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A Pseudomonas Viridiflava-Related Bacterium Causes a Dark-Reddish

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A Pseudomonas Viridiflava-Related Bacterium Causes a Dark-Reddish View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Oviedo A Pseudomonas viridiflava-Related Bacterium Causes a Dark-Reddish Spot Disease in Glycine max Ana J. González,a Ana M. Fernández,a Mateo San José,b Germán González-Varela,a and M. Rosario Rodiciob Downloaded from Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain,a and Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spainb A virulent Pseudomonas viridiflava-related bacterium has been identified as a new pathogen of soybean, one of the most impor- tant crops worldwide. The bacterium was recovered from forage soybean leaves with dark-reddish spots, and damage on petioles and pods was also observed. In contrast, common bean was not affected. http://aem.asm.org/ oybean (Glycine max [L.] Mer. In), a subtropical leguminous related (99% identity) to 16S rRNA gene sequences of P. viri- Splant native to southeastern Asia, is one of the most important diflava (accession no. AM909660), Pseudomonas corrugata crops for both human food and animal feed worldwide. Three (AF348508), and Pseudomonas tolaasii (AF348507). However, the bacterial species are recognized as soybean pathogens: Pseudomo- soybean strains shared a higher number of biochemical traits with nas syringae pv. glycinea, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines, P. viridiflava (Table 1) than with P. corrugata (a nonfluorescent and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, which bacterium, positive in the oxidase test and weakly positive for cause soybean bacterial blight, soybean bacterial pustule, and bac- arginine dihydrolase activity) or with P. tolaasii (fluorescent, pos- terial tan spot, respectively (3, 7). In Spain, a nonproducer country itive for the oxidase and the arginine dyhidrolase reactions, and for soybean, only the last species has been sporadically detected in negative for hypersensitivity in tobacco leaves). on February 25, 2015 by UOV BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (5). For a more precise identification of the new soybean patho- Asturias is a farming region in the north of Spain where cattle gens, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) based on their 16S breeding for meat and milk production is an important economic rRNA, rpoD, gyrB, and gltA genes was also performed (8, 15). activity. The Regional Service of Agrofood Research and Develop- Sequences were edited and aligned using the software program ment (SERIDA) has an ongoing project to assess the suitability of MEGA version 5 (18), and phylogenetic trees were constructed for different varieties of forage plants as cattle feed. In one of the the concatenated sequences of the four genes (Fig. 1) and for each experimental orchards, dark-reddish spots were noticed in the individual gene (not shown), using the neighbor-joining method leaves of soybean, which was one of the plants under study. With with genetic distances computed by Kimura’s two-parameter time the lesions extended to the whole plant, and the intensity of model (9). Homologous sequences obtained from databases or the damage was such that the entire culture had to be removed. generated in the present work were included as controls. The se- In order to identify the pathogen responsible for the disease, lected sequences corresponded to P. viridiflava, strains of P. syrin- four lots of symptomatic leaves were processed for microbiologi- gae belonging to the five clades described for this species, P. to- cal analysis, through tissue dilacerations followed by soaking of laasii, and P. fluorescens (13, 19). In all trees, the sequences of the the material in sterile water during 2 h. After plating on King B soybean strains clustered together and appeared to be more closely agar, fluorescent and nonfluorescent colonies were obtained and related to P. viridiflava than to any other Pseudomonas species, tested for Gram staining and biochemical traits. Isolates showing including P. syringae pv. glycinea, P. syringae pv. phaseolicola, and identical features were considered a single strain. In total, three P. syringae pv. syringae. strains, LPPA 221, LPPA 222, and LPPA 223, were differentiated. The three soybean strains were also analyzed by pulsed-field gel As common features, they were Gram-negative rods, oxidative in electrophoresis (PFGE) performed with the restriction enzymes Hugh-Leifson medium, positive for the tobacco hypersensitivity, PmeI (11 U, 6 h, 37°C; TaKaRa Biomedicals) and SwaI (11 U, 6 h, esculin, casein, gelatin, betaine, trigonelline, L-lactate, quinate, 30°C; TaKaRa Biomedicals) under the conditions described by mannitol, erythritol, and m-inositol tests, and negative for the San José et al. (14). As shown in Fig. 2A, the PFGE profiles gener- levan, oxidase, arginine dihydrolase, sucrose, adonitol, homoser- ated with each of the two enzymes were indistinguishable and ine, D-tartrate, and sorbitol tests (Table 1). The three strains dif- were clearly different from those obtained for P. viridiflava CECT fered only with regard to fluorescence in King B agar and pectino- 458 and P. syringae pv. syringae CECT 4429, included as controls. lytic activity. On the basis of their overall characteristics, they Similarly, the three strains could not be differentiated by ran- could be tentatively assigned to Pseudomonas, but their biochem- domly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing performed ical profiles did not precisely match those expected for any other Pseudomonas species, including previously reported soybean and/or common bean pathogens, such as P. syringae pv. glycinea, Received 24 January 2012 Accepted 2 March 2012 P. syringae pv. phaseolicola, P. syringae pv. syringae, and P. viridi- Published ahead of print 9 March 2012 flava (Table 1). Address correspondence to Ana J. González, [email protected]. The sequences of nearly complete 16S rRNA genes determined Copyright © 2012, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. for the three soybean strains (4) proved to be identical (GenBank doi:10.1128/AEM.00223-12 accession number FM865870 for LPPA 221) and more closely 3756 aem.asm.org 0099-2240/12/$12.00 Applied and Environmental Microbiology p. 3756–3758 Pseudomonas viridiflava-Like Pathogen of Glycine max TABLE 1 Biochemical features of Pseudomonas strains from forager soybean Result of biochemical testb Straina Species Original host F L O P A T ES C G S AD B H TR D-Ta L-La Q M ER SO I LPPA 221 Glycine max ϪϪϪϪϪϩϩ ϩ ϩϪϪ ϩϪ ϩ Ϫ ϩ ϩ ϩϩ Ϫ ϩ LPPA 222 Glycine max ϩϪϪϪϪϩϩ ϩ ϩϪϪ ϩϪ ϩ Ϫ ϩ ϩ ϩϩ Ϫ ϩ LPPA 223 Glycine max ϩϪϪϩϪϩϩ ϩ ϩϪϪ ϩϪ ϩ Ϫ ϩ ϩ ϩϩ Ϫ ϩ Downloaded from Controls P. syringae pv. glycinea Glycine max ϩϩϪϪϪϩϪ unk Ϫϩunk ϪϪ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ v ϪϪϩ ء CECT 321 P. syringae pv. phaseolicola Phaseolus vulgaris ϩϩϪϪϪϩϪ Ϫ ϪϩϪ ϩϪ ϩ Ϫ Ϫ ϩ ϪϪ Ϫ Ϫ CECT 4429 P. syringae pv. syringae Syringa vulgaris ϩϩϪϪϪϩϩ ϩ ϩϩϪ ϩϪ ϩ ϩ ϩ Ϫ ϩϩ ϩ ϩ CECT 458 P. viridiflava Phaseolus sp. ϩϪϪϩϪϩϩ ϩ ϩϪϪ ϩϪ ϩ ϩ ϩ ϩ ϩϩ ϩ ϩ LPPA 79 P. viridiflava Phaseolus vulgaris ϩϩϪv Ϫϩϩ vvϪϪ ϩϪ ϩ ϩ ϩ ϩ ϩϩ ϩ ϩ LPPA 522 P. tolaasii Agaricus bisporus ϩϪϩϪϩϪϪ ϩ ϩϪϩ ϩϩ Ϫ ϩ ϩ ϩ ϩϩ ϩ ϩ P. corrugata Lycopersicon esculentum ϪϪϩϪϩv Ϫ unk ϩϩϪ ϩunk ϩ v ϩ unk ϩϪ Ϫ ϩ ء a /results according to Schaad (16) for P. syringae pv. glycinea and http://aem.asm.org ,ء ;LPPA, Laboratory of Phytopathology of the Principality of Asturias; CECT, Spanish Type Culture Collection according to Sutra et al. (17) and Catara et al. (2) for P. corrugata. b F, fluorescence; L, levan production; O, oxidase reaction; P, pectinolytic activity, A, arginine dihydrolase; T, tobacco hypersensitivity; ES, esculin; C, casein; G, gelatin; S, sucrose; AD, adonitol; B, betaine; H, homoserine; TR, trigonelline; D-Ta, D-tartrate; L-La, L-lactate; Q, quinate; M, mannitol; ER, erythritol; SO, sorbitol; I, m-inositol; Ϫ, negative; ϩ, positive; unk, unknown; v, variable. with primers A (AGCAGCGCCTCA), OPB-6 (TGCTCTGCCC), OPB-10 (CTGCTGGGAC), OPS-19 (GAGTCAGCAG), prim- er-21 (GTGAGCGTC) and primer-6 (GAAACAGCGG) (12, 11, on February 25, 2015 by UOV BIBLIOTECA UNIVERSITARIA 6, 10, 1) (see Fig. 2B for primer-21, primer-6, and OPB-10). To demonstrate that the new disease was caused by the P. viridiflava-related bacteria, LPPA 221, LPPA 222, LPPA 223, and two control P. viridiflava strains (CECT 458 and LPPA 79) (4) were artificially inoculated on healthy seedlings of both forage FIG 2 PFGE and RAPD analysis of soybean strains. (A) PFGE using PmeI and SwaI. Lane 1, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae CECT 4429; lane 2, LPPA 221; lane 3, LPPA 222; lane 4, LPPA 223; lane 5, Pseudomonas viridiflava CECT 458; FIG 1 Phylogenetic consensus tree of the soybean Pseudomonas strains based lane S, Salmonella enterica serovar Braenderup H9812 digested with XbaI; lane on the nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA, rpoD, gyrB, and gltA genes. The L, lambda ladder PFG marker (New England BioLabs); the last two are used as scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. The number shown size standards. (B) RAPD analysis performed with the indicated primers. Lane next to each node indicates the percent bootstrap values of 1,000 replicates. M, 50- to 2,000-bp BioMarker EXT size marker (Bioventures Inc., Murfrees- Sequences from Erwinia amylovora were treated as the outgroup. The topo- boro, TN); lane 1, Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae CECT 4429; lane 2, LPPA logical characteristics of the phylogenetic trees produced for individual genes 221; lane 3, LPPA 222; lane 4, LPPA 223; lane 5, Pseudomonas viridiflava CECT were almost identical (data not shown). P.s., P. syringae. 458. May 2012 Volume 78 Number 10 aem.asm.org 3757 González et al.
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