International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571

Review Article

Understanding Dietary Do’s and Don’ts from Hathayoga with Ayurvedic Principles - A Review

Savita S. Nilakhe1, Yashashree V. Joshi2, Sachin S. Kulkarni1

1Associate Professor, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, College of Ayurved, Pune 2Professor, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, College of Ayurved, Pune

Corresponding Author: Savita S. Nilakhe

ABSTRACT

Ayurved, the life science and , the spiritual science are cohesive tributaries of higher knowledge with extensive relationship and vast interconnections. Hence their integrative study fallouts into better conclusion. Yoga needs Ayurved to maintain physical fitness and Ayurved needs yoga to acquire proper mind control. Entire health is an outcome of composed application of both. Amongst several Yogic paths, supreme connectivity between Hathyoga and Ayurved is found. Hathayoga is the “dynamic yoga” aimed at liberation through physical tolerance. Amongst the contents of Hathayoga, this article is focused on proper and improper diet with specific dietary rules recommended for person as stated in Hathayoga pradipka. Hathayoga has recommended specific diet for its follower but not justified it. So this article has reviewed dietary dos and don‟ts from Hathayoga with proper analysis and interpretation on the basis of Ayurved. Thus importance of Hathayogic dietary protocol and its relevance for health is established.

Keywords: Mitaahara, Snigdha, Atyahara, Hathayogi

INTRODUCTION specific treatment) with preventive and Ayurved, the life science and Yoga, curative measures directed for body and the spiritual science are two sides of one mind as well. [1-2] Apart from this, it has coin. David Frawlay, eminent Ayurved remarkably mentioned Yoga in various scientist has also rightly said that these contexts. Yoga is aimed at self-liberation far systems cannot be understood off the body and mind. Interdependency of unconnectedly. Both of these are cohesive these sciences is clarified here. Diseases are tributaries of higher knowledge. Though the main hurdles in the path of self- their goals are different, both have extensive liberation and Yoga prerequisites Ayurvedic relationship and vast interconnections. therapeutic guidelines to cure them. On the Hence their integrative study fallouts into other side, Ayurved considers unhealthy better conclusion. Ayurved is aimed for dietary habits, abnormal behavioral pattern physical, mental, intellectual as well as and negative emotions as main etiological social wellbeing. Being a life science, it factors of physical, mental or psychosomatic involves a thorough system of medicine in disorders. [3] These causative factors are the view of diagnosis and treatment, internal certainly avoidable by controlling mind and external medicine, dietetics, study of through application of Yoga-principles in medicinal herbs, psychology, ideal living, real life further leading to self-liberation. In longevity and rejuvenating therapy. In short, this way Yoga needs Ayurved to maintain is „Chikitsa School‟ (school of physical fitness and Ayurved needs Yoga to

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 255 Vol.8; Issue: 9; September 2018 Savita S. Nilakhe et.al. Understanding Dietary Do’s and Don’ts from Hathayoga with Ayurvedic Principles – a Review acquire proper mind control. In short, ingredients, properties changed by various healthy physical and mental status is an dietary combinations and processing, outcome of composed application of seasonal diet, rules and improper modes of Ayurved and Yoga. Thus, Ayurved and Yoga food consumptions, healthy diet, disease are assuredly connected. generating diet and likewise. On the basis of Several Yoga-paths like Rajayoga, such vast elaboration, dietary do‟s and Karmayoga, Bhaktiyoga, Mantrayoga, don‟ts given for Hathayogi are assuredly Dnyanayoga, Hathyoga are recommended and precisely enlightened. Thus, this article for self-liberation depending upon the analyses and interprets Hathayogic diet with nature of the person. Amongst these, its probable Ayurvedic explanation. Hathayoga and Rajayoga are more Aim– To review dietary Do‟s and Don‟ts neighboring to Ayurved. As Ayurved is from Hathayoga and analyze them on the bodily science and Hathayoga is “Vigorous basis of Ayurvedic dietary principles Yoga” aimed at liberation through physical Objectives - stability or tolerance, their supreme 1. To study dietary do‟s and don‟ts from connectivity is found. Hathayoga tradition Hatha-Yoga-Pradeepika. precisely remarks Ayurvedic terms like 2. To analyze and interpret their effect on Doshas (biological humors), Prana (life body and mind on the basis of Ayurvedic energy), (digestive power), Dhatus dietary principles. (body tissues), Mamsa (muscle-belly), Meda 3. To highlight their importance in the life (Fat), Kapha (one biological humor) relative of Hathayogi. to the physical side of practice. Aasana, 4. To explore profound connection Kumbhak, Mudra and Nadanusandhan are between Hathayoga and Ayurved. four components of Hathayoga amongst which Aasana (bodily posture) is MATERIALS recommended as the prime one. Along with 1. Hatha-Yoga-Pradeepika main objective of Yoga i.e. self-liberation, 2. Charak with Ayurved Dipika Hathayoga has mentioned physical benefits commentary by Chakrapani Datta of various Aasanas. Also proper and 3. Other allied ancient Indian literature. improper diet with specific dietary rules is suggested for yogi person to preserve his METHODOLOGY health. Amongst these health promoting  Dietary do‟s and don‟ts from Hathayoga components, this article is focused on diet have been studied. and dietary rules from Hathayoga along  Their effects on the body and mind are with its Ayurved constructed justification. analyzed and interpreted on the basis of Hatha-Yoga-Pradeepika, an Ayurvedic dietary principles authentic text on Hathayoga has mentioned  Their need for Yogi has been some proper and improper food items for highlighted. Hathayogi along with proper and improper [4-10]  Connection between Hathayoga and means of food consumption As dietary Ayurved is established. do‟s and don‟ts are specifically cited in Hatha-Yoga-Pradeepika, it proves that it DISCUSSION has specific significance in the life of According to Ayurved and other Hathayogi. But no such reasoning behind ancient literature also, food not only their recommendation is interpreted in influences body but senses, mind and Hathayoga science. On the contrary, intellect all are nourished by proper healthy Ayurved has considered food as one of the food. Now-a-days, food habits are totally pillar of body and extensively specified changed and their adverse effects on all dietary principles with various views such above components are found. Cchandogya as natural properties of raw dietary Upanishd has quoted that purity of mind is

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 256 Vol.8; Issue: 9; September 2018 Savita S. Nilakhe et.al. Understanding Dietary Do’s and Don’ts from Hathayoga with Ayurvedic Principles – a Review an outcome of healthy food which finally accepted all dietary basic principles as results into exclusive memorizing capacity. mentioned in Ayurved. As Hathayoga It has also established the link between proceeds for self- liberation through bodily nourishment of mind through food. It procedures, it gives equal importance to quotes- at the end of digestion, food is physical health too. According to Ayurved, fragmented into three parts and the micro balanced status of three Doshas, seven part is used for the nourishment of mind. Dhatus, three Malas along with proper Ayurved has also legalized the digestive capacity, well controlled senses interconnection between properly consumed and pleasant peaceful mind and soul result healthy diet and heightening of Satva into graceful life. Amongst all these factors, property in the mind. [11] All these strength is especially depends on , references illustrate the deep connection Kapha, Rakta, Mamnsa, Asthi, Shukra and between food and mind. Oja. If normalcy of these body-elements is Other Yoga types have not made any maintained, then extensive strength is direct comment on proper diet for Yogi acquired and can be utilized in Hathayogic Persons. They have recommended and practices as well.

Table.1 Recommended Diet and Dietary Properties Titles Details Dietary Wheat, rice, barley, rice matured in six months. unadulterated food, (cow milk, Cow Ghee, butter from cow milk, sugar Food candy, Honey, dry ginger, 5 vegetables having names Jeevanti (Leptadenia reticulata), Vastuka (Justicia adhatoda), Items Mulyakshi (Alchemilla vulgaris), Meghanad and Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa), green gram, Adhaki (Cajanus cajan), pure rain water Dietary Proper unctuous food, proper sweet food Properties Dietary Quantity, purpose of food consumption, food nurturing and strengthening body-elements, proper tasty food likable to mind, Rules appropriate food items

Justification of recommended diet and easily. It also enhances intellectual skills. dietary rules: Thus physical, mental and intellectual  Proper Unctuous diet – capacity is strengthened which can be It means the food which produces utilized to accelerate the path of self- appropriate oleation to body-elements. Food liberation through Hathayoga. increasing unwanted fat (salty butter,  Proper Madhura Diet – cheese, paneer, deep fried items etc.) is not Amongst the six tastes only expected here. Food such as cow milk, Madhura rasa i.e. sweet taste is butter and ghee obtained from cow-milk is recommended for Hathayogi with certain actually proper unctuous food. Such food is terms and conditions. [10] Madhura rasa is likable to mind as it is tasty. It intensifies habitual to human since birth. It seems to be weakened digestive power, gets digested beneficial by nurturing body tissue in easily, nurtures and strengthens body and growing age, by maintaining strength in channelizes Vayu in its original path and youngster life and through making the direction. [12] Unctuous property is the only ageing graceful in old age. It extends life- property which has capacity to range up to span. [14] Yogi can utilize such extensive the microelements such as senses, mind and life-span for vigorous penance. intellect. In this way by nourishing body and Additionally, Madhura rasa also nourishes above said microelements, it increases mind, senses and intellect and maintains overall immunity and entire tolerance too. dominance of Satvaguna in mind. [15] Due to This helps the yogi to perform vigorous optimum Savtaguna, mind is controlled and yogic body-postures. Additionally such food preserved which upgrades the path of self- maintains dominance of Satva in mind. [13] liberation. But here to obtain all said Governing Satva keeps the yogi free from benefits, selection of appropriate sweet food unfavorable factors and controls mind is very essential. Man-made artificial sweets

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 257 Vol.8; Issue: 9; September 2018 Savita S. Nilakhe et.al. Understanding Dietary Do’s and Don’ts from Hathayoga with Ayurvedic Principles – a Review are not expected here but the food items benefitted by longer and healthy life which which are naturally sweet are recommended will be reclaimed for progressive path of which mainly covers the dietary elements self-liberation. Considering these benefits, like wheat, brown rice matured in six Hathayoga has incorporated Mitahara in ten months, barley, sugar candy, honey, green at utmost level. [23-24] gram and non-contaminated rain water. Likewise, in Bhagwad-Geeta, the According to Ayurved, most of these food relation of food quantity and properties of items are naturally Swasthavruttikar i.e. mind (Triguna) is explained. It means, full they preserve the overall health of the body stomach diet leads to aggravation of Rajo- and mind. [16] They also uplift muscular guna and the diet more than the capacity of strength and enhance immunity leading to stomach leads to aggravation of Tamo-guna; smooth practices of various Hathayoga- whereas properly measured food preserves postures and penances. Amongst these, the dominance of Satva. [25] Consistently wheat intensifies bonding in tissues. [17] dominant Satvaguna stimulates Hathayogi Barley takes more time for digestion but it in the path of self-liberation. Additionally, maintains entire energy level i.e. it is not excess diet is a cause of simultaneous over nutritive in nature. Moreover, it vitiation of Tridoshas further leading to reduces excess fat and Kapha thus lightens several disorders. It also creates extra body. On the other hand, other artificial pressure on heart and on the lateral sides of sweet food items may accumulate excess abdomen resulting into severe pain. [26] Such Kapha and fat in the body and obstruct person also feels difficulty to perform even channels resulting into weight gain. Such routine activities like seating or standing so person cannot perform even routine it is highly difficult for him to perform activities also. So it is highly difficult for Hathayogic postures. He remains far away them to practice various Hathayogic from practicing various vigorous physical postures. Such damaging results are not penances or Pranayam. Also by regular caused by above recommended naturally intake of excess food, digestive power is sweet food items. Hence they are beneficial hampered and one suffers from many more for Hathayogi to uplift his physical and diseases. Moreover, Tamo-dosha gets mental health. increased in the mind due to the tendency of  Properly measured food excess food consumption. [25] Such Yogi is The term ‘Chaturthansha-vivarjita’ unable to acquire the knowledge of self- shapes the quantity of meal. It is also liberation. Hence consumption of Mitahar labeled as Mitahara which is nothing but (measured food) is crucial in the path of measured diet. [18] As per this instruction, Hathayoga. half part of stomach is to be filled with solid  Yogi’s intention towards food- food having unctuous property and naturally It is expected that Hathayogi should sweet food items and one fourth part is to be consume food only for the purpose of filled with liquid food and remaining one survival and not for pleasure of tongue and fourth part of stomach is to be kept free for stomach. Hence he is not expected to keep the free movements of Vata, Pitta and over affection with food. Keeping unwanted Kapha [19-20] Such food maintains the concerns with food results into overeating, equilibrium of Vata, Pitta, Kapha and also selection of unhealthy food and many more gets digested properly without damaging other abnormal eating patterns. These digestive power resulting into clear bowels. abnormalities are not favorable for Thus such quantified food keeps a Yogi Hathayogi as they result into imbalanced disease-free. [21] All such benefits result into state of body and mind ultimately reflecting longevity of life and ultimately reflect into as severe disorders or early death. [27] easier accomplishment of Hathayogic Imbalanced body and mind could not cope bodily postures. [22] Ultimately the Yogi is up with energetic Hathayogic activities.

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Same is stated in Hatha-Yoga-Pradeepika Mental status of Hathayogi has also that excess food consumption is the main given enough importance in this path. As obstacle in the path of self-liberation. [28] self-liberation is not possible without mental Hathayoga-follower should stick to balancing, it is expected that the food different intention i.e. he must keep in the consumed by Hathayogi must be tasty or mind that the food is being taken for the likable to mind. It is also expected that the love or belief in lord . He should follower should not keep over affection with assume himself as lord Shiva and consume food. When such unwanted attachment with food accordingly for his pleasure. This food is thoroughly removed then the divine intention prevents the Yogi from over question of „likability of food‟ becomes affection with food. [20] insignificant.  Dhatupraposhaka food (food nurturing Appropriate (Yogya) food items- and strengthening body)-Extreme Along with the likability of food, physical strength is required for Hathayoga highlights that appropriate food Hathayogi to survive successfully must be consumed by its follower. Such during Hathayoga practices. As food is food resembles with the expected properties the prime and best source of strength of food which are already discussed above. and nutrition it is directed that, the The entire application of all above follower must consume food which is said factors together come with an outcome nutritious for his body tissues. [10] in the form of balanced strengthened physical and mental status leading to better Proper tasty food agreeable to mind Hathayogic practices. (Manobhilashita)-

Table.2 Non Recommended Diet and Dietary Properties Titles Details Dietary Food leafy vegetables, oil, sesame, mustard, alcohol, fish, meat, curd, butter milk, meter(type of cereal), extract after removal of Items oil from sesame, asafetida, garlic, (Kola)the jujube fruit, (Sauvir)drink containing less alcohol derived from barley

Dietary Food having spicy-sore-salty tastes, penetrating nature, hot and dry properties Properties Dietary Rules Excess food consumption, food combined with sour or salty tastes, reheated food and poor quality food

Justification of avoidable food for followed by longevity of life. [30] According Hathayogi to Bhagavad Geeta also, Katu Rasa  Katu Rasa – imbalances mind and reduces strength by Katu rasa i.e. spicy food has aggravating Rajo-guna. So its minimal dominance of Vayu and Akash-mahabhutas. consumption is accepted. Amongst above Its consumption results into vitiation Vata, said food items, Katu taste is present in Pitta, Rakta and pacification of Kapha. It mustard, assafoepida, garlic etc. food also lessens Shukra and creates excess ingredients. So these are incorporated in the dryness in the body. [29] It diminishes list of non – recommended diet list. physical strength as well as leads to elevated  Amla and Lavan Rasa- level of Rajoguna in mind. Due to Though these tastes are unctuous in imbalance in Vata, Kapha Dosha and nature, still they are not recommended for Shukra Dhatu, strength certainly gets Hathayogi. [31] Food-recipe-combinations declined. Direct connection of strength and with sour or salty food ingredients are not Shukra-Dhatu is accepted by Hathayoga as permitted for Hathayoga follower i.e. these well. Even, Hatha-Yoga-Pradeepika reveals two tastes even as a supplementary food are that, Shukra, mind and life span are deeply also not recommended for the path of connected. So normalcy of Shukra is Hathayoga. So definitely they have some essential to maintain stability of mind anti-properties which certainly obstruct the

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 259 Vol.8; Issue: 9; September 2018 Savita S. Nilakhe et.al. Understanding Dietary Do’s and Don’ts from Hathayoga with Ayurvedic Principles – a Review journey of self-liberation. i.e. they vitiate Considering the unwanted results of Pitta, Kapha and Rakta as well as aggravate Ushna and Teekshna properties in the path Rajo-guna in mind. Their excess of Hathayoga, consumption of food items consumption results into loosening of body like fish, meat, curd, butter milk, Kulattha tissue especially the tissues of blood and (meter-cereals), oil and sesame is not muscle mass. Normalcy of blood tissue is recommended. very important because Prana i.e. subtle  Ruksha property – energy is circulated through blood. Ruksha means drying property. Food Moreover strength mainly depends on the having this property absorbs excess compactness of muscle mass. Due to moisture and lubricants from the body. It equilibrium of Rakta and Mamsa Dhatus, does not nurture body, senses and mind too. Hathayogi certainly maintains his liveliness It increases Vata and reduces Kapha, and immunity. Thus he can smoothly Mamsa, Meda, Asthi and Shukra Dhatu. Its perform Hathayogic activities like Aasanaas excess consumption leads to osteoporosis. and Pranayam. Skeleton holds the body in proper posture.  Teekshna Property– One can‟t sustain in expected posture due to Teekshna property has penetrating increasing porosity in bones. Muscular action. Dietary element having this property elasticity is very much needed for all assimilates and processed very fast in the Hathayogic practices which certainly body. [32] It vitiates Pitta Dosha, Rakta decline by consumption of food having Dhatu and reduces Kapha Dosha. Vitiation Ruksha property. Moreover it also of Pitta and Rakta leads to excess dryness, imbalances mind by increasing level of excess heat in the body. Due to these Rajoguna. Such unhealthy diet finally increased levels, lubrication amongst the results into feebleness and becomes hurdle body tissue is altered. On the other hand, in the path of HathYoga. due to declined Kapha level, the bonding  Excess food consumption – between body tissues gets loosened Atyahar means habit of excess food resulting into declined muscle tone with consumption. Mitahar is opposite to it, weakened strength. Equilibrium of Kapha importance of which is already discussed Dosha has a key role in the process of earlier. Excess food creates excess pressure growth and nutrition. So property has less on the walls of stomach and abdomen too. It nutritive value. Fast penetrating action of takes much more time for digestion. It also Teekshna also leads to early aging and early results into vitiation of Vata-Pitta-Kapha at diseased conditions ultimately resulting into the same time. It also vitiates Prana. It tapered immunity. Thus, Hathayogi develops symptoms like excess sleep, consuming Teekshna becomes unable to drowsiness, laziness, inactiveness, practice his expected path consistently. weakened strength, indigestion. According  Ushna Property – to Bhagavad Geeta, excess food Ushna is nothing but food having consumption habit leads to aggravation of hot potency. It vitiates Pitta, Rakta and Tama property in the mind. [25] Tama is lessens Kapha. Its regular consumption cause of ignorance or loss of orientation and soaks up moisture and body-fluid levels get is opposite property to Satva. Such person disturbed. Body tissues are also not nurtured becomes mentally and physically inactive properly by consuming Ushna diet. and thus fails to practice Hathayoga and Ultimately it results into drop out in the acquire self-liberation. energy levels, loss of strength. This  Reheated food – condition is not good for consistent vigorous It is the food which is already cooked Hathayoga practices. Hence such food is much time earlier and heated again for not recommended for Hathayoga follower. eating purpose. It may be the stale food and [32] is reheated to create taste. But such

International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 260 Vol.8; Issue: 9; September 2018 Savita S. Nilakhe et.al. Understanding Dietary Do’s and Don’ts from Hathayoga with Ayurvedic Principles – a Review reprocessed food has less nutritious values. the life of Hathayoga-follower to [8] Additionally it is heavy to digest, its acquire success in the path of self- constant consumption results into weakened liberation. digestive power and strength. [8] It also 6) Undoubtedly, recommended and non- causes symptoms like heaviness in body, recommended food in Hath-Yoga- loss of luster and obstruction in the path of pradipika, has a crucial role in the path Vayu. So, freshly prepared food is always of Hathayoga and their positive and preferable for Hathyogi. negative effects are certainly justified on Role of poor quality food- the basis of Ayurvedic dietary principles. Food having no or less nutrients is considered in this term. Such food never REFERENCES provides strength and is also not beneficial 1. Jadavaji T, editor. Charak Samhita by for senses as well as mind. [8] Therefore Agnivesha. 5th ed. : Chaukhambha Hathyogi should have food with Sanskrit Samsthan; 2016.p.-187. Verse- 26 2. Jadavaji T, editor. Charak Samhita by recommended qualities. Agnivesha. 5th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Samsthan; 2016.p.-16. Verse- 58 CONCLUSION 3. Jadavaji T, editor. Charak Samhita by 1) According to Ayurved, physical and Agnivesha. 5th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha mental strength is mainly governed by Sanskrit Samsthan; 2016.p.-14. Verse- 54 Vata, Kapha, Rakta, Mamsa, Asthi, 4. Chandra M, editor. Hathayoga Pradeepika Shukra, Oja and Satvaguna of mind. by Svatmaramyogi. 1st. Mumbai: Such strength is certainly acquired and Khemaraja Shreekrushnadas Prakashan; preserved by consuming food 2015.p.-17. Verse- 16(1) recommended by Hathayoga for easier 5. Chandra M, editor. Hathayoga Pradeepika Hathayogic practices. by Svatmaramyogi. 1st ed. Mumbai: Khemaraja Shreekrushnadas Prakashan; 2) Amongst all six tastes, food having only 2015.p.-27. Verse- 38 natural Madhura Rasa is recommended 6. Chandra M, editor. Hathayoga Pradeepika for consumption and Ayurved has also by Svatmaramyogi. 1st ed. Mumbai: indicated that this taste has body and Khemaraja Shreekrushnadas Prakashan; mind strengthening effects. 2015.p.-35. Verse- 58 3) Spicy, sour and salty tastes are not 7. Chandra M, editor. Hathayoga Pradeepika permitted by Hathayoga as they decline by Svatmaramyogi. 1st ed. Mumbai: strength. According to Ayurved they do Khemaraja Shreekrushnadas Prakashan; not nurture and do not maintain proper 2015.p.-36. Verse- 59 bonding between body tissues. 8. Chandra M, editor. Hathayoga Pradeepika 4) Amongst the properties of food, only by Svatmaramyogi, 1st ed. Mumbai:, Khemaraja Shreekrushnadas Prakashan, Snigdha property is allowed. Ayurved 2015. p.-36. Verse- 60 elucidates this as it intensifies physical, 9. Chandra M, editor. Hathayoga Pradeepika mental, sensory and intellectual strength by Svatmaramyogi. 1st ed. Mumbai: by providing nutrition. But food items Khemaraja Shreekrushnadas Prakashan; having Ruksha, Ushna, Teeksna 2015.p.-38. Verse- 62 properties are not recommended to 10. Chandra M, editor. Hathayoga Pradeepika consume. Ayurved explains this as they by Svatmaramyogi. 1st ed. Mumbai: take out moisture from body Khemaraja Shreekrushnadas Prakashan; components leading to improper 2015.p.-39. Verse- 63 nourishment of above said components. 11. Jadavaji T, editor. Charak Samhita by 5) Ayurved strongly states that proper Agnivesha. 5th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Samsthan; 2016.p.-152. Verse- 3 quantity, combinations and processing 12. Jadavaji T, editor. Charak Samhita by of food have outstanding significance. Agnivesha. 5th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Hathayoga also recommends same in

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How to cite this article: Nilakhe SS, Joshi YV, Kulkarni SS. Understanding dietary do‟s and don‟ts from hathayoga with ayurvedic principles - a review. Int J Health Sci Res. 2018; 8(9):255- 262.

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International Journal of Health Sciences & Research (www.ijhsr.org) 262 Vol.8; Issue: 9; September 2018