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Zeitschrift Für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at über drei unterirdische Gammariden. Von Dr. August Wrzesniowski, früheren o. ö. Professor der Zoologie an der kaiserlichen Universität zu Warschau. Mit Tafel XXVII—XXXII. Während meines Aufenthaltes in Zakopane (spr. Sakopane) am Nordabhange des Tatra-Gebirges im Jahre 1 882 erhielt ich ein Exem- plar Niphargus, welches aus einem dortigen Kellerbrunnen stammte. Lange Zeit konnte ich mir keine weiteren Exemplare verschaffen, bis ich endlich nach langem vergeblichen Forschen in Folge Anwendung der AsPER'schen Methode ^ mein Ziel erreichte. Ich füllte nämlich auf- gefischten Bodensatz aus einem der dort in Kellern gegrabenen Brunnen in einen lose gewebten Musselinsack, spülte denselben in einem mit Wasser gefüllten Becken durch, seihte dann das getrübte Wasser durch ein dichtes Maschennetz. Alsbald fand ich in meinem Sacke größere, in dem Netze kleinere Exemplare vor. Die in Zakopane üblichen Schöpfbrunnen sind gewöhnlich kaum einen Meter tief, weil auf dem dortigen Felsengrunde nur eine geringe Erdschicht ruht; desshalb war es mir möglich aus besagten Brunnen mit einem gewöhnlichen Exkur- sionsnetze den erforderlichen Bodensatz herauszuheben. Diesen meinen Fund schriftlich zu verwerthen erleichterte mir erheblich die freundliche Beihilfe von Fachgenossen. So beehrte mich Professor Dr. Franz Vejdovsky in Prag gefälligst mit der Zusendung zahlreicher Exemplare des daselbst aufgefundenen Brunnen-Niphargus und mehrerer bezüglicher litterarischer Quellen. Die kollegiale Zuvorkommenheit des Herrn Professor Dr. Henri Blanc in Lausanne und des Herrn Dr. Alexander Strauch, Mitglied der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in St. Petersburg ermög- 1 Asper, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Tiefseefauna der Schweizer Seen, in : Zool. Anzeiger. 3. Jahrg. 1880. Nr. 51. p. 130. : © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at über drei unterirdische Gammariden. 601 lichte mir die Einsicht in verschiedene hier in Warschau nicht vorzu- findende Werke. Rev. Th. R. R. Stebbing beschenkte mich mit seinem für jeden Forscher auf diesem Gebiete entschieden unentbehrlichen, mit be- wunderungswürdiger Sachkenntnis und Erudition verfassten Werke über Ämphipoden. Desshalb ergreife ich mit der größten Freude die Gelegenheit, diesen Herren für ihre thatsächlich erwiesene Reihilfe und Gunst hier meinen innigsten Dank auszusprechen. Vorliegende Abhandlung ist ursprünglich in polnischer \ und dar- auf als gedrängte, vorläufige Mittheilung in deutscher 2 Sprache im Druck erschienen ; ich erachte es jedoch für angemessen, meinen Fachgenossen einen vollständigen und ergänzten Text derselben zur Würdigung vor- zulegen. Um Missverständnissen vorzubeugen bemerke ich von vorn herein, dass ich mich der Spence BATE'schen Terminologie (55, p. 2 und 3) be- dient habe, zuweilen jedoch deutsche und andere Fachausdrücke pro- miscue angeführt habe, und zwar Thorax = Pereion. Abdomen = Pleon. Maxillen = Siagonopoda des I . und 2. Paares. Kieferfüße = Siagonopodos 3. Greifhände = subcheliforme Füße. Epimerum = Coxa. Metatarsus . = Propodos. Schenkel = Basos. Schienbein = Tibia . = Meros. Hand ..,....,....-- Propodos des Gnathopodos. Palma = Acies. Klaue = Dactylos. Thorakalfüße = Gnathopoda -|- Pereiopoda. Abdominalfüße = Pleopoda. Springbeine = Springfüße = Uropoda. Schwanzplatte ^-= Telson. 1 trzech kielzach podziemnych. De tribus Crustaceis Amphipodis subter- raneis. in : Pami^tnik fizyjograflczny. Physiographische Denkschriften. Bd. VIII. 3. Abtheilung. Warschau 1888. p. 221—330. Taf. VI—XVI. 2 Über drei unterirdische Ämphipoden. in: Bio!. Centralbl. Bd. X. Nr. 5 u. 6. Erlangen 1890. p. 151-159. © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Q02 August Wrzes'niowski, Historische Vorbemerkungen. Betreffs Cancer pulex theilt Franz von Paula Schrank (4, p. 535j unter Anderem mit : >)Habitat in aquis, rivis, fontibus ; albissimus dum natat«. — Rev. Th. R. R. Steb- bing(137, p. 51) ist der Ansictit, dass die Worte »in rivis« den Schluss zu recht- fertigen scheinen, dass Schrank der Gammarus pulex bekannt gewesen wäre, während die Worte »in fontibusf-, mit der Bemerkung »albissimus , dum natak voraussetzen lassen, dass er es möglicherweise mit einem Brunnen-Amphip öden, und zwar dem Niphargus aquilex zu thun gehabt. In dem Werke von Schrank (1781) wäre somit die erste Erwähnung eines Niphargus gethan worden. W. E. Leach (9, 55, p. 312, 316), 1814, berichtet über einen im Londoner Brunnen gefundenen Gammariden, den er als Gammarus subterraneus bezeichnet hat. Über denselben finden wir nur folgende, höchst ungenügende Mittheilung (9, p. 84) : »It differs from Gammarus pulex in having the upper process of the tail much longer. The colour, when alive, was cinerous, but so translucent, that the eyes could not be discovered.n Der Mangel der Augen thut zur Genüge dar, dass es kein eigentlicher Gammarus war; die ursprüngliche Vermuthung von A. White (30), dass Gammarus subterraneus den jungen Gammarus pulex repräsentire, ist mithin hinfällig. Diesen Gammarus subterraneus näher zu determiniren gestattet der Ab- gang hierzu unentbehrlicher Angaben nicht. Auch sprechen zu Gunsten der Ver- muthung Adam White's (45), Spence Bate's und J. 0. Westwood's (55, p. 316), Rev. Th. R. R. Stebbing's (137, p. 84) und Anderer, derselbe sei möglicherweise mit M- phargus aquilex Schiödte oder Crangonyx subterraneus S. Bäte identisch, keine hinreichenden Gründe. In seine Bemerkungen über Gammarus pulex schaltet Zenker (18, p. 17), 1832, den Satz ein : »Saepenumero satis singulari laborant leucomate, ubi oculi prorsus al- bent«. Leydig (94, p. 245) vermuthet, gewiss mit Recht, Zenker sei in Thüringen auf den Niphargus puteanus gestoßen. Paul Gervais (19, p. 127, 128), 1835, bemerkt beim Besprechen beider in der Gegend von Paris vorkommenden Gammarus-krien : Garn, pulex und Gam. fluvia- tilis Roesel (dessen Name er unnöthigerweise mit dem Namen Gam. Roeselii ver- tauschte), dass in den dortigen Brunnen auch ein winziger Gammarus vorkomme, bei dem er keine Augen wahrzunehmen vermochte, und dessen Körper pigmentlos war. Er bezeichnete diesen letzteren als Gammarus minutus, später jedoch, 1859, führte er denselben unter dem Namen Gammarus lacteus (49, p. 488) an und fügt die wenig belehrende Bemerkung hinzu, derselbe komme in Brunnen vor. C. L. Koch lieferte, allem Anscheine nach ziemlich gleichzeitig mit Gervais, eine Beschreibung und Abbildung des von ihm in den Brunnen von Regensburg entdeckten Gammarus puteanus n. s. (20, 5. Heft, Taf. II) und bildete einige Jahre später unter dieser Benennung einen Brunnenkrebs aus der Stadt Zweibrücken ab (20, 36. Heft, Taf. XXII). Doch erscheinen die Publikationsdaten beider uns inter- essirenden Hefte unsicher 1. 1 Das 5. und 36. Heft sind ohne Publikationsdaten. Das 8. und 9. Heft sind am 9. Oktober 1836 gedruckt. Es ist somit wahrscheinlich, wie viele Carcinologen voraussetzen, dass das 5. Heft im Jahre 1835 erschienen ist. Das 34. Heft erschien im Jahre 1841, das 38. im Jahre 1844; Heft 36 ist somit zwischen diesen Jahren, möglicherweise im Jahre 1841 im Druck erschienen. Auch bildet Koch's Werk einen Theil des Werkes von Gottl. Aug. Wilh. Herrich-Schäffer, Die Fortsetzung © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at über drei unterirdische Gammariden. 603 H. Milne-Edwards (24, p. 47), -1840, charakterisirt auf folgende Weise eine neue Art Gammarus pungens aus den warmen Quellen des Berges Cassini in Italien : »le petit appendice terminal des dernieres fausses pates tout-ä-fait, rudimentaire , et le tres-poilu et grand appendice ä peine epineuxa. Spence Bäte (54, p. 217, Anm. ; 55, p. 314), sowie auch Rev. Th. R. R. Stebbing (137, p. 253) sind augenscheinlich auf Grund der Form des letzten Uropodenpaares der Meinung, dass derselbe eigentlich der Gattung Niphargus angehöre und somit als Niphargus pungens zu bezeichnen sei. In seinem Berichte über die Fauna der Höhlen von Krain und Istrien charak- terisirt Schiödte (26), 1847, einen neuen blinden, in der Höhle Postojna (Adelsberg), Predjama (Lueg) und in der Magdalenenhöhle entdeckten Gammarus stygius . Einige Jahre später (1851) beschreibt er diesen Krebs ausführlich, bildet denselben ab und stellt für denselben eine neue Gattung Niphargus auf (32, p. 26—28). Im Jahre 1855 beschreibt er (39) den aus einem Brunnen in Maidenhead in England stam- menden Niphargus aquilex. Von letzterem hat bereits Professor J. 0. Westwood (38) die Linnean Society in London im Jahre 1853 benachrichtigt, bezeichnete aber denselben unrichtig als Niphargus stygius Schiödte. Robert Caspary (27), 1849, untersuchte zahlreiche, verhältnismäßig kleine Exemplare eines in einem Brunnen in Elberfeld (bei Düsseldorf) vorgefundenen Niphargus, den er mit Niphargus puteanus Koch identificirt. Die Winzigkeit der Exemplare (4,5—5 oder 6 mm Länge) und der Mangel von Eiern in den Bruttaschen der Weibchen sprechen dafür, dass er es mit jungen Exemplaren zu thun gehabt. Caspary berücksichtigt auch die Bauweise der Mundbewaffnung, liefert aber eine unrichtige Abbildung des Maxillarpalpus. Er theilte auch einige Details über den Blutkreislauf des in Rede stehenden Krebses mit. A. Hosius (29), 1850, untersuchte drei in der Gegend von Bonn heimische Gammariden, nämlich Gammarw^ pwZe^r; aus fließendem Wasser, Gammarus fluvia- tilis Rösel aus stagnirendem, und Gammarus puteanus Koch aus Brunnenwasser, und vergleicht in einer trefflichen Schilderung die Bauweise
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