the interior. Important role in ensuring the sheep enough daylight plays the purity of windows. It was found that the glass is not washed by three weeks passed only 50% of the light falling on it. Moreover, in such a situation occurs to increase the wavelength of the light and transform it into thermal radiation, which in the summer is particularly adverse effect on the thermal rooms. Except fold daylight, artificial lighting is required with an average intensity of 10-30 lux. For example, in sheepfolds an average height of the building, using lamps of 6 W/m2, obtained light intensity of 100 lux. Lighting plastics should not cause unnecessary disturbance of animals, as is often the malfunctioning fluorescent lamps. Artificial light source should be placed so that the light does not hurt the animals, and access to them was easy to use. 6.5 Other factors microclimatic Basic harmful gases in the air, animal housing is carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Carbon dioxide is considered to be an indicator of the operation of the ventilation device. Its main source in the room bioclimate animals are primarily because of the gas content of the air exhaled by approximately 4%. Also, tanks and fermentation processes that run in damp leaf litter and manure, increase its content in the air. Allowable concentration of CO2 in the fold is 2500 ppm (long exposure). Elevated concentrations have tachypnea, and clearly demonstrates the effect of pathological concentrations of a few percent. The results show that the too high concentration of the gas in the air will also include reduction in milk fat content. The most common toxic gases and the largest amounts in the animal there is ammonia gas - colorless, poisonous, with a strong, characteristic odor and irritation. The flock comes primarily from animal excreta: excrement, and is also excreted in the rumen. Its harm to the sheep is by reducing the resistance of local airway mucosa. Excessive ammonia content in the air inhaled by animals leads to a reduction in blood alkaline reserve, a decrease in the intensity of oxidation processes and, consequently, to lower production effects. With its high concentration and long exposure can occur as a result of such failures emphysema, kidney and liver degeneration. Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas inhalation devastating central nervous system and causing irreversible changes in the blood and tissue diseases (inflammation, edema). It is especially harmful to the lambs. Acceptable levels of hydrogen sulfide in facilities for sheep is 5 ppm. It was found that the presence of animals in a flock mentioned undesirable gases are stable mixture, and the concentration does not coincide with its own density. The largest concentration of 1.5 x heavier than air dry carbon dioxide at the full cast of the flock states from the ceiling, while the animal is brought forth slowly layering on the floor. Ceiling also collect relatively large amounts of water vapor - a gas lighter than air, there also found a higher concentration of the ammonia. When properly constructed ventilation and proper stocking density to prevent the occurrence of excessive concentrations of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide should not pose much difficulty. The concentration of CO2 is considered a measure of the efficiency of ventilation, NH3 - proper functioning sewage system, and H2S - a general indicator of cleanliness and hygiene facilities.
Dust source areas are the same animal husbandry, feed room and inflicted animals. Dusts are mainly of organic origin, with a diameter of 0.1 to 0.5 m (fine particulate). Reaching the deeper parts of the respiratory tract of sheep, can have harmful mechanical and chemical effects. Their number in the flock is dependent on air traffic, caused by drafts, ventilation and by the movement of the animals themselves. In the sheepfolds by the rapid movement of animals dust levels may rise even several times compared with the degree of dust on the outside of the room. To counter this, used straw shredder should be clean, not dusty (recommended its prior shaking), and before conveyance or dried baling well as protect it from mold growth. Air quality standards for sheep. Item standard Air temperature min. 50C The air temperature at birth min. 100C Relative humidity maks. 80% Air traffic 0,25-0,5 m/s
The concentration of CO2 - long exposure maks. 2500 ppm
The concentration of CO2 - a brief exposure maks. 5000 ppm
The concentration of NH3 - long exposure maks. 10 ppm
The concentration of NH3 - short exposure maks. 25 ppm
The concentration of H2S maks. 5 ppm
Dust and mold spores suspended in the time shredder or sheep movement are extremely harmful, especially for calves. When shots feed and bedding from the attic area directly in living animals, it is necessary to use sleeves or channel's discharge to reduce the level of dust room. It should be noted that significant dust flock not only has a negative impact on the welfare of the animals living in it, but also leads to contamination of foodstuffs, such as milk harvested. In addition, the fraction of dust is one of the ways the spread of pathogens. 6.6 Stable for the rearing of sheep The economy of sheep buildings play a significant role, particularly in the climatic conditions of our country, where a large part of the year the sheep are staying indoors. They isolate the animals from the external environment, often adverse to their well-being and productivity. Along with fodder rooms, acreage pastures, shelters, barracks, roads circulars and they create the infrastructure necessary to realize the full production cycle. The construction of the main building determines the possibilities of its interior and the organization of work and the quality of the rooms have a significant impact on the productive effect. It is assumed that the long axis of the fold of the building should be carried out in a north - south with a deviation of no more than ± 300th It is recommended that the south and south-east of the object was not a shady other buildings and trees. It is recommended that the flock was located on the side of the housing lee and the upwind buildings. Location of the building should be preceded by a course of study for the planned water veins in the building. The preferred orientation of the building is in a slightly raised (facilitated drainage of rainwater and ground water level low). In other cases, the area around the building should be drained, and around the house band made drainage.
For the sake of recommended and generally accepted litter keeping animals, buildings should have an appropriate height and design of the main hall and the gates (or double sliding doors 4 part, height approx 3.5 m, width 2.7-3.0 m of bottom - 2/3, and the upper - 1/3 of the entire gate), which allows the removal of manure using mechanized equipment.
Building fold ZD MA-PIB Kolbacz Sp. Ltd., the holding Glinna. In addition to the fold of the building's main hall should be set aside for feed mixing (storage and preparation of feed) and the duty office and solitary confinement for approximately 10% of the total area of the livestock building. Located in the immediate vicinity of the feed mixing service duty office should provide an adequate standard of work. Therefore, the room should be well lit and heated, with running water and brought the possibility of heat. Duty office can be heated radiator electric. Good example is that the duty office had a window where you can observe the animals without disturbing them, which is particularly important during lambing. Into the fold of one or both sides should adhere hardened circulars, meeting not only the role of a free-range animals, but also allowing manipulation of a herd at the time of prophylactic and its division into groups. About 35% of the circulars should have a shelter. This allows you to ask feed the animals in the summer and drive them from the flock in the winter time to pasture feeding.
It is recommended that pens were located on the south and sheltered side of the building such as trees. The surface should be paved yards, with a corresponding drop providing drainage of surface water. Inside the window opening to the fold should be placed relatively high, which allows a good distribution of light over the entire work surface. This arrangement also allows the placement of outgoing circulars from the wall at the height of the roof window sill, which does not cause loss of light penetrating to the interior of the main hall.
Circular fold ZD MA-PIB Kolbacz Sp. Ltd., the holding Glinna It is understood that one adult sheep generates heat allowing to warm to about 4.0 - 4.5 m3 of air. The degree of thermal insulation of the building depends primarily on the material from which it is built and a flock of care and precision construction. The best (healthiest) for the construction of the building material is wood fold. It provides a very good microclimate inside. Currently, it is quite expensive building material, and therefore uses blocks and brick. The buildings for the purpose of holding big herd have a skeleton structure (steel or concrete frames), which was attached a large prefabricated elements. An example of such a solution is a Fermbet flocks and Fermstal. In order to facilitate disinfection, bleaching and better exchange of air, walls and ceilings should be free performances. Buildings sheep from the ceiling storage utility used to roughage and litter must be very tight ceiling to prevent the entry of small remnants of stored feed, causing provender sheep wool and irritation of the respiratory tract. Grading sheepfolds surface performance is provided in the table below.
Standard living conditions of the surface area (m2) and access to feed (mb) for sheep. Group of animals Domestic appliances area (m2)* Access to feed (mb)**
Maintaining a Maintenance single Group Ram breeding 3,0 2,0 0,5 Mother Sheep with lamb 2,5 1,5 0,6 – 0,7 Ewe 1,5 0,8 0,3 Rams 2,0 1,5 0,3 Skopki 0,8 0,6 0,3 * - by Decree of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development of 2 September 2003 on minimum conditions for the maintenance of different species of livestock ** - By Max Burgkart, Praktische Schafhaltung, 1983 In sheepfolds breeding and high fertility rate, these values should be increased by about 25%. The pasture sheds with slatted floor (slit) per sheep is expected to 0.8 m2 and the lamb - 0.6 m2. Circular surface area should correspond to twice the surface, which is designed to fold for the group technology. In making the decision to move to breeding sheep, some manufacturers intend to stay with the existing buildings. It is reasonable when viewed from the perspective of the substantial costs associated with the new investment. However, this does not necessarily mean savings as some modernization work force significant spending. In the case of the adaptation of other objects on the building flock, especially useful are the barn. The building previously occupied by other species of farm animals are the most suitable stables and stalls here. However, due to the relatively low height, the usefulness of the pigsty is marginal. The adapted rooms as possible, dismantle all fixed internal partitions. We do not recommend breaking the fixed (permanent) floors. On the premises, the amount of which is less than 3.5 m, there is need to remove manure 2-3 times a year. Undoubtedly, the more expensive is the adaptation of the barn, but the proper modernization results in a full-fledged room for sheep. The most frequently performed work in this area should be adequate wall insulation, building insulation, ventilation and room for servicing.
6.7 Electrical installation and lighting The building should be located fold suitably protected electrical system that provides the ability to connect different receivers electricity in the main hall - (lighting lamps, infrared heaters, machines for shearing), and other areas. In addition to natural light reaching through the window (the surface should be about 1/20 - 1/25 fold surface, it is necessary to equip it with artificial lighting, the average intensity of approximately 30 lux. 6.8 Plumbing - Plumbing. Flock can be supplied with water from your own well or water supply. Inside the building is fed to the feed mixing, nurses' station and the main hall - the automatic watering troughs or (taps). Installation of water contained in the soil should be placed at such a depth, that there is no frost in the water and damage caused by mechanical equipment such as the removal of manure. Part of the water, which is not included in the land should be in protective insulating cover from freezing water. Do not place the system on or close to the walls. Sheep with deep litter do not have a sewage system. In buildings where sheep are kept on grates or slotted floors are made undergrate channels, which are moving scrapers (delta type scraper or shovel) removing droppings accumulate where the transverse channels. Transverse channels are designed in the middle or peak fold. The scrapers are mounted them back and forth. They remove excrements outside of the building (manure onto or into a special tank). 6.9 The most important types of buildings shepherd
Sheep with suspended utility with one or two rows of columns In such a building, the sheep kept on litter (deep or shallow). If there are two rows of pillars, it may have, hardened concrete, feeding passage journey. The rest of the surface is covered with litter and designed for sheep. In its upper part, the building is topped with a roof and utility located on the roof. At several points along the entire length of the floor fold openings are projected onto the roughage and bedding. Rows of pillars create some inconvenience during manure removal.
Sheep with a single-storey flat roofs, poleless These are the type of single-storey buildings, recessed ściołowo. Here it is easier to remove manure and feed asking, as well as other processes. It is possible to use in mechanized transport feed them. Ice-type buildings had no roof. Exercise their journey cured corridor while keeping sheep on slatted caused Undertemperature building in the winter, despite the increased stocking density. Here there is a shortage of space at the trough located along the corridor journey (all sheep can not feed at the same time charge).
The interior of a hall fold, maintaining litter
Sheep ceilingless – Indoor The range of this fold design can be 15 m, which allows the use of any combination of the setting pasture and stalls for sheep. In the central portion is increased communication passage, and part of workstation (litter) is divided into pens fences.
Sheep with litter - slit the usable area They feature a recessed central portion covered with litter. Manure is removed twice a year. When would be the middle pages are paved vehicular corridors feed. Feed control is to stoneware troughs placed on both sides of the corridor. Slotted floor is located between the external (from the hallway) and the banks of the trough walls fold. It can be made of a grid of concrete, wooden slats, perforated metal and wire mesh. The houses creates some inconvenience no outflow from the central part, scrapers undergrate failures (especially in winter), the lack of a functional system partitioning the feed troughs and the rear windows too low. Sheep with slotted floors In the middle of such a structure along the longitudinal axis of the passageway is cured journey. The surfaces on both sides of the fold and the walls are covered with slotted floors. In the central part of the area (along the long axis) are set tables (transporters) feed. Sheep take feed from both sides of the feed and water of automatic watering. Brooder for the young and fattening Rams and ewes for breeding should be reared in buildings litter. These buildings are usually launches indoor construction with flat roofs warmed. The fattening can also use slot floor. Building for rams Meets occasionally even standing, surrounded by hardened rundown, litter buildings for rams remnants of large farms. These are structures with a central polygonal Palem, which was placed around the pasture. These buildings have bipartite swinging doors. Shed pasture They are useful in larger complexes pasture. Provide protection against rain, wind and excessive sun exposure. Most are lightweight with three walls and the floor diaphragm placed about 70 cm above the ground. At the end of the season droppings are removed from the grid.
Shelters should be part of the equipment of each pasture
6.10 Features fold
Door The best solution is four part double doors. Lower parts should be 2/3 and the upper 1/3 of the entire door. Also for sliding doors lace which is very practical in use. Gate height is usually about 3.5 m (depending on the height of the building) and a width of about 2.7-3.0 m, which allows the use of a mechanized equipment to conduct routine work inside the building. The doors of the circulars are placed in the walls of the long fold. Designed for drive away flock to the selection of the prophylactic measures. As a rule, the amount is about 1.3 has a width of at least - 1.1 m
Feeding device Feeding device designed trailer and informative volume. The most common sided paszniki consist of a frame on which are mounted two ladder forming a V-shape (which is mixed with the hay or in early winter, oat straw mixed with hay). Along the top of the ladder, to their inner side, the board must be secured with a width of 20-25 cm. They facilitate slipping roughage and largely prevent the escape of feed fines. This is possible only in the middle ladder. At the ladders placed a tray, which is mixed with Dimensions feeding device double chopped beets, hay and chaff from the straw and feed informative. Length pasznika 2, 3 i 4 m
Width pasznika 0,7-0,8 m Height obliquely set ladders 0,7 m
Pasture variation is double-sided pasture. Set it on the wall or mounted directly The spacing between levels 0,1 m flock to it. It can be used while maintaining a small number of sheep and feed on Trough height from the ground 0,3-04 m manual override. The depth of the trough 0,15-0,2 m Scandinavian pasture is a solution often encountered in Western sheepfolds.
At the bottom of a wooden structural frame at a height of 0.2 m above the ground is secured channel with a width of 0.5 m and a height of 0.2 m at an altitude of 0.6 m above the riverbed is a rectangle made of slats or planks, on which sheep can push head. It is usually located in the central part of the building.
Troughs for lambs Used to feed the lambs in the first weeks of life. They are typically 1.0-1.5 m length, width 0.3 mi height 0.25 m peak trough sides are a little higher. In the middle of the trough, the long axis of the strip is fixed, which prevents deposition of lambs in the feed. Trays are placed in a fenced off part of the flock hurdles drive away exclusively intended for the technology group. Nipple For reasons of hygiene and practical sheep breeding is recommended to use automatic watering. They provide constant access to clean water. Automatic drinking troughs - float is the best solution, because - in contrast to the drinkers of pressure - not scare the animals. Watering trough When there is no possibility of automatic watering, watering sheep used classical trough (made from wood, metal, plastic or stoneware). Their length is 2-4 has a width of 0.3 m Drinking fountains are usually located along the sides of the fold near the water intake points. Water should be replenished several times during the day, as the progressive loss and pollution. Hurdles to pledge Edging used in the flock are also called forests. They can be made of wood (recommended) or metal. They are necessary to divide the flock into sectors, which are present within the various technological groups of sheep. Hurdles length varies and is 1.25, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 has a height - 1.25 m hurdles shortest (length 1.25 m) are used for the construction of pens postpartum. They are usually mounted on both sides Pasture. Their design should be open-work, so as to allow the animals to different groups of eye contact, which is a requirement for the implementation of the welfare of their herding behavior. Another type of fences are hurdles. They have, and window'' (rungs vertical interval) with a width of 0.2 m (which can be closed). They are used to separate the lambs from their mothers during rearing. Lambs are here freedom of movement between rungs in both directions, while a small light window prevents mothers to get out beyond the area allocated to the sector. Drive away hurdles are used when the flock is located in a separate pen to feed just for lambs. Floors The floor of the flock should ensure the animals' welfare and recreation movement. Thus, it should be dry, not slippery and have good thermal insulation. Deep litter is from the point of view of animal welfare, breeding and beneficial, as it provides the animals better thermal comfort and microclimate conditions. Therefore, it is generally recommended to maintain sheep. In Poland, openwork floor face criticism from farmers. One of their main drawbacks is their low thermal insulation, which is the cause of higher incidence of foot disease in sheep. In any case, they are not suitable for carrying lambing and the rearing of lambs. In addition, require a functioning mechanical ventilation and manure removal. In sheepfolds equipped with this type of flooring usually during the winter there is too high a humidity of the air at a relatively low temperature. The floor grate can be fitted and milking sheds pasture where the animals are kept temporarily.
Deep litter is preferred to keep sheep
The floor grate can be fitted pasture shelter 7. Maintenance systems and technologies of rearing
Systems and technologies to maintain sheep are closely related to the level of intensity of farming. They are a result of interaction of environmental factors and socio-economic. The system defines the overall maintenance of the environmental conditions in which sheep are present and produce, and thus microclimatic conditions, diet, type of building and its equipment, and the type of floor or ground. Taking into account the criterion of flooring / floor there is a system and no litter. As already mentioned, the litter - in particular - is generally recommended depth for the rearing of sheep, as opposed to the floor cavity. In the case of diet can be distinguished: intense - based on the feed-bodied, semi-intensive - with the addition of roughage succinct - and extensive-use of roughage (pasture forage mostly). On Polish territory as a rule, no longer produced in the intense due to the high cost of feed nutrition, which adversely affects the economics of production. The extensive, the rearing of sheep on the basis of grazing on natural pastures. The system involves the use of semi-intensive productively and economically justified production methods usually focused on livestock lamb, with extensive maintenance mothers (winter and transitional periods in areas with access to the circulars, and in the summer - on pastures) and more intense for lambs (due to rapid growth ration is supplemented feed ration) and other technology groups with higher dietary requirements (eg youth culture). In terms of criteria, which are microclimatic conditions, there are two basic types of systems for sheep and grazing Corner annexe. The Corner annexe is most commonly used in areas of intensive field crops, where for economic reasons it is not possible breeding pasture. These assumptions imply the most efficient use of soil area for intensive crop production and thus the need for some unacceptable in organic farming fertilizers. In Poland, this pattern does not hold sheep economic justification (flocks tend to be located in regions rich in pastures, in addition brought larger volume of feed generates additional costs). With regard to national realities, is preferred grazing system (pasture-Corner annexe), in which the animals during the growing season sward exists on the dedicated grassland (staying here for a few to about 8-10 hours, or the whole day), and during the winter - in the fold. Pastures should be equipped with shelters, which are protected against adverse weather conditions. Animals must have permanent access to water (the distance from the watering hole should not exceed 250 m). Water intake (if any are present in the household) should be protected from direct access sheep. The location of the water troughs should be cured, as the muddy ground can cause an limp. In areas with relatively low snowfall is recommended time grazing during the winter. Accommodation is not mowed in the autumn can be grazed sheep in warm, snowless and sunny winter days. The so-called grazing. ,, standing hay'' carries with it a number of benefits: reduce the use of grazing animals feed download winter flock fertilization accommodation while their own feces. The freedom of movement in a pasture in a positive impact on their condition, and a hard surface - the hygiene of the feet. One of the conditions of success in classical breeding sheep is the rational use of pastures. Pastures should be worn on dry land and not subject to periodic flooding and podmakanie. These may be steeper areas at bends. However, the hay meadows flat land can be used, not swamp, so that mowing and harvesting hay and care work performed mechanical equipment. The purpose of grazing sheep producer has the ability to use permanent pasture, which is the subject in the past and plow cultivation of crop rotation. The important feature is the ability to consistently yield during the growing season. The most favorable conditions for the development of permanent pasture plants are mostly in the northern and southern Poland - where the total annual rainfall exceeds 600 mm. Ley usually included in the 6-9-year rotation and are intended for use in the period of 2-5 years, with the first (and sometimes second) year to be used for cutting uses. These pastures, with their proper cultivation, characterized by high yielding. Use hay-pasture (forage is mowed and grazed alternately during the season) for stability floristic composition of the sward. This system allows you to achieve higher yields, with more due to grazing, sward density. Pastures can be used several grazing systems: permanent - the most extensive and outdated, consisting of grazing herds throughout the season on the same pasture area. In this case, the use of the sward of animals is very low. In addition, sheep, in a selective manner by downloading the most delicious species of plants, causing a gradual depletion of floristic composition of the object; extended fixed - is a modification of solid consisting of that part of the pasture area extends spring grazing later; become parallel - parallel part lambs spasają dedicated specifically for them grazing area; single variable - the area is divided into multiple parts pastures grazed in a planned manner. Normally sheep throughout the grazing season only once a given area. It can be used for grazing or pasture short time. This technique is on the fence grazing certain areas and the pasture moving this fence to the new location. Most preferably, from the perspective of the rational use of pastures owned acreage is variable rotation system. Accommodation Division pastures not only allows for higher yields, grazing always young and nutritious fodder, but also simplifies management. The size depends on the lodging group size on the performance of sheep and pastures. Adult sheep takes about 7 kg of green forage per day. Assuming that the daily output of fodder obtained from an area of 1 m2 is 0.5 kg, this is for 1 piece should be allocated approximately 14 m2 use. Grazing can begin when the sward height reaches 10-12 cm. Forage vegetation has quite a large variation in growth, depending on the growing season: it is much more intense in the spring, compared to the summer period, especially autumn. Sward pasture be so in such a way that a period of rest again allowed regrowth green mass (approximate length of the idle periods pastures ranges from 12-16 days in the month of May up to 40 days in October). Pasture sward needs for its regrowth period of about 3-4 weeks, and the headquarters of one sheep should not stay longer than 3-4 days. The results show that the extension of this period has a negative impact on production traits in animals: sheep breed milked Polish mountain sheep milk production decrease after 3-4 days of grazing, while increasing productivity after each introduction of a new headquarters. Lodging amount used should be in the range 6-8. Recommended optimum sward height is designed for grazing at 7-10 cm square grazing and continuous grazing at - 6-8 cm.
Shepherd Mountain Grassland Station of the Institute of Animal-PIB in Bielanka
In keeping females with lambs grazing mothers is recommended grazing ahead of or in parallel, in which lambs browse the most valuable part of the turf in front of their mothers (residing in the quarters preceding quarters of the Saviour by his mother), or - next to their quarters, with constant access to breast milk (in fencing transitions are adapted to the size of the size of lambs). In this system, there is a chance to reduce the degree of infestation of lambs and later re-invasion by limiting their common grazing with their mothers. The results show that the parallel system gives better performance than the common grazing mothers and lambs. Achieved higher production of animals here lamb (with the use of the surface), and a higher body mass ante mortem health of lambs for slaughter. Optimal use of grazing system is dependent on adequate grazing and stocking. In the case of extensive pastures and the grazing free, download green can be at the level of 20%. Leading rational - as is the case with square - use sward reaches about 90%.
Transhumance allowing free access to animals living in the barn to the pasture; ZD IZ-PIB Kolbacz Sp. Ltd., the holding Glinna Pastures can be used two ways of maintaining:
- Permanent barracks (bedding), who is also a substitute room for sheep. It is assumed an area of about 3-4,0 m2 per sheep; - Floating barracks being both a place of refuge for the sheep at night, as well as enabling the rational fertilizing pastures. Area per one sheep is traditionally about 1-1,4 m2.
On Polish territory is accepted as the norm lamb production system weight classes heavier at 25-40 kg. Covers most predisposed breeds kept and strongly preferred meat sheep breeds. However, in the southern zone of Malopolska province, using the Polish mountain sheep, lambs, dairy production is dominated (until they reach slaughter weight - 10-14 kg feed only breast milk) for export. While light lambs - are fed hay, pasture Zielonka and a small amount of bran, oats crumpled or barley. Slaughter is carried out after they reach a maximum weight of 25 kg.
Systems and technologies to maintain sheep are inextricably linked with the intensity of use of sheep, especially with the accepted method of rearing and fattening lambs. There are three basic ways of rearing lambs:
1. rearing with their mother at normal intake period. Weaning occurs between 80 and 120 days of age; 2. rearing by the mother of the shorter period of suction. Weaning after 28 - 42 days; 3. rearing on milk replacers to about 35 days of age. Lambs are staying with their mothers for 1 - 3 days.
Ad. 1. Depending on the assumed production process and the desired final weight can be divided into two methods of rearing and fattening lambs: With their mothers on pasture square: - Extensive grazing leading compound feed without added weight of lambs at weaning is about 30 kg (depending on race). The intensity of animal growth is largely dependent on the quality and availability (the amount collected) green pasture. Very good pastures, lamb body weight at weaning is about 37 kg. You do not need feeding lambs. On average, it is necessary feeding pasture fodder, to get a higher body weight at weaning. Is also used in subsequent grazing lambs before lodging their mothers; Extensive rolling pastures lambs are staying with their mothers, and after weaning are feeded nutritive fodder in the fold. In the case of stocks fixed lambs breed more intensively. They are trapped in the building and fed nutritive fodder. Mother spends only the night into the room and then lambs can download them to the milk. There is the possibility of selecting the compound feed in terms of nutritional value, and to regulate the quantity depending on the breed, and the desired final weight. Feed lambs in the control is intended for them farm to which other groups do not have access technologies. The migratory herds feeding can not be lambs in the flock. Lambs breed be extensively - the sole feed and pasture sward is mothers milk. Ad. 2. It consists of suction to reduce the period of 28-42 days. This model allows to increase the number lambings - more lambs than sheep. It is possible and reasonable in sheep breeds with a tendency to asesonal heat. It can be combined with the maintenance of sheep on pasture square mothers - they go out to pasture after weaning lambs that are feed nutritive fodder in the fold. Lambs are staying a shorter period of time with their mothers and off at a younger age. Although they are already accustomed to self-feed consumption, it should be considered in addition to the age of their body weight. Only in the case of a certain minimum levels of both of these factors can be lambs weaned at an earlier age. Stress associated with it is greater than in the traditional system. Lambs can respond to periodic short-term stagnation of weight gain. To alleviate the sudden separation from their mothers in feeding fodder meaningful use very good quality. Ad. 3. In the case of this system are weaning lambs from their mothers at the age of 1 - 3 days (after drinking the appropriate portion of colostrum). In the case of applying this system lambs under stress associated with: - deprived of their mother's milk, - sudden switch to the milk replacer, - changing room, - sudden contact with other lambs, - get used to sucking on pacifiers. Therefore, they should receive a loading dose of vitamins and antibiotics. Milk replacer used to be very good quality and balanced according to the needs of the lambs. It is to be expected with the additional workload consisting of lambs accustomed to sucking on pacifiers, which usually lasts two days. For this process easier to use starving meet before the first lambs bringing a duration of 6 hours. Good effect is achieved by introducing a few flocks of lambs suck already literate. After a period of 3-4 weeks should lambs' shoulder "from the teat, gradually reducing the amount of milk given at the same time reduced to its concentration. 8. Organic sheep production
Over the last few years has seen a steady, progressive growth of interest in sheep keeping animals in organic production system in accordance with the Act normatywami organic agriculture. Organic production is an activity closely related to the land, and the farm system is sustained interactions between the soil and the plants, animals, and plants and animals and soil. Given the level of development, profile and production methods, owczarstwo in Poland is particularly predisposed to engage in this activity. Conventional farm that the manufacturer intends to convert into organic must meet certain requirements for its location, which is to protect them from direct exposure to harmful interactions with the environment. Consequently, it should be located in a region considered to be not contaminated, far away from environmentally damaging industries (steel mills, mines, power plants, etc.), high-output industrial farms (which have no risk of discharge of manure and mineral fertilizers on high Local water) contaminated watercourses and roads with heavy traffic. The water used in the household should comply with the standards in terms of chemical and microbiological, as is the case with the contents of heavy metals in soil. A key aspect of the smooth functioning of organic farming is to select the right animal. Sheep should be characterized by the ability to adapt to new conditions, vitality and resistance to disease. Important role played by a good adaptation to the conditions of extensive livestock production, and therefore with less by about 20% concentration of nutrients. Introduced animals must come from an organic farm, and since weaning lambs to be reared in accordance with the principles of organic agriculture. You can enter the herd of ewes not organic farms in an amount not exceeding 20% of their herd. With the approval of the certification body, this value can be increased to 40% if the manufacturer significantly broadens the farm, decided to change the breed of animal or planning to develop new production. Extremely valuable material in organic farming in particular are a conservative breed sheep. Due to the lower productivity of that show in intensive production of animals for slaughter and before the production of the best - as seen from the demand side of the market - wool not used on a larger scale. Were produced in a certain region, which are well adapted to local environmental conditions.
The organic farm is not allowed to keep animals transgenic (genetically engineered after the surgery) and the resulting embryo transfer procedure. The scale and intensity of production is here limited the size of agricultural land owned acreage. This is directly linked with the so-called norm introduced. EU Nitrates Directive and the size of 170 kg of nitrogen that can be made without environmental risk to the soil during the year. The maximum number of sheep per 1 ha of agricultural land, and the corresponding value of that is 13.3 units. Theoretically, it is possible to use a higher density, but then you must have a contract with another organic farm for manure utilization above normal. It should be noted that the fertilization of agricultural land is permitted to use only organic fertilizers and some natural mineral fertilizers. In organic farming should be sought, that the manufacturing process as much as possible ran on pasture. However, to realize the full production cycle, it is necessary to appropriate infrastructure including buildings fold, feed mixing, shelters, barracks, yards and roads. Keeping litter (especially deep litter) is recommended in organic sheep breeding. If the manufacturer chooses to use slatted floors, then - according to the EU - at least half of the floor flock must remain constant (not openwork). For the purpose of organic production is preferred grazing system (pasture-Corner annexe), in which the animals during the growing season on pasture sward exists, and in the winter - in the fold. Ecological farming sheep can not be separated from the land, acreage, and animal nutrition must in principle be implemented feed is produced in this area. Self-sufficiency in terms of fodder base is one of the factors determining the autonomy of such a holding. Animals should be fed here only organic products originating from their own, or another certified farm. Given the fact that - in spite of dynamic development - in Poland are still found relatively few such farms, the manufacturer shall, in principle, to use his own fodder base. The basis for feeding sheep in organic farming should be fodder forage. It is the most natural feed for ruminants, and the residence of sheep on pasture creates very good conditions for their welfare. In addition, the animals should be fed by volume of feed, such as hay, haylage, silage and root plants, which should be a minimum of 60% of the dry weight of diet and feed all year round ration: cereals and mixes ration from a holding or from other organic holdings an amount not exceeding 40% of the dry weight of all organic fodder. In feeded nutrition of sheep spaces including antibiotics, synthetic vitamins and growth.
Both in the prevention and treatment, as long as there is no risk of the development and escalation of sudden illness or death in the first instance is required of drugs of natural origin - that herbal and homeopathic - which do not cause side effects and does not require a waiting period to Obtaining food. Prophylaxis can be administered probiotics - microorganisms that naturally inhabit the body of an animal, to reduce the occurrence of disorders of the digestive system and as strengthening the immune system. It should be noted that treatment based on natural medicinal preparations is usually a long and gives the desired effect only after certain period of time. Therefore, in the case of a direct threat to the life of the animal, the manufacturer is obliged to follow all procedures in accordance with the principles of classical veterinary procedure. Ecological farming sheep does not have to be characterized by lower production efficiency in comparison with classical breeding. On the contrary, high-quality living environment of animals and to provide adequate support for all the other elements of the welfare effect of their well- being and productivity, not to mention biosafety, quality, and in the future - market value of the acquired products. 9. Nutrition - Requirements and Recommended Practices The aim is to provide an animal feed nutrients necessary to sustain vital functions and produce products according to the number and quality. Effect of stale or rotten animals feed on their health is well known. However, the most common cause of increased morbidity is faulty balancing rations, containing what is true about the quality of animal feed, but in the wrong proportions. Cause of disease entities may also be imbalance of macro and micronutrients (eg ratio of calcium and phosphorus, magnesium and potassium), protein and energy components, protein and crude fiber or too small amounts of vitamins and trace elements. Nutrition has a very significant impact on the usability of ewes and rams breeding. In the case of ewes before and during breeding has an impact on the occurrence of oestrus, ovulation and death level of embryos and pregnancy determines the dynamics of the development of the fetus and the subsequent milk production of sheep-mothers. Maternal milk production, in turn, determines the quality of development in the neonatal lamb. It should be noted that an inadequate level of nutrition not only helps to reduce ewe milk yield, but also leads to a significant reduction of the period of lactation and early drying animals. Nutrition rams in the period of preparation for breeding and breeding has a decisive effect on their libido and the number and quality of sperm produced. Diet is reflected in the growth rates of lambs and young people, and in their proper development and expected productivity. In malnourished individuals exhibit decreased weight gain, there are also increasing adverse effects eksterior, caused varying pace of development of the various parts of the body. Following activation the inhibition hair creative, which consequently leads to a lower yield of wool. The effect of fattening lambs is a result of the level and quality of nutrition. Dietary factors have an impact on weight gain, carcass conformation and carcass quality and efficiency of their slaughter. Quality and proportions of feed given to the impact on physicochemical and sensory quality of acquired products - meat and milk. In extreme cases, improper nutrition may even lead to disqualification of the product and to prevent trade (as in the case of the so-called. DFD meat - dark, firm, dry). Quantity and quality of lamb produced is dependent on the quantity and quality of the lamb, which in turn is heavily dependent on the sheep-feeding mothers and rams. The measure of adequate nutrition can be observed during a variable weight and condition of the animal, which together express the accumulation or loss of nutrients, especially energy. And so, in the case of such ewes, measures of response to applied nutrition indicators of fertility, fertility, reproductive performance and rearing of lambs. The direct costs of production of slaughter lambs feeding costs are 60-80%, with 15-20% cover the cost of feeding the lambs, and about 45-60% to the cost of feeding sheep in the flock, mostly sheep-mothers. It follows that, effective production of lambs is first necessary to optimize and rationalize not only feeding them, but even more so - sheep-feeding mothers, and young rams. The sheep belong to the group of ruminant animals whose stomach is composed of four parts of three stomaches and proper stomach - the abomasum. This design allows the feeding of the sheep feed fibrous, hard-or nondigestible by other animals. The basic principle of feeding sheep is the maximum utilization of farm animal feed, including pasture and hay mowing derived from the use of meadows. Pasture forage is natural and best food for sheep and maximum utilization of the nutrition of the animals to minimize costs, and thus make more profitable sheep farming. In the body of the sheep and the products derived dominant protein and fat, and the main component of the plant are carbohydrates that in animals practically absent. Distribution feed on the nutrients are as follows: dry weight water organic ash (minerals) = nitrogen compounds: - protein - non-protein nitrogen compounds = without nitrogen compounds: - The ether extract (fat) - carbohydrates - fiber (cellulose, lignin) compounds without nitrogen extract (starch and sugars).
Taken by the sheep feed is digested, ie mechanical and chemical changes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract. Carbohydrates feed are decomposed by enzymes in the rumen micro-organisms into volatile fatty acids (mainly acetic, propionic and butyric acid), and partly further to CO2 and water. Fatty acids are also formed in the rumen metabolism of fat and the distribution of proteins. Much of the food taken by an adult sheep enters the blood in the form of fatty acids, especially acetic, propionic and butyric acids. The relationship of these acids depends on the composition of the ration. With the feeding of more fibrous feed such as straw, hay and silage, produce large amounts of acetic acid, and with the feeding of highly digestible carbohydrate reduces the amount of acetic acid and increases the amount of propionic acid and butyric acid, which are processed in the liver of glucose, providing power animal, or the fat reserves. In adult sheep volatile fatty acids are a major source of energy. Fats are hydrolyzed in the rumen at which break down into glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is fermented to propionic acid. Downloaded nitrogen in the feed ingredients are intensive changes in the rumen. The protein produced by the breakdown of peptides, free amino acids, ammonia and volatile fatty acids. The product is a protein synthesized by these microorganisms. Rumen microbes synthesize 10 amino acids. The nitrogen source may also be their synthetic nitrogen compounds (urea), since protein synthesis is performed by ammonia, which is formed from the decomposition of the protein, as well as other nitrogen compounds. The vast amount of protein to put in ruminants from microbial bodies, which, when displaced into the abomasum and intestine with the protein in the rumen nietrawionymi are spread by proteolytic enzymes. The amino acids absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract may be deaminated or be used to construct the protein of the organism or its products. Proteins serve as building blocks are alternately control the formation of hormones and enzymes, and are involved in the transport of certain substances (hemoglobin, lipoproteins). Water and dissolved minerals in a large percentage are absorbed from the rumen and the bonnet and the rest is shifted to the downstream sections of the gastrointestinal tract. The small intestine is the most intense penetration of organic and mineral compounds which have not been absorbed in the atria and are formed by enzymatic digestion in the abomasum and small intestine, as well as large quantities of water. The basic condition for proper nutrition is to determine the need and value of animal feed in the same units habits. The measure of energy demand energy can be generated with the complete combustion of feed energy that is gross, which is partly used by the body of the animal. Some of the energy is excreted in the feces, urine, gas and used for digestion. Schematic energy feed in ruminants are as follows: gross energy fecal energy digestible energy urine energy energy gas (methane) metabolic energy thermal energy associated with pickling net energy Domestic appliances, manufacturing
Amount of net energy in the feed depends primarily on the digestibility, that is, the degree of decomposition and absorption of the nutrients in sheep compared to the samples. Digestibility coefficient is determined for each component on the basis of the difference between its content in the feed and feces. It should be noted that the digestibility is largely dependent on the relative proportions of the various nutrients and so each feed digestibility not always coincide with the total dose digestibility. Unit of energy based on the net energy of traditional, previously used in Poland standards, it is the value expressed in units of starch oat (0.6 of starch) or megajoules - MJ (1 one. Oat = 5.916 MJ). Kellner value entered by the starch feed kg corresponds to the amount of starch that is required to produce an adult steer the same amount of fat which the produce is in the 100 kg of feed. The new standards for French (INRA) power units are also based on the net energy that differentiate milk feed unit (JPM) and the production of livestock feed unit (JPŻ). JPM is the amount of net energy production of milk, which provides 1 kg of barley grain as feed given living conditions and production in lactating cow (1 JPM = 1700 kcal.). JPŻ is the amount of net energy production of livestock, which provides 1 kg administered as feed barley living conditions and production fattened animals (1JPM = 1820 kcal). The full assessment of feed in addition to energy needs, it is necessary information about the content of protein, minerals and vitamins. Nutritional standards are tabular nutrient requirements for different groups of sheep with respect to gender, age, physiological condition, body weight and its growth in young people and the amount of use of breeding and milk yield in sheep milked. Demand sheep and feed value for protein content determined by the conventional standards in grams of total protein (protein competent and non- protein nitrogen compounds which may be used by sheep as a nitrogen source), whereas in the French standard specifies its content of protein actually digested with appropriate in the small intestine (BTJ). These standards do not take into account the efficiency of wool as a distinguishing feature levels of nutrition. In addition to energy and protein, it is necessary to provide sheep minerals, especially Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg and trace elements (Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, J, Mo, Se). These elements are located in the feed in amounts variable, often insufficient because it is usually necessary to supplement the mineral compound. Very important in the development of lambs and adult sheep production is to provide vitamins A, D and E. The green nutrition, good hay, carrots, milk and grain of the missing vitamins, but in winter they require supplementation. In contrast, sheep, especially adults, do not threaten vitamin K and the B vitamins, as they may be synthesized by rumen microorganisms.
9.1 Base feed Roughage Are the primary forage feed in the diet of sheep. They can be fed in a green pasture in the summer, and preserved - hay, silage in winter. The value of green depends on many factors, mainly on the species of plants (grass meadow, small- seeded legumes, compound and catch crops), the growing season (harvesting season determines the efficiency of their use: the first cut silage are qualitatively better, but yields less, another crop is higher yield, but lower quality) and fertilization. With the feeding of green, remember that with the change of the growing season changes and their nutritional value. The best forage for grazing are collected just before flowering. Young green contain large amounts of carotene and vitamins, particularly from the group B, and C and E. Meadow hay is the basis for winter feeding of sheep. Its nutritional value is dependent on forage, of which it arose, cutting date, and method of preservation and storage. Good hay is obtained from young plants, dried quickly without rain, with a minimum of turning, which causes the loss of the most valuable parts of the plant leaves. Leaves contain about 75% of the nutrients of hay. Hay for the sheep should be fine. Thick and woody hay is poorly utilized by animals. For the lamb, which should receive them in the suckling, you spend the first cut hay because it contains a small amount of fiber, high protein and vitamin D, E and B group Grass silage and other crops (clover, vetch mixture, serradella, corn) are essential, in addition to hay, feed the winter. Currently, the most widely used are haylage and corn silage (in mountain areas - grass silage). Well made and stored feed silage is delicious, the nutritional value similar to that of fresh fodder. Contains about 2% of lactic acid, 0.1-0.4% acetic acid, and its pH is 4.0-4.2. Silage should not be administered to animals under 6 months, and the sheep. The maximum amount of silage to sheep at a dose of about 5 kg per day with the addition of 10 grams of chalk fodder for art. Cereal straw has the lowest concentration of nutrients in the dry matter. Nevertheless, an important role during the summer feeding. With the feeding of large amounts of feed with significant water content, straw causes a feeling of fullness in the animal and affects the proper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract (peristalsis, no diarrhea). The commonly used nutrition oat straw, wheat and rye. Barley straw should not be fed to sheep because of the hard bony part of the ear. Straw from legumes have higher protein content. The feeding of rams during breeding, based on availability, you can use straw with coarse legumes. Non-eating of feeders is spent on straw bedding. Chaff, especially clover and oats and pea pods, lupins, faba bean and field peas are more nutritious than straw. Roots belong to a feed with a high water content and low digestible carbohydrates and fiber content. These are those used in the winter, especially carrots, beets and fodder half-sugar. Carrots, due to its nutritional properties, it is recommended especially in feeding the lambs. In the feeding of sheep, especially lambs fattening, potatoes can also be used (large amounts of starch), but they should be pre-heat treated (steamed). The root derivatives, replace the sugar beet pulp, which can be fed in the form of fresh (with a maximum of 2 kg per day per head) or dry (in addition to mixtures of complete and granules) and the stock and potato pulp, which, due to little nutritional value should be used as a last resort.
Feed meaningful These feeds are characterized by a high concentration of nutrients and low fiber content. We distinguish feed low-, medium-and high- protein. For each group in turn include: grains and bran cereals, legumes, seeds and oil, extracted from the oilseed meal and synthetic non-protein nitrogen compounds. Among the most popular cereal is eaten by sheep oats because of their taste and digestibility. Crushed oats is particularly recommended for growing lambs of the first ration. Also ration for breeding rams of the period should contain in its composition of corn grain. Barley and wheat are often used in blends succinct. Wheat has a positive effect on good luster wool. However, corn is useful in nutrition Fed Animals. Bran is a valuable feed, especially wheat bran, feed milk propellant considered. Do not give them a large number of lambs, as they can cause diarrhea. Legume seeds and oil contain more protein, phosphorus and calcium than corn and have better digestibility. Nevertheless, the seeds of some legumes (lupine, vetch) contain anti-nutritional substances, and served in large doses can cause bloating and constipation (especially in lambs). Derived from plant oil extracted meal and cake have good digestibility and high protein concentration. Extracted meal is obtained in the production of oil by chemical, mechanical and cake. The most commonly used in the feeding of sheep are the seed extracted soybean meal and rapeseed. Soybean meal has a protein of high biological value, comparable to animal protein. However, the most valuable in the feeding of sheep is soybean seed extracted from the seeds of flax. It is easy to digest and has a high nutritional value. Mineral and vitamin supplements are crucial in feeding sheep on bridge deficiencies of micro-and makroelements. Threates calcium deficiency can occur during pregnancy and lactation high, the lack of phosphorus with the feeding of small amounts of cereal fodder, lack of magnesium in the spring, when the sheep come to graze. Deficiencies of micronutrients (iron, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, selenium and others.) Are usually associated with a local reduction in the content of these elements in the soil. Micronutrients necessary for feeding sheep can be supplied in the form of mineral mixtures, mineral and vitamin supplements, polfamix, prefixes,. The need for sodium and chlorine is covered through the use of appropriate licks. Use only licks for the sheep. Bovine licks have a much higher content of copper, as in the case of sheep can lead to poisoning. Basic ways to maintain your green fodder One of the basic fodder preserved in sheep nutrition is obtained from the dried hay crop. Acreage mowing meadows for hay intended should take place relatively early, preferably in the grass tillering stage. Delay mowing allows the full development of the vegetation and flowering. As a result of increased weight swath, however, the simultaneous reduction of its nutritive value. Content is reduced and the amount of protein in the hay, it also reduces energy, with a significant increase in fiber content. The mountainous areas are a big problem seriously impeding intense rains set by traditional methods. Many farms shepherd equipped barn and hay sheds with fans allowing them dry air. Apply a method of salting hay before it is placed to the attic flock (flock of usable flat roofs), which prevents the brew. A certain part of the green should be used for the production of silage. The traditional method was to compaction plant mass and the covering it tightly with foil (silage is an anaerobic process!). This method is very effective, because in practice it is difficult to effectively cut off here air. Now becoming more common is the use of grass silage technology baling system in presses and then wrap in foil. To silage was fully worthwhile for sheep fodder should be brought to such a state witcher (dry) to contain a minimum of 30% of the dry weight. The production process involves the use of appropriate equipment: tractor, presses, making balls, and bale loader and a special trailer to transport bales made. The accompanying charts illustrate the differences in the nutrient content of the hay and silage prepared from the same plant mass. The comparison shows that approximately 1 kg of dry matter grass silage from the second regrowth of forage wither contains about 7.5% more energy expressed in units of oats and 42% more protein than good hay from the same growth. The grass silage with regrowth obtained from the first, while similar amount of energy as in the hay, but with a 62% higher content of protein.
The specificity of summer and winter feeding Summer feeding of sheep The basis of the summer diet is usually sheep pasture, which is the cheapest source of feed. Compared with the cost of feeding pasture silage feeding is increased by 30-50%, with 80% of hay and grain and blends ration - 2-3-fold. Both the quality of the pastures, as well as the length of the grazing season is dependent on the amount of their position above sea level. The Polish central region of the length of the season varies from 180 to 200 days (May - October), while the mountain pastures is much shorter - 110-150 days. Length of grazing and performance of 1 ha of mountain pastures (Ciuruś J.). height Performance of 1 ha days of in meters grazing fodder dry weight oatmeal unit protein above sea general level. digest ( q ) ( q ) ( kg ) 650 540,0 97,2 9720 1749,6 185
1200 249,0 40,7 3386 550,7 115
In planning summer fodder base on the one hand the state should be taken into account population and type of animal, area, yield and quality of the land. Another very important factor is the ability to selectively retrieve the sheep pasture sward. Irrational grazing can lead to a gradual increase in low-value species of grasses and weeds. Keep in mind that the sole pasture nutrition - even in the pasture very good quality - it is difficult to get a satisfactory weight gain of lambs, and particularly satisfactory performance slaughter and carcass conformation. Therefore, the feeding is recommended fodder (oats, barley, and mixtures meaningful). Very good gains, within the limits of 200 g / day, you can get extensive breed races lambs with their mothers on pasture, where developing animals have access to breast milk. In farms where milk is not going to sheep, it is extended by the use of human milk for lambs fattened to higher body weight (ie 30-35 kg - heavier lambs). Winter feeding of sheep Winter feeding of sheep alcove based on hay, silage and haylage. Hay should be "fine" quality. In particular, it is recommended that the second cut hay, usually matching their nutritional value average protein feedingstuffs informative. Hay thick woody with straws spring cereals (oats, barley) is used to turn down. During this period, the classic feeding sheep are commonly used maize silage. Less frequently used plant silage mass derived from permanent grassland, which in some Polish regions (mountains and foothills) ensilage only material. Due to the legitimate objective difficulties in the production of corn (high fertilizer needs of the soil and the plants and harvesting equipment), especially in small farms are popular just grass silage. For several years in the nutrition of small ruminants gain more and more popularity with grass silage produced raisined and-dried. They contain about 39% dry matter, which may be the sole feed of sheeps. Selected technology groups (eg young people) should receive the addition of nutritive fodder. 9.2 Nutrition various technological groups of sheep Flock of sheep should be divided into appropriate groups of animals of similar nutritional requirements, such as barren ewes, lowkitten, highkitten and nursing. The following are general recommendations, the basic technology groups feeding sheep on the basis of publicly available feeds. Nutrition rams Rams should be divided into two age groups: up to 2 years of age (younger) and more than 2 years (older). Keeping animals in good condition requires collection of good quality grass silage and winter - compound feed (oats) and hay. One piece takes approximately 2.5-4 kg of fodder. The intensity of use of breeding determines the amount of hay fed - medium: 1-2 kg per head per day. During the breeding dose of compound feed should evolve to a level of 0.6-1.0 kg, and besides breeding - 0.25-0.5 kg. Root Root Feeds are asked in the amount of 1-2.5 kg per piece. Straw did not play a major role, as a complement to dry feed. In addition, outside the period of breeding rams must receive 10-15 g licks, and during its duration - 15-20 g The amounts of feed on adult animals, in the case of young rams should be increased by about 20-25%. Nutrition barren ewes This technology is subject to the least demanding in terms of nutrition. Low demand for feed has to do with the lack of physiological loads such I pregnancy and rearing offspring. Barren ewes should be fed as the cheapest feed, to meet their needs at household usage. In summer, there is a basis for feeding forage fodder in about 5 kg with the addition of straw to the will (about 0.5 kg). The winter feeding, in addition to hay (at least 0.5 kg / head / day), should be given hay or silage (about 2 kg), or roots (about 1.5 kg) and straw (about 1 kg). Due to the lack of demand manufacturing, administration of this group sheep fodder is unnecessary. Feeding ewes in the period of preparation for breeding and breeding During these periods, the animals nutritional requirements are higher than in the case of the above group. A very important role is played by the abundance of pasture. We recommend using the so-called treatment. run (called flushing), involving the transfer of this technology group with poorer pastures on the property rich in dicotyledonous plants with a high protein content - such as clover, which results from the higher level of physiological ovulation. The level of nutrition during this period largely depends on the age of ewes: animals younger - at the age of two years - is to ensure about 10-20% more feed than older ewes. This is due to the still unfinished somatic development. In the summer of ewes consume about 6 kg of green fodder and 0.75 kg of straw, while in the winter - 0.5 kg hay, 0.5 kg of straw and root about 1 kg or 2 kg of silage per day per unit.
Feeding ewes pregnant cats Ewes in this group is given a high quality winter feed (animals covered in the autumn). Ewes younger (aged two years) should receive about 15% more feed, as compared to older animals. The feeding of silage in amounts up to 1.5 kg or chopped roots (1 kg) containing 0.5 kg of straw per day per head. As the growth of the fetus (the last two months of pregnancy) is replaced by meadow hay clover, gradually decreases in feed juicy (asked in an amount of 2-3 kg), while the introduction of fodder in an amount of 100-300 g in the last weeks of pregnancy may be given hay ewes will. It should be noted that poor nutrition of ewes in the first month of pregnancy can have serious consequences and result in mortality of embryos. Animals should be fed in such a way that for the period in question were in a similar condition - a condition minimizes the early stages of embryos and fetuses. In the next two months of pregnancy followed by rapid growth of bearings with minimal fetal growth (in terms of its mass). To 90 placenta of pregnant typically reaches 95% of its final mass, while the fetus - only 15%. During this period, it is recommended that the condition of sheep loss did not exceed 5%. The main period of intense growth of the fetus falls on the last two months of pregnancy (85% of birth weight), and it is an appropriate period of increased level of nutrition ewe. As general rule that the appropriate level of nutrition during the last 8 weeks pregnant ewes with single pregnancies should increase its weight by about 10%, and ewes with twin pregnancies - by about 18%.
Feeding lactating ewes Animal nutrition of this group depends on their age and weight, and most of all on the number of lambs fed. During this period, the mother's body is set to produce milk. Ewes should receive milk propellants feed high in protein. These requirements correspond to a certain extent during the summer pasture forage, and in the winter - Root Root and silage. Nutrition for breastfeeding mothers is very high (usually higher than the group of ewes pregnant cats), and thus it is recommended to use fodder. Succulent feed is mixed in excess of up to 5 kg / day / head (typically 2-3 kg / day / head). Doses of hay - the economical feed ration - should be used by up to 2 kg. In this case, 0.2-0.5 kg of concentrated feed additive is sufficient. Twins nursing mothers should also receive 0.5 kg of hay and 0.25 kg of nutritive fodder.
Feeding mothers before giving birth Animal nutrition during this period is extensive - feed dry and avoid frequent watering. Weaning lambs at about 70-100 days requires milking milk for a few days, which minimizes the possibility of mastitis (inflammation of the udder). Priority for animal welfare is properly carried shoulder (both for the lamb, and how the mother). Any change in the composition of the flock of sheep and the hierarchy of the group associated with an introduction or disconnected from the herd animal, especially a lamb from its mother, is associated with the occurrence of severe stress by reacting behavioral, autonomic and neuroendocrine. Too early detachment associated with an increased risk of disease to which it is susceptible of a young body is not fully educated immune system. Reduction of resistance of lambs, caused by stress after weaning performed incorrectly, it can also result in increased susceptibility to infection of gastrointestinal parasites during the summer grazing. Lambs in the first stage of weaning should gradually get used to less and less to be with their mothers. Then they stay with their mothers for just a night. After several days, the lambs are joined with mothers twice a day, then once a day. After the entry of mothers on pasture should be performed final separation. Reduce the frequency of intake should be correlated with the reduction of feeding ewes milk propellants feed. Mother disconnected lambs should be fed sparingly with dry feed. After dry, ewes cherish as needed barren ewes. Rearing lambs with their mothers Infant as soon as possible should drink colostrum. Immediately after birth, the mother and their descendants should be placed in the pen-natal, where, depending on the life and health of lambs, together staying 3-10 days. By the age of about 2 weeks lambs mothers take only milk. After this period, you must enter a constant feed quality - the first cut hay. It is vital to have access to water. Despite the popular belief that the demand for water in the lid suckling mother's milk, lambs in a growing number of start downloading feeds fixed and the same amount of milk sucked may be insufficient. From the third week of age lambs should be given crushed oats. Continuous feed given during this period are critical to the development of developing digestive tract of animals. From the second month of life, increase the amount of feed given so far and make it root. In winter, it is recommended fodder carrots and spring - beet pulp (previously soaked in water). If the farm is focused on the production of milk from sheep's milk, it can be used as a substitute for whey. With the increase in lamb and simultaneous decrease in maternal milk to increase the dose of hay and oats. During the grazing season and keep lambs quarters, it should also fatten ration feed. It is very desirable that in the initial period of the lambs grow rapidly, and charged sward stimulating the development of the digestive tract, but not covering all their nutritional needs. Most preferred the term is disconnected from the 70th to 100 life on the lamb.
Feeding ewes and rams young After weaning from their mothers until the age of 18 months is a short period of growth slowdown, and is increasing the amount of feed consumed. In summer, a pasture based feeding in winter - silage. In addition to hay, animals should receive compound feed additive. Rams weaned from their mothers until they reach the age of 18 months principles of their diet is similar to the ewes. It should be noted that the rams are characterized by a much faster rate of growth and their nutritional requirements are correspondingly higher, in particular with regard fodder. Pattening lambs Fattening lambs is dependent on a variety of factors, such as: - final (ante) body weight, - age, - assumed fattening intensity (and hence the length) - potential for growth (depending on the specifics of a given race mast in conjunction with the planned nutrition) - sex and type of birth (the best results are obtained fattening male lambs from birth twin), - possessed forage base. There are many kinds of finishing, such as the appropriate body weight, fattening lambs grazing, fattening milk-grazing (most common in the mountains), and others. Most, however, are three basic types: fast, intense and prolonged grazing, (or extended), and adult sheep fattening. Fattening fast - intense, characterized by high increases in body weight (about 250 grams per day or more) and relatively low energy and protein feed. For 1 kg of growth consumes about 3, 5 of the oat - 20 MJ and 430 g of protein. Fattening run to 25-35 kg M.C. and about 120 day of life. In this system very well suited merino lambs, meat breeds and hybrids from the mothers rams Merino and meat breeds: Berrichon du Cher, Texel, Suffolk, Dorset Horn. The rapid fattening feed is used with a high concentration of nutrients and roughage feed is limited to a very good quality hay. Lambs that are still with their mothers, they begin to be intensively fed as early as the second weeks of age. Prolonged intensive fattening is also associated with a rapid growth rate of lambs (200-220 g / day) and relatively low consumption of feed. At 1 kg increase M.C. need about 4 units oat - 24 MJ and about 400 g of protein. Fattening takes an average of six months and the lambs gain weight 35-40 kg final. During the fattening diet based on forage and pasture root of ration feed supplementation. Prolonged intensive fattening is suitable for sheep Polish lowland and longwooll Grazing fattening, or extended form is extensive lamb production (approximately 150 g increase in daily). It lasts from 6-8 months. His undeniable advantage is the use of the cheapest feed produced on the farm, such as pasture and hay forage. The result is meat with good values of healthy and low fat, with concurrent low financial outlay nutrition. Predisposed breeds here are extensive, resistant to weather conditions and good use of the pasture. Adult animal fattening concerns of older pieces, culled from the herd. Its aim is to improve their health, resulting in an improvement in the value of slaughter. In this case, we use the following feed fattening: forage and silage in the amount of 4-6 kg / day, lower quality hay or grain straw very good, concise (0.6-0.8 kg), legume seeds and rapeseed, rapeseed meal extracted. Fatting continues - depending on the condition and the animal feed used - from 1 to 2.5 months.
Feeding technique Feeds should ask the sheep twice a day. It is desirable that the animals received them at fixed times and in similar order in pure, devoid of pasture leavings. In the first place should be asked roughage and then feed concise. When you change the feed rule gradually introduce the new component doses, so that the digestive system of the animal to adapt to the new food. This allows you to maintain proper digestive processes, it can also prevent the onset of many diseases associated with the digestive tract, such as diarrhea, colic and flatulence. The transition from winter to summer feeding should begin with a short circular walks, after feeding the animals in the barn, and every day gradually lengthen the period of his animals on pasture. However, autumn is the reverse procedure spring: daily limit breed duration while increasing the dose asked to fold the dry feed. Organization fodder base In determining the annual demand for feed stocks must first determine the structure of the herd and the planned number of different food groups. Based on nutritional standards need to be calculated on the dry matter, net energy and protein for the entire herd of breaking down in the summer and winter. Then work out the dose for these periods in terms of mother livestock. When planning the fodder base is recommended to increase the demand for roughage by 10% and 5% informative in relation to the calculated values, the possibility of losses due to, for example, during storage. Example of daily rations (kg) for adult rams during rest and breeding (Niżnikowski R.). Forage and nutritive value of the Adult rams during the Adult rams during the dose rest breeding feeding season feeding season summer winter summer winter fresh grass forage 2,0 fresh alfalfa 2,0 Meadow hay average or good 0,5 1,0 1,0 Legume hay 1,0 Rain oats 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 Pea 0,15 0,35 Beet pulp dry 0,25 0,15 Oat straw and barley 1,0 0,5 0,5 0,5 Straw legumes Forage carrots 2,5 Mangolds 2,0 The energy in the feed: j.o. 1,548 1,599 2,020 2,026 MJ 9,162 9,464 11,955 11,991 digestible crude protein 131,0 128,0 251,2 251,5 dry weight 2,185 2,060 2,463 2,461
Example of daily rations (kg) for adult mothers during idle and prepare for breeding (Niżnikowski, R.). Pasze i wartość pokarmowa dawki Mother of adults during Mother of adults in the idle period of preparation for breeding feeding season feeding season summer winter summer winter Mowed forage or fodder 3,5 6,0 meadow hay 1,0 1,0 Straw spring cereals 1,0 0,5 0,75 0,5 Beets or carrots 1,5 Grain oats 0,2 Legume silage 2,0 The energy in the feed: j.o. 0,951 0,955 1,285 1,306 MJ 5,628 5,652 7,605 7,730 digestible crude protein 79,5 72,0 148,5 148,0 dry weight 1,575 1,508 1,706 1,822
Example of daily rations (kg) for adult mothers during pregnancy (Niżnikowski, R.). Mother of adults, the Mother of adults, the Forage and nutritive value of the third month of pregnancy fifth month of pregnancy dose feeding season feeding season summer winter summer winter Fresh grass forage 5,0 6,0 Meadow hay average or good 0,5 0,25 1,0 grain oats 0,15 Sweet lupine seeds 0,2 Oat straw 0,75 0,75 0,5 Barley straw 0,5 Straw legumes 1,0 Beets or carrots 1,0 2,0 Potatoes 1,0 The energy in the feed: j.o. 1,125 1,137 1,444 1,472 MJ 6,658 6,729 8,546 8,712 digestible crude protein 109,5 92,0 143,0 148,4 dry weight 1,656 2,091 2,071 1,886
Example of daily rations (kg) for mothers to breast-feeding lambs (Niżnikowski, R.). Forage and nutritive value of the dose Mother-feeding adults feeding season summer winter fresh grass forage 6,0 meadow hay 0,5 1,75 Legume hay Grain oats 0,2 Oat straw 0,25 Beets or carrots 1,0 Grass silage 1,0 The energy in the feed: j.o. 1,617 1,657 MJ 9,570 9,807 digestible crude protein 188,5 180,8 dry weight 1,969 2,031
Sample daily doses of nutrients (g) for lambs suckling (Niżnikowski, R.).
Age of lambs Blend feed Root month week Estimated hay oat succinct minera carrots potatoes weight (kg) l 1 9 x x I 2 10 50 50 3 11 75 75 II 5 12 100 100 10 2 100 50 6 14 125 100 30 2 200 100 7 16 150 100 52 2 300 150 8 18 175 75 100 2 400 200 III 9 20 200 50 150 3 500 250 10 21 225 25 200 3 600 300 11 22 250 250 3 700 350 12 23 275 275 3 800 400 IV 13 24 300 300 3 900 450 14 25 350 350 4 1000 500
10. The most common disease entities
In the case of an animal disease should be immediately separated from the group, offer hospitality and call a veterinarian. Presented below are the most common disease entities in sheep, in terms of both the cause - symptomatic, recommended preventive treatments and methods of treatment. It is worth emphasizing that the vast majority of the reason for their occurrence, resulting from a significant reduction in the level of well-being, to some extent, it is usually the result of failure to comply breeder ignorance or omission of certain existing procedures.
10.1 Ketosis This disease is caused by a disorder of energy transformations that occur in the last trimester of pregnancy, usually 14-7 days before giving birth. Referred to as a poisoning pregnancy (blood sugar reduced, the increased levels of ketone bodies). Complications of the disease may be accompanied by the birth of dead or weak lambs. Symptoms: Disorders of the Nervous System: gait weakness, reluctance of food intake. In advanced stages of the animals are on the chest and take the position as to sleep, poor response to external stimuli. When ketosis is sometimes partial or total blindness manifested, for example, animal stumbling over obstacles. Sheep have a motor ataxia. In the case of the treated animals after 4-5 days there is a residual, coma, and then falls. Sometimes in the course of ketosis can lead to miscarriage or premature birth, which often results in an overall improvement of the animal due to reduced metabolic load. Treatment: If the disease is so advanced that the animal is, be sure to tell your veterinarian. Injections can be administered with glucose and glucose administered orally in divided doses (up to 500 g per day) with Sodium Propionate, in order to support the intravenous therapy. You can use herbal mixtures of similar composition to the preparation Herbiwet (formulation intended for cattle). We recommend the following homeopathic remedies: Hepar / Anagallis compositum, Carduus compositum and Coenzyme compositum and Flor de Piedra D4. Prevention: It is based on respect for the principles of nutrition, especially in the last stage of pregnancy and complement the high-energy feed ration and the elimination of stress factors. If the disease is often in the last 6 weeks before giving birth to fatten animals Biroca-Graviben'em, in the amount of 25 g per day per head. It is important to maintain the high proportion of the period of roughage in the ration (at least 25%).
10.2 Purulent inflammation caused hobble It is a contagious disease that causes necrosis of the skin and pulp, sewage distribution of creative feet. The cause of disease is inadequate living condition of animals, and in particular the ground humidity, lack of hoof care, combined with being sheep slatted floors. In this environment, there is a bacterial infection with anaerobic bacteria. Sick animals infecting the flock environment, causing an escalation of the disease in the herd. Symptoms: The first symptom is observed reddening of the skin cracks between the hoofs. Then there is the inflammation of the pulp creative hoof, which causes a change in its shape and strong lameness. With cracks and fissures between the hoofs corner comes purulent discharge. In some cases there is complete separation of the bulbar palsy and tendons, and joints. Because of the severe pain, the animals sometimes move on the wrists. Hobble can occur in all extremities. Basic treatment: Separate sick sheep in the pen with dry litter. Immediately remove the diseased part of the corner (cut the feet carefully collect and destroy). Bathing the feet of patients in 10% of the essence of the healing stone. Once dry, apply a tincture Klausan spray. Sole of the feet spread with pine tar in addition (with antiseptic, antifungal and stimulates granulation) or with a Unicorn (prepared on the basis of tar). You can also make a poultice of arnica or from the ground, and mullein leaves with plantain and 5% propolis. When infected hoof edges start dressing with a thick layer of 20% ointment Ichthyol. Adjuvant therapy: Regular feeding enhances Biroca Ursonne hoof horn. Similarly, the action is administration of diatomaceous earth. When inflammation of the hoof edges use 5 ml sc injection Pyrogenium comp., Every other day until cured. You may also be given an injection of 5 ml Theranekron. Prevention: Ensuring the animals clean and dry bedding and regular hoof care. It involves cutting over jutting corner and right hoof shape profiling in order to restore normal static and dynamic system the entire limb. In the case of excessively-grown hoof fracture reaches the finger axis. If the hoof care, or in the course of carrying out their correction finds signs of injury, fracture or detachment of part of the horny wall or signs of inflammation within the hoof, such as a reaction to oppression Pain, redness and swelling of the lace or the presence of purulent discharge should be carried out in a disinfectant bath generally available antiseptic measures. For this purpose, you can also use a decoction of chamomile, arnica, marigold or grated comfrey root. It is recommended that sheep farm had special pools for bathing the feet, giving the opportunity to soak the entire hoof.
10.3 Mastitis Symptoms: enlarged halves lists, redness, soreness. Milk becomes a watery, brown and red. High temperature - 42 ° C. Basic treatment: If possible, realizing udder gently a few times during the day. Apply 2 times a day a mixture of vinegar and lubricate swollen abdomen 2-3 times a day for udder balm. Use injections Pyrogenium comp. 5 ml 2-3 times a day until resolution of fever. You can also administer homeopathic RV 8 ectoderm (3-5 ml) or RV 15 Lacto (3-5 ml). Adjuvant therapy: injections Laseptal 5 ml sc, and then administered orally or by injection preparations of homeopathic Aconitum D6 and D4-D6-D8 Phosphor.
10.4 Teat injury Treatment Basic Lubrication udder balm and salve marigolds, in the case of purulent wounds - the essence of Marigold washing, the preparation RV 25 Traumato.
10.5 Congestion caused by breakage lists Basic treatment: 1 x daily injections of 5 ml sc (subcutaneous) Arnica D5 and / or a Millefolium D3-D4. 2 times a day rub lotion udder. Filament can also be used (10 drops CH 200 dissolved in 1 liter of water) - 3-4 doses every 15 minutes.
10.6 Bulge Symptoms: bloating especially strong on the left side of the body, shortness of breath, anxiety, staggering and death due to suffocation. Basic Treatment: Immediately ensure peace, bring the pastures. Massage and tapping the left side. ½ bottle immediately give 7.5 ml of Colosan optionally repeated after 15 minutes, 5 ml sc injection Nux vomica / Nicotiana comp. Adjuvant therapy: Serve silicone agent to prevent foam formation. S.c. injection of 5 ml Spasmovetsan. Prevention: It is based on watering and feeding sheep grazing in front of roughage. Also, avoid feeding the hungry and feed the animals watered not susceptible to rapid fermentation. 10.7 Ammonia poisoning Symptoms: Weakness of appetite, smelly diarrhea, lack of rumination, liver ailments, hind limb lameness. Basic treatment: immediate change is necessary nutrition: the administration of high and easily digestible carbohydrates (eg molasses, chopped sugar beet). In severe cases, give 0.5 liters of vinegar diluted in 2 liters of water. When diarrhea - antidiarrheal powder. Prevention: Silage fed to animals must be fresh and clean. 10.8 Diarrhea Basic Treatment: The main treatment is a one-day hunger strike (with the exception of the invasion of the gastro-intestinal parasites). Animals must be lukewarm water to drink. Serve 1-2 liters of chamomile tea or a mixture of tea / herbal tea camomile with 3 tablespoons of sugar per 1 liter of fluid. Watered several times a day in small portions. Serve oatmeal gruel or flaxseed 2-3 times a day, 0.5 liter along with gruel - antidiarrheal powder 3 times a day 2 full teaspoons. 2-3 hours at 10 to give 20 drops Arsenicum album D4. Drug can also be used Diarect RV 6 (3-5 ml) or Nux vomica 200CH.
10.9 Paralysis of perinatal Symptoms: The disease is characterized by reduced levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. Unlike ketosis occurs in the last few days of pregnancy, or a few days after birth. It occurs suddenly without prior symptoms. This leads to tremor and their contractions. Sheep lie on your side and bend your neck. Tachypnea occurs, the temperature can reach up to 40 º C. Basic treatment: If the animal is, immediately call a veterinarian, who will apply the injections of calcium and phosphate preparations. Adjuvant therapy: In the four weeks before delivery 1 x 5ml daily sc injection Vitavestan. Pay attention to the narrow ratio of calcium to potassium in doses of mineral feed for the sheep in late pregnancy. Do not use very high doses of mineral supplements - more than 25 g per day per head. Prevention: Feeding Biroca-Graviben, ranging from 6 week before birth, 25 g per day. In addition, given the growth concentrate - 5 g per day. 10.10 Tetany Symptoms: The disease caused by a deficiency of magnesium in the blood. It occurs suddenly, after leaving the pasture. This leads to tremor, speed up breathing and contractions. Sheep lie down on your side. Treatment should be given an injection of magnesium preparations or homeopathic Epispas RV 10 (3-5 mL). Prevention: Serve magnesium tablets. Use caution when feeding pasture. Before grazing should be given hay. The slow transition from winter feeding - the feeding pasture. 10.11 Diarrhoea lambs Symptoms: A relatively common in 3-14 days of age there is a strong diarrhea, often watery, with an unpleasant odor. Then there is the lack of appetite, indifference, and sometimes fever. This is due to weakening of the immune lambs. Basic Treatment: Immediately stop the watering of milk and milk replacer diet given Biroca-Ferm, up to 6 servings at about 0.2 ml per day. When used as an auxiliary dehydration strong chamomile infusion of glucose. In order to restore intestinal flora administered daily 2-5 g Eudigest (for a week). In the event of a fever - sc injections of 2 ml Pyrogenium comp. After an improvement given oat gruel. Adjuvant therapy: injections of 2 ml sc Laseptal. In the absence of appetite administered several times a day and a bottle of Colosanu drops 3-4 times a day Amara. Prevention: From birth to about 3 weeks of age Eudigest administered in a dose of about 4 g per day. 10.12 Flu lambs Symptoms: Acceleration of breathing and heart rate, fever, lack of appetite, runny nose, water initially and later purulent. Then, cough, bronchitis, and then progressing to pneumonia. Basic treatment: 2-3 ml sc injections Pyrogenium comp. 2-3 times a day and 2 times a day 3 ml sc Coffea prep. For bronchitis - 2-3 ml s.c. Bronchi / Plantago comp. Adjuvant therapy: injections of 2 x 3 ml sc daily Viruvetsan, also 3 times a day 10 drops Phosphor Aconitum D6 and D4. When coughing - Bronchovetsan 3 times a day ½ tsp. At risk of pneumonia is to stimulate the kidneys relevant infusions of herbs (such as horsetail, birch leaves, elderberry flower, nettle). 10.13 Tapeworm Symptoms: In the faeces visible members tapeworm. Diarrhea, colic, weight loss, bloating sometimes. Basic treatment: antiparasitic activity are the following plants: garlic, tansy, carrot, chamomile, bracken. 10.14 Gastro-intestinal helminthiasis Symptoms: Caused by 5 types of parasites. Invasion leads to growth inhibition and animal weight loss. Are pale mucous membranes, swelling of the throat occurs, loss of appetite and diarrhea. Basic treatment: Worm treatment of the entire herd for a few days before the expulsion of the spring grazing.
10.15 Forceps Treatment Basic Lubrication infested places Insektenfrei preparation and decontamination sites attacked sanitiser RV 27 Calendula-Extern. 10.16 Scabies Symptoms: Scabies is caused by infestation of mites. Scabies affects the entire body, causing intense itching, hair loss, the formation of nodules on the skin, blisters and pustules. Disease shall be reported to the veterinary office. Basic Treatment: Double-washing and disinfecting preparation Insektenfrei infested places sanitiser RV 27 Calendula-Extern. Adjuvant therapy: Serve vitamin A and diatomaceous earth, 1 teaspoon per day. 10.17 Deworming animals Fighting parasitic in breeding pasture with synthetic preparations for deworming is essential and this step should be repeated at least 2 times a year, unless a reinvasion. Previously, based on the tests coproscopic diagnose the type and scale of parasite invasion. The procedure we allow for proper selection antiparasitic agent. Always apply the whole herd deworming, which minimizes the possibility of reinvasion parasites. The treatment should be planned for two days before going to pasture and grazing land before the descent of the (autumn). On the day of his conduct, and for the next two days, the animals should remain in the facility to expel parasites, which in the first instance to prevent infection pastures, and in the second - litter fold. Manure removed from the premises where the treatment was carried out, it should be stored in high piles. It deworming during the grazing season must be connected with the change of quarters. Prevention: Prevent contact with host-parasite or its reduction can be achieved by grazing animals and isolation square natural bodies of water, where a rule exists larvae of parasites. While there are other species of farm animals, the abandoned quarters can enter another species that is not susceptible to infection by parasites of the species previously fed. For example, the headquarters grazed by horses and horse infected with parasites, without fear of invasion, you can enter the sheep. Entering lambs previously mowed the accommodation in which at least throughout the season they were not sheep, minimizes the risk of invasion. The recommended change hotels every 5-6 days corresponding to the period of larval development of gastrointestinal nematodes in optimal conditions of temperature or in warm climates. However, in a climate more diverse larval development time is much longer, ranging from two to several weeks. Break Accommodation grazing should be given depending on the temperature conditions of 5-6 weeks. After this period, especially in the spring, grass in the quarters and will surpass lent only to cut. Mow quarters and putting on her after a few weeks of lambs reinvasion reduce the risk, but it does not exclude. Important preventive role played by the purity of drinking water for animals. Low located nipple with occasional pouring of water can be contaminated with faeces containing nematode larvae, for example, which can lead to an escalation of the invasion of a whole herd. Systematic for control of parasitic invasion is absolutely necessary and required due to both aspects of animal welfare and because of their productivity, which has a significant impact on the economics of production. The results of numerous observations undeniably show significantly lower growth rate of infected lambs. Lack of proper response from the manufacturer may result in inhibition of their growth, and even lead to falls. 11. Good agricultural practices and hygiene and prevention
A healthy herd, with the right level of support, maintaining cleanliness in livestock buildings and good land use acreage pastures and runs, and in synergy with properly conducted prevention at all stages of production are the key elements of farming properly. Proper use requires sheep messages not only in the field of nutrition and use, but also the knowledge of the behaviors typical of the genre. Mental needs of animals is not only conducive to their well-being, but also the ease of use and increased productivity of the herd. Knowledge of the patterns of behavior of individuals and groups, and the ability to observe and correct interpretation of the changes in these behaviors is an important feature of any good breeder. Because the production of sheeps accordance with the requirements of organic farming meets the growing interest among producers (as evidenced by the dynamic growth in the number of certified farms - including shepherd), multiply the questions, this chapter and the next, dedicated to veterinary issues, has been enhanced practical information on the requirements, recommendations, and implementation of appropriate environmental procedures in this subject. The purpose of providing an appropriate level of animal welfare in the broadest sense of the word, should be implemented and fulfilled the demands contained in the Code of Farm Animal Welfare, persistent connectivity with Good Agricultural Practice. Freedom from hunger and thirst - by providing unrestricted access to fresh, uncontaminated water and adequate food, conditioning the proper growth, development and helth. Sheeps must be fed twice a day. Feed is given at the same times and in a similar order (first volume and concise), clean, without leavings pasture. When you change the principle of gradual feed its input, so that the flora of the digestive system of the animal to adapt to the new food. Thus avoid diarrhea, colic and flatulence. Similarly, it is imperative to ensure lambs transition from mother's milk to solid feed. The quantity and quality of feed provided to animals must also be closely linked to the time of year and their physiological state. Improper balance dose of macro-and micronutrients (imbalance in the ratio of calcium / phosphorus, magnesium / potassium) protein and energy components, protein and crude fiber, vitamin deficiencies and the deficiency of trace elements, or very small amounts of vitamins and trace elements can lead to disease . Checks must be made in terms of the occurrence of feed contaminants and their freshness, and for the detection of non-compliant party - to eliminate them from the diet. Absolutely not be given feed rotten. Silage can not be given in the form of ice. The sheep must be accessible to the water, which should be administered with automatic watering situated at the head of a sheep. Low located nipple of pouring once or twice a day with water can be polluted provender and feces, and thus infected such as nematodes, which enter the nipple with infected sheep faeces. Freedom from discomfort and discomfort - by providing sufficient space, shelter opportunities, freedom of movement, in particular, lie down, stand up and lie down, and optimal conditions for the culture medium. Sheep as herd animals should be kept in groups and as much time to spend outside the livestock building. Therefore, the buildings must be equipped with catwalks and circulars. Sheep in the summer should be as long as you stay in the pasture. The room can not be objects and devices that can cause injuries and damage to the body. Welfare requirements of sheep for maintenance of buildings and beyond have been discussed in the chapter. "Environmental requirements of sheep'' and buildings for the rearing of sheep''. Freedom from pain, injury and disease - by maintaining hygiene, provision of prevention, prevention and, if necessary, rapid diagnosis of the disease and its effective treatment. According to the Animal Protection Act of 21 August 1997 (Journal of Laws No. 111, p 724), each animal requires humane treatment and care is defined as all aspects of the relationship between man and animal, in particular human resources run tangible and intangible, to obtain and maintain the animal's physical and mental condition in which it abolishes the best living conditions imposed by man. Preventive measures amount to spray pastures copper sulphate pre-emergence grass twice a year exporting manure, cleaning and disinfecting sheep disinfectants, and liming inside the fold, the use of formulations or devices insect killer, Deratisation fold, premises and adjacent buildings. Whole herd deworming should be carried out in accordance with the instructions of a veterinarian before going to pasture (spring) and before the descent from the pasture (in the autumn). It is important to carry out timely preventive vaccination in order to produce the body of antibodies against infectious diseases. Freedom from fear and distress - by eliminating stressors and to provide appropriate care and treatment. A very important role in maintaining optimal well-being plays a supporting herd sheep shepherd. He is in direct contact with animals that should be tended at least once a day. People taking care of the sheep should behave calmly around them and do not make sudden movements. In such cases, frightened sheep to escape, which could lead to a stampede of vulnerable individuals, cuts and injuries caused by unexpected contact with objects and equipment on the fold, circular or pasture. Important is that the whole day was planned and carried out various tasks in the same order. Animals get used to such a scheme and show no concern.
Ability to express normal behavior, which is necessary to ensure adequate space and the social composition of the group. The breeder should allow animals to ensure the implementation of species-typical behavior in the herd by ensuring adequate space, the possibility of grazing pastures penetrate and seek appropriate food. Sheep herding the animal must stay in the group. Opportunity to be with other individuals, and then shaping and prioritization has a positive effect on the mental stability of all subjects. Mothers should provide the longest contact with offspring. All norms and recommendations applicable to organic production are to minimize the risk of disease in animals kept in this system. Priority roles played by the skilful and thoughtful selection of breeds having a good set of features and a high resistance breeding - local breeds with good use of the pasture. Adherence to appropriate farming practices and recommendations, and to ensure the highest level of animal welfare have a substantial impact on the health and productivity of sheep reared in an organic farm. Linking soil organic production, and thus assumed the autonomy of the farm, also leads to significantly reduce the possibility of introducing disease entities in its area. An important role in the development of resistance plays a sufficiently long lambs fed colostrum and milk, affecting the healthy development and well-being of the young organism. Significant impact on the health of the sheep has a rich sward botanical composition of pastures. The results show the beneficial effects of herbs present in the sward on the condition of the animals fed with. One of the pro-health practices in organic livestock farming is the use of feed supplements nutritional intake of herbs, focusing on periods of increased susceptibility of animals to disease. Action contained in the herbs of biologically active substances is twofold. On the one hand they have a beneficial effect on the digestive processes, on the other hand act on the immune system, increasing the natural immunological processes. It should be noted that many of these substances are also antibacterial, antiparasitic and antiviral. Herbal practices for farm animals, despite the fact that it is quite poorly developed area in Poland, based on the centuries-old experience. In folk medicine herbs have been used as feed additives, decoctions, infusions, dried, ointments and poultices. For example, a brew derived from elderberry fruit has been used for excessive overloading of the digestive tract in both sheep and cattle, as well as in horses. Plants characterized by a relatively curative large group, just replace St. John's wort, nettle, juniper and oak bark pigweed. Both in prevention and in treatment of sheep reared in ecological conditions, as long as there is no risk of sudden development and escalation of disease or death, the first step requires the use of drugs of natural origin - such as herbal remedies and homeopathic - which do not have side effects and do not require the use of a grace period for the acquisition of food. Numerous publications have confirmed the effectiveness of these preparations. The manufacturer shall possess adequate knowledge about recipes and how to prepare herbal dosage. Ignorance of these procedures can result in treatment failure, and even lead to complications. And so, wormwood herb used in the treatment of acute indigestion and bloating in large ruminants in overdose can cause symptoms of poisoning. For prophylaxis of diseases can be used probiotics - microorganisms naturally inhabit the body of the animal. After administration of probiotics, microorganisms contained in them inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, preventing the development of pathogenic flora, which limits the risk of disorders of the digestive system. Microorganisms present in the probiotics is to decrease the intestinal pH, production of antimicrobial compounds and reduce the toxicity of pathogenic bacteria, and products for the production of vitamins and generally strengthening the immune system. The results of comparative studies on the health status of animals kept in conventional and organic farms indicate that the application of the principles of organic farming and the broader prevention leads to a reduction in the incidence of animal disease, consumption of synthetic drugs and the lack of residues in organic products. It should be noted that treatment based on natural medicinal preparations is usually a long and gives the desired effect only after certain period of time. Therefore, in the case of a direct threat to the life of the animal, the manufacturer is obliged to follow all procedures in accordance with the principles of classical veterinary procedure. If you are using allopathic medicines (conventional) from the breeder required to comply with the withdrawal period for food products derived from infected animals. According to the normative organic farming, this period has been doubled compared to the manufacturer's product. If this period is not specified, made public a 48-hour grace period. Sometimes the only effective means of prevention is to conduct vaccination. It is possible vaccination of breeding animals in order to prevent the escalation of environmental infectious diseases, when the body is considered endemic in the area where it is located organic farm and vaccinate themselves are treated as mandatory. In any case, the use of allopathic medicines, such action should be appropriately documented. If an animal goes more than two treatments using conventional therapeutic agents within a year, or more than one course of treatment - in the case of animals, whose production cycle is shorter than one year, the resulting products can not be marketed as produced in accordance with the principles of agriculture scheme. After joining the European Union in this field is valid EEC Directive 2092/91, together with supporting regulations.
11.1 Hygiene Policy Hygiene is essential in preventing disease. This requirement are subordinated to all aspects of production on the farm, namely: compliance with standards for microclimate parameters, fittings and sanitary facilities, compliance with nutritional standards and properly feeding and conducting surveillance of the animals, so that they have the highest level of welfare. An important role is played by regular cleaning and disinfection of premises where animals are kept. For the purposes of these treatments in organic farming are allowed water and steam (preferably under pressure), milk of lime, sodium and potassium soap, milk of lime, lime and lime, sodium hypochlorite, caustic soda, potash, hydrogen peroxide, a natural plant essences ( such as garlic extract and nicotine), alcohol, formaldehyde, sodium carbonate and citric acid, peracetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid and acetic acid. The use of the funds allocated for the cleaning and disinfection of milking machines. Do not allow to produce favorable conditions for living rodents. Therefore, security is required to access the database feed, removal of residual feed and the use of traps. It is recommended that mowing of vegetation around the flock and feed stores. For the purpose of rodent control measures can be applied on the basis of anticoagulants (brodifacoum, difenacoum, difethialon, promadiolon). Dead rodents must be removed immediately. To control flies blind can use mechanical or ultraviolet light. Due to the numerous requirements and restrictions which are fortified livestock under organic farm, you should pay special attention to the health and condition of the introducted animals. The newly purchased sheep from the flock before the merger should be isolated and subjected to careful observation. Quarantine should last at least three weeks and, if not observed any adverse changes in health, animals can be introduced into the herd. 11.2 Treatments allowed One of the principles of organic agriculture is to provide the highest level of animal welfare, thus reducing treatments that cause pain and stress. In conventional breeding lambs tails cut is a practice often used. This treatment is not allowed in organic production, as long as consent to its implementation - in appropriate cases - issued the certification body. Shearing is usually carried out twice a year. The procedure must be performed by a specialist who has the necessary equipment. All skin cuts and abrasions should be immediately disinfected. Due to the drastic change in the processes of thermoregulation, which is the result of this treatment, the sheep shearing to provide a warm and draft-free. Vaccination of animals are allowed if the disease is in the area where the farm is located. Immunization may be subjected only animals healthy and dewormed. The procedure can only be performed by a veterinarian, and the vaccine should be properly stored and not outdated. It is unacceptable to use of genetically modified vaccines.
12. The nature and objectives of the measures necessary for the development of sheep production and its economics
Since the second half of the 80s Twentieth century, the dominant direction of sheep production is the production of lambs for slaughter. Wool and leather are of minor importance and market value. In the case of milk production and the manufacture of its products exhibits a distinct zoning. Almost the entire production volume comes from the Polish mountain sheep breeds kept in the vicinity of the southern tip of Podhale and Polish. It is true that in the central regions of the country and meet a few lowland farms, where animals are milked, and the milk processed, however in the country, in statistical terms is the amount representing the margin of production. The share of sheep in the domestic market of animal products is low. This is not only a consequence of decreasing the population of these animals, but also their low productivity which is partly due to the lack of proven implementations of scientific facilities for crossing freight solutions, control utility for meat and milk, and the necessary selection. Taking into account the situation of sheep, you should take the necessary action to curb the downward trend that, in the future, affect the development of the economic activities which, through niche but important products, should find a place in the market of food products. It should be noted that the lack of a satisfactory income from sheep production results, apart from the reasons of low productivity of meat and sheep's milk compared with expenditure in the production of pork, chicken or cow's milk. Having a number of reasons for the low profitability of sheep production in the present circumstances and regardless of the direction of use, the way to increase profitability is to implement a low-cost production methods, including the rearing based on the least expensive forage - pasture silage. A major obstacle limiting the development of rational sheep production in Poland is poor agrarian structure. Much of sheep, particularly in the southern Polish, located in small flocks, which prevents effective genetic improvement and implementation of modern production systems. Although it everywhere, especially in mountainous regions, sheep successfully use permanent pasture and effectively protect the open spaces of grass in front of forest succession. Given the resistance to diseases and adverse environmental conditions, as well as nutritional requirements, native sheep breeds and even some meat breeds can be successfully used in organic production subsidized. Structure of income in households shepherd in 2007-2009 (E. Sowula-Skrzyńska)
Some hope of stopping the decline in sheepbreeding could be found in our agriculture belonging to the European Union. Imposed by the EU rules is essential to proper management of permanent grassland, sustainable development and the need for extensive use of marginal lands, creates a real basis for a possible increase in the number of native populations of sheep. 13. Lines of action necessary for the development of sheep.
13.1 Natural conditions that affect the development of sheep Natural conditions of sheep in the central Polish regions are radically different from those mountains. Although the mountains stringent environmental conditions prevail, and the crops produce lower yields, the higher precipitation create favorable conditions here for pasture yield. Among other reasons, a decrease of the number of sheep in the mountains, was lower than in other regions of the country. Southern Polish natural conditions, the number of permanent grassland, the requirements of environmental protection and landscape predispose sheep to the role of natural participant business processes, especially in foothill and mountain areas. These areas are difficult to use, and provides an opportunity to keep sheep for their proper development. Meet the special role feeding sheep, susceptible to forest succession, important because of the landscape. In lowland sheep should be used in the implementation of environmental programs (maintenance of natural pastures, valuable plant communities), in farm tourism and organic production. The implementation of available and reliable experimental research results Livestock productivity and high economic efficiency reaches a breeder who put into practice the results of scientific research. Implementation of scientific research depends largely on the commitment of farmers who need to be convinced of the usefulness and benefits offered by advances in farming methods, as well as an effective system of communication of scientific information by ODR-y and Trade Breeders and funding for the implementation of breeding progress. The primary objective is to provide livestock breeding more efficient in terms of the preferred direction of production. Control of utility and is therefore the basis for selection of breeding progress. Organizing costly utility control is the responsibility and competence of breeders' organizations which have carried out and - after analyzing the results - make recommendations to growers. In Western countries, sheep farmers participate in these expensive projects because they are convinced of the usefulness and benefits of the information provided by the compounds. Such a system is functioning properly wherever income toward the use of animals generates profit. Otherwise, the first symptom of a lack of profitability is the omission of a particular type of production. In our conditions: lack of demand for wool resulted in abandonment of utility control woolly, wool sorting, and consequently - a reduction sheep. Faint profit use sheep milk did not allow for the implementation of the control and selection of sheep milk in this direction; little interest in sheep meat consumers, lower prices not caused by breeders implementation of internationally recognized methods for improving meat sheep. A spectacular example of the profit for the farmers to look for is, instead of tedious selection and increasing the milk of sheep, the placing on the market under the name of traditional dairy products - bundz and oscypek, cheese made from cheaper and commercially available cow's milk. Promotion of education highlighting the qualities of the products obtained from sheep, in particular, produced in extensive farming conditions originating from the areas of non-industrialized and organic farming All products derived from sheep require and deserve the promotion. These are expensive products in fact, having the character of a luxury (meat, cheese), as well as those that can easily be replaced by other industrial products (wool and leather). While the promotion of foods can use their undoubted qualities and scientifically proven health benefits, whereas the effective promotion of wool and fur are often variable in the field of fashion. Extensive farm, located in uncontaminated areas, and undeniably organic farm should primarily be a place for the production of high quality food. The study on the intensification of fertilization and grazing indeed proved possible to obtain a large animal production per unit area, but also showed initially underestimated, both negative effect on the quality of products and so health of animals, as well as the quality and condition of the same pastures. Although lambs reared in intensive feeding systems are characterized by higher gains in body weight and higher efficiency slaughter of pasture reared, however sensory qualities and pro-meat health of the latter are much more favorable. The results show that animals from conventional farms are exposed to many negative associations, such as: heavy metals (from the contaminated soil and air), the remnants of antibiotics, hormones, growth drivers, pesticides (which are inappropriate feed source) or nitrates and nitrites (from the excessively fertilized crops). These compounds can be deposited in their products - meat and milk, which is critical to the health of consumers. Errors in the intensive feeding often have an impact on meat quality of fattening lambs. Intensive feeding the lambs feed easily sofa in the rumen (mashed beans or kibbled) leads to disruption of the normal synthesis of fat - the result is the increased amount of fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms and fatty acids with branched chains. The presence of these compounds result in a change in the consistency of fat (tallow), which becomes soft and will not be acceptable to consumers. Cons meat from conventional production - such as PSE (pale, soft and watery) and DFD (dark meat, hard and dry) - are the result of either improper feeding, or bad service (acute stress pre-slaughtering enhancing glycolytic dynamics of change in the way anaerobic). Sheep grazing to maintain a favorable method of obtaining their raw materials and food products with a particularly favorable nutritional and health qualities. Meat from animals fed with grass and other feed by volume is less Fatty (less intramuscular fat content and intermuscle) and a significantly more favorable from the point of view of the quality of care, fatty acid profile, including higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-3 and conjugated dienes, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The latter compound has many characteristics of a pro-health, including is a factor in preventing obesity, it has anti-cancer properties and antisclerosis and stimulates the immune system. Lamb meat for a long period of use of breast milk (milk-grazing fattening) is characterized by a favorable qualities peculiar flavor and tenderness. Sheep milk is a valuable raw material used to make cheese. In comparison with goat's milk is rarely consumed directly, although it is recommended by doctors, especially those suffering from osteoporosis (contains large amounts of readily absorbable calcium) and children who are allergic to cow's milk. In the UK, the milk is put on the market is the market and regular customers among the consumer groups. The quality of milk, including the health parameters, is more "feel" to the agents by the terms of the maintenance in comparison with the meat. Time of the effects of changes in feed used to feed the sheep, and the impact of stressors on the composition and quality of milk is counted in hours, while the changes in the quality of meat are usually long lasting. The milk may be a variety of substances which have an influence on the technological properties and the biosecurity of the product. Even small amounts of antibiotics used against udder inflammation, which are present in the milk of sheep for a certain time after the end of treatment, slowing down the fermentation process, or even block some of the treatment processes. Pesticides and some mycotoxins originating from bad feeding stored feed residues deworming measures, vaccinations, medicines against limping, detergents and disinfectants, are a risk factor and are not indifferent to the health of consumers. As in the case of meat, preferably in organic production of sheep pasture maintenance is critical for the quality of harvested milk. The product obtained under these conditions is characterized by a lower content of fat, a more favorable profile of fatty acids and a higher content of CLA. It has been shown that the carotenoid content in the milk of animals fed fresh fodder is higher than the feed fed conserved and therefore they obtained from milk and cheese are more favorable, more yellow color. Cheese produced from sheep kept on the rich pastures of herbs has significantly better sensory quality and aroma, as compared with the corresponding products derived from animals fed with feed and ration preserved. Analysis of volatile substances (column chromatography) showed the presence of various aromatic compounds (terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and ketones) responsible for the sensory quality of the cheese. Despite the above, confirmed by many scientific characteristics, the internal construction of the lamb market is not easy, because in Poland there is no tradition of its consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to very intensive promotion highlighting its health promoting properties (low fat, high content of unsaturated fatty acids, low in cholesterol, etc.) and eco-friendly nature of the meat of animals reared on the rich in terms of flora and uncontaminated pastures. The promotion of sheep cheese should emphasize the importance of EU characters, which ensure that these products are manufactured in the grazing season, in a specific area and in accordance with established tradition. Dairy products, especially manufactured in the mountains, in addition to recognizable sensory qualities should also have a uniqueness, that satisfy the conditions of the region's: to be produced by traditional methods in a specific geographic area and season defined environmental conditions, such as bundz, sheep cheese, or żentyca. Products derived sheep under extensive, with proven high quality, necessitate skillful, large-scale marketing efforts, which will affect the expected increase in demand, and as a consequence - increased profitability.
13.2 Organizational and marketing efforts to increase the economic efficiency of sheep The following actions should improve the economics of sheep farming and thus reverse the long-term, negative trend.
13.3 Concentration of production - Creating larger flocks of sheep. One of the main problems is the fragmentation of sheep farms. It is therefore necessary to create an incentive to increase the number of stocks. Without them, increasing the size of flocks of sheep giving effective profit and rationalization of production will be impossible in the coming years. 13.4 Setting up producer groups and farmers organizations A solution for small farmers to organize producer groups. Appointment of producer groups (associations, cooperatives) would allow farmers to organize a collection of sheep lambs set of customers (restaurants, shops) body weight, allowing for convenient times to obtain the required weight of carcasses and favorable price. In the countries of Western Europe, there has long been institutions of different races farmers associations or manufacturers of a product group. An example would be set up in the 80s Twentieth century in the United Kingdom Association of Milk Sheep consuming (The Bristish Sheep Dairying Association). It was founded dairy farmers who, due to limits in milk production (milk quotas) could not keep up with the production of cow's milk and resumed, after 500-year hiatus, milking sheep in the British Isles. Society seems his journal Sheep Dairy News, which provides a forum for the exchange of information and source of knowledge about sheep milking and processing milk, organizes training farmers to countries with high use of dairy sheep traditions and scientific conferences, but also takes care of the interests of its members. 13.5 Organization of buying lambs and milk Cooperative, as an example of such solutions in the countries of the Mediterranean Basin, could arrange to purchase their own sheep's milk dairy. Purchase of sheep's milk, where it is justified and processing in dairies belonging to farmers, such as the teaching of Italian farmers, allows you to meet all the requirements of sanitary and expand their range of products from sheep's milk. In terms of professional dairy can produce ripened cheeses from sheep's milk, whey exploited by processing the fermented beverage and market sheep's milk yogurt. In some countries (the United Kingdom), some breeders are marketed, packaged in sachets, sheep's milk, which found customers among people who are allergic to cow's milk protein, and in homes for the elderly. A good example illustrating the possibility of national common but rarely is action taken Cooperative,, Gazdowie'' (southern Poland).
Establishment of slaughterhouses, dairies and company store selling products associated farmers. Slaughterhouse own independence from importers and growers will, if possible suspension of export of live animals, carcasses for export. The group should open corporate stores offering lamb (carcass, felling, milk) in areas of high tourist attraction. A specific advertising and promotion of tourist destinations (eg Zakopane), guarantees economic success of the project. 13.6 Promotion of sheep The promotion and advertising of regional sheep, use popular events and traditional festivals, such as picnic and Tatra Tatra Autumn. As the ability to protect the created demand would propagate this kind of festivals throughout the country. The purpose of the proper reference to the effect of these actions is to hire a professional promotional agency that conducted and promotion program "Traditional, Regional, Organic Food," including lamb and dairy products, and other valuable from the cultural, nutritional and sensory products of animal origin. This company oversee promotional events, and consequently popularized promoted products. In a broader sense, one could initiate promotion of the area of agriculture, the initiative, and in consultation with local authorities. Playing a major role in this context, organic production, encouraging the transformation in this direction as the create demand for products derived from this system and with the proper support aid programs could ensure profitability even agriculture. Such actions should include, the authorities of individual municipalities and Regional Trade Sheep and Goat Breeders, as well as tourism and social organizations. The aim of promoting local and traditional food in Europe, it is recommended to establish a partnership with the Culinary Heritage. Participation of the region in the European Network of Regional Culinary Network guarantees Heritage raise the profile of local regional and traditional products in Europe, which in turn will result in an increase of their importance in the context of the European Union and the rise in demand. Advertising of sheep should be initially addressed primarily to tourists, who are the main consumers of regional and local clients restaurant. Their satisfaction will guarantee the desire for consumption of the product in the future and its recommendations with friends. The essential element is the manufacturers advertising logo, which should be placed on products, in addition to the official EU signs with the name and place of origin and on leaflets, posters, advertisements and banners. Visual forms of advertising should be placed in travel agencies, hotels and restaurants and in tourist brochures.
13.7 Alternative forms of activity on the farm With regard to environmental issues, animal habitat and optimize product quality remaining in close relationship with organic production, to be extremely attractive and growing group of interested situated activity should be considered a form of rural tourism. Being one of the most natural forms of recreation, it is directed mainly to the urban population. Agritourism farms are usually affiliated associations (currently there are dozens). They organize training for farmers interested in such activities in such areas as these legal and sanitary conditions. Association established the Polish Federation of Rural Tourism is responsible for the certification and on-line database of agritourism farms - www.agroturystyka.pl, so you can choose the tourist offer in the best way suited to his needs. Plays a considerable role advertising at trade fairs and tourist events in Poland and Europe. Having into account the diversity and uniqueness of each kind of farms and the growing expectations of the rapidly expanding market, owners are looking for new ideas and solutions that would enhance the attractiveness of the offer. Apart from the natural values associated with the location of the farm, plays an important role not only to enable the visitor to read, but also actively involved in the production cycle of the farm, observation and contact with farmed animals, which are often conservative representatives of the breed. On the other hand, the offer may include presenting guests both,,'' a trait ethnographic region, its traditions, rituals and cuisine (regional dishes and traditional), as well as the talent and passion of the hosts. All these factors cause that the farm is now recognized as a type of tourism organized with high standards, rich diversity and unconventional in its form. A classic example of the environmental activities of sheep agrotourism is certified Agrotourist "Over Pilicą" located in the village in the picturesque surrounding of Krzętów Przedborski Landscape Park. There remains a significant rate świniarka sheep, which is native, the most primitive race in Poland. As a result of a long process, "Lamb of Świniarki" was introduced in the List of Traditional Products conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Lamb is characterized by above-average, specific properties of their flavor and health-related, and the product obtained by traditional (used for at least 25 years old) methods. Served in Krzętowie "Lamb of Świniarki" not only expands and enhances the attractiveness of the farm, is also a contribution to the growing interest in the same agro-tourism. What's more - presented at many national fairs and exhibitions and abroad, is a tool for promoting ecological conditions produced high quality traditional dishes of lamb. 13.8 Summary Only extensive, low-input production methods supported by a large-scale promotion highlighting the natural - organic sheep farming methods in the unpolluted environment and the health advantages of cooking products (meat, milk, cheese) can convince consumers to purchase food produced this way. The granting of the status of sheep to products protected by regional product will benefit producers, but also to guarantee to consumers the origin of the product specified and that it has been produced according to the traditional technology. In addition to promotion of products shepherd, use already existing instruments to support the production branch that is beside the flocks of conservation grants and other compensation, depending on the area grazed pastures, parks, scenic, ecological, participation in agri-environmental programs, etc., in the amount of ensuring the viability of maintaining a herd of sheep.
14. Case studies
The farm located in southern Poland (Podhale) of the area. 10 ha, race / size (the mother of livestock): Polish mountain sheep - 60 pcs, Tatra Sheep - 10 pcs production system: extensive. Rooms: flock (vented gravity) with a separate feed mixing, circular isolated from the yard. Nutrition - roughage, rearing lambs on pasture with their mothers. Production: Lamb livestock weight classes 13-17kg (lamb products) intended for export; youth culture; bundz, sheep cheese, oscypki the internal market. Grants / other sources of income: certified organic farm (the surcharge ha of agricultural land), maintaining a conservative sheep (Sheep Tatra - surcharge for each mother of livestock), farm tourism (revenue from accommodation and food services). The farm located in southern Poland (northern zone province. Malopolska) of the area. 5 ha (1 ha for the purpose of pasture), breed / size (the mother of livestock): sheep Olkuska - 8 pcs production system: extensive. Rooms: adapted flock (vented gravity) with direct access to pasture. Nutrition - roughage (ration supplementation - selected groups of Technology); rearing lambs on pasture with their mothers. Production: youth culture. Grants / other sources of income: the persistence of conservative sheep (extra charge for each basic herd mother), production of vegetables. The farm located in central Poland (Lodz province) of the area. 100 ha, race / size (the mother of livestock): sheep świniarka - 250 piece production system: extensive. Rooms: flock (vented gravity) with direct access to pasture, feed mixing. Nutrition - roughage, rearing lambs on pasture with their mothers. Production: youth culture and lambs for slaughter, product Traditional -,, Lamb of Świniarki ". Grants / other sources of income: certified organic farm (the surcharge ha of agricultural land), maintaining a conservative sheep (extra charge for each basic herd mother), advanced rural tourism offer. Farm located in northern Poland (Pomerania) of the area. 50 hectares (20 acres for the purpose of grazing), breed / size (the mother of livestock) Pomeranian sheep - 110 pieces, Suffolk - 80 pcs production system: semi-intensive. Rooms: hall-type fold (vented gravity), feed mixing, duty office, circulars. Nutrition - with considerable roughage supplementation rational (up 40%); rearing lambs on pasture with their mothers. Production: lamb livestock in the 25-40 kg weight class (heavy lambs) to be on the internal market, the youth culture. Grants / other sources of income: certified organic farm (the surcharge ha of agricultural land), maintaining a conservative sheep (sheep Pomeranian - surcharge for each mother of livestock), the sale of surplus crops.