Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54

ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 1(2016) pp. 32-54 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.501.004 Bio Management of Wilting of a Valuable Timber and Medicinal of Shisham ( sissoo Roxb.) - A Review

Narendra Kumar* and S. M. Paul Khurana

Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University , Manaser-122413, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

*Corresponding author

A B S T R A C T

Shisham is a medium to large deciduous(annually shedding the leaves) tree, native to India. It has a light crown and reproduces through seeds and suckers.The sissoo K e y w o r d s is best known internationally as a premier timber species of the rosewood genus. However, sissoo is also an important tree used for screen from direct sun light, Shisham, provides cover or protection and feed for livestock. This lists the medicinal values General uses, of Dalbergia sissoo DC.() for various ailments. The and bark of Medicinal uses, Sissoo have anthelmintic, antipyretic, expectorant, aphrodisiac abortifacient and Fusarium, refrigerant properties. Oil obtained from the seeds is used to cure diseases affecting Chemical, skin.Like all other legumes it enhances the quality of soil due to presence of Biological nitrogen fixing bacteria in roots. The leaves falling from the tree are also helpful in control improvement of soil quality. It has been found showing severe wilting. The symptoms observed in all wilted are: yellowing and death of leaves in Article Info acropetal succession and lastly entire plant turns yellow. Pathogenicity test results revealed that both Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum alone or either are Accepted: highly potent causing severe wilting in plants. The article covers the chemical 07 December 2015 synthetic fungicides and biological control of Fusarium.This also deals about Available Online: potential of Putranjiva roxburghii having volatile antifungal activity.The oil of 10 January 2016 Putranjiva roxburghii showed complete mycelial inhibition of both test fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani at 500ppm.The antifungal activity of oil was found thermostable even after autoclaving and storage (upto 120 days).The bark and root extract of Putranjiva was also found to be effective against both species of Fusarium. In this way this plant has an overall promise for control of Fusarium. Introduction

Dalbergia sissoo (Indian Rosewood) is a Southern Iran and also found in tropical to deciduous tree, commonly known subtropical Africa and Asia.Troup (1921) as sissoo, sheesham, tahli, Taland mentioned that, it is very likely that sissoo also Irugudujava. Tewari(1994) stated that it is indigenous only to the sub- Himalayan is native to the Indian Subcontinent and tract and has been introduced by man

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 elsewhere. In Persian, it is called Jag. It is reached epidemic proportion in Bangladesh the state tree of Punjab state both both in and other countries of South Asia. The heart India and the Pakistan. It is primarily found wood of plant is strong and durable and have growing along river banks below 900 metres high timber quality so it needs protection. (3,000 ft) elevation, but can range naturally Bakshi (1955) highlighted that elimination up to 1,300 m (4,300 ft). The temperature in of pathogen from soil is not possible either its native range averages 10 40 °C (50 chemically or by crop rotation. Synthetic 104 °F), but varies from just below chilling pesticides pose a range of risks to human to nearly 50 °C (122 °F). It can withstand a health and protection. There are three types long period of abnormally low rainfall, of harmful effects caused by pesticides: especially one that adversely affects acute effects, delayed effects, and allergic growing or living conditions of 3 4 months effects. and average annual rainfall up to 2,000 millimetres (79 in). Shisham can grow in Acute effects are injuries or illnesses that soils from pure sand and gravel to appear immediately after exposure. The rich alluvium of river banks in slightly effects are usually obvious and capable of saline soils. Shisham is an important timber returning to an original condition if wood for furniture fuel, screen for direct sun appropriate medical care is given right light,provides cover or protection and feed away. Delayed effects are illnesses or for live stock. It usually cultivated in forest injuries that do not appear immediately. department plantations and along the man- these include cancer. There are over 160 made strip of water used for irrigation synthetic pesticides that are listed to be (canals), roadsides, railway lines, water possible carcinogens. Many of these channels and borders of the agricultural pesticides are still in use. The US EPA has lands.. classification systems that identify carcinogens. Pesticides have been known to Review of literature highlights that wilt cause asthma, breast cancer, leukemia, disease is caused by Fusarium solani (Mart) lymphoma and other immune system Wr. F.dalbergiae (Bagchee, 1945; Bakshi, disorders. 1954; Bakshi and Singh 1954,1959). Browne (1968)stated serious wilt of sissoo Allergic effects are harmful effects that seedlings in nurseries caused by Fusarium some but not all people develop in reaction oxysporum from Pakistan. to substances. These are responsible for environmental pollution. Biocontrol agents From time to time forest pathologists and have been tried but they have their own other researchers viz.,Bakshi, 1954,Khan, limits.In nature plants are available which 2000, Zakaullah, 1999,Khan and Khan, have broad spectrum antifungal and volatile 2000) reported a number of diseases like activity that can completely suppress wilt powdery mildew, leaf rust, leaf blight, collar causing fungal pathogens. Now a days, rot, wilting, die-back and Ganoderma root essential oil and their components are rot infections in shisham. Khan and Khan gaining increasing interest because of (2000) mentioned that Polyporus and relatively safe status, their wide acceptance Fusarium oxysporum cause root rot and by consumers and their exploitation for wilting respectively. Fusarium solani was potential multipurpose functional use isolated as a facultative parasite associated (Ormancey et al.,2001; Sawamura, 2000; with wounds and on hosts weekened by Tripathi and Kumar, 2007). unfavorable conditions. This disease has 33

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54

The article deals the botanical description, Vernacular Names systematic position, distribution, medicinal uses and highlights the work done on causal Sanskrit:Aguru, Shinshapa;Bengali:Shisu, organism of shisham wilt and its possible Shishu, Sisu; English:Bombay Blackwood, management and the integrated strategies Sissoo, Indian Rosewood, Sisso; Hindi: that can be used for the management of Agaru, Biridi, Tali, Gette, Kara, Shisham, shisham plants.This also indicates the Sisam, Sissai, Sissu, Sissoo;Tamil:Sisuitti, potential of putranjiva in mixed plantation Sisso, Nukkukattai, Yette, Gette Thai:Du- in field for protection of shisham from wilt. Khaek, Pradu-Khaek;Arabic:Dalbergia, Sissoo; Indonesian:Pradu-Khaek, DuKhaek; Botany of Shisham Javanese: Sonowaseso; Nepali: Sissau, Sisham; Spanish: Sisu; Trade name:Sissoo, Plant Description Shisham This is a medium to large deciduous tree with a light crown which reproduces by Geographical Distribution and Suitable seeds and suckers. It can grow up to a Conditions maximum of 25 m (82 ft) in height and 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) in diam. Trunks Distribution: Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. often got crooked when grown in the open. (Shisham) is native to the plains, low hills Leaves leathery, alternate,pinnately and mountain valleys of the sub-Himalayan compound and about 15 cm (5.9 in) long. region. It occurs naturally from sea level up Flowers whitish to pink, fragrant, nearly to 1000 m msl sometimes even up to 1500 m sessile, up to 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long and in msl, from the river Kabul in Afghanistan dense clusters 5 10 cm (2.0 3.9 in) in through northern Pakistan, northern India, length. Pods oblong, flat, thin, strap-like 4 Nepal, Bhutan and Bangla Desh and 8 cm (1.6 3.1 in) long, 1 cm (0.39 in) wide commonly planted throughout entire and light brown. They contain 1 5 a smooth India,Pakistan and the Terai region of Nepal. kidney-shaped seed, flattened at the sides, It was successfully introduced to other parts 8 10 mm (0.31 0.39 in) long. Sissoo has a of the Asian subcontinent as well as long taproot and numerous surface roots Southeast Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the which produce suckers. Young shoots Caribbean,North America, and Florida and drooping and downy;have established stems Arizona in the United States. with light brown to dark gray bark to 2.5 cm (0.98 in) thick, shed in narrow strips; large Suitable conditions: It occurs naturally in upper branches support a spreading riverine environments where sunlight and crown(Figure 1,2). moisture are plentiful with annual rainfall averaging 500 to 4500 mm. Temperature in native range varies from 4° to 50°C and it is tolerant of light frosts but killed by low Kingdom Plantae; Unranked temperatures or long freezes. It grows well Angiosperma; Unraked Ecidicots; Unranked on rich alluvial soil, pure sand or gravel ; Order ; Family conditions with plentiful moisture and good Fabaceae; Sub Family Faboideae; Tribe drainage. It requires a pH of 5.0 to 7.7 and Dalbergia; Genus Dalbergia; Species tolerates some salinity, but growth is stunted Sissoo. on heavy clayey soils. Natural regeneration is also common on newly exposed sites such

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 as embankments, landslides, overgrazed on roadsides, along canals and as a shade areas and abandoned farmland. tree. It is also commonly planted in southern Indian cities like Bangalore as a street tree. Propagation Shisham is usually dried up before being Propagation takes place most commonly by used in furniture manufacturing. Locally root suckers and also by seeds. The seeds Shisham is seasoned by keeping the logs for remain viable only for a few months. Seeds 6 month in wide open areas to dry up under should be soaked in water for 48 hours the sun.. With hot air circulations it is dried before sowing and 60% 80% germination for about 7 days to 15 days depending on can be expected in 1 3 weeks. Seedlings weather conditions for commercial require partial sun or full sun. applicatons. Shisham is among the finest cabinet and veneer timbers and useful in Chemical Constituents preparation of 'Kartaals', the Rajasthani percussion instrument. This is also used Following chemicals are isolated from for plywood, agricultural tools, carvings, various parts. boats, skis, flooring, etc.The heartwood is golden to dark brown; the sapwood, white to Leaves-Isoflavone-O-glycoside; Flowers- pale brownish white. Heartwood is Biochenin A, tectorigenin and 7-O- methyle extremely durable (the specific gravity is 0.7 tectorigenin; Green pods-Mesoinisitol, 7-O- 0.8) and is resistant to dry-wood termites; methyle tectorigenin and 4 - but the sapwood is readily attacked by fungi rhamnoglucoside; Mature pods-Isocaviumin, and borers. Mukherjee et al(1971) tectorigenin, dalbergin, caviunin and mentioned that Dalbergia sissoo contains tannins; Stem bark-Dalberginone, dalbergin, the neoflavonoid dalbergichromene in its methyl dalbergin and dalbergichromene; stem-bark and heartwood. Heartwood-Dalbergin, nordalberginones, dalbergichromene, fixed oil and essential For fuel : The calorific value of both the oils sapwood and heartwood is 'excellent', being reported to be 4,908 kcal/kg and Uses of Shisham 5,181 kcal/kg respectively. Also makes good quality charcoal for heating and cooking. General For brushing teeth: Traditionally, slender As timber: Shisham is best known twigs (called datun) are first chewed as internationally as a premier a toothbrush and then split as a tongue building/furniture timber species, but is also cleaner. This practise has been in use in used as fuel wood and for shade and shelter India, Africa, and the Middle East for from sunlight. With due tolerance of light centuries. It has been found that India's 80% frosts and long dry seasons, this species rural population still start their day with the deserves higher consideration for tree chewing stick. Shisham twigs are still farming, reforestation and agro forestry collected and sold in markets for this use applications. It is the most important and in rural India one often sees youngsters cultivated timber tree of after , in the towns chewing on Shisham twigs. which is the largest producer of shisham Bhambal et al. (2011) stated that it has been timber in India. In Bihar, the tree is planted found to be equally effective as a toothbrush

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 in reducing plaque and gingival found Anti-inflammatory activity in inflammation. ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) bark and concluded that the Toxic uses ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo bark at 1000 mg/kg showed the most potent anti- Adenusi and Odaibo (2009) found that inflammatory activity. Jaspreet et al(2012) ethanolic extract of the fruits of Dalbergia found analgesic and anti-inflammatory sissoo have molluscicide effect against eggs activities of Dalbergia sissoo leaf extract. of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria Pankaj et al (2010)observed anti-diabetic pfeifferi. The percentage of dead embryos at activity of ethanolic extract of Dalbergia the prehatch snail stage decreased while the sissoo L. leaves and reported 12% more deaths of embryos at the effective in reducing the blood glucose level gastrula/exogastrula stage increased, with compared to standard Glibenclamide(also increasing concentration of extract. Lethality known as glyburide). Neeraj et al(2012) also of the ethanolic extract of D. sissoo fruits to evaluated anti-diabetic activity of of embryonated egg masses of B. pfeifferi is an Dalbergia sissoo against alloxan induced added advantage to its potential diabetes mellitus in wistar albino rats and development for use as a plant molluscicide. observed that ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo bark possesses significant anti- Medicinal uses diabetic activity. Mallinath et al(2010)studied phytochemical and In Ayurveda, various parts of Shisham tree pharmacological properties of ethanol are used for treating a variety of diseases extract of Dalbergia sissoo seeds and (Table 1)such as leaves are used for eye reported the seeds to have moderate pain,breast swelling, painful urination, analgesic and remarkable antipyretic gynaecological disorders and bleeding activities. disorders.The paste of leaves mixed with sweet oil is useful in skin excoriation such Nitinkumar et al(2011)found useful against as scrapping and abrading (Anupama, helminths. Arvinder et al (2011)evaluated 2015). Herbs are not always safe. They may antioxidant potential of stem bark extract of negatively affect body in certain conditions. Dalbergia sissoo. and reported chloroform Sissoo tree leaves wood and bark have extract possesses marked antioxidant abortifacient property, which means causing activity, whereas methanolic extract has abortion. Therefore it must not be used moderate activity.Mohammad et al (2011) during pregnancy. reported antinociceptive activity in ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) bark. They reported that (300, 500 Recent work on medicinal uses and 1000 mg/kg) doses of extract exhibited significant and dose dependent The studies revealed that the tree is anti- antinociceptive activity possibly due to inflammatory, antinociceptive/reducing presence of flavanoids.Harsha et sensitivity to painful stimuli property, anti- al(2012)observed anti-termite activity in diabetic, analgesic and antioxidant heartwood of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex.Dc properties as follows; Shazia et al(2006) and concluded that the plant extracts can be surveyed on Indigenous knowledge of folk used as an alternative for synthetic herbal medicines and it is useful in pesticides for termite control in removing dandruff. Mohammad et al (2009)

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 buildings.Shisham tree is grown as shade water availability leads to blockage of the tree for protection against direct sunlight xylem. along the roads. It increases quality of soil due to presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria in Permanent wilting point (PWP) or wilting roots.The leaves falling from the tree are point (WP) is defined as the minimal point further helpful in improving soil of soil moisture the plant need not to wilt. If quality/soil fertility. moisture reduces to this or any lower point a plant wilts and can no longer recover its Wilting of Shisham turgidity when placed in a saturated atmosphere for 12 hours. The concreate Wilting definition of the wilting point (symbolically expressed as pwp or wp) is defined as the This refers to the loss of rigidity or flaccidity water content at 1500 J/kg of suction of non-woody parts of plants.It occurs when pressure, or negative hydraulic head.This is the turgor pressure in non-lignified plant defined as the percentage water content of a cells falls towards zero due to loss or poor soil when the plants growing in that soil are water retention in the cells. The loss of first reduced to a wilted condition from water retention by the plant has been found which they cannot recover in approximately greater when the absorption of water and saturated atmosphere without the addition of process of wilting modifies the leaf angle water to the soil (Taiz and Zeiger, 1991). distribution of the plant (or canopy). Symptoms Caused due to Fusarium Loss of water retention may be due to : Infection

Drought,where the soil moisture drops The Fusarium affects sissoo plants of any below conditions most favorable for plant age group.Fusarium generally produces a functioning(ii)the temperature reaches to a condition in which leaves produce point where the plants vascular system can insufficient chlorophyll. As chlorophyll is not function and high salinity which causes responsible for the green color of leaves and water to diffuse from the plant cells and chlorotic leaves are pale, yellow, or yellow- induce shrinkage(iii)saturated soil white and death of most or all of the cells in conditions, where roots are unable to obtain an organ or tissue, premature leaf drop, sufficient oxygen for set of metabolic browning of the vascular system. Fusarium reactions and processes that take place in the wilt starts out looking like vein clearing on cells of organisms to convert biochemical the younger leaves and drooping of the older energy from nutrients into adenosine lower leaves,preventing them from growing triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste or proper development of the plant, products and so are unable to circulate water yellowing of the lower leaves, defoliation, into the plant; or(iv)bacteria or fungi that marginal death of most or all cells and death become blocked with an accumulation of of the plant. On older plants, symptoms are thick wet matter in the plant's vascular found more distinct between the blossoming system. and fruit maturation stag es.(Figure 3,4).

Wilting diminishes the plant's ability to Shisham mortality is spread throughout the transpire and grow. Permanent wilting leads Shisham zone, more severe in the Eastern to plant death. In woody plants, reduced and Bihar in India. It falls

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 under the category of causing tree decline girdling (on roadsides for removal). All diseases. these biotic pressures result into opening of wounds, site deterioration and overall Extent of Damage weakening of vigour resulting into attack by the pathogens and decline/mortality.Bakshi Trees of all ages and trunk-diameter classes (1955 and 1957) observed that higher are affected in the monoculture plantations. moisture and water logging favoured an Mixed plantations show less signs of higher disease incidence. Irrespective of mortality. Mature trees of more than 50 stress conditions across tree girth, maximum years age are highly prone in Shisham incidence was recorded in treees with 51- plantations. Younger plantations of Shisham 100 cm girth followed by 101-150 cm girth. show too high % mortality in some areas, This shows that younger trees were more particularly where biotic stresses, and erratic susceptible to disease than older and higher rainfall and extreme temperature girth trees. Dayaram et al(2003)reported variations/water-logging have occurred many stress factors such as waterlogging, during recent years. Dead trees, partially flooding, semi-flooding, drought, degraded dead trees as well as stumps that are not soil, uncareful ploughing, high density and removed act as sources of infection. high moisture and waterlogging caused 73.1 % disease whereas, high irrigation alone Factors for Shisham Mortality caused 13.8% incidence. Flooding, semi- flooding, degraded soil, uncareful ploughing Unsuitable site selection is one of the main and high density and moisture caused 27.4, reasons of shisham decline.It grows well on 52.1, 27.6, 30.2 and 41.1 % incidence, well drained sites but not well in heavy respectively. texture soils (with more clay and silt content and less sand). Improper soil aeration in stiff Work Done on Causal Organism and and clayey soils cause death of fine/feeder Pathogenicity roots due to asphyxiation besides water logging, even for a short duration, causes The Shisham or Indian Rosewood tree is a poor aeration and death of fine/feeder roots much-prized tree, cultivated for its due to asphyxiation. Root disease pathogens timber.But it is highly susceptible to a enter through these dead roots (infection disease called wilt caused by fungi which courts) and then attack living roots. target particular species. Two pathogens Extended period of low temperature/freezes have been found responsible for shisham expose the trees to disease.The pressures mortality - Fusarium solani f. sp. dalbergiae resulting into weakening of tree vigour such causing vascular wilt and Ganoderma as: - Injury to roots in agriculture (in fields) lucidum causing root rot. The former was and construction activities (near roads, found wide spread throughout shisham avenues) - Cleaning and weeding done growing area whereas G. lucidum is through harrowing in plantations causing associated in drier localities such as Haryana root damage - Covering of basal area with and Punjab. Virulent and avirulent strains of landfill, garbage and other material Fusarium solani f. sp. dalbergiae exist. The particularly on roadsides and urban areas - pathogen moves up the stem from the roots. Uncontrolled lopping in agriculture fields - Parker (1918) investigated that Fomes Blazing of bark for numbering of trees (on lucidum attacks the roots of living sissoo roadsides) - Injuries by cattle - Intentional trees and speedily cause their death. The

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 much more dangerous fungus is Fomos heartwood is free from the stain. The stain lucidus which is responsible for high also progresses along the outer sapwood mortality of sissoo trees (Troup 1921). from the roots to the stem and, in the late Bakshi (1956)highlighted Fusarium solani is stage of wilt, it may extend up the stem to responsible for causing wilt and death of about ten feet from the sissoo. The infection occurs through roots ground(Bakshi,1954). from where the fungus proceeds along the stem to some extent. Khan and Bokhari In the irrigated plantations in Bhagat in (1970) reported that the commonest Punjab, Khan and Bokhari (1970) reported pathogens of sissoo is Fomes lucidum, a root that nearly 1 tree/acre was found diseased and heart rot fungus that causes extensive out of the 74 standing trees. The total yield damage once it is established. The other in all the fellings decreased by 21%. In fungi which affect sissoo are Poria ambigua financial terms, the loss was about 31 % of and Polyporus gilvus which cause die-back the total expected income. Out of the 8 % of and canker. diseased sissoo trees, the common pathogens were Ganoderma lucidum (7.85%) Bakshi(1954) said that Shisham is an and Poria ambigua (0.45%). The cumulative important timber species of .It rate of loss in 20 years came to be more than has been found to suffer from wilt disease in 28 %.The wilt disease gets manifested the Dehra Dun and Saharanpur districts in during the months of September -.November western Uttar Pradesh. The disease occurs both in India and Bangladesh during humid both in natural forests and in taungyas which months from July to September (Sharma et are artificially regenerated with field crops al., 2000; Baksha and Basak, 2000). in admixture with other economic species like semal (Bombax malabaricum), babul Shakir et al. (1999) investigated F. solani (Acacia arabica), khair (Acacia catechu), from diseased roots and assumed this bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), etc. Only organism to be the cause of shisham decline. trees of about 15-25 years old suffer from Baksha and Basak (2000)observed a wide this disease but wilting has not been spread mortality of shisham trees of varying observed in the seedling, sapling and pole ages in Bangladesh and assumed that F. stages of the plant. The symptoms of wilt in solani and shothole borer may be the cause shisham are systemic and are characterized of disease. Earlier, Bakshi (1957) also by drooping leaves and branches due to loss isolated F. solani from diseased shisham of turgor. The leaflets gradually turn, plants. The fungal hyphae and jelly like yellow, and eventually drop off. The entire substances plug the vessels resulting in wilt tree becomes `thin' and light coloured, and symptoms (Bakshi and Singh, 1959). Davis stands out sharply in contrast to adjoining et al. (1953) found that wilt is generally the densely clothed green healthy trees. The result of Fusarium attack at the roots or even nodules and slender branches on roots which lower portions of stem where its growth characterize healthy shisham are absent on interferes with the safe passage of water and the roots of wilted trees. On splitting the excreted toxins. According to some workers, diseased roots, the bark and the outer Fusarium oxysporum is the cause of shisham sapwood exhibit a well-defined, pinkish- wilt (Gill et al., 2001). Dieback is caused by brown, stain, and though the stain is Phytophthora cinnamomi (Gill et al., 2001). restricted in this region, it may rarely Some people confuse the wilt with dieback. penetrate into the inner sapwood. The Dieback is entirely different disease

39 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 characterized with thinning of leaves and and dead shisham trees were collected and crown, drying up of the ends of branches, brought to laboratory for analysis to table topped condition and stag-headness in establish the cause of mortality. Symptoms extreme conditions (Khan and Khan, 2000). and per cent incidence were recorded in the field. On the basis of girth the infected trees Bajwa et al (2003)stated that shisham tree under all stress conditions were categorised has been inflicted with dieback and wilt into 0-50, 51-100, 101-150, 151-200, 201- diseases in the recent years and the 250, 251-300 and 301- 350 cm %incidence is also reported in Tarai tract of (circumference at breast height) classes. Nepal, believed to be its home.The Rhizosphere soil samples of infected characteristic symptoms of shisham wilt shisham trees were analysed to study any were yellowing and death of leaves in relationship of mortality with the pH & EC acropetal succession up the tree, as a result Three types of disease symptoms were noted the whole tree appears yellow. In advanced in naturally wilting trees. Green tree showed stages the affected trees show signs of sudden wilting tendency with complete leaf wilting, the leaf shed rendering the branches drooping and drying from top of tree. After bare, and ultimately plants die within a few 15-20days dried leaves fall off from the months. Older trees are usually found to be branches. The branches start drying from more prone to mortality. The outer sapwood the top and the plants dry within 3 months. shows characteristic pink to reddish stain. Sometimes after leaf fall, new small leaves Though it is normally restricted to outer and some new shoots appear but wilting sapwood, sometimes it penetrates in the appears again within 3-4 months. Such inner sapwood yet, the heartwood is not plants die within 2-3 m after second discoloured. The stain progresses along the infection. Slow wilting and yellowing outer sapwood of the root to the stem and in symptoms were observed in upland later stages of wilting it extends up the stem plantations as compared to low land and to about 3-5 m from the ground. waterlogged plantation conditions. First, the green leaves turned yellow and then Dayaram et al(2003) observed twenty branches dried down slowly from top to districts of North Bihar to study the extent bottom and showed complete drying in 9-12 and causes of shisham mortality. Highest months. Some times partial wilting of tree disease incidence was recorded in Araria occurs and the healthy part remains alive for district (80.0%) followed by Katihar a longer period. It takes normally 2-3 yr for (78.0%). Lowest disease incidence complete death/drying of plant. (35.4%)was recorded in Darbhanga followed by Khagaria (41.6%).60.5%disease Rukshana and Javaid (2007)observed that in was recorded in plants having 51-100 cm Punjab trees were severely suffering from girth followed by plants 101-150cm girth wilt and dieback diseases. Maximum (48.7%).Waterlogged condition aggravated mortality of up to 80% was observed along the disease incidence. Fusarium solani 1. sp. the canal bank followed by 20 40% along dalbergiae has been confirmed as the the highways and roadsides. The least pathogen. Abiotic stress conditions viz.; disease incidence and mortality rate was waterlogging, flooding, semiflooding, observed in plants growing on agricultural drought, degraded land etc. were also and well managed lands. Generally the older recorded during survey. Plant parts as well plants were found to be more susceptible to as rhizosphere soil samples of infected alive dieback attack than the younger ones.

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However, wilt was common both in young plantation trial at Hoshiarpur (Punjab) the and old plants. Stressed conditions either dieback wilt causes a tremendous damage to drought or high soil moisture content were the standing trees.Mortality was found found to be helpful for attack of pathogen highest (7.65%) for the experimental trials and severity of the disease. F. solani (Mart.) of shisham that includes a total of 49 clones Appel & Wr. was isolated from the roots of and rametes. The disease was spreading shisham plants suffering from wilt rapidly and affecting other healthy disease.Rajput et al(2008) isolated Fusarium plantations in the trial. solani from shisham dieback trees.Internal browning of stem and roots were rated on 0- Kumar(2014)investigated wilting in North 5 scale. Shisham plants inoculated with F. Eastern Uttar Pradesh and his survey solani alone produced maximum disease registered more than 30% wilted plants.It incidence, showed prominent typical was found that wilting is highly alarming in symptoms of the disease with internal Basti district with 50-60%wilting in the browning of stem and roots. However, R. month of July followed by solani and C. lunata either completly failed Siddharthanagar,Santkabirnagar and or caused very rare infection on test plants. Gorakhpur district(Table 2).Wilted plants F. solani produced moderate infection on were observed in all age groups,in shisham seedlings when inoculated with nursery,5-10 year,10-15year,15-20year,30- either R. solani or C. lunata. Maximum 40year with yellowing and death of leaves in reduction in root and shoot length was acropetal sucession and lastly death of entire observed in plants inoculated by injecting plant in humid months from July to spore suspension of F. solani as compared to September. 16 fungal species were found to spore suspension added to soil or plants be associated with sterilized and unsterilized sprayed with spore suspension. Root and root pieces.The per cent occurrence of shoot weight also decreased when spore Fusarium oxysporum in Basti, suspension of F. solani was injected into Santkabirnagar, Siddharthanagar, Gorakhpur stem followed by soil amended with spore district was found to be 80.4, 80.3, 78.6, suspension and plants sprayed with spore 53.6 per cent respectively and that of suspension. Similar trends were also Fusarium solani was 79.4,79.3,79.0 and54.8 observed about reduction in whole plant per cent respectively. On pathogenicity F. growth and weight. Host range studies oxysporum showed 70% wilting while coducted by inoculating seedlings each of 10 F.solani showed 80% wilting while control different trees with F. solani indicated that set showed no wilting. the test fungus was moderate to highly pathogenic to shisham, Indian laburnum, Mechanism of Wilting siris and gold mohar. The production of microconidia takes place Bhandari et al(2014)mentioned that the in great quantity and may be either oval, genetic diversity in shisham is very low; elliptical or kidney shaped and produced on which is the reason for increased attack by any portion of mycelium growing above the diseases and insect-pests.The species is nutrient medium as aerial mycelia. eclipsed with one of the most important Macroconidia(three to five celled), gradually disease called dieback wilt by F. solani f. sp. pointed or curved edges and found on dalbergiae. The biotic and abiotic factors sporodochia on the surface of diseased plant help in the spread of pathogen. In the (in culture the sporodochia may be sparse or

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 nonexistent). The Chlamydospore formation all tissues, sporulates well and continues to takes place either singly or in pairs, but can infect neighbouring plants. sometimes be found in congregate or in short row. Being thick walled spores they Management of Wilting are produced within or terminally on an older mycelium or macroconidia. In Steps for Control comparison to other types, chlamydospores can survive in the soil for a long period. Khan et al. (1965) highlighted that mortality of sissoo is the result of physiological F.oxysporum is a common soil pathogen and problem brought about by soil-cum- saprophyte that feeds on decaying matter irrigation factors. The temperature and wind composed of organic compounds or the play an indirect role. Remedial measures remains of organisms such as plants and suggested were artificial application of more animals and their waste products. This water to the land or soil and changing of fungus flourishes in the soil laden mass of plantation make up/maintenance schedule. loose mud, sand, soil, rock etc as mycelium having all spore types, but mostly the Although the cause of die-back problem has chlamydospores. Its spread occurs in two not been clearly understood still a number of basic ways: to short distances by air moving following remedial measures can be taken to in a certain direction and also instruments prevent or minimise the disease;Avoid used in plantations and to long distances by Injury It was observed that mostly trees infected materials and seeds. F. oxysporum grown along water channels got infected as invades and proliferates in a healthy plant compared to the scattered ones. It was found by means of mass of hyphae or by that during the cleaning water channels, germinating spores penetrating the root tips, roots of the trees got injured helping easy root wounds, or lateral roots extending entry of pathogens. Possibly that frequent horizontally to anchor the plant securely into inter cultivation also increases the chances the soil. The overall plant physiology gets of root injury.Which should be restricted inhibited due to mass of hyphae going after establishment of trees(Khan et intracellularly through the root cortex al. 1965). reaching up to xylem. In the xylem, the mass of hyphae remains exclusively in the vessels Selection and preparation of site Raise and produce microconidia which have shisham on a site having light textured soil capacity to enter into the sap stream and get with adequate soil moisture and good transported upward. Due to the presence of drainage. Avoid hard clayey soils with dissolved sugars and minerals in the tendency of water logging.; Mixed circulatory system the microconidia Cropping When growing two crops germinate. Eventually the vascular vessels intermingled together in the same field, the become blocked with an accumulation of incidence of infection is usually low. thick mass of hyphae and spores.This Introduction of resistant plants such prevents the plant from up-taking and as Acacia nilotica Mours spp., and translocating nutrients. Lastly the plant Eucalyputs spp is also recommended. Avoid transpires off water vapour through the pure plantation of shisham and have them stomata much more than it can transport and mixed preferably with nonleguminous the stomata get closed, the leaves wilt and species. resultantly the plant dies.The fungus invades

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Sanitary Precautions spread of infection and also termite problems. The infected stumps must be removed from the ground as they may spread pathogen to Selection of Resistant Clones and healthy trees. In areas used for sissoo Propagation Resistant material has been planting, all effort must be made to free the devloped by Forest Research Institute and ground completely of dead and decayed should preferably be used for future wooden fragments and fungal fruiting plantations. However, selection of resistance bodies which are ready source of infection. is a continuous process. Bajwa and Javaid Deep wounds should be covered with (2007) advocated that Resistant shisham grafting wax and rubber latex. This will not varieties should be planted on well drained only allow the timely utilization of the sandy loam soils to control wilt and dieback. timber from the dead trees but also check the The severely infected and dead plants must spread of the pathogen to the adjacent trees.; be uprooted followed by disinfection of the soil to avoid further spread. Deep Planting Control Biotic Pressure-The biotic In dry locations deep irrigation is pressure on shisham can be reduced by recommended so trees can develop deep root developing alternate forest area as buffer systems which can draw water from the zone.The extensive village eco-devlopment water table when irrigation is stopped. In programme will also help to reduce the addition sowing of seeds and a deep planting biotic pressure.Field staff should also be hole are recommended to help,develop long sent to other plantaions to gain first hand tap root, which may reach capillary zone of information. sub soil water within 2-4 years. (Khan et al. 1965) Integrated Disease Management- According to present literature the Ban on Debarking management can be achieved as follows-

Complete ban or debarking should be Chemical Management forced. Khan et al.(1965)found that carbendazim Site Selection (Bavistin) and captaf (captan) fungicides are very effective against F.solani.. Ahmad et Elimination of the pathogen (F.solani) from al, (1996) mentioned that among the three the soil is not possible either chemically or fungicides evaluated against F. solani in by growing different crops in succession on vitro, Benomyl was found to be highly a piece of land to avoid exhaustion of the effective causing a significant reduction in soil and to control weeds,diseases and pests. mycelial growth even in very low Therefore selection of light textured soil concentration of 10 ppm. Ridomil was having adequate soil moisture and drainage effective but at higher concentration. Some is important. other fungicides such as Vitavax, Dithane M-45, Bavistin are also known to have Removal of Over-aged Trees significant suppressive effect on growth of F. solani. Benomyl, the most effective Wilting trees of more than 45 years age fungicide in in vitro also proved very should be removed. It will reduce further 43 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 effective in vivo and this fungicide may oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Out of 36 volatile prove highly beneficial to save the shisham compounds detected, 11 compounds trees from wilting. In an experiment all the completely inhibited fungal growth. The three shisham plants, which were likely to antifungal activity of these compounds be dead by wilting during next few weeks, suggests that VOCs can play important roles managed to recover themselves from disease over short and long distances in the after treatment with Benomyl. However, suppression of F. oxysporum.The VOCs there is need to study its effectiveness produced by NJN-6 strongly antagonized F. against the wilt attack in older trees. Bajwa oxysporum in soil and the quantity of F. and Javaid(2007)found that Benomyl was oxysporum in the treated soil was 102 g 1 effective in controlling wilt in 6-8 years old after 45 days as against 104 g 1 in the control shisham plants. It is a stable fungicide soil. Previous research has shown that suitable for injection into the trees (Mcwain abundant nutrients in the soil increased the and Gregory, 1973). A benomyl derived production of bacterial VOCs, suggesting fungus toxicant MBC (Methyl-2-benzi that the amount of organic matter in the soil midazol carbamate) is also known to be might affect the ability of NJN-6 to release effective against wilting. VOCs into the soil. Nonvolatile antibiotics, including lipopeptides, have strong Biocontrol Agents;Fungi antifungal activities. However, these nonvolatile antibiotics cannot spread over Bajwa and Javaid(2007)investigated that long distances and only when these Shisham decline can be controlled by antagonists directly colonize the plant roots adopting integrated disease management they can prevent pathogenic fungi from (IDM) approach. Trichoderma harzianum infecting plants. In contrast, VOCs can Rifai, T. viride Pers. ex Gray and T. spread over a long distance and fungistatic aureoviride Rifai can be used as biological microenvironments exist around the control agent to reduce the field inoculum of antagonist communities. In addition, the F. solani. antifungal VOCs produced by bacteria can kill surviving spores in the soil and limit Biocontrol Agents;Bacteria both the production, spread and the establishment of the disease. Czaczyk et al (2002) reported the antifungal activity of Bacillus coagulans against three Management with Broad Spectrum pathogenic species of Fusarium by checking Antifungal Plants colony forming units, dry matter and ergosterol level and biosynthesis of Since Fusarium has very wide host range Fusarium mycotoxins. Estimation of causing wilt in many plants,hence ergosterol level as a determinant of fungal pathologists have often tried for finding growth showed the greatest degree of antifungal activity in plants to devlop Fusarium sp. inhibition. Addition of ecofriendly management of wilts which is Bacillus coagulans to Fusarium culmorum as follows- culture inhibits the DON (deoxynivalenol) production. Jun Yuan et al (2012) found that Antifungal activity of different Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NJN-6 produces concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8% w/v) of leaf volatile compounds (VOCs)inhibiting extracts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), growth and spore germination of Fusarium maize (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus

44 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 annus L.), chilies (Capsicum annum L.), coccodes, Thanatephorus cucumeris). The onion (Allium cepa L.) and marigold results indicated that all oils except scots (Tagetes erectus L.) was evaluated in vitro pine and neroli had antifungal activity for checking growth of F. oxysporum. against some or all tested fungi. The best Extract of marigold, sunflower and chilies antifungal activity was in common thyme, were found highly effective having reduced cinnamon leaf, clove and aniseed fungal biomass by 54- 79%, 33-85%, 45- oils(Jasenka et al.,2010). 57%, and onion by 73% respectively(Tariq Riaz, et al.,2008). Sharma and Kumar Sirirat (2010)evaluated essential oil of (2009)also tried for the development of Trachyspermum ammi Lin.against three ecofriendly antifungal compounds for strains of F.oxysporum. F. oxysporum f.sp. controlling plant diseases caused by lycopersici, F.oxysporum f.sp. cubense and F.oxysporum through extracts of three F. oxysporum f.sp. capsici the wilt pathogen weeds namely Capparis decidua, Lantana of tomato, banana and chili respectively. camara and Tridax procumbens. The spore The in vitro assay (based on poison food germination/spore counting technique was method) indicates that followed for the evaluation of the fungicidal ajowan(Trachyspermum ammi) oil, in properties of the extracts at three different solution phase, possesses strong antifungal concentrations. Results revealed that the free activity against the test fungi. The Minimum flavonoids and sterols of T. procumbens Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the (flower) and bound flavonoids of C. decidua Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) (fruit and stem) totally inhibited spore were 240 and 480 g mL-1, respectively. germination of the fungi (100%). The The antifungal activity of volatile headspace antifungal components from these plants of the essential oil was evaluated under a could be used in developing novel modified atmosphere in inverted Petri- fungicides (biopesticides). Asha et plates. Headspace vapor of ajowan oil has a al(2009)assessed avtivity of the crude strong activity with Minimum Inhibitory extracts of six plants viz, Allium sativum, Quantity (MIQ) and the Minimum Capsicum annuum, Artimisia vulgaris, Fungicidal Quantity (MFQ) of 12.5 and 25.0 Eupatorium adenophorum, Gaultheria l, respectively. Additionally, the effects of fragrantissima and Phyllanthus emblica ajowan oil on the biomass production and against F. solani (Mart.) Sacc. The extracts sporulation of the test fungi indicate that it of all the plant species were effective in has significant retardation effect on the inhibiting the mycelial growth. Jasenka et al biomass production and sporulation of the (2010)observed potency of essential oils fungi. Results suggested that ajowan oil has (clove, rosemary, cinnamon leaf, sage, scots potential use as a biofungicide against the pine, neroli, peppermint, aniseed, caraway, wilt pathogens. lavander, common thyme)for in vitro antifungal activity on twelve plant Al-Hetar et al(2011)investigated the in vitro pathogenic fungi (Fusarium graminearum, antifungal activity of chitosan against F. verticillioides, F. subglutinans, F. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 4 oxysporum, F. avenaceum, Diaporthe (FocR4) the causal agent of banana helianthi, D.phaseolorum var. caulivora, wilt.Chitosan at all concentrations tested Phomopsis longicolla, P. phaseolorum var. reduced the hyphal growth of FocR4 on caulivora, P.longicolla, P. viticola, potato dextrose agar media and registered Helminthosporium sativum, Colletotrichum maximum inhibition of 76.36% at 8 mg/mL.

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Table.1.Medicinal uses of Various Parts of Shisham

Plant parts Preparation Problem Juice mixed with honey as eye Pain in eyes drop Leaf juice in dose of 10-15ml Jaundice,pus in thrice a day urine Painful urination,boils, 50-100ml decoction of pimples,blood Leaf leaves,drink twice a day purification Warmed and tied on affected Breast swelling area for reducing swelling 10-15 ml juice of leaves twice a Pain in abdomen day Juice in dose of 10-15ml,twice in Abnormal bleeding a day in females 3-6 grams with one cup Body pain milk/water for 2-3 weeks 3-6 gm decoction Gonorrhoea 10gm sissoo bark boiled in 500ml of water till the volume Bark powder reduces to half, mix the juice Leprosy and consumefor 40 days every morning Bark powder 1 kg cooked in 2 litre water, taken in dose of ten Sciatica grams with milk 3 weeks Shisham oil Topical application Skin diseases

Table.2 Percent Wilting of Sissoo Tree in Different Districts of Eastern U.P during July(Kumar,2014)

Name of Place Per cent Name of Place Per Name of Place Per Name of Place Per (District/village) wilting (District/village) cent (District/village) cent (District/village) cent wilting wilting wilting Basti Santkabirnagar Siddharthanagar Gorakhpur Jamdi Road 51 Sameriwa 30 Dumariaganj 42 Bhiti Road 30 Mahsoo Road 55 Nandor 39 Hallore 40 Sahjanwa 31 Sonupar area 60 Lohrauli 30 Itwa tahsil 44 Ghagsara 32 Munderava 50 Mangua Road 39 Bansi 40 Khajani 33 Orwara 54 Khalilabad 38 Naugrah 49 Pipraich 29

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Table.3 Evaluation of Essential Oils against F. Oxysporum and F.Solani(Kumar,2014)

% inhibition of mycelia growth of test fungi at 500ppm Plant species Family Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium solani Aegle marmelos(L.)Corea Rutaceae 37.3 62.1 Ageratum conyzoides L. Asteraceae 70.5 64.2 A. Houstonianum L. - 80.5 80.5 Anisomeles ovata R.Br. Lamiaceae 60.3 60.3 Artabotrys Annonaceae 54.2 46.7 hexpetalous(Lamm)Merr. Feronia elephantum Correa Rutaceae 59.7 60.3 F.limonia(L.) Swingle - 60.8 65.4 Mentha piperata L. Lamiaceae 60.3 50.3 M.spicata L. - 63.3 48.2 Ocimum adscendens Willd Lamiaceae 50.0 52.4 O.basilicum L. - 45.1 50.1 O.canum Sims - 55.1 75.0 O.sanctum L. - 47.1 52.3 Putranjiva roxburghii Wall Euphorbiaceae 100 100

Figure.1.Stem with Leaves

Figure.2 Pods of Sissoo

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Figure.3 Wilting in 40-45 Year Old Tree of Shisham

Figure.4 Wilting of Shisham Trees in a Row Plantation along with Healthy Tree

source:Harsh,N.S.K.FRI Dehradun-248006

The inhibitory effect was found to increase abnormal shapes, vesicles, or empty cells as chitosan concentration increases. The devoid of cytoplasm in the mycelia. 50% effective concentration value was estimated by probit analysis, and it was 1.4 Sibounnavong et al(2012) found that mg/mL. Chitosan was more effective in antagonistic fungi Chaetomium brasilense potato dextrose broth where it completely CB01 and Chaetomium cupreum CC03 inhibited the mycelial growth of FocR4 at antagonized F.oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici all concentrations tested. Chitosan inhibited NKSC02 race 2 that caused tomato wilt of the sporulation of FocR4 by a maximum of sida abd cherry varieties.The bioactivities 96.53% at 8 mg/mL chitosan, and 100% test demonstrated the antagonistic activity of inhibition of spore germination was Ch. Brasilense CB01 and Ch. Cupreum recorded at all concentrations tested. CC03 inhibited production of F. oxysporum Chitosan at concentrations of more than 1.6 f. sp. Lycopersici race 2 conidia.Tongbram mg/mL was also found to induce et al(2012)investigated the antifungal effect morphological changes in FocR4 of aqueous extracts of locally available characterized by agglomeration of hyphae, plant species in vitro conditions against F.

48 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 udum, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of plant. It can be prevented by combining pigeonpea. Among the plants tested higher practices like the prevention of the root inhibition was noticed in Allium sativum, injury, maintenance of capacity of a soil by , Spilanthes acmella and nutrient management, avoiding any Adhatoda vasica. In field experiment, haphazard use of pesticides and chemical aqueous extract of A. sativum showed fertilizers and adopting regular cultivation maximum disease control. Rosado-Álvarez practices. A complete survey of the disease et al (2014) observed a significant inhibition in different ecological zones is necessary to of mycelial growth and sporulation of F. make proper evaluation of the damage oxysporum f. sp. asparagi, F. oxysporum f. caused by the wilt in the natural, irrigated sp. dianthi and F. oxysporum pathogenic to plantations and all along the canals and strawberry upon addition of the asparagus roads. Being an economical tree of Asia, all extract. The latest research of Kamel et Asian countries can have research al(2015)suggested that haliscosamine is a consortium, exchange of new findings and potential candidate against F. oxysporum develop a common program for the f.sp. melonis and with the possibility to use managing the disease. in phytopathology. Kumar(2014)also reported bioactive potential of the essential The dead, wilted and die- back plants should oil of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall with be uprooted to check sources of the absolute fungal toxicity at 500ppm. (Table pathogens to stop further spread of the 3)following inverted petri plate technique disease. Plantations on clayey and against wilt pathogens causing wilt in waterlogged soils should be avoided. Mixed shisham.The MIC of the oil was found to be cropping is recommended to avoid wilting. 500ppm against both the test fungi.The root, New shisham nurseries should be raised bark and seed extract of Putranjiva showed from the seeds and cuttings of the resistant 100% mycelial inhibition of both test fungi variety to replace the susceptible varieties. at 1;10 dilution.A small pilot experiment at Watering is beneficial during relatively dry nursery level upto two year as a mixed autumns and during dry summer months. plantation of sissoo and Putranjiva showed Use Benomyl to check wilting in young complete protection of wilting.So in order to Shisham plants. Add organic materials such protect sissoo Putranjiva may be used as farmyard manure along with some against Fusarium after successful large scale antagonistic fungi to reduce the spread of mixed planation field trials.The monoculture the pathogen.xchange. The concept for sissoo need to be discouraged work(Kumar,2014)reflects that major cause because shiham wilt now in epidemic stage. of shisham wilting is species of Fusarium. Their management is possible through In conclusion, Sissoo is an important timber mixed plantation with Putranjiva. and effective medicinal tree various diseases. The wood and bark of Shisham References have abortifacient, anthelmintic, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, expectorant and refrigerant Adenusi A. A. & Odaibo A. B 2009. Effects properties and used much for treatment of of varying concentrations of the crude wounds and gonorrhoea. Shisham wilting is aqueous and ethanolic. African Journal due to attack of root and stem rotting of Traditional, Complementary and organisms that live and feed by attacking Alternative medicines 6(2). either the aerial or under ground parts of the

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Ahmad M, Khan MA, Ahmad F, Khan SM Dieback of Sissoo in Katmandu, Nepal, 1996. Effectiveness of some 25-28, April, 2000, pp.1-4. fungicides on the colony growth of Bakshi BK 1957 Wilt disease of shisham II Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani Behavior of Fusarium solani, the wilt associated with potato wilt. Pak. J. organism in the soil. Indian Forester Phytopathol., 8: 159-161. 81: 276-281. Al-Hetar M. Y., M. A. Zainal Abidin, M. Bakshi, B.K 1974 Control of root disease in Sariah and M. Y. Wong 2011 plantation in reforested stands. Indian Antifungal activity of chitosan against Forester, 100:77-78. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Bakshi, B.K. 1955. Wilt disease of shisham Cubense.Journal of Applied Polymer (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.). Behaviour of Science 120(4): 2434 2439. Fusarium solani, the wilt organism, in Anupama.2015.Medicinal Tree Shisham soil. Indian Forester 81: 276-281. /Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) Bakshi, B.K. 1957. Wilt disease of shisham http://www.bimbima.com/health/post/2 (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.). The effect of 015/02/10/medicinal-tree- soil moisture on the growth and shishamsissoo-dalbergia-sissoo.aspx survival of Fusarium solani in the Asha Kaji, Shrestha and R.D. Tiwari 2009 laboratory. Indian Forester 83 : 505- Antifungal activity of crude extracts of 511. some medicinal plants against Bakshi, B.K. and Singh, S. 1954. Wilt Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. Ecoprint disease of shisham. I Introduction and 16:75-78. host parasite relationship. Indian Bagchee,K.D 1945 Pathological notes,Wilt Forester 80: 316-322. and dieback of Sisham,babul and khair Bakshi, BK, Singh AC 1959 Root disease in the artificial regeneration under ofshisham (Dalbergia sissoo). VIII. agriculture cum forestory Inoculation study on wilt. Indian management.Indian Forester 71;20-24. Forester, 85: 415-421. Bajwa,R and Javaid A 2007 Integrated Bakshi,B.K 1954 Wilt of sisham(Dalbergia disease management to control shisham sissoo Roxb.) due to Fusarium solani (Dalbergia sissoo roxb.) decline in Snyder and Hansen.Nature 174;278- pakistan.Pak. J. Bot., 39(7): 2651-2656 279. Bajwa, R., Javaid A, Mirza J.H and N. Bakshi,B.K and Singh,S 1959 Root disease Akhtar 2003 Chemical control of wilt of sisham.Indian Forester,85;415-421. in Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.). Belakssem El Amraoui, Jean François Biard, Mycopath, 1(2): 111-113. Fatima Ez-Zohra Ikbal, Majida El Bajwa R, Javaid A, Shah MBM 2003 Wahidi, Mostafa Kandil, Mohammed Extent of shisham decline in Lahore, El Amraoui and Aziz Fassouane 2015 Sialkot, Gujranwala and Sergodha Activity of Haliscosamine against districts. Mycopath, 1: 1-6. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis: in Bakhshi, B.K 1954 Wilt of shisham vitro and in vivo analysis. SpringerPlus (Dalbergia sissoo) due to Fusarium 4:16 doi:10.1186/s40064-015-0797-x solani. Nature, 174: 278-291. Bhambal, Ajay; Sonal Kothari; Sudhanshu Baksha MW, Basak AC 2000 Mortality of Saxena; Manish Jain sissoo in Bengladesh. In: Proceedings 2011 "Comparative effect of neemstick of the Sub-Regional Seminar on and toothbrush on plaque removal and gingival health A clinical

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How to cite this article:

Narendra Kumar and Paul Khurana S. M. 2016. Bio Management of Wilting of a Valuable Timber and Medicinal Plant of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) - A Review. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 5(1): 32-54. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.501.004

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