Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 1(2016) pp. 32-54 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.501.004 Bio Management of Wilting of a Valuable Timber and Medicinal Plant of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) - A Review Narendra Kumar* and S. M. Paul Khurana Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manaser-122413, Gurgaon, Haryana, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T Shisham is a medium to large deciduous(annually shedding the leaves) tree, native to India. It has a light crown and reproduces through seeds and suckers.The sissoo K e y w o r d s is best known internationally as a premier timber species of the rosewood genus. However, sissoo is also an important tree used for screen from direct sun light, Shisham, provides cover or protection and feed for livestock. This lists the medicinal values General uses, of Dalbergia sissoo DC.(Fabaceae) for various ailments. The wood and bark of Medicinal uses, Sissoo have anthelmintic, antipyretic, expectorant, aphrodisiac abortifacient and Fusarium, refrigerant properties. Oil obtained from the seeds is used to cure diseases affecting Chemical, skin.Like all other legumes it enhances the quality of soil due to presence of Biological nitrogen fixing bacteria in roots. The leaves falling from the tree are also helpful in control improvement of soil quality. It has been found showing severe wilting. The symptoms observed in all wilted plants are: yellowing and death of leaves in Article Info acropetal succession and lastly entire plant turns yellow. Pathogenicity test results revealed that both Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum alone or either are Accepted: highly potent causing severe wilting in plants. The article covers the chemical 07 December 2015 synthetic fungicides and biological control of Fusarium.This also deals about Available Online: potential of Putranjiva roxburghii having volatile antifungal activity.The oil of 10 January 2016 Putranjiva roxburghii showed complete mycelial inhibition of both test fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani at 500ppm.The antifungal activity of oil was found thermostable even after autoclaving and storage (upto 120 days).The bark and root extract of Putranjiva was also found to be effective against both species of Fusarium. In this way this plant has an overall promise for control of Fusarium. Introduction Dalbergia sissoo (Indian Rosewood) is a Southern Iran and also found in tropical to deciduous tree, commonly known subtropical Africa and Asia.Troup (1921) as sissoo, sheesham, tahli, Taland mentioned that, it is very likely that sissoo also Irugudujava. Tewari(1994) stated that it is indigenous only to the sub- Himalayan is native to the Indian Subcontinent and tract and has been introduced by man 32 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 elsewhere. In Persian, it is called Jag. It is reached epidemic proportion in Bangladesh the state tree of Punjab state both both in and other countries of South Asia. The heart India and the Pakistan. It is primarily found wood of plant is strong and durable and have growing along river banks below 900 metres high timber quality so it needs protection. (3,000 ft) elevation, but can range naturally Bakshi (1955) highlighted that elimination up to 1,300 m (4,300 ft). The temperature in of pathogen from soil is not possible either its native range averages 10 40 °C (50 chemically or by crop rotation. Synthetic 104 °F), but varies from just below chilling pesticides pose a range of risks to human to nearly 50 °C (122 °F). It can withstand a health and protection. There are three types long period of abnormally low rainfall, of harmful effects caused by pesticides: especially one that adversely affects acute effects, delayed effects, and allergic growing or living conditions of 3 4 months effects. and average annual rainfall up to 2,000 millimetres (79 in). Shisham can grow in Acute effects are injuries or illnesses that soils from pure sand and gravel to appear immediately after exposure. The rich alluvium of river banks in slightly effects are usually obvious and capable of saline soils. Shisham is an important timber returning to an original condition if wood for furniture fuel, screen for direct sun appropriate medical care is given right light,provides cover or protection and feed away. Delayed effects are illnesses or for live stock. It usually cultivated in forest injuries that do not appear immediately. department plantations and along the man- these include cancer. There are over 160 made strip of water used for irrigation synthetic pesticides that are listed to be (canals), roadsides, railway lines, water possible carcinogens. Many of these channels and borders of the agricultural pesticides are still in use. The US EPA has lands.. classification systems that identify carcinogens. Pesticides have been known to Review of literature highlights that wilt cause asthma, breast cancer, leukemia, disease is caused by Fusarium solani (Mart) lymphoma and other immune system Wr. F.dalbergiae (Bagchee, 1945; Bakshi, disorders. 1954; Bakshi and Singh 1954,1959). Browne (1968)stated serious wilt of sissoo Allergic effects are harmful effects that seedlings in nurseries caused by Fusarium some but not all people develop in reaction oxysporum from Pakistan. to substances. These are responsible for environmental pollution. Biocontrol agents From time to time forest pathologists and have been tried but they have their own other researchers viz.,Bakshi, 1954,Khan, limits.In nature plants are available which 2000, Zakaullah, 1999,Khan and Khan, have broad spectrum antifungal and volatile 2000) reported a number of diseases like activity that can completely suppress wilt powdery mildew, leaf rust, leaf blight, collar causing fungal pathogens. Now a days, rot, wilting, die-back and Ganoderma root essential oil and their components are rot infections in shisham. Khan and Khan gaining increasing interest because of (2000) mentioned that Polyporus and relatively safe status, their wide acceptance Fusarium oxysporum cause root rot and by consumers and their exploitation for wilting respectively. Fusarium solani was potential multipurpose functional use isolated as a facultative parasite associated (Ormancey et al.,2001; Sawamura, 2000; with wounds and on hosts weekened by Tripathi and Kumar, 2007). unfavorable conditions. This disease has 33 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 The article deals the botanical description, Vernacular Names systematic position, distribution, medicinal uses and highlights the work done on causal Sanskrit:Aguru, Shinshapa;Bengali:Shisu, organism of shisham wilt and its possible Shishu, Sisu; English:Bombay Blackwood, management and the integrated strategies Sissoo, Indian Rosewood, Sisso; Hindi: that can be used for the management of Agaru, Biridi, Tali, Gette, Kara, Shisham, shisham plants.This also indicates the Sisam, Sissai, Sissu, Sissoo;Tamil:Sisuitti, potential of putranjiva in mixed plantation Sisso, Nukkukattai, Yette, Gette Thai:Du- in field for protection of shisham from wilt. Khaek, Pradu-Khaek;Arabic:Dalbergia, Sissoo; Indonesian:Pradu-Khaek, DuKhaek; Botany of Shisham Javanese: Sonowaseso; Nepali: Sissau, Sisham; Spanish: Sisu; Trade name:Sissoo, Plant Description Shisham This is a medium to large deciduous tree with a light crown which reproduces by Geographical Distribution and Suitable seeds and suckers. It can grow up to a Conditions maximum of 25 m (82 ft) in height and 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) in diam. Trunks Distribution: Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. often got crooked when grown in the open. (Shisham) is native to the plains, low hills Leaves leathery, alternate,pinnately and mountain valleys of the sub-Himalayan compound and about 15 cm (5.9 in) long. region. It occurs naturally from sea level up Flowers whitish to pink, fragrant, nearly to 1000 m msl sometimes even up to 1500 m sessile, up to 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long and in msl, from the river Kabul in Afghanistan dense clusters 5 10 cm (2.0 3.9 in) in through northern Pakistan, northern India, length. Pods oblong, flat, thin, strap-like 4 Nepal, Bhutan and Bangla Desh and 8 cm (1.6 3.1 in) long, 1 cm (0.39 in) wide commonly planted throughout entire and light brown. They contain 1 5 a smooth India,Pakistan and the Terai region of Nepal. kidney-shaped seed, flattened at the sides, It was successfully introduced to other parts 8 10 mm (0.31 0.39 in) long. Sissoo has a of the Asian subcontinent as well as long taproot and numerous surface roots Southeast Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the which produce suckers. Young shoots Caribbean,North America, and Florida and drooping and downy;have established stems Arizona in the United States. with light brown to dark gray bark to 2.5 cm (0.98 in) thick, shed in narrow strips; large Suitable conditions: It occurs naturally in upper branches support a spreading riverine environments where sunlight and crown(Figure 1,2). moisture are plentiful with annual rainfall averaging 500 to 4500 mm. Temperature in Taxonomy native range varies from 4° to 50°C and it is tolerant of light frosts but killed by low Kingdom Plantae; Unranked temperatures or long freezes. It grows well Angiosperma; Unraked Ecidicots; Unranked on rich alluvial soil, pure sand or gravel Rosids; Order Fabales; Family conditions with plentiful moisture and good Fabaceae; Sub Family Faboideae; Tribe drainage. It requires a pH of 5.0 to 7.7 and Dalbergia; Genus Dalbergia; Species tolerates some salinity, but growth is stunted Sissoo. on heavy clayey soils. Natural regeneration is also common on newly exposed sites such 34 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(1): 32-54 as embankments, landslides, overgrazed on roadsides, along canals and as a shade areas and abandoned farmland.