Strategies for Network Cities explained with the example of South Korea Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTOR-INGENIEURS an der Fakultät für Bauingenieur-, Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften der Universität Fridericiana zu Karlsruhe (TH) genehmigte DISSERTATION von M. Eng. Hyun-Suk Min aus Seoul Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 26.06.2006 Hauptreferent: Univ.-Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Bernd Scholl Korreferent: Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Walter Schönwandt Karlsruhe 2006 Preface People and industries have concentrated to the big cities to achieve economies of scale. However the problems of this urban concentration become gradually obvious and have limited the development of the metropolises. They are hardly managed by current planning measures. In the diversifying social needs for heterogeneous life styles and sustainable mobility, now it is inevitable to adjust the sustainable space system. As an alternative answerable to this new demand here is suggested an approach of network cities. Even though strategies for network cities were proposed with an example of South Korea, the conceptual approaches can be applied to other countries, especially functionally centralized nations or developing countries which experience now rapid urbanization than any other times. Until this concept of network cities was made concrete, however the direct and indirect contribution of several important persons was essential. They were willing to discuss with me and give me recommendations. Here I wish my deep appreciation for their kindness. I thank Prof. Bernd Scholl for not only his scientific support and guidance throughout my works but also his tolerance and encouragement. He suggested me to investigate diverse spatial development plans for city networks in other countries and helped me to think of ideas on network cities. He gave me the opportunity to take part in the symposium on city networks held in Bern, Switzerland and exchange opinions with German and Swiss urban planners. He advised me to develop my concept not by simple and narrow approaches but in long-term and multi-layered perspectives. I express my gratitude to Prof. Walter Schönwandt who gave me lots of constructive critiques for the theoretical development and counseled on the planning methodologies. With his scientific suggestions he didn’t forget to inspire me. I’m grateful to Prof. Dirk Zumkeller for his interest in my work. Without reluctance he discussed and advised me in the filed of transportation. I appreciate four-year-financial full support by DAAD (German academic exchange service) to make possible my scientific achievement in Germany, too. In addition I would like to thank my colleagues in the institute of urban and regional planning (ISL) who were willing to talk about my work and give suggestions, and my current and previous coworkers who supported annually to extend the DAAD scholarship and helped administratively to prepare documents for doctorate at the university Karlsruhe. At last I give my thanks to my family, my parents, my younger brother and his family, and my grandmother in the heaven whom I can’t ever forget in my heart. They cheered me up, prayed for me, and gave me lots of advice, even though they have scientifically different interest and experience. Hyun-Suk Min Karlsruhe, Juli 2006 Preface ▐ i Preface ▐ ii Contents Abstract...................................................................................................................................1 Zusammenfassung.................................................................................................................3 1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................5 1.1 Necessity of network cities and its definition ......................................................................................... 5 1.2 Aim and process of research for network cities .................................................................................... 7 2 Theoretical and instrumental backgrouond for network cities.......................................9 2.1 Theories and concepts.............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.1 Functional interchange and mutual connections between urban nodes................................. 9 2.1.2 Functional interchange and mutual connections within urban nodes ................................... 20 2.2 Policy instruments.................................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Land use policies................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Transportaion policies ........................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3 Environment policies ............................................................................................................. 29 2.3 Finacial instruments................................................................................................................................. 30 2.3.1 Taxation................................................................................................................................. 30 2.3.2 Developer contributions and exactions ................................................................................. 31 2.3.3 Grants-in-aid for development and conservation.................................................................. 32 2.4 Remarks....................................................................................................................................................33 3 Land use paradigms and case studies for network cities.............................................35 3.1 Land use paradigms................................................................................................................................ 36 3.1.1 World trand: Urbanization ..................................................................................................... 36 3.1.2 Problems: Urban congestion................................................................................................. 38 3.1.3 a Solution: Sustainable development.................................................................................... 40 3.2 Case studies: National approaches for network cities ....................................................................... 41 3.2.1 Germany................................................................................................................................ 41 3.2.2 Switzerland............................................................................................................................ 46 3.2.3 United Kingdom..................................................................................................................... 50 3.2.4 France ................................................................................................................................... 55 3.2.5 Japan..................................................................................................................................... 59 3.3 Case studies: Regional approaches for network cities ...................................................................... 62 3.3.1 Region Stuttgart .................................................................................................................... 62 3.3.2 Region upper Rhine .............................................................................................................. 66 3.3.3 Region London...................................................................................................................... 70 3.3.4 Region Paris.......................................................................................................................... 73 3.3.5 Region Tokyo ........................................................................................................................ 75 3.4 Remarks.................................................................................................................................................... 79 Contents ▐ iii 4 Tendency of spatial development in South Korea and region Seoul...........................81 4.1 Urbanization and new spatial development visions of South Korea............................................ 82 4.1.1 Urbanization .......................................................................................................................... 83 4.1.2 Seoul and the desert of South Korea (Séoul et le désert sud-coréen) ................................. 88 4.1.3 New spatial development visions.......................................................................................... 89 4.2 Spatial development patterns of region Seoul.....................................................................................91 4.2.1 Regulative development palns ....................................................................................................... 91 4.2.2 Demographic development ................................................................................................... 94 4.2.3 Industrial sturcture development........................................................................................... 96 4.2.4 Land use development.........................................................................................................