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Optimisation Des Stratégies De Surveillance Pour La Détection Précoce D’Un Tunicier Envahissant Par L'évaluation Des Mécanismes Et Des Patrons De Recrutement

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Optimisation Des Stratégies De Surveillance Pour La Détection Précoce D’Un Tunicier Envahissant Par L'évaluation Des Mécanismes Et Des Patrons De Recrutement Optimisation des stratégies de surveillance pour la détection précoce d’un tunicier envahissant par l'évaluation des mécanismes et des patrons de recrutement Thèse Samuel Collin Doctorat interuniversitaire en Océanographie Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) Québec, Canada © Samuel Collin, 2013 Résumé La mondialisation des activités humaines a grandement contribué à la dissémination et l‟introduction anthropique d‟espèces non indigènes (ENI) dans le monde. Le potentiel de dommages est tel qu‟il y a une grande pression sur les gestionnaires environnementaux pour détecter et contrôler les ENI problématiques (espèces envahissantes) avant que des impacts apparaissent. En étudiant les ENI, les écologistes peuvent examiner certains aspects de la survie des espèces, la dispersion et l‟établissement, qui, en plus de répondre à des questions fondamentales en écologie, fournissent des informations essentielles pour optimiser les efforts de gestion. Cependant, les difficultés associées à l‟étude et la détection des populations naissantes ont réduit les études quantitatives sur les processus qui précèdent les envahissements, laissant les gestionnaires de l‟environnement avec peu de directives pour détecter les ENI. Pour soulager ces défauts, cette étude apporte une évaluation quantitative des éléments déterminants du recrutement et de la dispersion du tunicier envahissant notoirement problématique, Ciona intestinalis, à l‟île du Prince-Édouard (IPE), Canada, pendant les phases précoces de l‟envahissement. Les données de recrutement d‟une population de Ciona ont été collectées sur une période de 2 ans (2008 & 2009), ce qui a permis de modéliser la dissémination (étendue et mode) et d‟examiner les schémas de recrutement pendant l‟établissement. Ces données soulignent l‟importance d‟incorporer la dispersion, aussi bien que la variabilité environnementale, dans les stratégies de monitorage de détection précoce et démontrent comment les facteurs déterminants du recrutement changent quand une population envahissante devient grande et plus répandue. De plus, une série d‟expériences de terrain à petites échelles ont été réalisées pour évaluer les schémas de recrutement pendant la fixation. Les rôles respectifs de la lumière et de la gravité sur le comportement des larves de Ciona ont été identifiés et leur incorporation dans le design du matériel de monitorage a été discutée pour augmenter les taux de fixation et, ainsi, la probabilité de détection. Finalement, la résistance biotique envers les ENI a été examinée en recherchant les interactions les larves de Ciona et deux espèces d‟amphipodes Caprellidae, Caprella linearis (indigène) et C. mutica (non-indigène) que l‟on retrouve à l‟IPE. Cette étude montre comment la présence de caprelles diminue le recrutement larvaire de Ciona et illustre les potentielles interactions négatives entre deux ENI (C. mutica et Ciona), un phénomène rarement documenté. Dans une perspective de gestion, ces interactions négatives peuvent fournir de précieuses connaissances sur de possibles agents de contrôle biologique. De plus, cette étude présente un compte détaillé des mécanismes sous-jacents qui influencent les patrons de recrutement d‟un envahisseur problématique et discute de l‟utilité de ces découvertes pour le monitorage et la gestion future des espèces envahissantes. iii iv Abstract The globalisation of human activity has contributed greatly to the artificial dispersal and introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) around the world. The potential for damage is such that there is great pressure on environmental managers to detect and control problematic NIS (i.e., invasive species) before any impacts occur. By studying NIS, ecologists can examine aspects of species survival, dispersal, and establishment, which, in addition to addressing fundamental questions of ecology, provide vital information for optimizing management effort. However, the difficulties associated with studying and detecting nascent populations has restricted quantitative studies on the processes that precede invasion, leaving environmental mangers with little guidance for detecting NIS. To alleviate this shortcoming, this study provides a quantitative assessment of the determinants of recruitment and dispersal of the notoriously problematic invasive tunicate, Ciona intestinalis (henceforth Ciona), in Prince Edward Island (PEI), Canada, during the early stages of invasion. Recruitment data from a nascent population of Ciona was collected over a two-year period (2008 & 2009), which allowed for dispersal to be modelled (range and peak) and for patterns of recruitment during establishment to be examined. These data highlight the importance of incorporating dispersal, as well as environmental variability, into early-detection monitoring strategies and demonstrate how drivers of recruitment change as the invading population becomes larger and more widespread. Additionally, a series of small-scale manipulative field studies were performed to assess patterns of recruitment during settlement. The respective roles of light and gravity on Ciona larval behaviour were identified and their incorporation into the design of monitoring equipment (to increase settlement rates and, thus, probability of detection) are discussed. Finally, biotic resistance towards NIS was examined by investigating the interactions between Ciona larvae and two species of caprellid amphipod, Caprella linearis (native) and C. mutica (invasive) found in PEI. This study shows how the presence of caprellids reduces Ciona recruitment and illustrates the potential for negative interactions between two NIS (C. mutica and Ciona), a phenomenon rarely documented. From a managerial perspective, these negative interactions can provide valuable insights to potential biocontrol agents. Moreover, this study presents a detailed account of the underlying mechanisms that influence patterns of recruitment of a problematic invader and discusses the utility of these findings for future monitoring and management of invasive species. v vi Tables des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................................................ iii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ v Tables des matières ................................................................................................................................... vii Liste des tableaux ....................................................................................................................................... xi Liste des figures ........................................................................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................. xvii Avant-propos ............................................................................................................................................ xix Chapitre 1. Introduction générale ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Le processus d‟invasion ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.1. Le transport ............................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.3. L‟établissement ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.1.4. L‟expansion de la population .................................................................................................... 7 1.1.5. Les impacts ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Gestion ................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.3. Le tunicier Ciona intestinalis ........................................................................................................... 11 1.4. Plan et objectifs de la thèse............................................................................................................... 14 Chapitre 2. Optimizing early detection of non-indigenous species: estimating the scale of dispersal of a nascent population of the invasive tunicate Ciona intestinalis (L.) ................................................ 16 2.1. Résumé .............................................................................................................................................. 16 2.2. Abstract.............................................................................................................................................. 17 2.3. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 18 2.4. Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 20 2.4.1. Study site ................................................................................................................................
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