EIC Bulletin E l e c t r o n i c m o n t h l y m a g a z i n e f o r E u r o p e a n i n t e g r a t i o n - N o . 2 5 , O c t o b e r 2 0 0 7

FFOOCCUUSS OOFF TTHHIISS IISSSSUUEE The background of the Constitutional provision that the Parliament may decide on the manner of the Montenegrin accession to EU and NATO

IINNTTEERRVVIIEEWW Dr Wiktor Osiatynski, professor at the Central European University in Budapest and Warsaw

AANNAALLYYSSEESS Why are Montenegrin officials promising assistance to BiH C u r r e n t a f f a i r s O c t o b e r , 2 0 0 7

S I G N I N G T H E S A A O N 1 5 O C T O B E R I N L U X E M B O U R G , M O N T E N E G R O J U M P E D T H E F I R S T M A J O R H U R D L E O N T H E W A Y T O E U Five years for reforms I T S E J I V

o t o f

RREEFFOORRMMSS!!?? ust when the last hopes have dissolved that JMontenegro has political elite capable enough of doing their job, i.e. finding a compromise on the issues of supreme importance for the state, it was announced that the major political parties struck an agreement on the content of the First Constitution of Independent Montenegro. Two- thirds majority was ensured, another referendum avoided, but there are also new deep political trenches around the Montenegrin-Serbian divi- sion line, a line that keeps in the game frivolous From the celebrations political groups whose survival depends on the after signing the SAA already trite tales of the encroachment of Greater Serbian pretensions onto the tiny ontenegro made the first serious step into SAA negotiations but have not initialled the Montenegrin state and, conversely, the dangers Mthe circle of the potential new members of agreement due to major political problems. to Serbdom in Montenegro from the assault of the European Union. On 15 October, President of the Council of EU Luis Amado Montenegrin nationalism. Montenegro and the EU signed Stabilisation and warned that the "real work for Montenegro is The ruling DPS-SDP coalition and Association Agreement (SAA), obliging Monte- yet to begin". Movement for Changes from the opposition, negro to entirely harmonise its legal system with "This is a framework agreement, which together with the Bosnian and Albanian par- the demanding EU regulations, i.e. "Acquis" by opens up possibilities for closer cooperation in ties used intense negotiations to find a com- 2010, which is the key precondition for joining all areas of the modern life establishment of var- mon ground, which may spell the opening of the EU "elite club". ious organisations for the fight against bribe and a new stage in political development of this The agreement in Luxemburg was signed corruption, for instance". Amado said. youngest country on earth. MfC, with support by the Prime Minister @eljko [turanovi}, president SSA is an international agreement which of some of the minority parties, became a potential major destination for the prior sup- of the Council of EU and the Portuguese Foreign mainly concerns trade issues (80%). SSA envis- porters of the ruling coalition who are disap- Affairs Minister Luis Amado, European Enlar- ages establishment of a free trade area, obliging pointed with the situation in the society - gement Commissioner Olli Rehn and foreign the EU to abolish immediately all customs tar- which may, in due time, relegate the absolute affairs ministers of the other 26 EU members. iffs for Montenegrin goods that meet certain EU power of DPS and SDP to history. The SAA comes into force only after it has standards, with some exceptions (baby beef, Behind the touchline are now SPP and been ratified by all 27 EU members, as well as wine) which are subject to export quotas. other pro-Serbian parties, the last year's allies the Montenegrin and European Parliament, Montenegro, on the other hand, will only abol- from the anti-independence block, who believe which may take several years. In the meantime, ish its customs tariffs for EU goods gradually, that Constitution discriminates against Serbs and the parties also signed the Interim Agreement, over a period of five years. will therefore easily find themselves outside the which comes into force already on 1 January This "grace period" should serve the constructive political game. Rising barricades 2008 and serves to initiate immediate imple- Montenegrin producers to improve their tech- around those camps will only lead to the mar- mentation of the SAA trade provisions whose nology and enable them to compete with the gins of the political scene. goal is to eliminate customs barrier and open EU producers on the domestic market. Only the biggest optimists would hope the EU market almost entirely to Montenegrin SAA provides deadlines for Montenegro to that the focus of political interests will now move products, and the Montenegrin markets gradu- establish a free trade area with the EU and har- to the economic and social topics, but one ally for the EU products over the next five years. monise its legislation with EU regulation in most could hope that they will now gradually gain in importance. The Constitution now guarantees The Interim Agreement contains some 4/5 areas - from environment and transport to con- state independence, and the Serbian List is def- of the SAA itself. Trade being the exclusive sumer protection. initely inferior to Brussels in terms of setting the domain of European Commission, which func- Montenegro began its SAA negotiations on agenda. It is therefore logical to expect ever less tions as a surrogate Government to EU, it is 7 November 2005 as the State Union of Serbia nationalistic, and ever more reform-minded enough if this document is ratified by the EP and Montenegro, and completed the technical rhetoric. This is the only option, after all, now and the Montenegrin parliament. rounds in early December 2006. The agreement that we signed the SAA which obliges us to har- Signing the SAA, Montenegro caught up was initialled on 15 March in Podgorica. monise with the European regulations in the with Albania on its road to EU. Ahead of them According to the Reuters news agency estimates, next 5 years. That would mean dismantling are still Croatia, which is already negotiating its Montenegro will join the EU by 2015, Croatia monopolies instead of the symbolic battles membership, and Macedonia, which has a can- and Macedonia by 2012. between Montenegrins and Serbs. N.R. didate status. Serbia and BiH completed their N.R.

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A V I E W F R O M E U R O P E Politics or die needs a proper debate as well as sation" to those who want "protection choices about its political direction. The for their citizens against the harshest changes in favour of more democracy consequences of globalisation". and subsidiarity, as envisaged by the Instead, there is a mosaic of shift- "reform treaty", may be a step in the ing alignments in political Europe that right direction; but of themselves they crosses parties as well as countries. Two will hardly generate more enthusiasm questions make the point. Does a for the union. Instead, decisions about belief in the virtues of free trade mean, a host of issues - managing the single for example, that Swedish, Danish and by Olaf Cramme market, the nature of social Europe, British centre-left politicians are auto- Europe's role in a multi-polar world, matically more "neo-liberal" than their he importance of the so-called competition rules, economic redistribu- French centre-right colleagues who are T"reform treaty" should not be tion - ultimately need a stronger polit- blind to these virtues? underestimated. The enlarged Euro- ical underpinning... In addition to these puzzles, the pean Union of twenty-seven member- At stake are two fundamental debate is distorted by false (if fashion- states needs an updated rulebook in challenges. The first is analytical. The able) assumptions: for example, that order to become more effective. This is effects of EU integration, market liber- more political integration and concen- necessary to equip and prepare the EU alisation and enlargement (or any tration of power in Brussels will ulti- to tackle major international challenges combination of these) are as heavily mately lead to a more social-demo- that states individually cannot address: contested as those of economic glob- cratic Europe, while less integration among them climate change, the alisation, the emergence of the knowl- and centralisation tends towards a geopolitics of energy, the instability of edge and service economy or changing neo-liberal agenda. Europe's historical the current financial system, and issues demographics. While Michael Dauder- experience (and that of the United arising from migration and integration. stadt identifies an "economic tragedy of States too) suggests that the exact But what will come next? Soon, European integration" and George opposite can also be true. the debates will centre again on the Schopflin believes that the entry of Hence, politicising EU integration necessity (or nonsense) of restricting China into the global labour market constitutes a particular challenge. It is the import of Chinese light-bulbs, or has been devastating for Europe - oth- dependent on a better understanding of the proposal to establish a European ers would argue that the European sin- the implications of globalisation or Institute for Technology. Brussels, in gle market and global market integra- internal EU developments such as short, may well restart its autopilot. tion have decisively contributed to the enlargement and the introduction of the For far too long the debate about growth of GDP and employment in euro. Politicians need to acknowledge the future of the European Union has most European countries. this difficulty and also start recognising been kept in a technocratic bubble, The second dimension encom- the constraints on autonomous national dominated by an often misleading passes both philosophical and more action. This will happen only as part of polarisation between more versus less traditional political considerations. At a process in which the debates about integration, Europhiles versus Euro- first glance, the question of how much the future of the European Union sceptics, or "social Europe" versus "mar- solidarity and equality should Europe become more political, and in a way ket Europe". Yet decisions taken by the aspire to, or whether the EU should that reflects the importance of EU deci- EU already have a profound econom- introduce a European minimum wage sion-making. Some of Europe's political ic and social impact on our societies. (to take only two examples) predispose leaders are beginning to understand In face of this reality, national politi- themselves to answers that reflect clas- this. Will others follow? cians still underplay this increasing sical left-right lines of argument. This is influence of Brussels and thus uninten- no longer true... Except from a comment by Olaf tionally nurture feelings of Euro- The traditional left-right divide is Cramme in a UK web magazine "Open scepticism... becoming obsolete. No clear political Democracy". The author is director of Europe, if it is to regain the inter- patterns any longer are neatly captured Policy Network insitute and lecturer in est of its citizens and include its citizens by a routine counterposition of those European politics at London Metro- centrally in its deliberations, urgently who want to be "an agent of globali- politan University

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T H E B A C K G R O U N D O F T H E C O N S T I T U T I O N A L P R O V I S I O N T H A T T H E P A R L I A M E N T M A Y D E C I D E O N T H E M A N N E R O F T H E M O N T E N E G R I N A C C E S S I O N T O E U A N D N A T O Referendum, only if it must be

referendum to join NATO. In a referendum. Ljubljana, they merged the EU and However, the rule in all the new NATO referendums, which is members of both EU and NATO is explained by the fact that Slovenians that support for membership declines had reservations about the North as the date of accession approaches. Atlantic alliance and that in case of a It was maybe the fear that the per- separate campaign they could well centage of EU and NATO supporters by Vladan @ugi} voted against the membership in this will rapidly decline as Montenegro military-political alliance. approaches these goals that motivat- he future Montenegrin authorities According to the Slovak Con- ed the authors of the constitution to Twill be able to choose the way in stitution, it was possible to organise a allow for such broad constitutional which Montenegro will accede to referendum on NATO membership, solution. European Union and NATO when but the attempt failed when it Similar constitutional modalities the time comes, follows from the proved impossible to collect the 350 can be found in Croatia, Macedonia Article 15 of the new Montenegrin 000 signatures necessary to organise and Albania - countries that have constitution, according to which "the parliament decides on the mode of accession to EU". TTHHEE EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS OOFF "Montenegro cooperates and develops friendly relations with other AAUUSSTTRRIIAA,, CCYYPPRRUUSS,, MMAALLTTAA countries, regional and international organisations, based on the principles dvocates of NATO accession point out that all EU members had to join the and rules of international law"... ANATO first in order to proceed toward EU membership. This is also an argument among the wider public, that a failed referendum on the accession "Montenegro can accede to interna- to North Atlantic Treaty would significantly endanger or slow down further tional organisations", states the first advances towards Brussels. Constitution of independent Mon- Every EU official is, however, adamantly against such conjunctions, empha- tenegro, adopted on 19 October. sising that Malta, Cyprus and Austria are all members of the EU but not of NATO. This constitutional solution leaves Radovan Vukadinovi}, president of the Croatian Atlantic Council, says that wide margins for manoeuvre to the all East European countries which have changed their political, social and ide- future authorities to decide whether ological arrangements travelled along the same road: Partnership for Peace, the decision to join EU or the North NATO membership, and then EU membership. Atlantic alliance will be taken in the "I would remind you of the Spanish case, where after the death of Franco most parliament by absolute or two-thirds Spaniards, swayed by the leftist parties, opposed immediate membership in the European Economic Community. Only after most of the citizens expressed their sup- majority, or by the citizens either at port for the NATO, the country also found its way into EEC", Vukadinovi} explains. a consultative or binding referendum. Cyprus and Malta, according to him, have long been accepted as a part If the parliament is the one to of the Western world. decide, Montenegro will be the only "Malta even served as a NATO seat for the Mediterranean area for a while, country in the last rounds of enlarge- while Cyprus had both British and American military bases", he added. ment, next to Cyprus, which did not Asked whether he would opt for a referendum or a parliamentary road organise a referendum for the acces- with regard to NATO accession, Vukadinovi} says: sion to EU. In all the "newer" mem- "Although there is no need for a referendum, for then you could also call a bers, the authorities ask for the citi- referendum for membership in the UN, Council of Europe or OSCE, I would per- zens' opinion in a referendum. sonally support the democratic right of the citizens to decide at the referendum, after they have been adequately and objectively informed. Adequate preparation On the other hand, only involves availability of objective information on NATO", Vukadinovi} said. Hungary and Slovenia organised a

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the usual limits of previous research- T S S E E J J I I V

es, all of which showed between 70 V

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and 75% of the respondents favour- h p ing Montenegrin membership in EU. p DPS MP and one of the authors of the Constitution, Ivan Kalezi}, says that the new constitution "leaves scope for legal alignment of future events". "If the parliament cannot reach a quality consensus on EU accession of, for instance, two thirds majority, then the decision should be taken by the citizens at the referendum", Kalezi} said. According to him, a number of parties from the pro-Serbian block who did not enter the two-thirds majority that voted in the Con- Ivan Kalezi} Miodrag @ivkovi} stitution would, however, vote for gone a step further than Montenegro membership in the EU. At this very be 100% in favour of EU and against in the European and Euro-Atlantic moment, he claims, there is a high- NATO, than we could count on a integrations. Because of the possibil- er than necessary level of support in two-thirds majority in favour of that ity for broad interpretation of the the parliament. decision right now", Kalezi} says. constitutional provision on the acces- He adds that there was no ques- Asked whether the constitutional sion to EU and NATO in those coun- tion about alternative formulation of norm regarding the accession to EU tries, especially in Croatia, which is the constitutional provision which and NATO was broadly formulated in gone the furthest along the path of concerns the manner of accession to fear of dramatic decline of support, EU integrations, the political and expert public has witnessed fierce If the parliament is the one to decide, Montenegro will be the only discussions on whether the decision country in the last rounds of enlargement, next to Cyprus, which should be taken in the parliament or did not organise a referendum for the accession to EU. In all the at the referendum. This is especially "newer" members, the authorities asked for the citizens' opinion in the case with respect to the NATO a referendum accession which, as a rule, has far EU, and that he and Miodrag which would make referendum less support among the populace. Vukovi} (DPS) advocated an identical unwise, Kalezi} gives the following Given those experiences, it is to provision regarding NATO. explanation: be expected that the issue of organ- "That the level of support for "Citizens of France and the ising a popular vote on the NATO NATO is lower than that of EU is Netherlands refused to support EU and EU accession will become one partially a consequence of the lack of Constitution, despite of it being a popular project among the elites. The If the parliament cannot reach a quality consensus on EU acces- rule is that the support to EU acces- sion of, for instance, two thirds majority, then the decision should sion is smaller in the countries with be taken by the citizens at the referendum, argues the ruling DPS higher GDP. Will the citizens of of the key battlefields for political information among the citizens, Montenegro say yes to Europe if their parties. According to the last public which is perhaps the fault of us in GDP grows significantly?" opinion poll conducted by the the ruling coalition. However, there is President of the Liberal Party, Centre for Democracy and Human a lot of support to NATO accession Miodrag @ivkovi}, is, however, Rights (CEDEM), the percentage of in the parliament, as only the pro- against this constitutional solution. those who are against NATO mem- Serbian parties oppose it. If For him, this is not question at all - bership reached a record of 40.9%. Movement for Changes is in favour no state organ should be allowed to The percentage of supporters for EU of Euro-Atlantic integrations, and I decide on issues in which the state membership is 72, which is within think they are, because you cannot loses a portion of its sovereignty.

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bers of EU", emphasises @ivkovi}. THE CROATIAN DEBATE He submitted an amendment to THE CROATIAN DEBATE the Article 15 of the Constitutional he last few years in Croatia have draft, proposing that the accession to Tbeen marked by a vivid debate on NATO and EU should be decided by whether the Constitution obliges the referendum. government to call a referendum on "It is easy to see why the NATO accession. It will most probably not happen, as insinuated by the Prime Constitution allows parliamentary Minister Ivo Sanader this summer, majority to decide on the mode of when he argued that "a referendum on accession to EU and NATO. Mon- the Croatian accession to NATO is tenegro is unique in that it has one unnecessary, not even an advisory one: and the same party in power for the the constitution does not require it". last 17 years. They are convinced According to the Article 141 of that they will stay in power, planning the Croatian constitution, the "decision to make whatever decision they find on the accession of the Republic of most convenient in a few years", says Croatia to an alliance with other states @ivkovi}. will be made at a referendum by a majority vote of the total number of voters, based on the prior two-third Warning that integrations into EU majority decision in the Parliament". and NATO should be viewed as sep- The problematic part is the "alliance of states", as even the experts in the arate processes, @ivkovi} explains area of constitutional law have difficulties categorising the NATO. If NATO is that the LP has nothing against an alliance of states, than the constitutional obligation exists, but if this is only NATO, but that Montenegro as a and international treaty, than the Constitution does not require a referendum. small country has no interest in join- Dr Sa{a [egovi} from the Split Faculty of Law, says that there is no con- ing this alliance. stitutional requirement, arguing that a military alliance is by all means differ- "Our motives have nothing to do ent from EU, which is an alliance of states. with the motives of pro-Serbian par- However, Prof Dr Branko Smerdel of the Faculty of Law in Zagreb claims ties. However, if we are to join that NATO is undoubtedly more than a mere military alliance, which follows from its own documents, as well as from a number of requirements it poses NATO, we believe that Montenegro before the candidates for membership. should be demilitarised, that being a "The basic provision of the Treaty, by which attack on any one member of small state it has no need for an the alliance is also an attack on the Organisation is clearly a token of a transfer army, and that we should apply the of a large portion of state sovereignty onto the NATO institutions. This is irrec- Icelandic model. Instead of paying oncilable with the Article 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia which 100 million dollars per year for says that Croatian sovereignty is inalienable, indivisible and non-transferable. If defence, is it not a better idea to re- we take a closer look at the Constitution, it is clear that a number of other val- channel that money into economic ues are violated by the acceptance of the Washington Treaty. Article 3 empha- development or to donate it to sises peace as one of the highest values of the Croatian constitutional order. So UNICEF, for instance, which would on the one hand we advocate peaceful policies and peaceful conflict resolution, and on the other hand we sign an agreement which binds us to declare and greatly improve our reputation. If we wage war whenever there is an attack on one of the members", Smerdel says. do not join NATO, we could simply According to all public opinion polls, support to the NATO membership ask for internationally recognised in Croatia has been continuously falling in the last few years and according to neutrality status, like Monaco", the research by a group of newspaper agencies last year it has reached a low explains @ivkovi}. of 32%. This is the first year when the Croatian perception of NATO has been Kalezi}, on the other hand, is an slightly improved: according to the last polls, some 44% of our neighbours sup- advocate of NATO accession, which port membership in this alliance. according to him will ensure For the time being, the proposal that accession to EU should not be Montenegrin future. decided at a referendum is still a speculation, and it is clear that Croatia will "It is our task to explain to the ask its citizens for the opinion on EU membership, even though the number of respondents with a positive attitude towards Brussels has been declining citizens the advantages of NATO from one year to the next. accession. Iceland has no army, but it always sends a doctor to every mis- "Such decisions must be made or interests of the ruling majority. This sion, and the bigger members accept by the citizens at a referendum. They is a democratic standard and practice it as fair contribution", Kalezi} con- cannot depend on the political will in all countries which are now mem- cluded.

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W H Y A R E M O N T E N E G R I N O F F I C I A L S P R O M I S I N G A S S I S T A N C E T O B I H Empty promises? I

ontenegro will help Bosnia and T the ground, this process is bound to take S E J Herzegovina (BiH) on its reform and I time. However, small steps will in the V

M o t

integration path, for it is in the o long-term perspective lead to gradual ero- h Montenegrin interest that Bosnia should p sion of the grip that the ruling party has be a well functioning multi-ethnic state in on state", states the Analysis. the European context! It adds that "Montenegrin aspirations So went the mid-October communi- towards EU should be used as the key cation from the cabinet of the President of instrument in strengthening the political the Parliament of Montenegro, Ranko will for reforms", that "authorities' Krivokapi}, following the talks with the European rhetoric should be accompanied newly appointed BiH ambassador to by the awareness on the part of those Podgorica, Branimir Juki}. At the meeting, authorities that implementation of genuine Juki} explained that BiH "expects to reforms is their responsibility", and that receive assistance from Montenegro on its "donors should, wherever possible, make it reform and integration path". clear that they are ready to test in-depth It was the first time a Montenegrin Heads of the Montenegrin ruling parties quality of the reforms allegedly conducted official uttered something like this, which by the government..." either means that he is better informed than his colleagues who instead use every If we add to this the annual reports of the European Commission opportunity to make the European officials which consistently warn about the lack of administrative capacities, make the same promises to them, or he politicisation of public administration, lack of control over securi- just throws promises off the cuff. ty services...it is clear that the government of Montenegro must While the higher representatives of first learn the basic lessons before it can preach them to the the Montenegrin government are signing neighbours at least one memorandum on cooperation per month with the EU members securing perhaps even be a good example of inter- SIDA experts found exceptionally their assistance on the Montenegrin road nal integration and the art of compromise, low levels of trust in the judiciary in the to EU, Krivokapi} is offering Bosnia some- both of which BiH badly needs. Montenegrin public; they emphasised that thing similar. It is a fact that BiH is in the As for the reforms, however, the story the MPs last year rejected laws "that last wagon of the Balkan train heading to is a rather different one, which is evident could have strengthened fight against Brussels, that Montenegro has already from the latest analysis commissioned by crime", that Parliament does not use the signed its Stabilisation and Association the Swedish International Development available mechanisms to control the Agreement, that BiH would first of all and Cooperation Agency (SIDA), authored Government, that there is a problem with have to settle down its state organisation by the experts of the Mihlsen Institute in nepotism and accumulation of public offices. This, they explain, may serve as a While the higher representatives of the Montenegrin government means to reward party apparatchiks, are signing at least one memorandum on cooperation per month leading to concentration of power in the with the EU members securing their assistance on the Montenegrin hands of a few individuals who are able road to EU, Krivokapi} is offering Bosnia something similar to capture the state. If we add to this the annual reports and acquire a minimum of functionality in Bergen. of the European Commission which con- order to be eligible for the status of a "Government's ambitions to lead sistently warn about the lack of adminis- potential EU member, but it is also a fact Montenegro into the EU are clear, but the trative capacities, politicisation of public that Montenegro is at the very beginning final goal should not be to give administration, lack of control over secu- of this road. Montenegro the laws, structures and insti- rity services...it is clear that the govern- As for the assistance with regard to tution that would superficially resemble ment of Montenegro must first learn the integrations, Montenegrin authorities have those of other EU members. The citizens basic lessons before it can preach them to accumulated substantial successes: refer- must believe that the laws and institutions the neighbours. Either the head of the endum was successfully organised, the are equal for all, that they preserve their parliament was reluctant to refuse the pro-Serbian opposition refrained from any rights and offer protection. Considering request of the young Bosnian diplomat, or conflicts that were the main fear of the that most of the reforms to date have his perspective on Montenegro is a lot Western observers, and the Constitution been superficial at best, and that some more rosy than of the rest of us. was adopted with the requisite two thirds frameworks were created though outside majority. In that way, Montenegro could pressure with farcical consequences on N. RUDOVI]

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D R W I K T O R O S I A T Y N S K I , P R O F E S S O R A T T H E C E N T R A L E U R O P E A N U N I V E R S I T Y I N B U D A P E S T A N D W A R S A W Now is the time for strong watchdog organisations

t is of utmost importance in a transi- I The leaders of west European T S E J tional society to find or create means I countries, not the EU leaders, have to V

I o t of financing the watchdog organisations o watch the pulse of their public opin- h that would speed up the development p ion. Those are, after all, democracies, and bring to the fore issues of impor- and they must bear in mind the atti- tance for the health of the authority tudes of their voters. Opinions about structures and the society. This is the enlargement have been changing, crux, you cannot simply rely on the especially with fears related to the contribution of the European Union Turkish accession and islamophobia, and the opposition, says Dr Wiktor but also with the enlargement overall, Osiatynski, professor a the Central and because it seemed as if the old mem- East European University in Budapest bers had nothing to gain from the and Warsaw and member of the Open enlargement. Faced with elections, the Society Institute Board of Directors. European leaders must take all this into In the interview for EIC Bulletin, consideration. This means that the Osiatynski, who taught at numerous enlargement process can be delayed American and European universities, and that the accession of West Balkan including Columbia, Stanford, Harvard, Wiktor Osiatynski countries, and especially Turkey, will be Chicago, Connecticut and Siena, prolonged. warned that Montenegro needs to member states. EU leaders and some What does "prolonged" exactly upgrade its civil society. of the national leaders understand that mean? Until when? "You cannot simply count on the EU has no sex appeal of its own, no Ten years, I would say. European politicians - they have their own inter- internal engine - it is boring and public opinion understood that the ests, the key one being that they stay bureaucratised, but for Schuman and requirements for European standards, in power and win the next elections. Monet the peace in Europe came first, stipulated by the Copenhagen criteria, There must be a fight for legal changes they were thinking about some other cannot be suspended as in the case of that would facilitate development of European values, enshrined in the Romania and Bulgaria. Thus, it will take the civil society through new tax regu- European Convention on Human longer for the West Balkan countries to lations. In the Balkans, as in Poland Rights. adjust to the European criteria. You and in most Eastern Europe, the soci- It seems to me that many EU cannot just wait for the EU to take you, ety is very vulnerable because of the leaders today think that the European you must conduct internal changes. I lack of a strong middle class - there- project is only interesting when it believe that you can also influence the fore, you need watchdog organisations. expands. The enlargement actually European public opinion to accept you Do they exist in Poland? affirms those values and gives sense to joining the game. I always say that the We have several such organisa- the EU and its internal energy. West Balkans, especially Croatia and tions, but most of the Polish NGOs If the EU wants to promote peace, Montenegro, have their own natural works on humanitarian and social it ought to involve the West Balkan resources. Used them. issues. They are fairly weak as moni- countries, which were at war until very How would you use them? toring bodies. recently, and pull them over from the If I were here, every school would Do you believe that EU leaders period of conflicts into a European turn into a summer camp for the really want the West Balkans to join EU? project - which could be very useful. European university and high-school What would be the EU interest in it? Why do you say that the students, who would come to spend One should distinguish between national leaders should be considered time with your youth. This is how you the EU leaders and the leaders of the separately from EU leaders? can create direct links and show to

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wards. You can easily judge whether the Euro helped or damaged your MMOONNTTEENNEEGGRROO CCAANN BBEE economy. I think that Montenegrin accession to EU is a natural step after having adopted the Euro. AA BBRRIIDDGGEE TTOO MMOOSSCCOOWW How sustainable are you? Much Do you think that our government's close relations with Russia could of the Montenegrin land is already endanger Montenegro's key goal - to become a member of EU and NATO? owned by foreigners, not the EU citi- I do not know, that depends on the EU leaders. I can imagine that if the zens but Russians. This is interesting, it relations between Montenegro and Russia become more transparent the EU means that the EU membership will would be happy to have a member with such close relations with Russia - not be the only prerequisite to your rather than having Russia as a member. That could be a bridge between EU sustainability. and Russia. If I were Montenegrin, I would work in that direction, I would try Being a part of EU is not bad, to convince Brussels that I have good relations with Moscow and that I could especially because the greatest natural be the link between the two. resource of Montenegro is its climate, sea, land...Membership will bring those young people that you are just cedure for the final decision on the more investments in tourism - it is like them. That scares the populists. If accession to EU and NATO. The ques- important to provide loans to entre- and when the West Balkan countries tion is whether to do this at the refer- preneurs, e.g. to owners of small fulfil the Copenhagen criteria, you endum or in the parliament. What is restaurants. If you wait, somebody will have to remember that the western the better solution? come from the West, buy up your populace, which is getting ever older, With such high popular support small restaurants and make profit on will need fresh labour force. for EU, about 80%, I think the refer- them. You must already seek the ways The EU countries will have a endum would be a better solution. to enable Montenegrin citizens to choice between the North African and The best would perhaps be to decide profit from the income from tourism. African countries, and the countries of in the parliament by simple majority, What was Poland's main ben- Eastern Europe. At the moment, the but if two-thirds is the rule it would efit from EU accession? British entrepreneurs prefer Polish strengthen small, destructive parties All EU-related fears have been workers to African or Asian labour. and coalitions which could block the dispelled: some prices soared, but Do you expect the EU to fulfil process. Two-thirds majority is the only temporarily. The fear was that our its promises of treating every country to worst solution. agricultural products will not be com- its own merit (i.e. conducting the It is best to define it through the petitive on the EU market, but the enlargement according to the regatta Constitution, that if the Government reality is just the opposite: Polish system) or will they have to wait for wishes to delegate parts of its sover- cheeses are being sold everywhere in each another? eignty to international organisations, Europe at very competitive prices. Our Immediately after the accession, federations, or state unions, it should farmers receive significant subventions. the examples of Poland, Latvia, require a special procedure. For Poland had a huge unemployment Slovenia and others showed that once instance, parliamentary majority, then problem, up to 18%, but it largely fell inside EU, there are very few mecha- referendum, and then a second par- once the borders were opened. The nisms to influence the domestic poli- liamentary vote after elections. This is first to open the doors to our workers cies and developments in each new after all an issue of transferring com- were Norway, England and Ireland, member. If it wishes to monitor the petences to the international level. and then Spain. changes, EU is quite helpless. The Some claim that small countries Now we have an employment Europeans therefore learned that the like Montenegro should make the deficit in construction and other areas. best period for sustainable reforms, NATO accession a priority instead of It is very important that the young which are not simply textual alterations EU, and that Montenegro can lose people can leave and come back to in the legal codices, is before the more than it can gain from EU mem- their country, that they do not have to accession. This is why I hope that the bership. What is your opinion? emigrate. There are no passports nor EU will be accepting these countries I do not know how sustainable is checks, and that is quite useful to one by one, those who really do fulfil the Montenegrin economy, but you broaden the views and experiences of the Copenhagen criteria, not only in already have enough experience to these young people. Before accession, word but through the establishment of fulfil more than a half of requirements. we had about 65% support for EU - sustainable institutions. You have adopted the Euro even now we have 85%. The new Montenegrin constitu- without EU membership, which is an tion does not stipulate the precise pro- issue that most countries tackle after- N. RUDOVI]

E I C B u l l e t i n N o 2 5 9 E u r o p e a n b a r o m e t e r i n M o n t e n e g r o O c t o b e r , 2 0 0 7 Star negotiators wanted

by Brano Mandi} In a country where croupiers have more revolutionary spirit than the omething makes me very cheerful: students and with such a wise minister of tourism nobody in their Sfrom now on, once can doubt the right mind would dare to prophesise bright future. On paper, how- intentions and actions of European ever, we are getting better. The last week was so pretty one almost politicians. Now that we signed the feared that we would go conquer Italy in the wave of euphoria agreement, it means we made some sort of partnership, not to say a deal, less then half of the voters turned up at past dinner time. But if most of the cit- and that the slick European Union offi- the ballots before 17h, which is a piece izens do not have to think about poli- cials are now also a political force to be of information that commands awe. tics until the evening news, than this is judged, pledged allies on the the model one should follow. To project of making the future of be sure, Slovenians had Ku~an in the Republic of Montenegro. the 90s, while Milo{evi} had Until now it was all bowing, curt- Momir and Milosav. The differ- sying and a game of donations - ence deserves respect. now, we're going to see, when This is also the reason that the gentleman says that European the Slovenian model is hard to Union will help to disband organ- emulate: Montenegrin European ised crime, what do they really trajectory which began last week mean by that. will be a truly unique tale of the Let us put aside for the prodigal son with no capacities for moment the darkest anxieties that negotiating, as declared exactly by behind the Brussels' upholstery those from whom the help is the players are much the same as expected. The state of the art is our own, or at least that the rules that we lack administrative capac- of the game follow a spell that an ities to enter negotiations, yet we ordinary journalist cannot com- signed them with a smile, and prehend. Better stay with the now Brussels is to give a hand in journalists, who should now get a making the local administration couple of briefs, entrench them- come of age in order to be able selves on the agenda of various to play by the Big World's rules. It seminars, renew their interest for all sits a little heavily on the diges- international politics, because tive tract, especially if the citizens what Bulgaria just did, the scan- fail to sweep away the Democratic dal of Euro and Evro, is the very Party of Socialists at the next elec- image of one imperfect constitu- tions - which is a prospect bor- tionless edifice to which Montenegro The indifference of the honourable dering on madness. Instead of the faithfully crawls. Slovenian people is the best compli- much proclaimed Change-in-Power, A joke, of course, Euroscepticism is ment to their politicians. In one should maybe start getting used to the idea of gradual changes, which Is there a list of people who work with Brussels? All aids and advi- according to the analysts seems to be sors out into the sun - that could make the media turn away a lit- the strategy of the MfC. tle from the central authorities with the picture of the ex PM in the In the meantime, one should give entrance hall. Someone must be doing a real good job out there credit to all the government employees who translate European regulations, not fashionable yet, although we could browse through the laws, stay in their found a couple of NGOs just to spice Montenegro, the passionate voter only offices past the working time and stand up the atmosphere, to make our goes to thwart the victory of the Other. in the background of our ministers, debate a little closer to that of Slovenia It is inadvisable to believe that making them less ridiculous. Thi struc- where the populace found itself in the Slovenians entirely believe that all of ture of the mid-rank clerks of the midst of a few redundant theories their candidates are more or less trust- reform Government seems to be the regarding membership. At the yester- worthy and that no catastrophe will biggest unknown factor and arguably day's elections in this beautiful land ensue if the voting is put away until avoided by the media, because the

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vinists, dirty jokes and hysterical gags involving shredding the papers in prime time. And that the EU negotiators should themselves promote the people whom they believe to be credible part- ners. New star negotiators wanted, free of KGB attitudes. European Union, on the other hand, if it really wants us so badly could for once say out loud that we are a party state in the jaws of two police forces and one TV station. Organised crime are not the pickpockets and ban- dits - organised crime consists of jour- nalists, lawyers, judges, bankers, police- men, politicians, sleepers, businessmen etc. Support to integrations will make sense only to the extent that Brussels is willing to help dismantling this system. For the time being, it is touching that three quarters of the citizens want into the EU because the government Government wants it that way. Is there alone powerless to resist political calcu- said so. Without a single sensible a list of people who work with lations - it is only a matter of timing or informative campaign to explain to them Brussels? All aids and advisors out into campaign when she will find herself in whether a glass of schnapps from a the sun - that could make the media the whirlpool of inter-party haggles. Or cauldron in Ku~i can or cannot become turn away a little from the central wrack her nerves again on disputes a world famous brand(y). This is busi- authorities with the picture of the ex with the NGO sector... ness, not hunting down some Brussels' PM in the entrance hall. Someone must Can we, then, expect at least 15 bureaucrat on a corridor to ask whether be doing a real good job out there new people to appear in front of the he or she likes Montenegro. And if they (how else would you explain the fact cameras on behalf of the government answer "You had me at hello", it's the that the NATO-accession process is led in the next 15 months, and how to news of the day. You speak languages, by a minister who so far only mobilise the citizens' support and our you are a journalist, and the neighbours are proud of you. This soc-realist vision Organised crime are not the pickpockets and bandits - organised of the journey to the promised land, crime consists of journalists, lawyers, judges, bankers, policemen, when fuelled by the media, is the great- politicians, sleepers, businessmen etc. Support to integrations will est spectre haunting our freshly signed make sense only to the extent that Brussels is willing to help dis- agreement. This miserable feeling that mantling this system everything will be solved at once, in a fit of inspiration, in a catharsis of some overviewed his own party and con- daily trust without such a break. Just Cetkovi}-Ma~ek deal...This gambler's struction works). like the Parliament: a couple of new logic or religious fanaticism, whatever One should, therefore, change the MPs immediately changed the rhythm you wish to call it, brings nothing but profile of desirable official. It need not of things. Voted in the Constitution. votes in the next elections. have moustache. Responsibility and Changed the standard jokes in the par- Presidential first. The village power should be distributed in the right liament's buffet. Even the porters and rumours have it that it may turn out to places: by sectors, offices and directo- the waitresses changed their attitude. be a showdown between the current ries, agencies, services. Or at least In conclusion: in a country where PM and the leader of the Movement make it look so on TV. Launch the croupiers have more revolutionary spir- for Changes. If they also choose not to background faces onto the media sky, it than the students and with such a reach out to their citizens along the faces aged 25 to 35, if there are any. wise minister of tourism nobody in well-known pre-electoral model of a Even better if they have so much their right mind would dare to proph- country-wide spitting bowl the citizens expertise that investment into their own esise bright future. On paper, however, may yet understand what it was that education prevented them from rising we are getting better. The last week we really signed last week in high in the hierarchy of the ruling party. was so pretty one almost feared that Luxembourg. As a prototype of such official, under we would conquer Italy in the wave of the slogan "politics-deprived" appeared euphoria. All we need is as few people The author is a journalist of the Gordana \urovi}, but helas! She is as possible identifying with the chau- daily newspaper "Vijesti"

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A R E C O U N T R I E S O F T H E R E G I O N R E A L L Y R E A D Y F O R R E G I O N A L C O O P E R A T I O N ? Milo~er group on a long stick

hen the regional conference dedi- Serbian Deputy PM Bo`idar I T

cated to exchange of experiences S \eli} explained that he understands E J

W I V among the West Balkan countries with the reluctance of Croatia to accept o t regard to EU accession process began, on o the proposal coming from Podgorica h 8 October in Pr`no near Budva (Milo~er), p and Belgrade, and that other coun- everything seemed ready for the tries could, for instance, agree to pay Memorandum on technical cooperation to Croatia for the costs they incurred so be signed. The document was prepared by far in translating the European regu- Prof Dr Gordana \urovi}, Montenegrin lations. Deputy PM for European Integrations. He also tried to dispel the fears However, in the afternoon of this same that Serbia is using this memorandum day it was clear that nothing will come out to impose itself as the regional leader. of this initiative and the proposal was to From the final press conference in Milo~er "Serbia supports all regional ini- postpone the Memorandum until the next tiatives and we do not always need to such conference next year in Croatia. Several with Brussels on the issues of common inter- be leading them", he said, adding that high ranking participants explained where the est, to which the Government of Montenegro Montenegro and Serbia could proceed on their problem was: none of the representatives of the reacted cautiously, insisting that it would be own if the others refuse to join them for the governments of Croatia, Albania, Macedonia better to remain on the level of technical moment. and BiH had the authority to sign the cooperation in order to prevent the conflict of "If political reasons prevent others from Memorandum, although they had a chance to interests arising between the countries. participating, it is better to start with a few of study it beforehand. The most difficult are, The model for the initiative was the us, and then the rest will join. I believe that reportedly, Croatians, who are already very far Visegrad group, formed by the Czechoslovak the last week's conference in Milo~er gave on the path to European Integrations and they republic, Hungary and Poland in 1991 in order birth to a Milo~er group which I hope will have no interest in sharing their hard-won cap- to strengthen their position on the way to EU soon come to life", \eli} said. ital with their neighbours. through close cooperation and exchange of If we look back at the trouble in the Croatian public that was caused by the prom- Serbian Deputy PM Bo`idar \eli} explained that he understands ise of the PM Ivo Sanader that Croatia will the reluctance of Croatia to accept the proposal coming from hand over to Montenegro some 30.000 pages of translated Acquis Communautaire, it is clear Podgorica and Belgrade, and that other countries could, for that regional cooperation in the West Balkans instance, agree to pay Croatia for the costs they incurred so far in still remains on the rhetorical grounds, and translating the European regulations Sanader was quick to deny his words. Warnings by the Brussels representatives that This, however, is the core of the experiences. "the EU accession process is not a race" and Memorandum on technical cooperation in the "After the first round of consultation, all that "it can only be improved through effective European integrations process: to gather all the reactions to the draft Memorandum were cooperation among the neighbours" seem to West Balkan countries around their common those of enthusiastic support...Let Milo~er be have been to the point. The main challenge goal - faster and more efficient progress the place where the initiative began", said now is to figure out how to prevent the circu- towards the EU membership. The basic idea is \urovi} immediately after the conference. lation of technical assistance among the coun- to strike an agreement between Montenegro, Croatian ambassador to Podgorica, Petar tries from becoming a pretext to Brussels to Serbia, Croatia, Macedonia, BiH and Albania Tur~inovi}, said that he hopes that Croatia will postpone the next enlargement until they all to exchange useful information regarding the be ready to sign the memorandum by 2008, arrive at an equal footing. EU accession process, exchange experts in cer- that this would be a good move, but that "the It is now up to Brussels to dispel Croatian tain areas and translate together the EU regu- lations (Acquis Communautairs). The initiative Warnings by the Brussels representatives that "the EU accession was supported by the European Commission. process is not a race" and that "it can only be improved through The idea, which gained momentum this summer in the context of the formation of the effective cooperation among the neighbours" seem to have been to so-called "West Balkan Group" in mimicry of the point. The main challenge now is to figure out how to prevent the "Visegrad Group" has so far been favourably the circulation of technical assistance among the countries from received only in Serbia. Suggestion to formalise becoming a pretext to Brussels to postpone the next enlargement cooperation among the countries in the region appeared for the first time at a meeting until they all arrive at an equal footing between \urovi} and the Deputy PM of the government of Serbia Bo`idar \eli}. technical negotiations and timing are running fears and give its utmost contribution to the Immediately afterwards, Belgrade announced out" and that the joy of Croatia as a host development of genuine regional cooperation. the intention to create a "West Balkan group" would be all the greater if it were signed in that would even be in charge of negotiating Croatia itself. N.R.

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A T T H E S U M M I T I N L I S B O N E U R O P E A N U N I O N L E A D E R S A G R E E D O N A N E W T R E A T Y T O I M P L E M E N T M O R E E F F I C I E N T D E C I S I O N -MM A K I N G S Y S T E M Framework for new enlargements

uropean Union created a new legal decide, and although their advice is not Eframework for the next wave of legally binding, the Court usually enlargement - tortuous negotiations on accepts it. the new treaty which ought to serve as Italians, dissatisfied with the cur- a basis for the more efficient EU with rent number of places at the European a swifter decision-making system were Parliament will get another seat. The successfully brought to a close after number of MPs with the voting right will midnight of the 20 October, at the remain the same, however, as the summit of the 27 EU leaders in Lisbon. President will not have the right to vote. The new treaty on the institution- European Parliament has 750 MPs plus al reform that will replace the discard- the president. ed Constitution and the currently oper- Italy had no objections to the ating Treaty of Nice should come into Treaty itself, but it expressed disagree- force in 2009, on the eve of the European leaders at the last EU summit in Lisbon ment with the proposal to redistribute European Parliament elections, after the number of seats at the next EP being ratified by all member states. assembly, where it would for the first The treaty should enable further Affairs Minister, but Britain insisted that the time have fewer representatives than France enlargements of the EU, replacing the Treaty word "minister" be left out. At the June and UK, countries with a similar population of Nice that was designed for a maximum of Summit, the UK has also opted out from the size. According to the ensuing compromise, 27 countries. The key parameters of the doc- closer home and justice affairs cooperation, Italy will have 73 MPs, the same as UK, while ument were already agreed at the June and is also excepted from the Charter on France would keep its 74 MPs. Summit in Berlin. According to this agree- Fundamental Rights as UK insisted it would Prior to the summit, the leaders solved ment, the new treaty will contain most of the not accept the Charter provisions guaranteeing another hurdle: how to write the name of the solutions envisaged by the failed Con- broad rights to strike. European currency in Bulgarian Cyrillic. stitutional proposal, whose adoption was The persistent Poles managed to push Despite of the resistance from the European Central Bank which insisted that Euro should The treaty does not mention the symbols, the flag or the anthem be written in the same way in all languages, it of EU, the word "constitution" has been erased, and a new deci- was finally agreed that Bulgarians can keep sion-mmaking system introduced. It envisages a double-vvoting mech- writing Evro, as until now, instead of Euro. "This is an important landmark in the his- anism, which means that a decision is adopted if approved by at tory of Europe. Europe is now stronger, more least 55% of the countries in the Council of Europe, representing confident, and readier to face future chal- at least 65% of EU citizens lenges", said the Portuguese PM Jose Socrates. When the agreement was signed just blocked in 2005 by the French and the Dutch through another provision allowing a group of after midnight, the leaders hugged each other voters. The treaty does not mention the sym- countries who are slightly short of the "block- and popped champagne to celebrate the bols, the flag or the anthem of EU, the word ing" minority to negotiate "reasonable" delays agreement which will be signed on 13 "constitution" has been erased, and a new in implementing the decision in question, December in Lisbon. decision-making system introduced. It envis- which in practice should mean several UK Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, who ages a double-voting mechanism, which months. The clause, known as "Ioannina com- is heavily criticised at home for refusing to means that a decision is adopted if approved promise" after the Greek town where it was organise a referendum on the treaty, declined by at least 55% of the countries in the Council of Europe, representing at least 65% The new treaty also introduces the function of the President of the of EU citizens. European council for a two-yyear mandate instead of the current However, at the request of Poland, the current voting system remains in place until six-mmonths rotating presidency, as well as the post of t the High 2014, and until 2017 it may still be used upon Representative for Foreign Policy who will simultaneously perform request of some of the member states. After the function of the vice-ppresident European Commission 2017, the double majority mechanism will remain the only valid voting system. first invented in 1994, was never used to date. champagne. French president Nicolas Sarkozy The new treaty also introduces the func- Ioannina compromise is a concession to suggested that the former British Prime tion of the President of the European council Poland for its agreement to the double major- Minister Tony Blair or the Luxemburg's veter- for a two-year mandate instead of the current ity rule. Another of the Polish wishes will be an PM Jean Claude Juncker would be excel- six-months rotating presidency, as well as the fulfilled by the treaty: the number of inde- lent candidates for the new presidential post. post of t the High Representative for Foreign pendent consultants at the European Court of He also announced that he would accept the Policy who will simultaneously perform the Justice will be increased from the current eight second mandate of Jose Manuel Barroso as function of the vice-president European to twelve, of which one will be reserved for a president of the European Commission. Commission. According to the failed constitu- Polish citizen. tion, this was supposed to be the EU Foreign Independent legal consultants help ECJ N.R.

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W H A T I S W R I T T E N I N T H E G O V E R N M E N T D R A F T D O C U M E N T " M O N T E N E G R I N F O R E I G N P O L I C Y P R I O R I T I E S " First NATO, than the EU I T

y establishing and implementing S E J I V

basic foreign policy priorities, o B t o h

Montenegro will strive towards inte- p gration into European and Euro- Atlantic structures and all regional ini- tiatives; follow the global trends and endorse them in accordance with own interests and abilities; develop good relations with its neighbours; establish and maintain good relations with a number of most developed and strongest partners worldwide; and in all this, it pledges to remain commit- ted to the accepted international obli- gations and principles. From the session of the parliamentary committee for International affairs and European integrations where the draft was presented So reads the Government's draft document "Montenegrin Foreign Policy membership as the key strategic goal and reformed", states the document. Priorities", which also emphasises, in which in the following period will In the foreign policy context, the addition to EU and NATO membership, "dominate" Montenegrin foreign policy, most important role will be accorded the "special importance" of relations as the most important task both to the permanent dialogue between with the United States, and "exception- domestically and internationally. Montenegro and EU (its member states, al significance" of those with Russia. "Montenegro views the EU as the the president, the EU troika), as well as Among the top priorities of the best framework for further development to the long-term harmonisation with Government of Montenegro is the strengthening of relations with Ger- Among the top priorities of the Government of Montenegro is the many, United Kingdom, France and strengthening of relations with Germany, United Kingdom, France Italy, with China ranking similarly "high". and Italy, with China ranking similarly "high". On the same list are On the same list are the Mediterranean the Mediterranean countries and large countries such as India, countries and large countries such as Japan and Brazil India, Japan and Brazil. Participation in the working of of general reforms, harmonisation with the EU foreign and security policy. international organisations - United European standards and their imple- Another key strategic goal is the Nations, Council of Europe, OSCE - is mentation, as well as for the improve- NATO membership. also singled out as important, especial- ment of bilateral relations with the "It is a process that is also expect- ly "in the light of preparations for and Union members", states the document. ed to lass, although presumably less so progress toward membership in EU It also points at the overall con- than the EU accession process", warns and NATO". sensus in Montenegro on the necessi- the Government of Montenegro. "Montenegro, standing between the ty of integration into EU, which is an According to them, the question East and the West inextricably linked to additional impetus for faster progress of NATO membership is "not only one its Balkan and Mediterranean neigh- in this direction. of the most important foreign policy bours, recognised as a factor of stability "The speed of our progress with priorities", but that it also "guarantees and as a part of European and Euro- respect to integrations will depend on stability and security necessary for the Atlantic integrations, currently belongs to the dynamics of economic, political, fulfilment of other strategic goals, such one of the most dynamic and most judicial, security and overall reforms, as EU membership". promising regions", states the Draft. i.e. on the speed and extent to which "NATO integration will provide The document emphasises EU the society as a whole can be engaged Montenegro with the best strategic

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reasons, as well as to the common European and Euro-Atlantic perspec- DDRRAAWWIINNGG MMOOTTIIVVAATTIIOONN FFRROOMM TTHHEE tive, will continue to be strengthened SUCCESS OF OUR NEIGHBOURS and nurtured. SUCCESS OF OUR NEIGHBOURS "This means equal partnership and ur foreign policy priorities depend on the common efforts and coopera- mutual respect also on the part of Otion with other countries of the region. In this context, success and Serbia", states the draft document. achievements of any country in the region serve as a motivation for further "Relations with the USA are of development of Montenegro - states the Strategy. special importance to Montenegro. It adds that Montenegro supports development of regional strategy and The US being the most influential further improvements of the mechanisms for cooperation in the South East partner in the North Atlantic alliance European region. and a very prominent ally to EU and "In this way, we strengthen the bilateral relations with countries of the the region, as well as the most impor- region and contribute to our own and the progress of the region towards tant player in all international organi- European and Euro-Atlantic integrations. Montenegro is a credible partner in sations, it is logical that Montenegro all regional organisations and initiatives (SEECP, CEI, JJI, SECI, SEDM, A3+3 should dedicate significant attention in etc.). We are strongly committed to the transformation of the Stability Pact for its foreign policy decisions to develop- South Eastern Europe into RSS, an initiative which has the potential to demon- ment and strengthening of the part- strate the readiness of our countries for regional ownership and mutual coop- nership with the USA", states the doc- eration", states the document. ument. It reminds that so far Montenegro was recognised by 105 countries and Immediately following is the dec- has established diplomatic relations with 85 countries, followed by the open- laration of the "exceptionally signifi- ing of embassies in Podgorica and development of a world-wide Montenegrin cant" relations between Montenegro diplomatic network. and the Russian Federation. "Montenegro considers it extre- frame for defence against potential and policy deliberation in the regional mely important to continue cherishing crises and challenges to the stability of context. the traditionally friendly relations with the state, region and wider surround- "Although in the strict sense Russia, for both historical and cultural ings, for the promotion of its image as Montenegro borders on Albania, reasons", states the draft. a stable democracy, for acceleration of economic development, FDI flows, NATO integration will provide Montenegro with the best strategic and for equal participation in the frame for defence against potential crises and challenges to the making of geostrategic decisions", stability of the state, region and wider surroundings, for the pro- states the Draft. motion of its image as a stable democracy, for acceleration of eco- According to this document, nomic development, FDI flows, and for equal participation in the NATO integration is closely related to EU integration, as the two are seen as making of geostrategic decisions", states the Draft both parallel and compatible. "Together with other relevant Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, Serbia According to this document, institutions, the Government will be and Croatia, due to historical and Montenegro also fosters special rela- actively contributing to the wider soci- political reasons, Montenegro counts tions with the countries of Central etal consensus for better understanding among its neighbours also the other Europe - Poland, Czech Republic, and acceptance of this strategic orien- ex-Yugoslav republics: Macedonia and Slovakia, as well as the Baltic and tation... Slovenia, as well as the neighbours of Scandinavian countries. Podgorica will Democratic institutions, rule of former Yugoslavia: Austria, Hungary, also develop its relationship with the law, market economy, stable security Romania, Bulgaria and Greece. With "small European states" - Iceland, situation, are the necessary precondi- regard to all this countries, Mon- Cyprus, Malta, Andorra, Luxembourg, tions for every country that wishes to tenegro aims at development of good Lichtenstein, Monaco and San join either EU or NATO", states the relations and communication with Marino", "based on exchange of expe- document. mutual respect and continuous foster- riences regarding the success of small, The government Strategy warns ing of political, economic, security, flexible administrations". that the strategic integrative goals of cultural, scientific contacts and coop- Finally, among the foreign policy Montenegro - EU and NATO mem- eration, as well as infrastructural links", goals is also development of relations bership - are impossible to attain emphasises the Strategy. with the countries of the Mediterranean without active Montenegrin participa- Especially important are the rela- circle, especially Turkey and Egypt. tion in regional cooperation, in devel- tions with Serbia, which, due to a host opment of good neighbourly relations of historical, cultural and economic N.R.

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I N S P I T E O F T H E C O M M I S S I O N ' S E U B U D G E T 2 0 0 6 F I N A N C I A L R E P O R T C O N C L U S I O N S T H A T E U -11 0 A R E I M P R O V I N G T H E I R A B S O R P T I O N C A P A C I T I E S New members still lagging b e h i n d o n E U f u n d s

he ten countries that joined TEuropean Union in 2004 must do better to gain a larger share of EU funding, according to the Commission's 2006 budget report, which indicates that 'old' members still profit most from EU monies. According to the EC report, published on 24 September, of the EU's106.6 billion budget, only 11.5 billion was spent in the EU-10, whereas the five largest member states accounted for 97.4 billion euros of EU spending in 2006. As much as 91% of EU expenditure, more than EUR 97.4 billion was spent within the EU-25 Member States. The five biggest Member States got 57.8 billion euros or nearly 60% of total expenditure within the EU-25. The largest The largest recipients were the most populous Member States: recipients were the most populous France (13.5 billion), ahead of Spain (12.9 billion), Germany (12.2 Member States: France (13.5 bil- billion), Italy (10.9 billion) - apart from the United Kingdom, lion), ahead of Spain (12.9 billion), which received 5.2 billion euros Germany (12.2 billion), Italy (10.9 billion) - apart from the United pre-accession payments went to dream about an endless possibility Kingdom, which received 5.2 bil- Romania and Bulgaria. to absorb these funds," lion euros. "This was globally a positive Grybauskaite said. "Absorption lev- The share of EU-10 practically performance for new Member els are not satisfactory and time is doubled as compared to the year States as all of them received more running out." In 2007, for the very of their accession (2004) and grew money from the EU budget than in first time, money available from by 2.4 billion euros to 11.5 billion 2005. Yet, they need to do better structural funds but not spent by or nearly 12% of total expenditure this year, especially in the cohesion them might be automatically can- within the EU-25. The main bene- policy" - reminded Dalia Grybaus- celled. ficiaries were: Poland (5.3 billion, kaite, Commissioner for Financial According to the commissioner, up by 1.3 billion from the previous Programming and Budget. Poland is the worst-performing year), Hungary (1.8 billion, up 0.5 The EU-10 could be doing a among the new member states billion) and the Czech Republic lot better, with 43% of their struc- concrening money left unspent. (1.3 billion, up 0.3 billion). In tural funds and 78% of their cohe- "Don't look for excuses, because addition almost1.1 billion euros in sion funds going unused. "Don't there will be no excuses. If Poland

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and the United Kingdom (9.3%). MMOOSSTT OOFF TTHHEE EEUU MMOONNEEYY CCOOMMEESS As in previous years France was the largest recipient in agriculture FFRROOMM GGEERRMMAANNYY AANNDD FFRRAANNCCEE (EUR 10.1 billion or 20.3% of EU total), ahead of Spain and Germany ational contributions to the EU budget in 2006 reached 87.3 billion euros, (13.4% and 13.2% respectively), an increase of less than 0.6 billion compared to 2005. The main contrib- N Italy (11.0%) and the UK (8.7%). utors did not change: Germany (20.1% of EU total), France (17.6%), Italy (13.7%), UK (11.3%) and Spain (9.9%). Summarizing the 2000-2006 The rest of the revenue came from traditional own resources - customs period Commissioner Grybauskaite and agriculture duties (15 billion euros) collected by the Member States on noted that the biggest increases in behalf of the Union, the surplus from 2005 (2.4 billion) and other sources (3.7 EU spending were registered in the billion). areas of Freedom, security, justice In relative terms, however, when compared to EU wealth, the size of the and citizenship (78%) and EU budget decreased last year to 0.93% of EU Gross National Income. Competitiveness for Growth and Employment (68%). This trend will isn't able then Poland loses out," continued devotion to the Growth be further boosted over the period she said. and Jobs agenda. "2006 was the 2007-2013. Last year, Poland received 5.3 closing year of the previous finan- In the past seven years Spain billion euros from the EU budget, cial period, which saw an almost was the biggest recipient of all EU mainly as support for farming (2.142 billion) and in structural Spain retained the biggest share of funds for structural actions (5.8 funds (1.951 billion). At the same billion euros or 17.8% of EU total), followed by Italy (14.0%), time, Polish dues to the union Germany (13.6%), Greece (11.1%) and the United Kingdom (9.3%). purse amounted to 2.175 billion euros, which gives Poland exactly 70% increase in spending on funds (99,5 billion euros over the 2.997 billion net from the Union, Competitiveness for Growth and period), followed by France (89,6 constituting 1.16 % of Poland's Employment," commented Com- billion), Germany (79,1 billion), GDP in 2006. missioner Dalia Grybauskaite. Italy (70,2 billion) and the United Still, according to the European Only in 2006, funding directly Kingdom (36,6 billion euros). media who follow carefully the devoted to competitiveness incre- Among the EU-10, for the trends in the EU, the latest finan- ased by 19% as compared to 2005. period 2004-2006 covering their cial data for 2006 confirms positive Out of EUR 106.6 billion exe- membership, Poland benefited the trend in the EU's budgetary devel- cuted in 2006 more than 37% was most (12.1 billion euros), ahead of opment. spent to promote Cohesion and Hungary (3,9 billion), the Czech More funding for competitive- Competitiveness for growth and Republic (3.2 billion), Lithuania ness was ensured by further mod- employment in all EU Member (2.0 billion) and Slovakia (1.7 bil- ernisation of expenditure; improve- States. 35% went in direct aid and lion). ments in monitoring and planning market related expenditure and Overall, the execution rate kept the budget execution rate at a 12% for rural development, fish- continues to improve and reached historically high level. Supposedly, eries and environment. 5% was 99.3% in 2006. This progress is the substantial increase of the EU- devoted to strengthening the EU as mainly due to better planning and 10 countries' share of the budget a global player. monitoring by the Commission's services. The early warning system More funding for competitiveness was ensured by further moderni- introduced into budget manage- sation of expenditure; improvements in monitoring and planning ment through a joint effort of the kept the budget execution rate at a historically high level Commission, the European Par- liament and the Member States would also secure their growing Spain retained the biggest significantly contributed to this participation in EU policies. share of funds for structural actions result. According to the EurAktiv web (5.8 billion euros or 17.8% of EU portal, the EU Budget 2006 total), followed by Italy (14.0%), N. RUDOVI] Financial Report proves the EU's Germany (13.6%), Greece (11.1%) V. []EPANOVI]

E I C B u l l e t i n N o 2 5 17 F r o m m y p o i n t o f v i e w O c t o b e r , 2 0 0 7 Why do I want to be a citizen of Europe? try, scattered around the world. Who want to move forward, faster. are abroad out of necessity, not out of How, if we just received one choice: who look elsewhere for a spare young countrymate of ours, a top stu- homeland, shelter from war, vengeance, dent, Master of Science form a presti- poverty. It makes me sad because they gious European university who is are not there like the rest of the "nor- sought after by over 40 research cen- mal" world - for tourism, for studies, to tres in Europe and the USA with a broaden their educational horizons, and modest teaching post at the University carry those treasures back to their home and a monthly salary of 300 euros? countries. Many have no place to They say, that's the average, the return. Those that do can find no work, same for all. But all are not the same. by Olivera Vukadinovi} and most of them just stay there not Someone will have to get more, a lot knowing where they belong any more: more, to be able to give back a lot ith quite a bit life, educational for almost two decades they have been more. Our young scientist returned to Wand working experience behind living "long way from home". Europe and left us to "our own me, having looked at all the advantages That is why I would like to be a Europe", to ponder and mourn over and disadvantages of joining the citizen of Europe. To be together with the hardships of life. They left us to European family of nations, if you still ask me whether I would like to be a But why would our millionaires of the day bother with Europe, or citizen of Europe and when - the an- with investments into European-sstyle production? They are doing swer is yes, NOW, as soon as possible! very well without Europe, and without production. They excel in There are so many reasons for proving, once they take over the most successful enterprises, that that!!! before them those were actually complete failures Because I am already tired and I find it more and more difficult to explain them, to exchange our experiences, to count the cranes around the city, to others, to my children especially, that open up the doors for them of anoth- buildings, apartments, casinos and casi- we were actually once Europe and now er, better, brighter life in their home- no-goers, the first, second and the nth we are not any more, that we would land, which will be able and willing to million of some or another individual, become Europe again once we become provide them with real opportunities. but there are no scientists among them, European…and so forth. If, in other To grow together in the European fam- no researchers, no doctors… words, we fulfil the numerous "normal" ily of nations. To use our knowledge The media will tell us about it conditions for life and work that come which commands admiration from the every day. We read how that person so naturally to the orderly states of the most diligent Germans, entrepreneurial bought something for a million, for five Old Continent, which is ours too, all we French, Mediterranean-leisurely Itali- millions, for 10, 40 etc…Hard to need is to be accepted and recognised. ans… We are everywhere: in all sec- believe, in such an underdeveloped Why? tors, on all continents. In numerous country, with the average wage below Because it makes me terribly sad, research projects, the most wanted in 300 euros, with masses living at or below the poverty levels! We want to be Europe and we want to move forward, faster. How, This is why I would like to be in if we just received one young countrymate of ours, a top student, Europe, as soon as possible, to see the Master of Science form a prestigious European university who is miracle happening, to start wondering at sought after by over 40 research centres in Europe and the USA the first million made by a scientist, an with a modest teaching post at the University and a monthly salary innovator, a physicist… and to note that of 300 euros the also paid huge sums in taxes to the state, because his knowledge made him and note that I am one of the lucky all computer and maths programmes rich. To invest this knowledge in devel- ones whose work allows me to visit across Europe, because everywhere we oping those "small and medium enter- world metropolises, when in those make extraordinary achievements. The prises" that we keep talking about places I encounter our compatriots, cit- others invest everything to keep them. although they are nowhere in sight. And izens of what was once a great coun- And us? We want to be Europe and we if they also began to produce, to

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employ, what miracle would that be? behind the dignity of life? and education were in high esteem, But why would our millionaires of "Whatever happens to the land although we know the darks sides of the day bother with Europe, or with will happen to the children of the land" the past as well. For the last 18 years, investments into European-style pro- says an old adage. I would like to be a the child has grown and become an duction? They are doing very well part of the European family, to ask the adult. Unfortunately, it has grown without Europe, and without produc- lords of transition, privatisation, stock- through crises, war, sanctions... tion. They excel in proving, once they market, about crime and corruption, This is why I have grown a little take over the most successful enterpris- and not to be found guilty of high tired from talking, from waiting for this es, that before them those were actu- treason. The set the rule of law above country to become a genuine, ally complete failures! There are no us all. To do something, finally, to European, democratic society. more laws and regulations that can declare less, talk less… This is why I want Europe in my stop them, nothing that the workers "If you speak, you cannot listen, and house, as soon as possible, not to have can do, except to go home. All that is if you do not listen, you do not learn". to explain to my children any more left from the once Europe-wide Many of us will have to learn, why, with two university diplomas and exporters is the space and the land. understand their mistakes and preju- quite a bit of working experience, their Thousands of acres. A dreamland for dices in order to prevent their repeti- parents cannot send them to the mass construction projects of those tion and alleviate consequences. This is schools they want, unlike some other individuals who came to rescue coop- the goal of control. These conse- parents, and many, many other eratives. I would like to be in Europe, to make them show us how the money I would like to be a part of the European family, to ask the lords is "laundered" on the seaside and on of transition, privatisation, stockmarket, about crime and corrup- the land, and what to do with those tion, and not to be found guilty of high treason. The set the rule "cleaners". Maybe we even manage to of law above us all stop them before their laundering washes away all the land that the quences are results of individuals' things...That we have to live on loans nature has granted to this country. To actions, and the bill is handed to us all. and with the help of our parents. That preserve something for us, ordinary cit- Control is thus normal for all I thought that with my life in my own izens, for ours and their children. What Europeans, except for us, until we hands I will be able to help them does it matter that some individual are realise that one can learn the least from instead, that they would be fine even moving fast-forward if we are all head- those who are always on our side. on their own with their hard-earned ing in the wrong direction? The expe- There are many more stories to be pensions. rience of many centuries of economic told about transition, corruption, Evidently, one can live neither and civilisational development taught crime... especially in the open media. from one's pension nor from a salary. the human kind some lessons in the With all suppression, the word survives, When we are able to do so, we will be "art of living". The rules were always I am convinced of it. Nobody can stop Europe, we will be free citizens. We there, and the achievements came only it, words can "kill" but they have not deserve it. as a result of fair play. Does it work to been "killed" yet. Still, this whole thing be a rich individual in a poor neigh- is taking too long, or maybe it is me The author is a programme editor bourhood? How long can they enjoy it who is in a hurry - I belong to a gen- of TV Montenegro. She attended IV if so many people envy them and even eration which has seen a better side of generation of the European Integrations more hate them for having fallen so far live. When we had, when knowledge School

E I C B u l l e t i n N o 2 5 19 V i e w s O c t o b e r , 2 0 0 7

D R S R \ A N G L I G O R I J E V I ] , D I R E C T O R O F T H E A N A L Y T I C A L D I V I S I O N O F T H E B E L G R A D E I N T E R N A T I O N A L A N D S E C U R I T Y A F F A I R S C E N T R E ( I S A C ) Balkan stereotypes still threatening security of the region I

hreats to security and peace in the T popular support for the Croatian acces- S E J I

Balkans still exists. Regardless of the V sion to NATO continues to decline, it

T o t o

fairly developed regional cooperation, f may create serious problems: the Riga our region still harbours all the negative Declaration clearly states in the section prejudices and stereotypes that have on Croatia that any advance of this been the core and the guiding star of our country towards NATO membership conflicts, says Dr Sr|an Gligorijevi}, must be underpinned by convincing director of the analytical division of the public support. NATO is clearly aware of Belgrade International and Security all the challenges", explains Gligorijevi}. Affairs Centre (ISAC). It is therefore very important, he In the interview for EIC Bulletin he adds, to continue emphasising the secu- explains that countries of the region did rity component of the entire regional not manage to overcome all prejudices, security structure, because "the Balkan which is the precondition for eliminating countries are very different economical- the security threats in the Balkans. ly, socially, politically and culturally, but "Naturally, one of the main ways to from the security point of view, one must overcome this challenge is the Euro- Sr|an Gligorijevi} bear in mind that those differences have Atlantic and European integration of the always led to conflicts". whole region. The security situation is, other members to join in defence of the "Placing those countries in the same however, a priority, in order for all the attacked country. security framework must therefore countries of the Western Balkans to "In the West Balkans and in the become a priority. If any country decides become a part of the same security con- entire Balkan region the tensions are still to opt out, it would immediately create text and a wider security community", high. This is a very delicate environment. serious problems", Gligorijevi} claims. Gligorijevi} said. He adds that it should always be In the West Balkans and in the entire Balkan region the tensions emphasised that the European Union is are still high. This is a very delicate environment. It is enough that first and foremost a security community one of those countries becomes a NATO member and thus cov- which was founded in the early 50s in ered by the Article 5, and the other countries would immediately order to overcome the century-old con- find themselves in an inferior security position flicts of France and Germany. "It was, of course, very effective also It is enough that one of those countries The ISAC analysts finds it very inter- in overcoming other entrenched con- becomes a NATO member and thus esting that most countries in the region flicts: between the British and the Irish, covered by the Article 5, and the other lack convincing popular support for Slovaks and Hungarians...The expansion countries would immediately find them- NATO membership. of the security community in the entire selves in an inferior security position", "This is not necessarily the outcome region is the absolute priority", says warns Gligorijevi}. of some political or ideological attitudes Gligorijevi}, who completed his speciali- According to him, the exceptionally - it is simply the consequence of the sation at the European Union Institute low level of public support for the NATO general ignorance of the nature and principles of NATO. People's attitudes European Union is first and foremost a security community which was are therefore simply informed by their very effective in overcoming centuries-oold conflicts between the emotions. In any case, the future NATO British and the Irish, Slovaks and Hungarians...Expansion of the secu- membership should be based on a broad rity community in the entire Balkan region is the absolute priority popular support. An informational cam- paign that would introduce the citizens for Security Studies in Paris (EUISS). membership in Croatia could frustrate to the principles of NATO actions, its Answering the question of why he the accession of this country to the institutions and challenges it faces ought advocates the membership of his and North Atlantic Treaty, which is expected to be a priority not only for the govern- other countries in the region in NATO, to happen in 2009. ment structures in the region, but also Gligorijevi} emphasises the importance "We shall see how the process for the non-governmental sector", of the Article 5 which stipulates that develops and how the Croatian public emphasised Gligorijevi}. attack on any one member state consti- will react in the future. It also depends tutes an attack on all others, obliging on the NATO attitude towards it. If the N.R.

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Romania launches pension overhaul

With more pensioners than employees, Romania is having trouble supporting its state-rrun pension system. The country is now joining 31 others that are shifting to private funds

by Gelu Trandafir safe," insists Commission President Mircea Oancea. "A company not nder a new system launched able to reach the minimum efficien- Ulast month, more than 3 mil- cy needed for a pension fund would lion Romanian workers under 35- be placed under a special supervi- years-old must opt for one of 14 sion. If it continues to fail, the competing private pension funds Commission would designate anoth- before January 17th, 2008. Those er company to take over the fund." ages 35 to 45 can also decide to According to Oancea, the new join one of the private funds. private system "increases individual Starting in 2008, 2% of every responsibility". It develops "con- worker's general income will be sciousness that only through saving redirected from the state budget to The current, state-run pension during a long period of his active the chosen private fund. This con- system has been plagued by inade- life, an individual could enjoy sim- tribution will gradually increase to quate monitoring methods and poor ilar living standards once retired," 6% by 2015, and the current 9.5% management. It also faces intense he argues. social security contribution to the pressure because of demographic The minister acknowledges that state system will diminish accord- changes. A scarcity of younger the initial 2% contribution is small. ingly. workers is leaving the elderly with- However, he says, a decision was "Several million Romanians will out enough financial support for made to gain employees' confi- become investors, and the private their pensions. dence progressively. pension system will educate them "Romania is already the only Romania cautiously now joins a in the spirit of a free market econ- country within the EU having more club formed by 31 countries -- omy," says Romanian President pensioners than employees -- in Bulgaria, Macedonia and Croatia Traian Basescu. 2050 Romania would have 145 among them - that have decided to "The launch of the private pen- pensioners for every 100 employ- address the demographic pressure sion system marks the end of the ees," Basescu said. Authorities also on state budgets through privatisa- process of transition from a socialist hope the switch to private funds tion. economy to a capitalist one, creat- will trim the black market in labour, The political context for the ing the premises for a long-term since it will now be in the workers' reform is not friendly, however. economic stability," says Finance interest to have their real salaries Romania faces European, local and Minister Varujan Vosganian. "The recorded. general elections within a year. In privatisation of the public pension A Commission for the Sur- June, the Romanian parliament system will thus ensure the transi- veillance of Private Pensions System unanimously voted to increase the tion from populism to guaranteeing has been set up, and 17 companies state pension system, a hike that the freedom and dignity of retired have been licensed to administer will cause a projected budget deficit people." the private funds. "The system is of 2 billion euros a year.

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A G U I D E T O W O R D S A N D E X P R E S S I O N S NON - GOVERNMENTAL F R E Q U E N T L Y U S E D B Y T H E P E O P L E W H O A R E ORGANISATIONS P R O F E S S I O N A L L Y D E A L I N G W I T H E U I N T E G R A T I O N IN EUROPEAN UNION

Eurojargon EUROPEAN MOVEMENT can join the EU it must meet the uropean Movement is an international 'Copenhagen criteria'. Eorganisation whose objective is to con- CAP reform: Reform of the tribute to the establishment of a united, Common Agricultural Policy. federal Europe founded on the respect for basic human rights, peace principles, dem- The Common Agricultural Policy ocratic principles of liberty and solidarity (CAP) was first introduced in 1960, to and citizens' participation ensure that Europe had secure food European Movement has 41 national eople within the EU institutions supplies at affordable prices. But it divisions and 20 associated divisions both within and outside of the EU. European Pand in the media dealing with EU became a victim of its own success, Movement is also active in Montenegro. All affairs often use 'eurojargon': words generating unwanted surpluses of divisions cooperate, working jointly for the and expressions that they alone some products such as beef, barley, fulfilment of their common goals. understand. Eurojargon can be very milk and wine. Also, the subsidies The European Movement was formally created on 25 October 1948, when the Joint confusing to the general public, paid to European farmers were dis- International Committee for European Unity which is the reason we decided to torting world trade. So the European decided to change its name. The first major introduce those terms for the benefit Commission began reviewing the CAP achievement of the European Movement of those who are new to and not yet in 1999. The EU agreed further was the setting up of the Council of Europe in 1949. The European Movement was also entirely comfortable with the field of reforms in 2003, with the emphasis responsible for the creation of the College of EU integrations. on high-quality farm produce and Europe in Bruges and the European Center Applicant country: A country that animal-friendly farming practices that of Culture in Geneva. has applied to join the European respect the environment and preserve One of its major functions during the Union. Once its application has been the countryside. The EU plans to cut 1950s through to the 1990s of the last cen- tury was the setting up of think-tanks across officially accepted, it becomes a can- back on direct subsidies to farmers, Europe, also in countries that were then still didate country. so as to redress the balance between ruled by totalitarian regimes. Since 1948, Benchmarking: This means meas- EU agricultural markets and those of the European Movement has lobbied for uring how well one country, business, the developing world. further integration, on numerous subjects. It worked in favour of the direct election of industry, etc. is performing compared Civil dialogue: Consulting civil the European Parliament by all European to other countries, businesses, indus- society when the European Com- citizens, and fought for the adoption of a tries, and so on. The 'benchmark' is mission is drawing up its policies and European Constitution. One of its major the standard by which performance proposals for legislation. It is a broad- objectives is to organise the relations between the citizens of EU and its institu- will be judged. "Benchmarking" is also er concept than 'social dialogue'. tion through a model of a federal state. applied in the Lisbon Process. Civil society: The collective name The Movement focuses its attentions Best practice: One way of for all kinds of organizations and on seeking further integration in the politi- improving policies in the EU is for associations that are not part of gov- cal, social and cultural arenas within European countries. It organises its activities governments to look at what is going ernment but that represent profes- both as an expert group and as a pressure on in other EU countries and to see sions, interest groups or sections of group. As a study and information group it what works best. EU itself or the society. It includes (for example) trade operates through various projects and activ- member state can then adopt this unions, employers' associations, envi- ities aimed at disseminating information on 'best practice', adapting it to their ronmental lobbies and groups repre- EU among the citizens. As a pressure group, it exerts sizeable influence on the own national and local circumstances. senting women, farmers, people with European institutions in order to improve Candidate country: A country disabilities and so on. Since these implementation of EU policies. that has applied to join the European organizations have a lot of expertise At the top of the organisational struc- Union and that has officially been in particular areas and are involved in ture of EM is the President Pat Cox, who is assisted by six vice-presidents, Secretary accepted as a candidate for acces- implementing and monitoring Euro- General and a Treasurer. More information sion. At present there are three can- pean Union policies, the EU regular- about European Movement can be found didate countries: Croatia, former ly consults civil society and wants it at: ww.europeanmovement.org Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and to become more involved in Euro- Prepared by: Petar \UKANOVI] Turkey. Before a candidate country pean policymaking.

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O R G A N I S E D B Y C C E , C D N G O A N D E M I M , W I T H S U P P O R T O F T H E F O U N D A T I O N O P E N S O C I E T Y I N S T I T U T E - R E G I O N A L O F F I C E I N M O N T E N E G R O ( F O S I R O M ) New European Integrations School begins

I generation of the European in the light of world-systems the- Integrations School and III ory" by Prof Dr Milan Popovi} generationV of the Regional Euro- from the Political Science Faculty pean Integrations School in the of the University of Montenegro. north of Montenegro have begun Programme dynamics at the their programme. The School s are Regional European Integrations organised by Centre for Civic School is markedly different: the Education (CCE), Centre for participants were invited for an Development of Non-Govern- intensive three-day seminar in mental Organisations (CDNGO) Budva, where they attended eight and European Movement in lectures. In addition to the already Montenegro (EMiM). mentioned lecturers, they also had a Once again, interest for the chance to listen to Dr Zoran Ra- school was exceptionally high, as evi- Until now, the School in Podgorica divojevi} from the Ni{ University, Jovana denced by the number of applicants had three lectures: the first one by Prof Marovi} from the municipality of Budva, (221 applications received for 50 avail- Radovan Radonji}, on the topic Mom~ilo Radulovi} - EmiM, Stevo Muk - able places, of which 30 in Podgorica "European Political Thought", and the CDNGO and Daliborka Uljarevi} - CCE. and 20 in Bijelo Polje. European other two - "European integrations Up to date, the EIS programme Integrations School is the oldest pro- process until 1960s" and "European was successfully completed by 210 gramme of alternative education in the Integrations Process after 1960s" - by participants who are already using their area of European Integrations in Dr Tanja Mi{~evi} from the Political knowledge in various government insti- Montenegro. Continued high interest in Science Faculty of the University of tutions, non-governmental organisa- the school is a great recognition for the Belgrade who is also an officer at the tions, enterprises, judiciary, media etc. organisers, but it also obliges them to Government of Serbia EU Association The call for the next generation of respond to the participants' expecta- Office. The lecture scheduled for the European Integrations School will be tions with a high quality programme. next meeting is "European Integrations open in February 2008.

P S F H O S T E D A L E C T U R E B Y D R W I K T O R O S I A T Y N S K I , P R O F E S S O R A T C E N T R A L E U R O P E A N U N I V E R S I T Y A chance to do something for human rights

entre for Civic Education, Centre for Foundation Open Society Institute - rights, when other international political CDevelopment of Non-Govern- Regional Office in Montenegro. factors enter the game: peace, interests mental Organisations and European According to professor Osiatynski, of individual countries, previously Movement in Montenegro organised, the human rights regime can be inter- signed agreements, international securi- with support of Foundation Open nal or international. In the internal/local ty...", explained professor Osiatynski. Society Institute - Regional Office in framework the mechanisms for human He emphasised that the EU acces- Montenegro and in cooperation with rights protection are Constitution and sion process is the right period when the Political Science Faculty of the courts, and the plaintiff is the citizen. most can be done for institutionalisa- University of Montenegro, a lecture by "When these mechanisms are dys- tion of human rights, as this is the time Dr Wiktor Osiatynski, professor at functional, as is the case in totalitarian to adopt the laws guaranteeing human Central European University, on the regimes, the case is passed on to the rights, to create durable institutions and topic "Human Rights as a European international human rights framework, courts for their protection, and to form Value". The lecture, organised in the where the plaintiff is not the citizen as non-governmental organisations which framework of the "European Integrations in the internal framework, but another should oversee their implementation. School Forum" programme, took place state. In this way the human rights have "The role of the civil society is cru- on 5 October 2007 at the Political become one of the elements of inter- cial in this period. When the country Science Faculty. national politics, which sometimes has becomes a member of EU, the pressure The discussion was moderated by as a result double standards in the pro- mechanisms will disappear", says pro- Sanja Elezovi}, director of the tection and preservation of human fessor Osiatynski.

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F O R T H I S I S S U E W E R E C O M M E N D :

approaches in examining the relationship between national historiographies and nation- al historical cultures. The programme is the collaborative effort of more than one hundred scholars from around 30 European countries. Its agenda is being imple- mented by four teams occupied with - the institutions, networks and communities which produced national histories and were themselves influenced by the idea of national history (Team 1) - the construction, erosion and reconstruction of national histories in their relationship with competing representations structured by the 2008 STANFORD countries (particularly in, but not limited to, the social cleavages in a society (Team 2) Regions of Middle East, Northern and Sub- - national histories and their relationship with SUMMER FELLOWS ON Saharan Africa, Central Asia, and other parts of regional, European and world histories (Team 3) the former Soviet Union). - the national histories in their spatial relation- DEMOCRACY AND Successful applicants will be proficient in spoken ships and mutual interdependency with other and written English and will have academic and national histories (Team 4) DEVELOPMENT practical credentials necessary to benefit fully For more details please see the programme's Center on Democracy, Development, and the from the course and actively contribute to pro- website: www.uni-lleipzig.de/zhsesf Rule of Law (CDDRL) at Stanford University`s grammatic discussions. The ideal course partici- The aim of the summer school is to promote the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies pant will have extraordinary motivation, at least results of the NHIST programme to the next invites policymakers and activists from countries three to five years of experience in a relevant generation of academics across Europe and to undergoing political, economic, and social tran- field of democratic development, and a keen identify new projects and researchers in the his- sitions to participate in its fourth annual Stanford interest in learning and sharing knowledge and tory of historiography using comparative and Summer Fellows on Democracy and Develop- experiences in transforming his or her country. cultural transfer approaches. Leading NHIST ment program. To learn more about the program, past partici- scholars who will be present at the summer The 2008 program will be held from July 28 - pants and curriculum, and to apply, go to: school include Professor Stefan Berger (University August 15, 2008, at Stanford University in Palo http://cddrl.stanford.edu/fellowships/summerfellows. of Manchester), Professor Christoph Conrad Alto, California. Applications must be received by December 7, (Universite de Geneve), Professor Chris Lorenz The Stanford Summer Fellows on Democracy 2007, for the 2008 Summer Program. (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), Dr. Frank Hadler and Development Program (SSFDD) is a three- (Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum fur Ges- week executive education program that is run chichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas), Professor annually on the Stanford campus by an inter- REPRESENTATIONS OF Ilaria Porciani (Universita di Bologna). disciplinary team of leading Stanford faculty. The THE PAST: THE WRITING Travel Costs are reimbursed up to a maximum of program brings together a group of approxi- EUR250, accommodation, including meals, is mately 30 civic, political, and economic leaders OF NATIONAL HISTORIES provided. The trip includes one day of sightsee- from transitioning countries. Stanford Summer ing in Budapest (5th July). The group will have Fellows are former prime ministers and presi- IN EUROPE (NHIST) a final dinner, stay for the night and depart the dential advisers, senators, attorneys general, Institute for Social and European Studies, Koszeg, next day from Budapest. journalists and civic activists, academic and Hungary, 30 June -66 July 2008 Please send a 100 word CV and a 300 word members of the international development The five-year European Science Foundation- abstract of your proposed paper via email to: community. Since the program was introduced funded Scientific Programme "Representations of Sven de Roode ESF NHIST Programme in 2005, we have typically received more than the Past: The Writing of National Histories in Coordinator School of Languages, Linguistics and 800 applicants each year. Europe (NHIST)" runs since 2003. It aims to Cultures, University of Manchester This program is aimed at early to mid-career - analyse in depth national historiographies and Email: [email protected] policymakers, academics, and leaders of civil their relationship to wider national historical Abstract and CV should reach the programme society organizations (such as representatives of cultures, coordinator by 15 December 2007. The execu- trade unions, non-governmental organizations, - study systematically the construction, erosion tive group of the NHIST will select the partici- the media, business and professional associa- and reconstruction of national histories across pants of the summer school and the programme tions) who will play important roles in their a wide variety of European states, coordinator will inform successful applicants by country`s democratic, economic, and social - bridge the existing historiographical gap with- the end of February 2008 at the latest. In case development. We anticipate recruiting a group in Europe by bringing together the histories of of withdrawals a list of additional potential stu- of 30 individuals dedicated to democracy and Western and Eastern Europe, dents will apply. development promotion within their home - combine cultural transfer and comparative Homepage www.uni-lleipzig.de/zhsesf

EIC Bulletin is electronic magazine established within EIC programme, with the support of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. The publisher is Centre for Civic Education. EIC Bulletin is registered with the Ministry for Culture and Media as item No. 578 Editor in Chief: Ne|eljko Rudovi} Editorial Board: Vera [}epanovi}, Daliborka Uljarevi}, Dragan Stojovi}, Vladimir Vu~ini} Tehnical Editor: Bla`o Crvenica; Language Editor: Milena Milunovi}; English Language Editor: Maja Mugo{a; Translation: Vera [}epanovi} Njego{eva 36 / I Tel / fax: + 381 81 / 665 - 112, 665 - 327 E-mmail: [email protected] EIC Bulletin can be downloaded at the www.cgo.cg.yu

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