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The Dutch in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War

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The Dutch in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War The Dutch in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War The Dutch Red Cross ambulance: its actions and reactions Van der Plas, Timo Student number: s1442163 Address: Beatrixstraat 37, Voorhout, 2215HN Telephone: 0637449537 E-mail: [email protected] Type: Master thesis ECTS: 30 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. J.B. Gewald Deadline: 12 juni 2017 1 Content Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Theoretical framework ............................................................................................................................ 8 Materials and methods ......................................................................................................................... 10 The Second Italo-Abyssinian War .......................................................................................................... 13 Pre-war build up ................................................................................................................................ 13 The war .............................................................................................................................................. 15 Aftermath .......................................................................................................................................... 23 The role of the Dutch Red Cross ambulance ......................................................................................... 25 Preparations ...................................................................................................................................... 25 The mission ........................................................................................................................................ 26 The split off to Quoram ..................................................................................................................... 32 Achievements .................................................................................................................................... 37 A Dutch perspective .............................................................................................................................. 40 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 49 Additional images .................................................................................................................................. 53 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................... 56 Image 1: CH.W.F. Winckel & A.C. Belmonte, Het Nederlandsche Roode kruis in Ethiopië (Amsterdam: 1936). 2 Introduction ‘’We have decided to bring to an end the most unequal, most unjust, most barbarous war of our age, and have chosen the road to exile in order that our people will not be exterminated and in order to consecrate ourselves wholly and in peace to the preservation of our empire's independence …’’1 -Haile Selassie, 10 may 1936 This quote is from a telegram written by Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Abyssinia, on 10 may 1936 to the League of Nations. In this quote he announced his decision to stop the Second Italo-Abyssinian War which was fought from October 1935 until May 1936. Haile Selassie characterized the war as the most barbarous and terrifying war of his age. Nonetheless the Emperor still strived, although Abyssinia lost the war, to keep his country independent. Since the scramble for Africa took place, which started roughly in 1880 and ended at the start of the First World War in 1914, African nations were ruled by colonial powers. These colonial powers, of which the biggest participants were France and Great-Britain, ruled over approximately ninety percent of the entire African continent. The ten percent that was still independent consisted of two countries which were Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Liberia. Italy, which was under the rule of the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini since 1922, wanted to re-live the great history that Italy has had in the time of the Roman Empire. Mussolini wanted to rebuild an empire and chose, not unsurprisingly, Abyssinia as his target. Later, multiple reasons will be taken broadly into account, but foremost Mussolini wanted revenge for the first Italo- Abyssinian War which was lost by Italy in 1896. The fascism of Mussolini grew strongly in popularity during the Economic crisis that started in 1929, named the Great Depression. The core of Mussolini’s fascist ideology was the one man leadership of himself with barely any limits to his power, the creation of national unity and the existence of one massive political party. In order to receive as much support of the population as was needed, in this time of economic crisis, Mussolini nationalized many companies and launched several government programs to fight unemployment. To finance all of these, Mussolini launched an initiative called ‘Gold for the Fatherland’ in which he asked the population to donate their gold jewellery for the cause of the state. As part of this program, many married women gave their golden marriage ring to the state in return for an iron one. All these efforts together, with the cult around Mussolini’s personality, had one core aim which was to create unity among the population. They would follow their leader and his goals. Mussolini’s foreign policy had the aim of creating a new Roman Empire that would include parts of Africa. From 1925 until 1934 Italy was quite stable, prosperous and secure and a large part of the population adored Mussolini. The public opinions in 1J. Dungan & L.D. Lafore, Days of Emperor and Clown: The Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935-1936 (1973), 204. 3 other parts of Western Europe were less positive and held fear.2 Mussolini’s outward ideas to other states are characterized by his words below: ‘’Democracy is talking itself to death. The people do not know what they want; they do not know what is the best for them. There is too much foolishness, too much lost motion. I have stopped the talk and the nonsense. I am a man of action. Democracy is beautiful in theory; in practice it is a fallacy. You in America will see that someday’’.3 – Benito Mussolini, 1928 The second Italo- Abyssinian War started in 1935 and ended in 1936. What is special about this war is that several European countries like Great Britain and the Netherlands sent an ambulance under the banner of the Red Cross to Abyssinia to help the Abyssinian war casualties. In this paper the operation of the Dutch Red Cross will be the main focus. The main question is: What role did the Dutch Red Cross play in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War and what perceptions did the Dutch have of it? To answer this question an examination will take place of the Dutch ambulance and the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. Furthermore the thoughts and ideas of the population of the Netherlands will be examined and will be presented in a broader context. To truly get a good understanding of the entire situation I will first briefly analyse the period from the beginning of the 20s until the start of the second Italo- Abyssinian War. The 20s were a relatively prosperous period for Abyssinia. In 1923 they joined the League of Nations with the support of Italy and in 1924 Haile Selassie, at the time still called Ras Tafari Makkonen, travelled through Europe and visited many national leaders. In Abyssinia Haile Selassie headed towards supreme power. On 2 November 1930 Haile Selassie officially received his name and became Emperor of Abyssinia. Many European representatives attended this ceremony and gave all sorts of gifts. Foreign consulates, like those of the British and Italians, established in the country and created a sphere of influence. Haile Selassie, eager to modernize his country, accepted this influence due to the need of foreign help. Nonetheless we can see that he knew the risks of relying too much on the major colonial powers like France, Italy and Britain, because he picked his most important advisors from smaller countries of which they had no direct borders with. One of the more important advisors were the Belgians who trained the imperial guard. Together with this military reform Haile Selassie reformed the political landscape. A constitution was created and new foreign advisers from Switzerland, Britain and the United States of America were installed. The new constitution created some turmoil under the traditional provincial rulers while the Emperor tightened his grip upon them. At the end Haile Selassie increased his control over the five great provinces.4 From the 1930s the 2 A. Mockler, Haile Selassie’s War (Oxford: 2003), 25-30. 3 Benito Mussolini quote, 1928, <http://www.azquotes.com/quote/906207>, 16-5-2017. 4 Mockler, Haile Selassie’s War, 4-20. 4 Abyssinians, British and Italians strived to exactly define their boundaries. Agreements were settled between these countries and the only true difficulty proved to be the Italo-Abyssinian frontier in which tensions started to rise. Eventually it ended peacefully but not for long. Mussolini started considering the conquest of Abyssinia from 1932 onwards. The relevant period for this research is the period of the seven months of war between 1935 and 1936, and the period shortly after when we can see opinions about whether the Red Cross operation was a success or failure. By researching both primary and secondary sources
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