DOCSLIB.ORG

ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute NICRA Prepared by Ram Newaj, R.H. Rizvi, Rajendra Prasad, A.K. Handa, Dhiraj Kumar, Chavan Sangram, Badre Alam, S. Bhaskar & M. Prabhakar ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute Gwalior Road, Jhansi (U.P.) – 284003 BACKGROUND Achievements Table 1: Common tree species existing on farmers field in different states. According to the latest IPCC report, (2014) ICAR- Central Agroforestry Research State Tree species existing in agroforestry changes in climate are unequivocal and Institute, Jhansi has been working since 2011 Punjab Eucalyptus tereticornis, Populus deltoides, Melia azedarach, Dalbergia sissoo anthropogenic green house gases are the as one of the partner of NICRA project on Haryana Eucalyptus tereticornis, Populus deltoides, Melia azedarach, Azadirachta indica major drivers of this change. Total three objectives. These include mapping of Uttar Pradesh Tectona grandis, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Populus deltoides, Azadirachta indica, Acacia nilotica, Madhuca latifolia anthropogenic GHG emissions have agroforestry area in the country (using GIS continued to increase over 1970 to 2010 with and RS), assess the carbon sequestration Bihar Tectona grandis, Leucaena leucocephala, Albizia procera, Azadirachta indica, Dalbergia sissoo larger absolute decadal increases towards potential (CSP) of agroforestry systems West Bengal Albizia procera, Terminalia arjuna, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia auriculiformis the end of this period (high confidence). existing on farmers fields at national level (using CO2FIX model) and evaluation of Gujarat Ailanthus excelsa, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tectona grandis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Manilkara zapota, Azadirachta Despite a growing number of climate change indica, Tamarindus indica, Prosopis cineraria mitigation policies, average annual GHG thermotolerance of tree species for emissions grew by 1.0 Giga tonne carbon agroforestry so that right species can be Rajasthan Prosopis cineraria, Tecomella undulata, Acacia tortilis, Ailanthus excelsa, Capparis decidua, Dalbergia sissoo, promoted for plantation under increased Azadirachta indica dioxide equivalent (Gt CO2e) (2.2%) per year from 2000 to 2010 as compared to 0.4 Gt thermal regime in future. Assessment of CSP Tamil Nadu Morus alba, Cocos nucifera, Azadirachta indica, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala has been completed in 51 districts covering CO2e (1.3%) per year from 1970 to 2000. Karnataka Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Tectona grandis, Areca catechu, Cocos nucifera 16 states (U.P., Gujarat, Bihar, West Bengal, Total anthropogenic GHG emissions were Andhra Pradesh Tectona grandis, Cocos nucifera, Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica the highest in human history from 2000 to Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Telangana Tectona grandis, Pongamia pinnata, Azadirachta indica 2010 and reached 49 (±4.5) Gt CO2 eq/yr in 2010 (IPCC Working Group III AR5 2014 Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra Tectona grandis, Pongamia pinnata, Acacia nilotica, Delonix regia, Leucaena leucocephala Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Telangana). Summary page 6). Odisha Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, Cocos nucifera, Musa sapientum, Bambusa vulgaris Tree biomass (above and below ground), Assessment in 51 districts across 16 states, Adaptation and mitigation are complementary revealed that the tree population in Himachal Pradesh Grewia optiva, Leucaena leucocephala, Toona ciliata, Ficus palmata, Morus alba strategies for reducing and managing the biomass carbon, soil carbon, net carbon sequestered over simulated period of 30- agroforestry systems existing on farmer's Madhya Pradesh Madhuca latifolia, Simarouba glauca, Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, Azadirachta indica risks of climate change. Substantial field is about 18.42 trees/ha. Total tree years and CSP are assessed at district level Chhattisgarh Tectona grandis, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Butea monosperma emissions reduction over the next few population under agroforestry at national st and same is extrapolated at country level decades can reduce climate risks in the 21 works out to be 321.45 million trees in 17.45 century and beyond, increase prospects for based on 51 districts data across 16 states. emission (1831.64 million tonnes) in the country (Technical Bulletin NICRA 2/17, ICAR-CAFRI, Mapping of agroforestry area has been million ha area. On the basis of tree growth effective adaptation, reduce the costs and Jhansi). In other words, contribution of agroforestry to offset total CO2 eq. GHG emission is completed for 10 agro-climatic zones out of (Mean Annual Increment in height and challenges of mitigation in the longer term 1.22% (Table 2). The forests can offset 69.73 million tonnes CO2 annually. Similarly, an 15 zones in the country. Initially, area diameter at breast height) tree species and contribute to climate-resilient pathways estimation is made on contribution of different carbon pools in total C stock available in estimation of agroforestry was done based existing under agroforestry systems are for sustainable development. Ecosystem- agroforestry at national level (Table 3 and Figure 2). The maximum contribution in total C on tree cover (minimum 10% tree cover is set classified as slow, medium and fast growing based options like ecological restoration, soil stock comes from soil organic carbon followed by aboveground biomass, belowground as threshold for agroforestry) and with this trees. The medium growing trees having conservation, afforestation, reforestation and biomass and litter. appraoch, the area under agroforestry comes maximum population (9.0 tree/ha) followed agroforestry, mangrove conservation and by fast (6.79 tree/ha) and slow growers (2.63 Table 2. Role of agroforestry to offset CO2 in total CO2 Equivalent GHG emission (1831.64 out to be 17.45 million ha. This is a * replanting, green infrastructure (e.g., shade preliminary estimate and after completing the tree/ha) (Figure 1). million tonnes ) trees, green roofs), controlling overfishing, mapping in rest of the 5 agro-climatic zone, Land use (area) Carbon Sequestration Total CSP CO2 eq. Contribution fisheries co-management, assisted species the final estimate of area under agroforestry potential potential million in total GHG migration and dispersal, ecological corridors, will be estimated. t C/ha/year million t C tones emission (%) seed banks, gene banks and other ex-situ A B C (A*B) (C*3.67) conservation, community-based natural Tree species and their population varied from resource management are the future district to district within the state. However Agroforestry 0.35 6.10 22.41 1.22 strategies to mitigate climate change in a some promising tree species existing in (17.45 million ha**) sustainable manner. agroforestry systems in different states are Forest 274725.27 19.0**** 69.73 3.80 given in table 1. (69.16 million ha ***) There is a lot of research on climate change, *Current Science, Vol. 101, NO. 3, 10 August 2011, p409 its impact on agriculture, ways and means ** for stabilizing the atmospheric CO Figure 1. Composition of slow, medium and fast Indian Farming 2014, 63(11): 62-64 2 growing tree species in total tree population field is 0.35 t C/ha/year. Considering area *** concentration and reducing the CO Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA), Green House Gas Emission, 2007, 2 under agroforestry in the country (17.45 **** emissions or increasing the carbon sink. Tree biomass under agroforestry is 9.61 Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India, May 2010, p 31 tonnes per ha. The average biomass of tress in million ha), the total carbon stock will be 6.10 India State of Forests Report (Carbon Stock in India's Forests), 2017,p129 Currently researchers and planners are million tones with CO equivalent C will be attempting to increase the carbon storage agroforestry existing on farmer's fields is 2 considered as described earlier (Technical 22.41 million tonnes. This way, agroforestry Table 3. Total carbon stock available in different carbon pools under agroforestry (figure capacity of terrestrial vegetation through can offset 22.41 t CO of total CO equivalent in parentheses are carbon in tonnes per ha) land-use practice such as afforestation, bulletin 2/2017, ICAR-CAFRI, Jhansi). In this 2 2 reforestation and agroforestry. Agroforestry way, total biomass of trees (dry mass) under Carbon pool Total C stock (million tonnes) system (AFS) has today become an agroforestry systems at national level is 167.69 Above ground biomass 91.32 (5.23) million tonnes. Similarly, the net carbon established approach to integrated land Below ground biomass 27.76 (1.59) management, not only for renewable sequestered over simulated period of 30-years resource production, but also for climate is 11.35 tonnes C per hectare (Technical Litter 24.97 (1.43) change mitigation. The carbon storage Bulletin NICRA 2/2017, ICAR-CAFRI, Jhansi). SOC 257.01 (14.72) At national level, the net carbon sequestration capacity of agroforestry varies across the Total 401.06 (22.97) species and geography. Further the amount would be 198.05 million tonnes with 17.45 million ha of agroforestry area. of carbon in any agroforestry system Land use and land cover (LULC) analysis for selected districts in ten agro-climatic zones depends upon the structure and function of Carbon sequestration potential (CSP) of Figure 2. Contribution of different carbon pools (Lower Gangetic Plains, Middle Gangetic Plains, Upper Gangetic plains, Trans-Gangetic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dalbergia Proposal Guatemala (Rev.2)
    CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II A. Proposal Inclusion of the genus Dalbergia in CITES Appendix II with exception to the species included in Appendix I. The UNEP-WCMC assessed the Dalbergia species of Latin America and concluded: “… all populations of Dalbergia spp. from South and Central America appear to meet the criteria for listing in CITES Appendix II” (UNEP-WCMC, 2015). Including the whole genus in Appendix II will be essential for the control of international trade by eliminating the arduous task of enforcement and customs officers of differentiating between the hundreds of Dalbergia species listed and not listed in CITES. The inclusion will help ensure that legal trade does not become a direct cause of the extinction of these highly threatened species and will help curb illegal trade. Considering that CITES Appendix II must include all species, which although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival, it is important to include the genus Dalbergia in CITES Appendix II. a) Resolution Conf. 9.24, Annex 2 a, Criterion A - ”It is known, or can be inferred or projected, that the regulation of trade in the species is necessary to avoid it becoming eligible for inclusion in Appendix I in the near future”. b) Resolution Conf. 9.24, Annex 2 a, Criterion B - ”It is known, or can be inferred or projected, that regulation of trade in the species is required to ensure that the harvest of specimens from the wild is not reducing the wild population to a level at which its survival might be threatened by continued harvesting or other influences”.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID
    Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID. The project has been financed by the CITES Secretariat with funds from the European Union Consulting objectives: TO SELECT INTERNATIONAL OR NATIONAL XYLARIUM OR WOOD COLLECTIONS REGISTERED AT THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOOD ANATOMISTS – IAWA THAT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF SPECIES AND SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA TO BE ANALYZED BY NIRS TECHNOLOGY. Consultant: VERA TERESINHA RAUBER CORADIN Dra English translation: ADRIANA COSTA Dra Affiliations: - Forest Products Laboratory, Brazilian Forest Service (LPF-SFB) - Laboratory of Automation, Chemometrics and Environmental Chemistry, University of Brasília (AQQUA – UnB) - Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC-DF MAY, 2020 Brasília – Brazil 1 Project number: S1-32QTL-000018 Host Country: Brazilian Government Executive agency: Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC Project coordinator: Dra. Tereza C. M. Pastore Project start: September 2019 Project duration: 24 months 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 05 2. THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA 05 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 NIRS METHODOLOGY AND SPECTRA COLLECTION 07 3.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING XYLARIA TO BE VISITED TO OBTAIN SPECTRAS 07 3 3 TERMINOLOGY 08 4. RESULTS 4.1 CONTACTED XYLARIA FOR COLLECTION SURVEY 10 4.1.1 BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 10 4.1.2 INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 11 4.2 SELECTED XYLARIA 11 4.3 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 13 4.4 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 14 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 19 6. REFERENCES 20 APPENDICES 22 APPENDIX I DALBERGIA IN BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 22 CACAO RESEARCH CENTER – CEPECw 22 EMÍLIO GOELDI MUSEUM – M.
    [Show full text]
  • India Fights to Get Rosewood Delisted from CITES
    India Fights to Get Rosewood Delisted from CITES drishtiias.com/printpdf/india-fights-to-get-rosewood-delisted-from-cites India, with the help of Bangladesh and Nepal, is trying to de-list ‘Dalbergia sissoo’, from the list of threatened varieties in order to protect the livelihood of handicraft manufacturers and farmers in the Sub-continent. Dalbergia sissoo is commonly known Rosewood, Shisham and is a medium to large deciduous tree, native to India, with a slight crown. Distribution: It is native to the foothills of the Himalayas. It is primarily found growing along river banks below 900 metres (3,000 ft) elevation, but can range naturally up to 1,300 m (4,300 ft). The temperature in its native range averages 10–40 °C (50–104 °F), but varies from just below freezing to nearly 50 °C (122 °F). It can withstand average annual rainfall up to 2,000 millimetres (79 in) and droughts of 3–4 months. Soils range from pure sand and gravel to rich alluvium of river banks; shisham can grow in slightly saline soils. Use: It is used as firewood, timber, poles, posts, tool handles, fodder, erosion control and as a windbreak. Oil is extracted from the seed and tannin from the bark. It is best known internationally as a premier timber species of the rosewood genus. However, Shisham is also an important fuel wood, shade, and shelter. With its multiple products, tolerance of light frosts and long dry seasons, this species deserves greater consideration for tree farming, reforestation and agroforestry applications. After teak, it is the most important cultivated timber tree in India, planted on roadsides, and as a shade tree for tea plantations.
    [Show full text]
  • Rosewood) to CITES Appendix II.2 the New Listings Entered Into Force on January 2, 2017
    Original language: English CoP18 Inf. 50 (English only / únicamente en inglés / seulement en anglais) CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Eighteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Geneva (Switzerland), 17-28 August 2019 IMPLEMENTING CITES ROSEWOOD SPECIES LISTINGS: A DIAGNOSTIC GUIDE FOR ROSEWOOD RANGE STATES This document has been submitted by the United States of America at the request of the World Resources Institute in relation to agenda item 74.* * The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat (or the United Nations Environment Programme) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the document rests exclusively with its author. CoP18 Inf. 50 – p. 1 Draft for Comment August 2019 Implementing CITES Rosewood Species Listings A Diagnostic Guide for Rosewood Range States Charles Victor Barber Karen Winfield DRAFT August 2019 Corresponding Author: Charles Barber [email protected] Draft for Comment August 2019 INTRODUCTION The 17th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP-17) to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), held in South Africa during September- October 2016, marked a turning point in CITES’ treatment of timber species. While a number of tree species had been brought under CITES regulation over the previous decades1, COP-17 saw a marked expansion of CITES timber species listings. The Parties at COP-17 listed the entire Dalbergia genus (some 250 species, including many of the most prized rosewoods), Pterocarpus erinaceous (kosso, a highly-exploited rosewood species from West Africa) and three Guibourtia species (bubinga, another African rosewood) to CITES Appendix II.2 The new listings entered into force on January 2, 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Dalbergia Sissoo Dc
    IJRPC 2013, 3(2) Sudhakar et al. ISSN: 22312781 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Available online at www.ijrpc.com Review Article DALBERGIA SISSOO DC. - AN IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANT M. Bharath, E. Laxmi Rama Tulasi, K. Sudhakar* and M. Chinna Eswaraiah Department of Pharmacognosy, Anurag Pharmacy College, Ananthagiri (V) - 508206, Kodad (M), Nalgonda (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Nature has been a good source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources, many based on their use in traditional medicine. Various medicinal plants have been used for years in daily life to treat diseases all over the world. The present study reveals the medicinal values of Dalbergia sissoo DC. (Fabaceae). In this communication, we reviewed the Phytochemistry and its applications in the treatment of various ailments. The genus consists of 300 species among which 25 species occur in India. The generic name Dalbergia honors the Swedish brothers Nils and Carl Dalberg, who lived in the 18th century. The plant is used in treatment of leprosy, jaundice, gonorrhea and syphilis etc. Keywords: Dalbergia sissoo DC. Fabaceae, Phytochemistry, Jaundice, Leprosy. INTRODUCTION freezing to nearly 50 °C (122 °F). It can Herbal drugs are used in traditional methods of withstand average annual rainfall of 500 to 2,000 treating the diseases worldwide. Several types mm (79 in) and droughts of 3–4 months. Soils of medicinal plants are existing in the nature and range from pure sand and gravel to rich alluvium are effective in treating different type of of river banks, sissoo can grow in slightly saline diseases.1 Herbal medicine is a triumph of soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Exempted Trees List
    Prohibited Plants List The following plants should not be planted within the City of North Miami. They do not require a Tree Removal Permit to remove. City of North Miami, 2017 Comprehensive List of Exempted Species Pg. 1/4 Scientific Name Common Name Abrus precatorius Rosary pea Acacia auriculiformis Earleaf acacia Adenanthera pavonina Red beadtree, red sandalwood Aibezzia lebbek woman's tongue Albizia lebbeck Woman's tongue, lebbeck tree, siris tree Antigonon leptopus Coral vine, queen's jewels Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Island pine Ardisia crenata Scratchthroat, coral ardisia Ardisia elliptica Shoebutton, shoebutton ardisia Bauhinia purpurea orchid tree; Butterfly Tree; Mountain Ebony Bauhinia variegate orchid tree; Mountain Ebony; Buddhist Bauhinia Bischofia javanica bishop wood Brassia actino-phylla schefflera Calophyllum antillanum =C inophyllum Casuarina equisetifolia Australian pine Casuarina spp. Australian pine, sheoak, beefwood Catharanthus roseus Madagascar periwinkle, Rose Periwinkle; Old Maid; Cape Periwinkle Cestrum diurnum Dayflowering jessamine, day blooming jasmine, day jessamine Cinnamomum camphora Camphortree, camphor tree Colubrina asiatica Asian nakedwood, leatherleaf, latherleaf Cupaniopsis anacardioides Carrotwood Dalbergia sissoo Indian rosewood, sissoo Dioscorea alata White yam, winged yam Pg. 2/4 Comprehensive List of Exempted Species Scientific Name Common Name Dioscorea bulbifera Air potato, bitter yam, potato vine Eichhornia crassipes Common water-hyacinth, water-hyacinth Epipremnum pinnatum pothos; Taro
    [Show full text]
  • Shisham (Dalbergia Sissoo) Decline by Dieback Disease, Root Pathogens and Their Management: a Review
    Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources (2021) 4(2): 255-272 ISSN: 2661-6270 (Print), ISSN: 2661-6289 (Online) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i2.33915 Review Article Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) decline by dieback disease, root pathogens and their management: a review Kabita Kumari Shah1, Injila Tiwari2, Bindu Modi3, Hari Prasad Pandey4, Sudeep Subedi5 and Jiban Shrestha5 1Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Gokuleshwor College, Tribhuvan University, Baitadi, Nepal 2Himalayan College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Purbanchal University, Kathmandu, Nepal 3Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal 4Ministry of Forests and Environment, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal 5Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Plant Breeding and Genetics Research Centre, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal *Correspondence: [email protected] *ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8852-6749 Received: September 17, 2020; Accepted: November 27, 2020; Published: January 01, 2021 © Copyright: Shah et al. (2021). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. ABSTRACT Shisham or sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) is an important multipurpose tree with great economic importance, but this tree has been infected by various root pathogens. This review article shows the works conducted on root pathogens and die back disease of Shisham and their management. Around seventy-one endophytic fungus has been found in sissoo trees in Nepal. Several fungi, including, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus gilvus, Polypours gilvus, Rhizoctonia solani, Polyporus spongiosum, etc. cause sissoo diseases. Ganoderma Lucidum and F. Solani are two main pathogenic agents in Shisham, all of which causes root rot and vascular wilt diseases, and are the causes for the large-scale death of this tree species.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Volume 3, Issue1, January 2012 Available Online at www.ijppronline.in International Journal Of Pharma Professional’s Research Review Article DALBERGIA SISSOO: AN OVERVIEW ISSN NO:0976-6723 Shivani saini*, Dr. Sunil sharma Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India, 125001 Abstract The present review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharamacognosy, phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacological studies of the plant Dalbergia sissoo. Dalbergia sissoo is an important timber species around the world. Besides this, it has been utilized as medicines for thousands of years and now there is a growing demand for plant based medicines, health products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Dalbergia sissoo is a widely growing plant which is used traditionally as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and antimicrobial agent. Several phytoconstituents have been isolated and identified from different parts of the plant belonging tothe category of alkaloids, glycosides, flavanols, tannins, saponins, sterols and terpenoids. A review of plant description, phytochemical constituents present and their pharmacological activities are given in the present article. Keywords: - Dalbergia sissoo, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities. Introduction medicine.[7] To be accepted as viable alternative to Medicinal plants have been the part and parcel of modern medicine, the same vigorous method of human society to combat diseases since the dawn of scientific and clinical validation must be applied to human civilization. The earliest description of prove the safety and effectiveness of a therapeutic curative properties of medicinal plants were product.[ 8-9] described in the Rigveda (2500-1800 BC), Charak The genus, Dalbergia, consists of 300 species and Samhita and Sushruta Samhita.
    [Show full text]
  • Silviculture and Productivity of Five Economically Important Timber Species of Central Terai of Nepal Arun Dhakal
    Silviculture and productivity of five economically important timber species of central terai of Nepal Arun Dhakal International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Nepal Agroforestry Foundation (NAF) Yokohama Kathmandu Japan Nepal 1 Silviculture and productivity of five economically important timber species of central terai of Nepal Arun Dhakal, M. Sc. International Tropical Timber Organization Nepal Agroforestry Foundation (ITTO) (NAF) Yokohama, Japan Kathmandu, Nepal 2008 2 Published by: ITTO, Japan and NAF, Nepal Copyright: 2008 by Arun Dhakal All rights reserved. Author: Arun Dhakal PO Box 9594, Kathmandu Nepal Ph: 9779841455109 Email: [email protected] Lay out: Arun Dhakal Cover design: Bishwa Khadka Ph: 9779851033002 Plate design & editing: Print: Binayak offset press Putalisadak, Kathmandu, Ph: 977 01 4268073 ISBN: 978-9937-2-0495-8 Cover photo (front): Gmelina arborea Cover photo (back above): Tectona grandis Cover photo (back below): Anthocephalus chinensis Photo Credit: Nepal Agroforestry Foundation (NAF), Terai Private Forest Development Association (TPFDA), Internet, and Author. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose without prior written permission from copyright holder. 3 ―(…) forestry is not, in its essence, about trees. It is about people. It is about trees only so far as they can serve the needs of people‖ -Jack Westoby 4 Foreword People of Nepal are heavily dependent on forests for the supply of fuel wood, fodder and timber. The annual estimated consumption of traditional fuel is 11.3 million m3 of which dung and farm residues supply 28% in the terai and 18% in the hills. Of the total fuel-wood supply, 14 % in the terai and 33% in the hills is obtained from private wood lots.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancestral Dravidian Languages in Indus Civilization
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00868-w OPEN Ancestral Dravidian languages in Indus Civilization: ultraconserved Dravidian tooth-word reveals deep linguistic ancestry and supports genetics ✉ Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay 1 Ever since the discovery of Indus valley civilization, scholars have debated the linguistic identities of its people. This study analyzes numerous archaeological, linguistic, archae- 1234567890():,; ogenetic and historical evidences to claim that the words used for elephant (like, ‘pīri’, ‘pīru’) in Bronze Age Mesopotamia, the elephant-word used in the Hurrian part of an Amarna letter of ca. 1400 BC, and the ivory-word (‘pîruš’) recorded in certain sixth century BC Old Persian documents, were all originally borrowed from ‘pīlu’, a Proto-Dravidian elephant-word, which was prevalent in the Indus valley civilization, and was etymologically related to the Proto- Dravidian tooth-word ‘*pal’ and its alternate forms (‘*pīl’/‘*piḷ’/‘*pel’). This paper argues that there is sufficient morphophonemic evidence of an ancient Dravidian ‘*piḷ’/‘*pīl’-based root, which meant ‘splitting/crushing’, and was semantically related to the meanings ‘tooth/tusk’. This paper further observes that ‘pīlu’ is among the most ancient and common phytonyms of the toothbrush tree Salvadora persica, which is a characteristic flora of Indus valley, and whose roots and twigs have been widely used as toothbrush in IVC regions since antiquity. This study claims that this phytonym ‘pīlu’ had also originated from the same Proto-Dravidian tooth-word, and argues that since IVC people had named their toothbrush trees and tuskers (elephants) using a Proto-Dravidian tooth-word, and since these names were widely used across IVC regions, a significant population of Indus valley civilization must have used that Proto-Dravidian tooth-word in their daily communication.
    [Show full text]
  • Dalbergia Sissoo Roxb.) - a Review
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 1(2016) pp. 32-54 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.501.004 Bio Management of Wilting of a Valuable Timber and Medicinal Plant of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) - A Review Narendra Kumar* and S. M. Paul Khurana Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manaser-122413, Gurgaon, Haryana, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T Shisham is a medium to large deciduous(annually shedding the leaves) tree, native to India. It has a light crown and reproduces through seeds and suckers.The sissoo K e y w o r d s is best known internationally as a premier timber species of the rosewood genus. However, sissoo is also an important tree used for screen from direct sun light, Shisham, provides cover or protection and feed for livestock. This lists the medicinal values General uses, of Dalbergia sissoo DC.(Fabaceae) for various ailments. The wood and bark of Medicinal uses, Sissoo have anthelmintic, antipyretic, expectorant, aphrodisiac abortifacient and Fusarium, refrigerant properties. Oil obtained from the seeds is used to cure diseases affecting Chemical, skin.Like all other legumes it enhances the quality of soil due to presence of Biological nitrogen fixing bacteria in roots. The leaves falling from the tree are also helpful in control improvement of soil quality. It has been found showing severe wilting. The symptoms observed in all wilted plants are: yellowing and death of leaves in Article Info acropetal succession and lastly entire plant turns yellow.
    [Show full text]
  • Shisham (Dalbergia Sissoo) Decline by Dieback Disease, Root Pathogens and Their Management: a Review
    Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources (2021) 4(2): 255-272 ISSN: 2661-6270 (Print), ISSN: 2661-6289 (Online) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/janr.v4i2.33915 Review Article Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) decline by dieback disease, root pathogens and their management: a review Kabita Kumari Shah1, Injila Tiwari2, Bindu Modi3, Hari Prasad Pandey4, Sudeep Subedi5 and Jiban Shrestha5 1Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Gokuleshwor College, Tribhuvan University, Baitadi, Nepal 2Himalayan College of Agricultural Science and Technology, Purbanchal University, Kathmandu, Nepal 3Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal 4Ministry of Forests and Environment, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal 5Nepal Agricultural Research Council, National Plant Breeding and Genetics Research Centre, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal *Correspondence: [email protected] *ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8852-6749 Received: September 17, 2020; Accepted: November 27, 2020; Published: January 01, 2021 © Copyright: Shah et al. (2021). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. ABSTRACT Shisham or sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) is an important multipurpose tree with great economic importance, but this tree has been infected by various root pathogens. This review article shows the works conducted on root pathogens and die back disease of Shisham and their management. Around seventy-one endophytic fungus has been found in sissoo trees in Nepal. Several fungi, including, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus gilvus, Polypours gilvus, Rhizoctonia solani, Polyporus spongiosum, etc. cause sissoo diseases. Ganoderma Lucidum and F. Solani are two main pathogenic agents in Shisham, all of which causes root rot and vascular wilt diseases, and are the causes for the large-scale death of this tree species.
    [Show full text]