Passive Solar Greenhouse in Ladakh
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Marion Triquet Tashi Tokmat Passive Solar Greenhouse in Ladakh: Konchok Dorjai A Path to Income Generation and Livelihood Improvement Vincent Stauffer Passive solar greenhouse in Ladakh A path to income generation and livelihood improvement Marion Triquet, GERES India And Tashi Tokmat, LEHO Konchok Dorjai, LEHO Vincent Stauffer, GERES India With the collaboration of: Dr. Deen, LEHO Nahida, LEHO Tarchin, LEHO Tsewang Dolma, LEHO Ishey Paljor, LNP Chosphel, LEDeG Mohammed Ali, LEDeG Sonam Jorgyes, LEDeG Amar Singh, Ecosphere/STAG Sunil Chauhan, Ecosphere/STAG Dorje Dawa, GERES India Lydia Adelin-Metha, GERES India Design and layout: Raul Anaya, GERES India This publication is funded by the European Commission with cofunding from Fondation Ensemble and Ashden Awards. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission, Fondation Ensemble and Ashden Awards. About the organisations The Renewable Energy and En- sive solar buildings, improved vironment Group (GERES) is a stoves and income generation French NGO created in 1976. (solar greenhouses, solar poul- GERES works in a dozen coun- try farming, ecotourism, food and tries in Asia and Africa promoting wool processing). renewable energy resources and energy efficiency through a devel- GERES’ first project in the Hindu opment process controlled by the Kush-Himalayas was set up in local people. GERES encourages 1984 in Ladakh (India). At pres- the use of local resources with the ent, GERES supports local NGOs in aim of respecting the environment India, Nepal, China and Afghani- and providing well-balanced devel- stan in various activities. opment schemes. GERES focuses on privileged part- GERES has been working for more nerships with various government than twenty years for the benefit and non-government organisa- of local development in the Hindu tions and the participation of the Kush-Himalayas (HKH), with a fo- local population. cus on promoting well-adapted and eco-friendly technologies to enable GERES can be contacted at: local communities to access mod- 2, cours Foch, 13400 ern services while preserving the Aubagne France fragile environment of the Hindu Tel: +33 442 18 55 88 Kush-Himalayan region. Fax: +33 442 03 01 56 E-mail: [email protected] The main field activities are con- Website: www.india.geres.eu cerned with energy saving (pas- Ladakh Environment and Health work. It is working on the green- Organisation (LEHO) has been house project in Leh belt, Markha working since 1991 on ecologi- valley and Sham area. cal agriculture, passive solar houses construction, handicrafts LEHO can be contacted at: (pashmina), health and environ- Skara-Juk, near GH Road ment. In partnership with GERES, PO Box 83. Leh, Ladakh. LEHO has developed the improved 194101. India greenhouse design that is now be- Tel.: +91-1982-252944 ing promoted by the project, and E-mail: [email protected] shares its experience on that field Website: www.leholadakh.org with the other NGOs of the net- 4 Context Acknowledgements The preparation of this document would not have been possible without the support, hard work and effort of a large number of individuals and organisations. We are particularly grateful to: The GERES field workers and co- The organisations that contributed ordinators that actively partici- to the success of the LIGHT project: pated in the greenhouse project implementation: ECOSPHERE LEHO Antoine Lasgorceix Ladakh Health and Environment Johan Jaffré Organisation Maëlle Gentet Judith Bel LEDeG Christophe Viltard Ladakh Ecological and Develop- Marie Panarin ment Group LNP Leh Nutrition Project MUSE SKARCHEN Society for Knowledge and Re- sponsibilities of Culture, Health, Education and Nature STAG Spiti Transhimalayan Action Group Passive Solar Greenhouse in Ladakh Context 5 Summary The issues of food security and nutrition are at the very core of sus- tainable mountain development, and yet they tend not to be given due consideration. Socially and economically marginalised, mountain people are more vulnerable to food shortages and chronic malnutrition due to a variety of factors, such as their isolation, the harshness of the climate to which they are exposed, and the difficulty to grow nutritious crops on a difficult terrain. In this regard, the implementation of the passive solar greenhouse project offers a valuable experience as to the possibilities of supporting small-scale farmers living in cold arid regions improve their livelihood. The greenhouses, heated entirely by sunlight to keep the inner tempera- ture high enough to grow vegetables even when outside temperatures drop to -25°C, support the development of seasonal and off-seasonal vegetable production (crops such as spinach, coriander, onions or gar- lic) that improves: (i) the dietary intake of populations living in remote areas; and (ii) the access of vulnerable farming communities to an in- creased amount of basic services through income generation. Simple to build, using cheap locally sourced material and labour, each greenhouse constitutes a relatively minimal investment, to which the owner contrib- utes the largest part, mostly in kind. Based on reinforcement of local capacities, technology transfer, R&D and a network of local NGOs, the methodology has taken into account a great variety of contexts thanks to a flexible approach of the implementation phase. This flexibility, and capacity of adaptation, ultimately proved to be key factors in the project’s overall success. Thanks to its sustainability, its reliance on local resources (both human and natural), and its positive environmental impact in the longer term (through the reduction of vegetables imports by air or truck), this proj- ect has been awarded at the 2009 Ashden Awards. Key Words Food security – Malnutrition – Passive solar energy – Solar greenhouse – Protected agriculture – Cold arid region – Ladakh – GERES India – Ashden Awards 2009 Socially and economically marginalised, mountain people are more vulnerable to food shortages and chronic malnutrition. A path to income generation and livelihood improvement 6 Context Contents Map of the project area ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 9 I Context 1.1 Geographical context .................................................................................................................................10 1.2 Economical conditions ...............................................................................................................................11 1.3 Vulnerability ..................................................................................................................................................12 1.4 A mixed agricultural system ...................................................................................................................12 1.5 Food security: a growing concern .........................................................................................................13 II Initiating the project: a learning process 2.1 Activity rationale .........................................................................................................................................15 2.2 The introduction of greenhouse in Ladakh ........................................................................................16 2.3 Launching the pilot project .....................................................................................................................17 2.4 Technical specifications of the IGH .......................................................................................................18 2.5 The running aspects ..................................................................................................................................20 2.6 The socioeconomic approach ..................................................................................................................21 2.7 The extension phase: the launching of LIGHT .................................................................................22 III Implementation methodology 3.1 The strategy for dissemination in a large area: the local NGOs network ...............................24 3.2 Definition of operational zones and phases, a key factor .............................................................27 3.3 Targeting strategies ...................................................................................................................................29 3.4 Implementation of the methodology in the field .............................................................................31 3.5 The Resource Person network ................................................................................................................32 IV Financing 4.1 Context ...........................................................................................................................................................36 4.2 IGH investment cost ..................................................................................................................................36 4.3 Farmers’ investment capacity, a crucial step ....................................................................................37 4.4 Project contribution ....................................................................................................................................38