U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services
Historic document – Content may not reflect current scientific research, policies or practices.
COOPERATIVE FISHERY UNIT REPORT FOR THE PERIOD JANUARY 1968 THROUGH JUNE 1969
TRAIN ING
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE
DIVISION OF FISHERY SERVICES
RESOURCE PUBLICATION 80 E RESl=AP-CH CENTEI"' {lBRARV WILDUF - · '
~ ~ilill)lll~l~~ll I: S/'~~ P~ .'"'.' ~::'~ ~c·~~i E 90018774 OUNER, COL01\KUO t02 As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Depart- ment of the Interior has basic responsibilitie s for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreational re- sources. Indian and Territorial affairs are ocher major concerns of America's "Department of Natural Resources." The Department works co assure the wisest choice in managing all our resources so each will ma lee its full contribution to a better United States -- now and in the future.
Cover drawing by Craig P. Phillips, National Fisheries Center and Aquarium, Washington, D.C.
For sole by tho Superlnumdont ol Docwncnta, U.S. Oovernmont Prlnll11& omce Wo.shln&ton, D.C. 20402 • Price 76 oont.s UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR , WALTER J . HICKEL , SECRETARY Leslie L. Glasgow, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wi ldlif e, Parks, and Marine Resources Fish and Wildlife Service, Charles H. Meacham , Corrunissioner Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, John S. Gottschalk, Direct or
COOPERATIVE FISHERY UNIT REPORT for the Period January 1968 through June 1969
A Nation-wide Cooperative Program of Training, Investigation and Application by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, State Game and Fi s h Departments, and Colleges and Universities .
DIVIS ION OF FISHERY SERVICES
Willis King, Chief
Prepared by Edward C. Kinney, Chief, Branch of Cooperative Fishery Units
RESOURCE PUBLICATION 80
Washington, D . C. November 1969 111•11 90018774 Li.mno l oi•y s tuclc nls at lhc Ma i. nc Coopc r: ali.ve Fis her y Uni.l condu c ting wal e r: a nal y s i s .
Mini..itur:e muskc llunce h.1tchc ry .1t the New Yo r:k Coopc r:ntivc Fis her:y unit.
i_l CONTBNTS Page
Map showing locations of the Cooperative Fishery Units • iv
Introduction and summary l
Cooperative Fishery Units
Alabama • 2
Arizona • 3
California 5
Colorado • 7
Georgia • 10
Hawaii 13
Idaho 15
Iowa 19
Louisiana 26
Maine 28
Massachusetts • 31
Missouri 36
Montana 38
New York 41
North Carolina 45
Ohio 51
Oklahoma 52
Oregon 54
Pennsylvania 55
South Dakota 59
Utah 63
Virginia 66
Washington 70
Appendix A· Unit addresses and list of coordinating committee members • • 71
Appendix B. Publications of Unit staff and students. • • • • • • • • •• 75
. iii COOPERATIVE FISHERY UNITS
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Figure 1. -- Location of regional offices and cooperative fishery units. Cooperative Fishery Unit Report for the Period January 1968 through June 1969
Previous reports on the Cooperative Fishery Unit program were annual reports for each calendar year from 1963 through 1967. In order that the reports conform to the school year it was decided to have annual fiscal year reports. Consequently, this report covers the 18-month transition period from January 1968 through June 1969.
The Cooperative Fishery Unit program began in 1960 with the enactment of Public Law 86-686 (74-Stat. 733). The stated purpose of the Act is "To facilitate cooperation between the Federal Government, colleges and universities, the States, and private organizations for cooperative unit programs of research and education relating to fish and wildlife and for other purposes."
Each fishery unit is a cooperative undertaking involving the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, a college or university, and (with one exception) a State fish and game department. A coordinating committee, representing the participating agencies, provides general guidance to each unit. Members of the coordinating committees for each of the 23 units are given in appendix A.
During. the 18-month reporting period there were 23 units in operation. The locations of the units are shown in figure 1. The mailing addresses of the units are given in appendix A.
During the period from January 1968 through June 1969, unit staff members taught 77 formal courses having a total enrollment of 968 students, and 33 courses of research and thesis, involving 144 graduate students . Unit personnel served as advisors for 131 undergraduate and 232 graduate students. Graduate degrees were awarded to 80 unit students including 12 Ph.O.'s and 68 Master's degrees.
The following are brief reports on the activities of the units. Abstracts or sul!lllaries of completed student work are included for most unit students who graduated during the reporting period. Unit students are defined as those advised by Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife staff members and those students receiving financial support from the Bureau. We regret that space was not available to include abstracts for most of the unit cooperators' students.
Idaho unit students tracking catfish in the Kafue River, Zambia, Africa. Alabama Cooperative Fishery Unit
has been in operation Cooperative Fishery Unit, located at Auburn University, The Alabama on duty in Hay 1967. 2 years. The Unit Leader, Dr. John s. Ramsey, entered for about Fishery Services to the M. Barkuloo transferred from the Washington office of Mr. James period the Unit of Assistant Leader during April 1969. During the report position students. One Ph.D. and supervised 1 postgraduate, 13 graduate and 5 undergraduate the spring quarter, 1969, Dr. 2 B. Sc. degrees were awarded to Unit students. During and ZY. 698, Special Problems Ramsey taught ZY. 498, Special Problems in Fishery Management ZY. 616, Systematic Ichthyology. in Fisheries. During the spring quarter, 1968, he taught
Unit Leader studies include: in eastern North America. a. Systematics of Notropis volucellus andJ'!. spectrunculus species. b. Status of Fundulus albolineatus, a possibly extinct new darter from Blk River, Tennessee. c . A States. d. Biology of fishes of large rivers in Alabama and neighboring largemouth, smallmouth, spotted, e. Ontogeny of five species of Micropterus, including Suwannee and redeye bass. f. Suitability of rainbow trout as a winter pondfish. anadromous and Leader is interested in research on the life history of The Assistant fishes. estuarine sport fishes and the artificial culture of certain
Student studies are listed in table 1 .
TABLE 1.--unit students, degrees sought, and study subjects
Student Degree Subject trematodes in Nocomis Chien, Shih Ming Ph.D. Host specificity of monogenetic channel catfish in ponds Devaraj, K.V. Ph.D. Stomach contents of fed the central Chatahoochie River Gilbert, Ronnie J. M.S . Distribution of fishes in drainage of Hicropterus in eastern Hurst , Harold N. M.S . Life history of two species Alabama Brgasilus , in Gulf of Mexico Johnson, S.K. Ph . D. Distribution of copepods, drainage H. Ph.D. Fishes as biofilters of pond water Kilgen, Ronald and taxonomy John (Postgraduate) Fish chromosome number and morphology, Naftel, in baskets and free living Pagen, Francisco A. Ph.D. Pond culture of Tilapia ~ on centrarchids in Lake Eufaula, Rawson, Mac V. M.S. Monogenetic trematodes Ala. Ph.D. catfish basket culture Schmittou, H.R. and :!· mossambica K. *Ph.D. Production in populations of Tilapia ~ Sumawidjaja, freshwater fishes William M.S. Chromosome studies on Alabama Wade, c. catfish, Tombigbee-Alabama R. Wahlquist, Harold Ph.D. Age and growth of channel system vicinity of Mobile Bay, Alabama Williams, Ernest H. M.S. Parasites of marine fishes, *Graduated
Summary of abstract of dissertation.
Kusman Sumawidjaja, Ph.D., 1969 mossambica Production in Mixed Populations of Tilapia fil!!:fil! and ..I· were stocked together and tilapia
2 Arizona Cooperative Fisl\ery Unit
The Arizona Cooperative Fishery Unit, located at the University of Arizona in Tucson, began operations in November 1964 with the appointment of Dr. William J. McConnell as Unit Leader. The Assistant Leader, Mr. Charles D. Ziebell , joined the Unit in February 1966. During the report period the Unit supervised 5 graduate students . Four of the students received M.s. degrees. Three fishery courses were taught by Unit staff members . Unit Staff studies:
Studies by the Unit Leader are chiefly concerned with the ways in which watersheds influence fisheries in small impoundments. Areas of study emphasis included import of litter and litter extracts ; the relation of run-off salts to primary and secondary produc tion; identification of extracts of oak and pine litter; and bioassays of the effect of litter tannin and other phenolics on aquatic animals. Over 30 natural tannin mixtures and related compounds have been tested. Bioassay results to date indicate no acute toxicity and little chronic toxicity to snails, tadpoles and 2 fishes at naturally occurring concentrations.
The Assistant Leader continued investigations on the movements of channel catfish. Field testing was carried out on two internal ultrasonic tracking tags and an internal tempera ture reporting tag. One tag has been functioning for nine months with excellent results. A single catfish was easily located in a 180-acre lake.
'nle Assistant Leader also continued with the exotic fish weed control project. Tilaoia ~was found to control most aquatic weeds except cattails. Adult grass carp, CtenopharyngocSon idellus, at a density of five fish per acre have kept a small pond free of vegetation.
Abstracts of ·theses:
Eric P. Bergersen, H.S. , 1969
Some Factors Affecting Fish Forage Production in Four Arizona Lakes
In an attempt to gain a better understanding of the low rate of fish production in Parker Canyon Lake, several factors influencing fish forage production were measured and compared in Parker Canyon , Woods Canyon, Pena Blanca and Becker Lakes between September 1967 and September 1968. These factors included : standing crops of phytoplankton chlorophyll, planktonic, benthic and littoral fish forage organisms, plant nutrient import; heavy metal and essential nutrient content of the lake water and the major vascular aquatic plants, fish food habits and growth and temperature stratifica tion.
High correlations were found between inflow nitrate concentrations and standing crops of planktonic (r = .993), benthic (r = .929), and littoral (r = .950) fish forage organisms. Fish forage organisms appeared to be supported primarily by phytoplankton. Data suggest that the forage value of phytoplankton is influenced by nitrate import. Heavy and trace metal concentrations were not believed to be limiting to invertebrate production. Tempera ture and oxygen stratification limited benthic invertebrate production and restricted access of the fish to deep benthic invertebrate communities. The low turnover rate of biomass of rooted aquatic plants in Parker Canyon Lake may limit their trophic contribution to invertebrate food chains. The low productivity of Parker Canyon Lake was attributed to low nitrate import.
Richard c. Biggins, M.s., 1968
Centrarchid Feeding Interactions in a Small Desert Impoundment
The food habits of largemouth bass Hi.£r~t£.nl§ sal!l!Qides (Lacepede), black crappie PotpQxis nigromaculatus Lesueur, green sunfish ~ cyanellua Rafinesque, and bluegill sunfish Le.pomis macrochirµs Rafinesque in Pena Blanca Lake were compared using recon structed volume estimates of food items . Bass fed mainly on fish with green sunfish
3 comprising the gr eatest part. The relative volume of fish consumed was high except in the winter when aquatic insects were dominant. Crappie fed almost entirely on zooplankton except in the spring when aquatic insects became dominant. Green sunfish ingested equal amounts of gastropods, aquatic insects and zooplankton. Bluegill sunfish ate primarily zooplankton, aquatic insects and terrestrial insects; however, zooplankton were most important. The food of the largemouth bass and gr een sunfish overlapped with respect to aquatic and terrestrial insects. Any food competition that might exist between the two would be for these foods. However , it is not considered extreme enough to have caused the recent decline in the bass catch. Large amounts of zooplankton were eaten by crappie and bluegills and it is surmised that they may compete with young bass for this food.
Rob ert J. Hallock, M.S., 1969
Sport Fish Production and Productivity Relationships in Reclaimed Domes tic Wastewater
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the suitability of reclaimed domestic was tewater for a sport fishery. The water was reclaimed by a tertiary treatment of sand filtration. The fish tested were channel catfish, Ict ~lurus punctatus, r ainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, and Malacca Tilapia hybrids. The major objectives were to establish survival rates, growth rates, stocking schedules, and maximum stocking densities for these fish in an unusual and highly productive environment. Less than 1% survival occurred in five trout experiments and in one catfish experiment. An important cause of mortality was low s unrise oxygen tensions resulting from r espiration of dense phytoplankton blooms which were stimulated in part by high (14 mg/1} average inflow orthophosphate concentrations. When f ish survived, production was high. The total yields of channel catfish and Tilapia of acceptable size were 383 and 397 kg per hectare, respectively. Chironomus larvae, the predominant fish food organism, comprised 9~ of the estimated annual benthic production of 14,180 kg per hecta r e . Zooplankters, although abundant, were not an important source of fish food because of their small size. Phytoplankton productivity averaged 10.2 gm o2 per m3 per day. The present wa ters , although highly productive, cannot be expected to s upport a dependable fishery because occasional unfavorable oxygen conditions are likely to reoccur.
Steven A. Lewis, M.S., 1969
Some Effects of Mechanical Evaporation Barriers on Fish Growth and Pond Productivity
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate some of the effects of mechanical evaporation barrie rs on f ish growth and pond productivity. Barrier coverages above S~ reduced fish growth, fish survival, aquatic insect yields, gross photosynthesis, dissolved oxygen concentrations, temperatures and habitat areas. These reductions appeared to correlate with decreased amounts of light entering each pond. Zooplankton numbers, phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations, pH and turbidity measurements were not significantly affected at any coverage level.
4 California Cooperative Fishery Unit
'nle California Cooperative Fishery Unit, located at Humboldt State College, Arcata, has been in operation for 2~ years. Dr. Roger A. Barnhart began his duties as Unit Leader in January 1967. The Assistant Leader, Dr. Charles F. Bryan joined the Unit in October 1967. During the report period, supervision was provided to 11 graduate students, 2 of whom received their M.s. degrees. Formal courses taught by Unit staff members included Fisheries 184, Fisheries Instrumentation, Fisheries 198 and 298, Seminar, and Fisheries 240, Early Life History of Fishes.
Unit studies are concerned with the ecology of northern California coastal streams and estuarine and coastal marine biology. The Unit Leader is participating in a cooperative project with the u.s. Forest Service concerning the use of large scale color and infra-red photography to evaluate trout stream habitat. He is also developing special sampling equipment for student use. The Assistant Leader is investigating productivity in warlllolater hatchery ponds. He is also preparing a bibliography on investigations of Humboldt Bay and is carrying out research on the electrophoresis of lens proteins of fishes.
Student study subjects are listed in table 2.
TABLE 2.--unit students, degrees sought, and study subjects
Student Subject Anderson, Robert D. *M.s. Age and growth of 3 surfperches (Embiotocidae) in Arcata Bay Apperson, Charles s. H.S. Changes in occurrence and abundance of benthos of Hat Creek Cross, Paul D. H.S. Factors affecting salmonid production in a small coastal stream DeMont, David J. M.S. Effects of physical parameters on electrofishing in fresh, brackish and salt water Eldridge, Maxwell B. H.S. The larval fish of Humboldt Bay Hess, Lloyd M.S. Stream drop-box insect collections before and after logging road construction Kesner, William D. *M.s. Characteristics of fall-run steelhead trout of the Klamath River system Mis i tano, David M.S. Early life history of the lemon sole in Humboldt Bay Ross, Roger L. M.S. Study of rough fi~h populations of Lower Hat Creek Sopher, Terry R. H.S. Survey of fishes of Arcata Bay Sunada, John M.S. Life history of the Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, and culture *Graduated techniques
Abstracts of student theses:
Robert D. Anderson, M.S., 1969
Age and Growth of 'n\ree Surfperches (Family Embiotocidae) from Arcata Bay, California
The age and growth of 1,481 surfperches collected from September 1967, to December 1968, was studied by the scale method. Three species were studied (~ogaster aiireiata. Hyperprosopon argenteum, Phanerodon furcatus) which may be threatened by proposed industrialization and development of Humboldt Bay. It is hoped that this study will help show the effects of such developments on the Bay's fauna.
Various characteristics of growth are discussed. It is found that without exception these surfperches show their greatest growth in length during the first year of life. Females of all species grow faster than males. Females also demonstrate a strong Lee's phenomenon although males show little trend in this regard. The length-weight relation ships between sexes and among species were variable.
By comparison of_£_. IU!:l!:regata from Puget Sound, Washington and British Columbia, Arcata Bay appears to be a suitable habitat for the growth of this surfperch. The age and growth rates of !!.· argenteum and ~· furcatus have not been reported previously.
s William D. Kesner , M. S ., 1969
Cha racte ristics of the Fall-Run Steelhead Tro u t (Salmo ~_irdne ri gairdne ri) of the Klamath Rive r Syst em With E)nphasis o n t he Half- Pounder
This s tudy was unde rta ken to determine t he c ha r act e ristics which distinguish the half pounder, a small early-run s teelhead, f r om other Klam.'.l th River fall-run steelhead trout. Data collect ed mostly by creel census for 1958 , 1962, 1967, a nd 1968 Klama th River runs we r e ana lyzed t o determine l ength and we i gh t r e l a tionships, time of scal e f ormation , age a nd g r owth cha r acteristi cs, food a nd feeding habits, ma turity, sex ratios, and migr ation c ha r acteristics .
Klamath River fall-run steelhead begin sca l e formation at 30 millime t e r s . Le ng th-weight r e l ationship curves are presente d. Ha l f - pounde r s r anged f rom 250- 349 millimeter s in l e ngth and we r e 1/ 1 , 2 / 1 , a nd 3/ 1 age categories. Half- pounders s rudie d were on their f irs t ups tream mig r ation aft e r having spent onl y a few months in the ocean. The y probably return to the ocean i n the s pring and then mig r ate ups tream f r om a second season in the ocean as l a r ger 1/ 2, 2 / 2, a nd 3/ 2 s t eelhead. Ha l f - pounders feed ext en sivel y on their first u pstr eam mi g r ation o n a variety of aquatic and terrestria l o r ganisms . Mo s t half pounde r s on their f irs t upstr eam migr ation we r e immatur e a nd we r e not o n a spawning migr ati on. The majority of Klamath River s t eel head 111.'.lture at age four . Sex r atio of half- pou nders was about 1:1. Cond itio n facto r s of Kl amath River steelhead incr e ased with salt-water age a nd decr eased with l e ngth of time spent in the rive r. A corre lation be twee n decreasing wa ter tempe r atur es and s t ecl head movement u pstr eam was found. Recorrunenda tions a r e presented concerning f uture studies a nd manageme nt p l a ns on Klamath Rive r steelhead.
Sea s l ed mount for tow net u sed in estuarine l a r val fish studies at t he California Unit.
6 Colorado Cooperative Fishery Unit
The Colorado Cooperative Fishery Unit is located at Colorado State University in Port Collins. The Unit was activated in 1963 when Dr. Robert E. Vincent was appointed Unit Leader. Dr. Robert J. Behnke joined the Unit in 1966 as Assistant Leader. During the report period, the Unit had 13 graduate students and 3 M.S. and 1 Ph.D. degrees were awarded. Unit staff members also acted as advisors for 18 undergraduates. Formal courses taught included: PW 630, Systematic Ichthyology; FW 720, Ecology of Fishes; PW 725, Zoogeography of Fishes; and FW 797, Seminar.
The Unit Leader continued work on the movement of stream fishes and the relationship of stream water flow to available habitat. The Assistant Leader pursued his interest in the systematics of western salmonids. He also described a new species of trout from Turkey. Both staff members are catcerned with the conservation of rare and endangered fishes.
Student studies are listed in table 3.
TABLE 3.--Unit students, degrees sought, and study subjects
Student Degree Subject
Andrews, A. Kent Ph. D. Life history of the fathead minnow Carpenter, Ralph Ph.D. Life history of the white sucker DeLong, Richard Ph.D. Serum protein polymorphism in salmonids Flickinger, Stephen Ph.D. Rearing of fathead minnows for bait fish Gregory, Richard Ph.D. Protein metabolism in fish spermatozoa Horak, Donald Ph.D. Survival and creel return of hatchery rainbow trout Li, Hiram w. *M.S. Fishes of the South Platte River drainage Middleton, Wm. Ph.D. (To be selected) Peters, John Ph.D. Changes in fish populations and sediment yields by erosion control Schreck, Carl B. *M.S. Trouts of the Upper Kern River basin, California Stewart, Phillip Ph.D. Influence of physical environment on trout production in a small stream Turner, Spencer E. *M.S. Microhabitat of hatchery rainbow trout Walters, Carl J. *Ph.D. Effects of fish introduction on invertebrates of an alpine lake *Graduated
Abstracts of theses:
Hiram w. Li, M.S., 1969
Fishes of the South Platte River
The South Platte basin was inventoried during the suomers of 1967 and 1968. Twenty-three native species were collected: one salmonid, eleven cyprinids, three catostomids, two ictalurids, two cyprinodonts, two centrarchids and two percids. No member of the genus Hybopsis was collected. Notropis blennius, Phenacobius mirabilis, and Salmo clarkii stomias are rare. Notropis heterolepis, Couseus plumbea, Chrosol!lls ~ and Chrosoo\us neogaeus may have been extirpated from the basin. At least twenty-seven exotic fishes have been introduced to the drainage. Most of the introduced species are salmonids and centrarchids. Man has altered the environment of the South Platte River through his activities. Water pollution, stream channelization, irrigation, and water regulation have affected the distribution and species composition of fishes in the South Platte basin.
Carl B. Schreck, M.S., 1969
Trouts of the Upper Kern River Basin, California
Various theories have been proposed to explain the origins and affinities of the five trouts named from the upper Kern drainage of the southern Sierras. 'nlese often contra dictory views were never based on critical examination of s pecimens, and currently not
7 even a good description of these fishes exists. Extensive and indiscriminate stocking of exotics as well as the mixing of a llopatric populations of the native species greatly confounded s ystematic investigation.
Ana lysis of characters from samples collected in many localities over a period of 70 years indicates that ~ aguabonita did not speciate from a coastal rainbow as previously surmised . This conc lusion is based on: (1) morphological similarities with the inland cutthroat trout, (2) apparent relationships with the Qi!!, Apache, and Mexican golden trouts of New Mexico , Arizona, and northern Mexico, respectively, (3) a chromosomal complement identical to the Apache trout and more readily derived from~ . clarki than f rom§. gairdneri, and (4) the geomorphogeny of the southern Sierras . This evidence suggests that the golden trout represents an ancient phylogeny whose origin was possibly associated with the lower Colorado River basin.
The Kern trout and the Little Kern golden trout are virtua lly inseparable; s. whitei is therefore considered a synonym for~· gairdneri gilberti. This trout logically has a golden x r a inbow ancestry, but apparent similarities with an undescribed form of the Mccloud-Pit drainage o:ust be considered further . Today, gilberti is best represented by populations in the upper Little Kern wa tershed.
The other two speci es, Salmo roosevelti and Salmo rosei, described from the upper Kern are not valid.
Spencer E. 1\Jrner, M.S., 1969
Microhabitat of Hatchery Rainbow Trout
Hatchery r ainbow trout, wild r a inbow trout, or wild brown trout were introduced into a flume that s imulated a natural s tream. Fish wer e observed hourly and parameters of the sel ect ed microhabi t a t loca tions were measured. Fishes differed in water velocity of microhabitat ar eas selected, wa t e r strata utilized, and degr ee of thi gmotaxis exhibited.
Ha t chery r ainbow trout sel ected areas a l ong s ide of the flume or above a structure and s l ong s ide of the flume that had a wa t er velocity of 0.9 ft/sec (27.4 clll/sec). They utilized the middle of the water column, wer e positive rheotactic, and were not thigmo t actic .
Wild rainbow trout utilized the same areas in the flume, but the water velocity was 0.7 ft/sec (21.0 cm/ sec). They utilized the bottom of the water column, were positive rheotactic, and were thigmotactic.
Resident trout a ffected only subtle changes i n the par ameters of the microhabitat selected by non-resident trout. Displacement of non-resident ha tchery r ainbow trout took place only after r esident brown trout had been i n the flume for 7 days. Resident hatchery trout displaced non-resident brown trout after 3 days in the flume; thus, indicating faster acclimation to flume.
Carl J. Walters, Ph.D., 1969
Effects of Fish Introduction on the Invertebrate Fauna of an Alpine Lake
Inver tebr ate population changes were traced during 1966-1968 in Bamaline Lake, Colorado, after remova l in 1964 of a population of stunted brook trout. Species composition of the zooplankton changed greatly after fish remova l ; in the absence of fish predation, large species were dom i nant. Populations of mud dwelling midges i ncreased after fish removal; in the absence of fish predation, population regulation appears to occur through density dependent l arval mortality. Insect emergence over rocky areas was highest in the second s ummer aft er fish r emoval , following increases in periphyton production. In 1968, the l ake was restocked with yearling cutthroa t trout. Cutthroat trout fed primarily on midge pupae and Daphnia middendorffiana, and doubled in weight during the firs t summer in the l ake. Growth efficiency of the trout was estimated to be 10-3 ~ . Less than half of the
8 daily ration was present in trout stomachs at any time , judging from observed g rowth rate and potential g rowth efficiency. A computer simulation model of the fish production systems suggested that yield and optimum management policy (stocking rate and harvest rate) are most strongly affected by the amount of terrestrial insects availa ble to fish. Optimum stocking rate is apparently much lower than the stocking rate that would maximize total inve rtebrate yield to fish .
Fathead minnows f rom one of the experimental ponds at Colorado State University.
9 Georgia Cooperative Fishery Unit
The Georgia Cooperative Fishery Unit was established at the University of Georgia, Athens, in October 1962. Dr. Melvin T. Huish served as Acting Leader or as Assistant Leader from March 1963 until May 1968. Dr. Roger A. Barnhart, who is now leader of the California Unit, was the Georgia Unit Leader from November 1964 to Deceaber 1966. The present Unit Leader, Dr. Alfred c. Fox, joined the Unit in June 1968. Prior to joining the Georgia Unit, Dr. Fox was leader of the South Dakota Unit. The Assistant Leader of the Georgia Unit is James P. Clugston who joined the Unit in April 1968. Dr. Huish is presently on the faculty of the University of Georgia. He and faculty members, Dr. James H. Jenkins and Dr. Leon A. Hargreaves, are unit cooperators and are closely associated with the unit program.
During the reporting period, the Unit had 13 graduate students. The Unit Leader served as major advisor for 4 students and was co-advisor for 3 others.
The Unit Leader is carrying out a study on the growth rate, mortality, and catchability of 3 species of catfish in ponds at Fort Gordon, Georgia. He is also evaluating the stocking of northern pike as a predator in Georgia ponds. The Assistant Leader is working toward a Ph.D. degree and is conducting a fish population study in a thermally enriched lake.
Student studies are listed in table 4.
TABLE 4.--Unit students, degrees sought, subjects, and major advisors
Student Degree Subject Advisor
Busbee, Raymond L. Ph.D. Effects of surface and bottom discharge on Jenkins reservoir water quality Callaham, Mac A. *Ph.D. Antimycin as a fishery tool in the southeast Hargreaves Clugston, James P. Ph.D. Fish population in a thermally enriched lake (to be determined) Davis, Steve M.S. Effects of reservoir bottom discharge on Fox tailwater organisms Duever, Michael Ph.D. Effects of levels of discharge on mineral Fox cycling in a reservoir Fatora, Richard Ph.D. Effects of stream modifications on trout Fox populations Huish, Melvin T. *Ph.D. Cardiac and opercular rate response of Jenkins bullheads to drugs Lorio, Wendell Ph.D. Insecticide residues in an aquatic environment Jenkins Martin, George T. M.S. Conmercial shrimp industry, Mcintosh Co,, Ga. Huish O'Rear, Robert s. H.S. Age and growth of largemouth bass in a Huish thermally polluted lake Rees, Robert A. H.S. Striped bass in two different type streams Huish Sandow, Jack T. H.S. Expansion of a fish population in a 100-acre Huish reservoir Van Kirk, Robert R. *Ph.D. Effects of a dry dam on a trout stream Jenkins and *Graduated Huish
The following are abstracts of dissertations completed during the reporting period.
Mac Aaron Callaham, Ph.D., 1968
Antimycin As a Fisheries Tool in the Southeast
The antifungicide antimycin was evaluated as a piscicide in ten ponds and lakes in the Southeast. It was found to be selective as to size and species. 'nlose most susceptible were bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), redear (Lepomis microlophus), golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). Low concentrations of the toxicant
10 severely reduced populations of these species without eradicating largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), channel catfish (Ictaluris punctatus) or other more resistant species of reproductive size. Toxicity was more acute in low pH water. Concentrations which killed all fish in three ponds detoxified within 7-9 days. Zooplankton populations were eliminated or reduced but benthos did not disappear following application of the antifungicide. Concentrations of antimycin ten times greater than that anticipated for fishery management use did not alter primary production or respiration in microcosms.
Melvin T. Huish, Ph.D., 1968
Cardiac and Opercular Rate Response of Ictalurus nebulosus (LeSueur) to Representatives of Certain Drug Groups
Thirty-three drugs belonging to sixteen pharmocological categories (cardiac stimulant, cardiac depressant, neuromuscular blocking agent, ganglionic blocking drug, depressant of all types of muscle and the central nervous system, vasodilator, central nervous system effector, anesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics, tranquilizers, psychomotor stimulants, psychotomimetic, cholinergic blocking agent, antihistamine and miscellaneous) were administered to specimens of Ictalurus nebulosus (brown bullhead) to determine drug effects upon heart rates, opercular rates, and behavioral responses of these fish.
Treatments consisted of subjecting the fish to solutions or injections of several con centrations of the drugs. Records of cardiac and opercular rates were obtained from polygraph tracings. llle fish, held in 20-liter constant-temperature containers, were able to swim about.
The responses of the fish to the treatments, in nearly every case, were similar to the responses expected of mammals treated with the same drugs.
Greatest effects occurred with neuromusculature blocking agents, a ganglionic blocking drug, anesthetics, a major tranquilizer, psychomotor stimulants, a psychotomimetic, a central nervous system stimulant and other materials which have been employed in fishery management work.
Additional observations were made regarding the effects temperature changes have upon cardiac and opercular rates of this species.
Robert Van Kirk, Ph.D., 1969
The Effects of the Construction of a Dry Dalll on a Brown Trout Population
The effects of the construction of a dry dam on a brown trout population and trout habitat in Jones Creek, Georgia, were investigated from 1965 to 1967.
It was found that during floods in 1966 and 1967, brown trout were displaced from immediately above the dam to below the dam. The dam proved to be a barrier which prevented the return of fish upstream. As a result, the population of brown trout increased below the dam and decreased above the dam.
The movement of trout from above the dam to below the dam involved Age 0 to Age III fish. Displacement of Age II trout was particularly apparent. Since Age II fish were the major egg producers, the reproductive potential of the trout population decreased above the dam and increased below the dam. A smaller percentage of Age II female brown trout reached maturity below the dam in 1966 and 1967 due to greater competition for food and space than reached maturity in the control section of the stream. Survival of planted eyed rainbow eggs to the sac fry stage was as good below the dam as in the upstream control section.
11 The increased popul.:ition below the dam c.aused g r eat e r compe titio n for food among Age O a nd Age 1 f i. sh . Differ e nces in g r owth of Age 0 f i s h above and below the dam were due in g e n e r a l to differences in popula t i.on d cn s i.ty . Age I f i s h showed a marked decrease in mean bod y l eng th f rom June to September 1967 . A l oss of fish due to a flood in August accounted f or this decrease. Surviva l rates we r e affected b e l ow a nd a bove the dam.
Scdi.ments enterin g the s tream d uring con s truction of the dam seeming l y ha d no effect on bo ttom fauna . Standing c r ops of bottom fauno on good riffle s ubstrates below the dam 1 The Sc,li.mcn t Feeding channel catfish in Whittemore Lake, Fort Gordon, GeoC'g i a . Photo - U. S . Army 12 Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Unit The Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Unit, located at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, is in its third year of operation. Or. John A. Maciolek is the Unit Leader. The position of Assistant Leader has not been filled. During the report period, the Unit had 8 graduate students with 4 obtaining M.s. degrees. The Unit Leader taught 2 formal courses, namely, Zoology 470, Limnology, and Zoology 691, Seminar. The Unit Leader completed a preliminary limnological evaluation of 2 of Hawaii's culturally unmodified natural lakes. The results were presented in a paper delivered at the 17th International Limnological Congress held at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Studies of the native stream fishes were continued. The Unit Leader is particularly interested in the freshwater gobies. Student studies are listed in table 5 . TABLE 5.--Unit students, degrees sought, and study topics Student Degree Subject Dunn, Mrs. Darnelle M.S. Organic balance of the Kahana Stream-Estuary ecosys t em Kawate, David *M.S. An ecological comparison of 2 Hawai ian s treams Mcvey, James Ph. D. General and fishery ecology of an artificial reef Mahi, Mrs. Cherrie A. *M.S. The food and feeding habits of the Kumu, Parupeneus porphyreus Olsen, David Ph.D. Studies on the introduction of abalone, Haliotis fulgens and H· corrugata 5'Werdloff, Stanley Ph.D. Ecology of the damselfishes, Q.Q~Q~~~ y~ato! and Q_. ovalis Sylvester, Joseph R. *M.S . Scales of selected inshore fishes, age and growth analyses Timbol, Amadeo *M . S. Nutrition of the Awa or milkf ish, Chanos chanos (Timbol, Amadeo) Ph. D. Ecology of Kahana estuary, Oahu *Graduated Abstracts of theses: David Kawate, M.S. , 1969 An Ecological Comparison of Two Hawaiian Streams The macroscopic fauna of two streams in the Koolau Range (Oahu), leeward Poamoho and windward Punaluu, were compared primarily in regard to their general and trophic ecology. Two stations were established on each stream and visited during and between the dry and rainy seasons. At these times, various physical, chemical and biological aspects of the streams were measured. No seasonal variation in composition of the macroscopic faunal communities, except for transient fish, were found in e ither stream. The population densities and speciation, however, were greater in Punaluu than Poamoho. These differences as well as certain similarities in the macroscopic fauna of thes e 2 streams were caused mainly by physical factors. Punaluu's greater drainage area and gradient resulted in a larger, more stable discharge that made the substratum and overall stream condition more suitable for most stream animals. The damming and diversion of Poamoho for irrigational purposes completely destroyed most of the natural habitats downs tream from the study area and interrupted its direct permanent connection to the sea. A general chemical survey, nevertheless, also indicated one other possible cause for the difference in the macroscopic fauna of these 2 streams. This was Punaluu's greater concentration of dissolved electrolytes which could increase the productivity of ~his stream. Mrs. Cherrie A. Mahi, M.s., 1969 The Food and Feeding Habits of the Kumu , Parupeneus ~~ The kumu, Parupeneus porphyreus, is one of the most valuable r eef fishes in Hawaii. It is a member of the goatfish family (Mullidae) and is endemic to Hawaii. One hundred and ninety-eight specimens, ranging in size from 31 to 306 mm, were collected from four areas 13 a round Oahu , Ha wa ii. Collections wer e made f rom J uly through November 1968 . The ana t omy and the contents of the digestive s ystems we r e examined. The d i gestive system is short. Tile stomach i s v-shaped with a bulbiform pylorus. There ar e 20 pyloric caeca. The intestine has one siphonal l oop. Transforming s pecimens differ in having a shorte r, str a i ght intestine . They also have sharper pha r angeal teeth and l onger g ill r a ke r s than do the adults . Occurrence of food in the entire gas trointestinal tract was used in r anking rela tive f ullness. Tilese rankings, compa r ed with time of capture, indicated feeding was nocturnal o r crepuscular among l arger f i s h (only very young kumu fed during the day) and that food passed through the a limentary canal within 19 hours . Twenty-three food items were identified; 12 of them occurred in > l OX, of the g uts. Crabs were the most important food , followed by other c rustaceans (copepods, isopods, o the r decapods ) and other inver tebrates. Sand occurred in 57% of the specimens. An extensive comparison of food items vs . fis h s i ze demonstr a t ed various r e l ationships. Although crabs were eaten by nearly a ll fish , only l a r ge kumu a t e Steno pus and other fish, and only s mall kumu a te copepods and isopods. Joseph R. Sylvester , M.S., 1969 Scal es of Selected Hawaiian Ins ho r e Fishes with a Brief Review of the Scal e Method of Age a nd Growth Ana lys i s Scal es were collected from 87 species of Hawaiian inshore fis hes. They were examined and photogr aphed to deter mine the occurrence of growth marks, to demonstrate t axonomic differ ences o r s imila rities, and to prepar e a pictoria l catalog for r e f e rence use in ma rine biology and related fields . The colle c tion included the more common s pecies in 26 of the SO o r so families of scal e-bearing tel eost f i shes described from Hawaiian reefs and inshore water s . Two seri es of scal e photograph' s a r e presented. The f irs t i s a quick-reference arrange ment according to sc a l e type (36 species with cycloid, 5 1 s pecies with ctenoid scales). In the second series, scales a re ca taloged systematically with l ength weight a nd collection data. Most scal es a ppeared to be c ha r acteris tic at the family level. Largest and smallest scal es wer e f rom Scaridae and Acanthuridae, r especti vely. Definite ma~s resembling annuli were found on scal es f rom 44 speci es. Thirty-three additional species had possible t empora l marks. A bibliogr aphy of r eferences on s ca les is included. Amadeo s. Timbo l, M. S ., 1968 0 The Growth of Young Mi lkfish, ~ c hanos ( Forska l) on Two Types of Pelleted Food Fry a nd j uvenile Awa, or milkfish, wer e seined f rom inshore Oahu waters and r a ised in tanks on different pelleted foods t o determine r e l a tive growths and mortalities, and the feasibility o f totally artif i c i a l r earing. Collection efforts showed t ha t young milkfish occurred l ocally in sha llow inshore water s between September and December. Captured milkfis h we r e g r aded into 3 s ize groups (<7 g, 7-11 g, 11-20 g). Each group was divided into paved lots (700, 1000, 1150 g, r espective ly) that were pla ced in identical 23 cu. ft. tanks with sea wa t e r flowing through a t 2.8 g pm. In two feeding trials between 1 January and 12 May , one series of fish was fed high-prote in trout pellets (fish-meal base), the other was fed low-protein r abbit pelle ts (alfalfa base) cos ting only 1/ 4 as much as the former. Lots fed trout pellets s howed weight gain and those fed rabbit pellets experienced weight loss. Morta lity was lower among lots f ed trout pellets (average 8% vs. 13'. for r a bbit pelle t die t). The s urviving fish showed average weight gains of 113 (trout pellet fed) and 63 (rabbit pe llet fed) in 8 weeks , with the l a rgest size fish on trout pellets s how ing the g reat est gain (153 ). Diseases and temperature effects are considered. It i s concluded that t rout pellets are nutritiona lly superior to rabbit pellets under con ditions of the expe riments. 14 Idaho Cooperative Fishery Unit The Idaho Cooperative Fishery Unit, located at the University of Idaho in Moscow, began operations in 1964. The Unit Leader is Or. Donald w. Chapman and the Assistant Leader is Dr. Theodore C. Bjornn. During the report period, 14 graduate students were supervised by Unit staff members. Four Unit students received Ph.D. degrees, including 1 student advised by Cooperating Professor, Craig MacPhee, and 1 student received a M.S. degree. Formal courses taught included Forestry 118, Fishery Management Techniques; Forestry 210, Advanced Fishery Research; and Forestry 214, Fish Population Dynamics. Research and investigations by Unit staff members are closely related to student study projects which are listed in table 6. TABLB 6.--unit and Unit cooperator students, degrees sought, and study subjects Unit Students Degree Subject Armour, Carl L. *Ph.D. Comparison of serum proteins of races of chinook salmon Ball, Kent M.S. Effects of catch-and-release regulations on cutthroat trout D..ldley, Richard Ph.D. Ecology of fishes of the Kafue River, Zambia Everest, Fred H. *Ph.D. Habitat selection of young chinook salmon and steelhead trout Gibson, Harry M.S. Effects of Zectran insecticide on aquatic organisms Goodnight, William M.S. Production of fishes in the Lemhi River, Idaho Gordon, Douglas Ph.D. Socio-economics of Idaho sport fisheries Griffith, .John Ph.D. Interaction of cutthroat and eastern brook trout Keating, .James M.S. Life history of smallmouth bass in the Clearwater and Salmon Rivers Miller, William Ph.D. Limnology of the Kafue River, Zambia Pollard, Herbert A. *M.S. Effects of planted trout and angling on young steelhead trout Raleigh, Robert F. *Ph.D. Genetic control in migrations of sockeye salmon Rankel, Gary M.S. Factors affecting abundance of cutthroat trout, St. Joe. R. Scully, Richard M.S. Behavior of fishes of the Kafue River, Zambia Unit Cooperator Students Edgington, .John *M.s. Effects of logging on small trout streams Falter, c. Michell *Ph.D. Digestive rates and daily rations of northern squawfish Norman, Dennis E. *M.S. A lethal index for chemicals which affect water quality Reid, George *M.S. Life history of the northern squawfish, St. Joe River *Graduated Abstracts of theses completed by Unit students Carl L. Arm~ur, Ph.D., 1969 A Comparison of Serum Proteins of Selected Races of Spring Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by Immunoelectrophoresis and Immunodiffusion A study was conducted to assess feasibility of identifying races of spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by qualitative properties of serum proteins. In 1967 blood was obtained from adults of three races of salmon in Idaho. The fish were indigenous to the lemhi River, the upper Salmon River, and the headwaters of the Middle Fork of the Salmon River. Sera were compared by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. No qualitative inter-racial differences of proteins were detected. Females had an antigen not found in males. Jacks (precocious males) of Rapid River and Lemhi River races were also bled. Pooled sera from jacks of Rapid River had an antigen not found in pooled sera from Lemhi River jacks. The difference appeared to be qualitative. 15 In 1968 sera of adult salmon of Rapid River and the Willamette River of Oregon were studied. Samples of individual fish could be identified as to racial origin by comparison of immunoelectrophoretic pa tterns of an albumin. In all, 114 Willamette River samples and 94 Rapid River samples were tested, with 110 Willame tte River samples being identified correctly as compared to 92 from Rapid River fish. Polymorphism tests indicated the inter-racia l albumin difference was quantitative. Total protein concentrations of sera of the two groups of adults were not significantly different at the 5' level. Sera of juvenile salmon of the two races we re also compared by imnainoelectrophoresis, but albumins of the two groups were indistinguis hable. However, sera of Willamette River juveniles typically had an antigen in the globulin zone not common to sera of Rapid River juveniles. This globulin difference in Willamette River juveniles was also quantitatively caused. The difference in the albumin of Willamette River adults was attributed to unknown causes, and the globulin difference of juveniles was attributed to their immunological response to pathogens. Jacks of Rapid River and the Lemhi River races were sampled again in 1968, and sera samples of individual fish were compared. The immunoprecipitate unique to pooled antigens from Rapid River jack samples collected in 1967 was present in similar frequencies in sera from fish of both groups. Apparent lack of the antigen in serum of a fish was caused by the protein being present in low titer. It was concluded that iDDDunoelectrophoresis and immunodiffusion will not readily reveal qualitative differences of races of salmon. More precise techniques such as study of specific enzyme systems, disc electrophoresis, preparative disc electrophoresis, and isoelectrofocusing were suggested to be used in future racial studies. If racially- specific differences should be detected in specific proteins by these methods, it may be possible to use i solates of the tags to obtain protein-specific antisera for conventional serological t ests . Fred H. Everest, Ph.D., 1969 Habitat Selection and Spatial Interaction of Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Trout in 1\lo Idaho Streams In 1966-67 investigations of the spatial requirements of j uvenile s pring and sunmer chinook salmon and steelhead trout were made to define their preferences and interactions for physi~al habitat. All data we re collected by divers from two Idaho streams. A survey of 2840 m of habitat in 1966 indicated that during su11111er coexisting populations of these species are segregated. Age 0 s t eelhead were most abundant over rubble substrate at velocities of less than 0.15 m/sec and depths of 0.15-0.3 m; age I steelhead were most abundant over l arge rubble substrate at bottom velocities and surface velocities of 0.15-0. 3 m/sec and 0.75-0.9 m/sec, r espectively, and depths of 0.6-0.75 m. In 1967, habitat occupied by allopatric populations of each species was sampled to see if segre gation was the result of interspecific interaction. The results of this work did not demonstrate an interactive segregative mechanism, but instead indicated that the presence of one species had little impact on distribution of the other. Juvenile chinook and steelhead of the same size were found to have similar ecological demands. But, steelhead spawn in spring and chinook spawn in early fall, creating intra- and interspecific size groups of pre-smolts and minimizing the potential for interaction. Individuals of both species hibernate in rocky areas of the stream bottom (particle size > 40 cm) in winter. Conrad M. Fa lter , Ph.D., 1969 (Advisor-Dr. Craig HacPhee) Digestive Rates and Daily Rations of Northern Squawfish in the St. Joe River, Idaho &xperimentally determined digestive rates of squawfish from the St. Joe River system in northern Idaho were used to assess daily rations for squawfish from the system. Digestive rates varied as temperature. Digestive rates at average sunmer stream temperatures were 3 to 4 times the r a tes at average winter stream temperatures. Digestive rates were inversely proportional to squawfish size for all food items tested (cutthroat trout, redside shiners, and stonefly nymphs). There were no apparent differences in digestibility of cutthroat and shiners. Stonefly food items were digested more slowly than were cutthroat 16 and shiners but this may have been due to an exchange of stonefly tissue for a digestive fluid complex; the complex then remaining within the still intact exoskeleton. Water velocity had no effects upon digestive rates since there were no significant differences between digestive rates in vats and digestive rates in an artificial stream channel. Prior feeding or starvation was found to have no significant effects on digestive rates. 'nlese digestive rate data were applied to field-collected stomachs to interpret ingestion times, hence feeding rates of squawfish in the St. Joe and St. Maries Rivers. Examination of 449 stomachs showed marked size-related differences in food preference: (1) Small squawfish ( <19 cm T.L.) fed primarily on insects, ologochaetes, and plant material; (2) Medium squawfish (21 to 36 cm T.L.) had a similar diet but with a high proportion of fish in summer months; (3) Large squawfish ( > 36 cm T.L.) fed primarily on fish and crayfish. No trout were found in any of the stomachs, probably because of habitat segregation between trout and squawfish and the large ratio of squawfish to trout in the system. Daily rations increased from small, through medium, to large fish. Small and medium squawfish may be food-limited in fall, winter, and spring months . Daily rations ranged from a yearly high of 1.45% in June to a low of O.l - 0.2% in the fall and spring months and presumably in the winter months also. Daily rations of fish collected from fastwater areas were higher than those from slackwater areas in the su111Der, but similar throughout the rest of the year. Total yearly rations were 178.4%, 211.1% and 274.8% for small, medium, and large squawfish, respectively. FUrther research is reco111Dended along the lines of squawfish stock size, growth rates , and utilization by other species in these rivers in order to quantify the role of the squawfish in the system. Herbert A. Pollard, M.S., 1969 Bffects of Planted Trout and Angling on Juvenile Steelhead Trout A study was undertaken during the summer of 1968 to assess the effects of angling and planted trout on wild juvenile steelhead trout in the upper tributaries of the Clearwater River. A large proportion of the juvenile steelhead in a stream can be removed by angling. The presence of hatchery-reared, catchable-size rainbow trout did not affect the angling harvest of juvenile steelhead trout. Angling removal caused declines in the fish popu lations of catch-remove study sections. The number of fish observed in unfished sections did not decline. Catch declined proportionately with population. Recolonization of fished out areas occurred. Steelhead smolt productionmightbe increased by curtailing the fishery. Angling was selective for larger juvenile steelhead in the test sections, but had no detectable effect on the average size of fish in subsequent samples because fished-out areas were recolonized by fish which were the same size as fish which were removed. When a larger number of fish are removed throughout the stream, the average size of fish in the catch may become smaller. Recapture of marked fish was low due to adverse effects of the marking procedure and/or migration of fish from the study sections. The inter actions between hatchery rainbow trout and juvenile steelhead trout were reduced by differences in size and habitat preferences. 'nle density and distribution of wild juvenile steelhead trout was changed somewhat by the hatchery trout released into study sections. Too few marked fish were recovered to assess growth and movement under the various different conditions of the study. Robert F. Raleigh, Ph.D., 1969 Genetic Control in Lakeward Migrations of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Fry During the winters of 1965-66 and 1967-68, the upstream and downstream directional responses of demes of sockeye salmon fry from inlet and outlet streams of Chilko and Fraser Lakes in Canada and Karluk Lake in Alaska were tested under laboratory conditions. Tests included the directional response of the fry with reference to direction of current with environmental variables of illumination, water source, and temperature. 17 Test l ots of f ry f rom inle t and ou tlet s treams we r e r e l eased at va rious t imes of the d a y a nd night in a centra l release pool f rom which the y could mig r ate either upstream o r downstream throug h g r avel- bottomed, simul a t e d s tream channe l s . Oxygen-saturated water ~dj u sted to the sel ect ed tes t temperature was c irculated throug h the apparatus over a twenty- four hour t es t period. It was obs erved that the dire ction o( mig r ation (upstream o r downs tream) differed s ub s tantia lly between f r y from inle t a n The va riables of tempe r atur e and wa ter sourc e a t the t es t l e ve l s sel e cted mainly influenced the directional r esponse of the ou t l et f ry ~ut were conc lude d to inter ac t with a multi. g enie s ys t em t ha t dir ect the f ry toward the la ke . From s ing l e t es t s of r ainbow and c u tthr oat t r out f r y f r o m inle t a nd outl et s treams it was conc luded tha t directiona l r es ponses of f ry f rom these s pec ies may a l so be genetica lly controlled. The s i g n if i canc e o f matching the inna te r esponses of d o no r s t ock s of fish to the r equire men t s of a r ecipient e nvir o nmen t o r popula tion of f i s h i s d i scu ssed . Cooper a tors assisting I d a ho Unit s tudents in seining the Kafu e Rive r , Zamb i a, Af rica. 18 Iowa Cooperative Fishery Unit The Iowa Cooperative Fishery Unit is locate~ at Iowa State University in Ames. The Unit became operational in April 1966 when Dr. Robert J. Muncy was appointed Unit Leader. TI\e Assistant Leader, Ross v. Bulkley was appointed in September 1966. During the report period the Unit staff supervised 10 graduate students, 3 of whom received Ph.D. degrees and S received M.S. degrees. Formal courses taught by Unit staff included Zoology 464, Ichthyology; Z 490, Seminar; Z 563, Fish Propagation; and Z 590F, Fishery Aspects of Water Pollution. Research projects of the Unit are directed toward understanding environmental factors affecting changes in species, size and age composition, and growth rates of fish popu lations in streams, ponds, lakes and reservoirs . The Unit Leader is evaluating the year-class strength of Des Moines River walleye. The Assistant Leader is continuing his studies of yellow bass in Clear Lake. He received his Ph.D. degree in 1969. A summary of his dissertation on "The Reproductive Cycle of Yellow Bass,~ mississippiensis, in Clear Lake, Iowa" is given later in this report. Student studies are listeJ in table 7. TABLE 7.--Unit and Unit cooperator students, degrees sought, and study subjects Unit Students Degree Subject Bauer, Richard J. *M.S. Digestion rate of Clear Lake black bullhead Bulkley, Ross v. *Ph.D. The reproductive cycle of yellow bass in Clear Lake Bulow, Frank J. *Ph.D. Biochemical indicators of recent growth of fishes; RNA & DNA Dennison, Samuel M.S. Reproductive potential of black bullhead Gale, William F. *Ph.D. Bottom fauna of Pool 19, Mississippi River Huggins, Donald G. *M. S. Limnology of DeSoto Bend Lake Jacobson, Theodore *M.S. Water temperature dynamics of Clear Lake Jernejcic, Frank M.S. Food preference of Clear Lake walleyes Jude, David *M.S. Bottom fauna utilization and distribution of fish in Pool 19 , Miss. R. Ranthum, Richard G. *M.S. Distribution and food habits of fishes in Pool 19, Miss. R. Unit Cooperator Students Carter, Francie *M.S. Secondary production of chi ronomid l arvae in tertiary ponds ' Carter, Neil E. Ph.D. Standing crops of fishes in ponds and natural lakes Effendie, Ichsan M.S . Food habits of carp in Clear Lake Grover, John H. *Ph.D. Feasibility of cold-water fis hes for Lake Sharpe, South Dakota Huggins, Thomas G. *M.S . Production of channel catfish in tertiary treatment ponds Nasiri, Sufian K. M.S. Goldfish populations in Lake Laverne, Iowa Pelren, Douglas M.S. Experimental introduction of Tilapia ~ Provoost, Helen M.S. Growth and developmental stages of chironomids Vanderpuye, John *M.s. Age & growth of black crappie in Lewis and Clark Lake White, Judy M.S. Effects of increased surface area on chironomids in tertiary ponds Williford, John M.S. Us e of artificial substrate in tertiary waste treatment ponds *Graduated 19 The following are abstracts of doctoral dissertations and brief summaries of H.S. theses: Ross v. Bulkley, Ph.D., 1969 Tiie Reproductive Cycle of Yellow Bass, Horone mississippiensis, in Clear Lake, Iowa Gillnet collections of yellow bass,~ mississippiensis, were made from April 1967 to September 1968 at Clear Lake, Iowa to determine the normal reproductive cycle and variations in fecundity which could be related to changes in food supply and water tem peratures. A major mortality from Aeromonas infection occurred in Hay 1968 which also allowed documentation of changes in body condition, fecundity and success of reproduction during the year preceding a mass mortality from disease. Spawning was initiated during mid-May in 1967 and late April in 1968 when water temperatures approached 15°c after a rapid temperature rise of 3.5 to 4.5°c over several days. At spawning time ovaries of adult bass comprised up to 16 percent body weight and testes up to 8 percent body weight. Fish commenced spawning when maturing ova reached a mean diameter of 0.4 11U1 in the preserved state. Fresh ovulated ova averaged 0.8 ! 0.11 mm in diameter. Wide variation in effective fecundity was apparent among mature females of similar length. Although 50 percent of the variation in fecundity could be attributed to body length in 1967, the relation was not significant in 1968 (r = 0.32). In 1967 mature females con tained an average of 560 mature ova per mm total body length in contrast to 276 ova in 1968. In terms of body weight the average female produced 835 ova per gram body weight in 1967 but only 350 in 1968. The change in fecundity was attributed to poor body con dition in 1968. Females measuring 200 IIll1 total body length weighed approximately 137 grams in 1967 at spawning time but only 115 grams in 1968. Atresia of developing ova was estimated at 20 percent during the period from December to May and was attributed to poor nutrition. Ova retention after spawning in 1967 was approximately 34 percent of total ova production. In 1968 most fish died shortly after initiation of spawning, with a minimum number of ova shed. Reproduction success in 1968 determined by standardized seining of young-of-the-year bass was 1 percent of the 1967 level (77 vs 7,015). Young-of-the-year yellow bass were a major food item of adult bass during late summer and autumn when vitellogenesis was initiated. At other times of the year adult bass ate invertebrate food similar to that of young bass. Mesenteric fat decreased steadily with gonadal development in both sexes from March to I Hay 1968 and reached zero levels at spawning time. Testicular moisture content remained constant at 81-~2 percent from January to May 1968; whereas, mean ovarian moisture decreased from 78 to 67 percent during the same period. Insufficient food as reflected by poor body condition coupled with fluctuating spring water temperatures apparently allowed Aeromonas infection to reach epizootic proportions when spawning commenced in 1968. 'nle yellow bass population was decimated by the disease but other species were not affected. Catch per gillnet hour decreased from 2.158 bass in mid-May to 0.025 in mid-June. Prank J. Bulow, Ph.D., 1969 (Sport Fishing Institute Grant) Biochemical Indicators of Recent Growth of Fishes: RNA and DNA The purpose of this study was to determine whether quantitative determinations of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) can be used to measure recent growth in fishes. The specific objectives were to determine (1) whether growth rate can be measured by RNA-DNA analyses, (2) what length of exposure to various feeding conditions 20 is necessary to produce measurable differences, and (3) what tissues or organs best exhibit these differences. It was postulated that while DNA concentration would remain fairly constant, RNA concentration would vary and be highest in those fish undergoing fastest growth or protein synthesis. Daily feeding of golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) at O, 2, and 6 percent body weight for 15 days produced mean weight changes of -16.1, 2.2, and 21.3 percent. 'Dlese growth rate differences were reflected by mean RNA-DNA ratios of 2.18, 2.83, and 4.32, respectively. Continued food deprivation for 30 and 45 days resulted in mean weight losses of 20.6 and 35.6 percent, which were reflected by mean RNA-DNA ratios of 1.66 and 1.36, respectively. Feeding at 2 percent body weight for 30 and 45 days resulted in continued gain in body weight (19.9 and 45.6 percent gain) but a leveling off of RNA-DNA ratio (3.15 .and 3.03, respectively). Continued feeding at 6 percent body weight for 30 and 45 days resulted in continued gain in body weight (57.9 and 90.9 percent gain), but a decl4le in RNA-DNA ratio (3.91 and 3.08). Depriving golden shiners of food for 14 days and then resuming feeding for 6 days demon strated that RNA-DNA ratios change rapidly with changes being attributed primarily to change in RNA concentrations. Mean ratios declined from 3.56 after 4 days to 2.30 after 14 days of food deprivation. When feeding was resumed, ratios averaged 3.45, 4.93, 5.07, 5.73, 5.00, and 5.14 after 1 to 6 days feeding respectively. Whole, eviscerated fish were used in the golden shiner experiments. For larger species of fishes, it would be necessary to take selected organ or tissue samples rather than use the entire fish. Feeding experiments with bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) indicated that growth rate, as indicated by changes in length and weight, was reflected in RNA-DNA ratios of liver, stomach, intestine, anterior muscle, and posterior muscle tissue samples. RNA-DNA ratios in bluegill liver were most sensitive to changes in body weight, followed by 1111scle tissue, stomach, and intestine, respectively. William F. Gale, Ph. D., 1969 Bottom Fauna of Pool 19, Mississippi River with Emphasis on the Life History of the Fingernail Clam, Sphaerium transversum This study was begun in 1966 as the first of a two phase investigation to determine dredging effects on fauna of Pool 19 of the Mississippi River. Monthly, from June to Deced>er 1967, four 7.62 cm core-samples were taken at seven stations. The molluscan fauna included 13 species of gastropods, 7 species of sphaeriids, and 20 species of unionids. Sphaerium transversum made up over 80 percent of the total organisms at all stations, with a mean of about 40,000/m2 and a maxi1111m of over 100,000/m2. Of the insects, Hexagenia spp., because of its size, may be most important as fish and duck food. Leeches, Glossiphonia complanata, Helobdella stagnalis and Erpobdella punctata were abundant. Standing crops of benthos ranged u~ to 11,000 kg/ha in summer, a high biomass compared to other areas. Total organisms/m were maximum in fall. The life history of ~· transversum was emphasized due to its abundance, importance to ducks, and lack of life history data. In the laboratory,~· transversum grew from birth to maturity in 33 days or less, increasing in weight about 125 fold. Some clams of similar age failed to grow initially and became calyculate (capped) when growth occurred. In the river, calyculism was associated with season of birth. The clams became proportionately lower and wider as length increased. In areas with firm substrates and swift currents, clams were slightly more fusiform than in areas with soft substrates and little current. Filaments were found attaching embryos to parental gills and may have taxonomic and evolutionary significance. Large clams contained up to 80 embryos . Clams brought into the laboratory discharged young prematurely. Mature clams were gravid until they died, usually at an age of less than one year • ...§_. transversum had a variety of phytoplankton in its gut, except in winter. 21 Predation by diving ducks, fish, and leeches is probably important in reducing clam density. Enclosures excluding fish predation in shallow water had more sphaeriids than did controls . Ducks may harvest about 5,000,000 kg of sphaeriids yearly, on Pool 19. Clam s terility and mortality appeared to result from heavy cercarial infestations. In July, about 90 per cent of the clams over 4.5 mm long contained oligochaetes, Chaetogaster limnaei, in their mantle cavities. Water mites sometimes embedded themselves in the g ills. In Pool 19, s. transversum occurs in almost all substrates. In the laboratory, clams preferred mud over sandy mud and sand in a circular substrate apparatus. Sandy areas in the rive r often had greater clam densities than many areas with mud substrates. By nove l application of a widely used statistical design, directional differences in clam dispersion in the laboratory, were found to be random. Clams were stratified in the substrate with larger clams in the upper 2.6 cm and smaller clams buried up to 17 cm in soft substrates. Small clams, deep in the substrate, may escape predation and unfavorable water conditions and thereby account for much of s. transversum's success. Some small clams may be missed by conventional samplers. In-April and May 1967, over 99 per cent of the clams were less than 1 mm wide (about the size when born). Small clams were most abundant at all stations nearly every sampling date. Richard J. Baur, M.S. , 1969 Digestion Rate of the Clear Lake Black Bullhead Black bullheads used in this study were of age group I ranging in total lengths from 7.6 to 14.5 cm and weighing from 4.40 to 28.55 g. Digestion rate data were collected from fish force-fed 0.20 g or 0.30 g of chironomid larvae. The amount of food digested depended on both the weight of food fed and the time allowed for digestion . When the s i ze of the meal was tripled, the digestion rate increased 2.4 times. Daily food con sumption in turbid water was almost double the consumption in clear water. This may have been partially due to the fact that the turbid water was s0 c warmer. under natural conditions the fish had 1.78 per cent of their body weight of food in their stomachs. Daily food consumption was calculated to be 5.6 per cent of their body weight. Feeding activity peaks were at 1:00 a.m. and at 5:00 p.m. Yearling bullheads consuomed about 0.77 g or 175 small chironomid larvae daily. Dona ld Huggins, M.S., 1968 Limnology of DeSoto Bend Lake A limnological survey was made of DeSoto Bend Lake, DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, during June 1967 a nd May 1968 . The lake is a eutrophic oxbow lake of the Missouri River and has a maximum depth of 10. 7 meters and covered 294.7 hectares in 1967. Lake water l eve ls are dependent on ground water and Missouri River water levels. The pre valent bottom material is sand (51.4 percent). Intermittent thermal stratification occurred during the summer of 1967. TI\e water quality was similar to that found in the region . Some of the average values were: total hardness, 242 ppm; conductivity, 650 microhms/cm; dissolved solids, 297 ppm; chlorides, 7.4 ppm; ortho phosphate, 5.5 ppm; oxygen demand 25.1 ppm; pH, 8.6; and Secchi disk reading, 56.2 cm. Mean units of phytoplankton were 92,500 per ml of surface water. Green and blue-green algae were dominant. The bottom fauna consisted mostly of chironomids and oligochaetes. Aquatic vegetation increased over the past 9 years, but comprised only 1 per cent of the lake surface. ~ latifolia was the dominant emersed plant while Potamogeton nodosus and_l.. pectinatus were the most prevalent submersed species. 22 David J. Jude, M.S., 1969 *Bottom Fauna Utilization and Distribution of 10 Species of Fish in Pool 19 , Mississippi River Data regarding distribution, food habits and bottom fauna utilization were collected i n the Fort Madison section of Pool 19, Mississippi River during 1966-1968. Host fish were collected by use of standard 125- foot experi mental gill nets. The results ar e summari zed in table 8 . TABLE 8 . --Distribution and food of some f i shes Eran Pool 19 , Miss issippi River Habitat I mportant Foods Micro- Finger- ~- Trichop- Chiro- Oligo- crust- nail Species Shallow Flats Channel genia tera nomids Corixids chaetes acea clam Gizzard shad x x x x x Carp x x x x Moon eye x x x x x Goldeye x x x x x Channel ca tfish x x x x x Black bullhead x x x x Yellow bullhead x x x Bigmouth buffalo x x Smallmouth ~uf falo x x x x River carp- sucker x x x x Uncommon fishes collected included 9 flathead catfish, and 1 each northern redhorse, white sucker and skipjack herring. *'nlis is a companion study to that of Richard G. Ranthum, M.S., 1969. 23 Richard G. Ranthum, M.S., 1969 *Distribution and Food Habits of Several Species of Fish in Pool 19 , Mississippi River The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information for use in evaluating the impact of proposed dredging on the fish population in the study area. Host sampling was done by use of experimental gill nets. The major findings are summarized in table 9. TABL6 9.--Abundance, locations, and food of some fishes from Pool 19, Mississippi River Abundance Habitat Important Foods Next Species Most Most Moderate ~ Rare Shallow Deep Fish Insects Cther Shovelnose sturgeon x x Xl,3 Paddlefish x Copepods Longnose gar x x x Shortnose gar x x x Xl Bowf in x x x 5 Crayfish Northe rn pike x x x American eel x White bass x x x Xl,4 Yellow bass x x x X4 Black crappie x x x Xl,2 White crappie x x x Xl , 2 Bluegill x x X2 ,3 ,4 Snails Pumpkinseed x x X2 , 3 Snails Warmouth x x x Largemouth bass x x x 5 Sauger x x x Wa lleye x x Ye llow perch x x x Xl,2 Freshwater drum x x x Xl,3 Leeches 1-Hexagenia; 2-Chironomids; 3-Trichoptera; 4-Corixids; 5-Dragonflies *This was a companion study to that of David J. Jude, M.s., 1968. 24 Theodore Jacobsen, M.S . , 1968 Air-Water Temperature Relationship at Clear Lake, Iowa The thermal characteris tics of Clear Lake, Iowa, a glacia l eutrophic lake located in western Cerro Gordo County, were examined to determine the relationship between water temperature and local air temperatures , and to examine the effect of water temperature on growth of young-of-the-year yellow bass. Daily water temperature data from 1960 to 1966 were obtained from the Clear Lake Water Treatment plant which obtains its water supply directly from Clear Lake. Water temperatures were also recorded at several locations in Clear Lake with 7 Ryan recording thermometers and a Whitney thermometer from July 15 to September 23, 1966. Recording station locations were selected to collect temperature data in as many habitats as possible. Correlations of average water temperatures from 6 stations and treatment plant temperatures were found to be s ignificant at the 993 confidence level. Treatment plant temperatures were more closely correlated with temperatures in the limnetic zone than in the littoral zone. The average annual temperature cycle for Clear Lake , determined f r om 17 years of data, indicated that the lake was free of ice on an average of 238 days (April 5 to November 28). The best a ir-wate r temperature r elations hip was exhibited by regressing daily wat er temperatures on 10-day rolling sums of minimum plus maximum daily air temperature for the period from 1950 to 1965. The prediction equation accounted for 933 of the varia tion in the daily water temperature data. Da ily, weekly and monthly confidence intervals were calculated for the prediction equation. A relation between temperature and s pawning date of yellow bass was indicated by the high correlation between size of young bass on July 14 and average May water temperatures from 1950 to 1966. Growth of young bass from July 14 to August 31 did not correlate significantly with mean water temperatures for the same period from 1950 to 1966. Dr. Prank J. Bulow preparing golden shiners for RNA-DNA analyses. 25 Louisiana Cooperative Fis hery Unit The Louis i ana Cooperative Fishery Unit was established at Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, in 1963. The As sistant Leader, William H. Herke has been with the Unit since its ince ption. Dr. Jerry c. Tash joined the Unit in November 1967 as Unit Leader. During the report period, the Unit had 12 graduate students, 3 of whom were advised by Unit staff members and 9 by Unit Cooper ators. Seven M. S. degrees were awarded, 2 to Unit advised students. During 1968, the Unit Leader t aught Forestry 125, Limnology to 15 graduate and 1 undergr aduate students. The Unit Leader is carrying out a study to determine the range of environmental variation be t:ween r e plicate plastic pools and dug ponds. He is a lso working with Dr. James Avault, one of the faculty coopera tors, in a bluefish t agging project in the Gulf of Mexico. 1be Assistant Leader, who is working toward his doctorate, completed the field work in 1968 on a project to determine the comparative value of semi-impounded and natural marshes as nursery areas for fishes, shrimps and crabs. During 1969 he is working on the l aboratory phase of his project. Other student studies ar e listed in tabl e 10. TABLE 10. --unit and Unit Cooperator students, degr ees soug ht and project subjects Student Degree Subject Unit St aff Advised Holloway, Luther F. *M.S. Ecology of a tida l marsh estuary at Harsh Island Ryan, Patrick w. *M .s. Life his t ory of spotted bass in the Tchefuncte River Weaver , James E. H.S. Ecology of a tidal ma rsh estua ry Cooperator Advised Allen, Kenneth O. H.S. Effects of salinity on channel catfish and juvenile pompano Be llinger , John w. *M,S, Seasonal occurrence and food habits of pompano Birdsong, Charles L. *M.S. Toxicity of certa in chemicals to juvenile pompano Boothbay, Rea N. *M.S, Food habits of the red drum in coastal marshes de l a Bretonne, Larry, Jr. *M.S. Mineral r equirements of red swamp crawf ish Dardson, Gladney G. H.S . Preservation of Louisiana 's fishable natural streams Gravois, Claude T. H.S. Development of co1m11ercial production of frog legs He rke, William ff. Ph.D. Louis i ana tidal marshes as nursery areas Jaspers, Edmonde J. *M.S. Ecology of the r ed swamp crawfish *Graduated The following are abstracts of Unit advised graduates: Luther F. Holloway, H.s. , 1969 Some Aspects on the Ecology of a Tidal Harsh Estuary a t Harsh Island, Louisiana Surface-trawl samples from March through September 1968, on Harsh Island , Louisiana, showed diffe rences in coamunity structures of macro invertebrates and vertebrates among unweired non-vegetative , weired non-vegetative, and weired vegetative areas. The community structures by number and weight composites indica ted that t:wo different trophic systems and energy-f low mechanisms were operating during the study period. In unweired and weir ed non-vegetative areas, most of the energy which passed into the macro invertebrate vert ebrate l evel was partitioned into BreyoortiaJU?., ~ .l!.P •• and Hicropogon undulatus. Plankton tow samples indicate~ that most of this energy was probably from organic detritus with minor portions from zooplankton and phytoplankton. 26 Most of the energy in the macro invertebrate-vertebrate level in the weired vegetative area was partitioned into K:>llienesia latipinna, Palaemonetes !I>•• and Lucania parva. Periphyton probably provided much of the energy for most of the vegetative area organisms in the macro invertebrate-vertebrate level. Organic detritus was the most conspicuous segment of the materials collected in plankton tows from all sample sites during June, July, and August 1968. Zooplankton was very sparse during these months. A small amount of physical and chemical data from the lagoons was used to help define habitat types. Mean weekly water temperatures varied little betweeen the weired and the unweired areas. Salinities for all areas decreased monthly from approximately 9 ppt during March to approximately 1 ppt during September. Weired lagoons were slightly more saline than unweired lagoons during the study. Relative turbidities were generally lowest in the weired vegetative area and highest in the unweired area. Patrick w. Ryan, M.S., 1968 Food Habits, Spawning, and Growth of Spotted Bass , Micropterus punctulatus, in Tchefuncte River, Southeastern Louisiana Two hundred and forty adult spotted bass, ~icropterus punctulatus, were collected from Tchefuncte River, southeastern Louisiana, between September 1966, and January 1968, and their stomachs were analyzed. Of the 240 stomachs, 214 (89.1 percent) contained food items. Stomachs contained mostly insects (50.5 percent occurrence), crustaceans (31.7 percent occurrence), and fish (19.1 percent occurrence). Crawfish were the most abundant food items in frequency and volume. Food preferences were not biased as to location of fish, sex, time of year, or size of fish. Stomachs from six fingerlings, ranging from 1.9 to ~2.2 centimeters, were examined. The smallest bass ate mostly entomostracans, whereas larger bass ate larger insects, fish, and grass shrimp. Spotted bass in Tchefuncte River were observed to spawn in May and June when the water temperature ranged between 68°F and 700F. The length-weight relationship and condition factor were determined. The average coefficient of condition was 1.116. 27 Maine Cooper ative Fishery Unit The Maine Coo pe rative Fishery Unit, l ocated at the Univers ity of Maine in Orono, began operations in November 1962, when Dr. Richa rd w. Hatch r e ported as Unit Leader. The Assistant Leader, Dr. Paul A. Haefner, Jr., joined the Unit in August 1963. Dr. Haefner r esigned in J un e 1969 to accept a position at the Virginia Ins titute of Marine Science. !>Jring the report pe riod the Unit had 12 graduate students, 2 of whom received H.S. degr ees . Courses taught by Unit staff membe r s included: '.Zoology 132, Ichthyology; Zo 168 , Limnology; '.lo 171, Fish Ma nagement; Zo 357, Popul ation Dynamics; and Zo 370, Advanced Topics in Aquatic Biology. '.Zoo l ogy 292, F\Jnctional Anatomy of Marine Inver tebrates, was co-taught by Ors . Dearborn and Haefner. The Unit Leader continued to serve as an advi sor to the staff of the Cr a i g Brook National Fis h Hatchery. Craig Brook is the major Atlantic sal mon hatchery in the United States. Experiments conducted in 1968 involved 3 nati ve strains of sal mon, 2 year classes of salmon , 3 poo l types, covered and uncovered pool s and t he final year 's t est of pellet and wet die ts. Eva luation of experimental r esults is based on survi val and growth in the ha tchery, per formance in a stamina testing tunnel, and survival in the wild. Prelimi nary r esults indicate that the r e a r e definite gr owth differences among the str ains tested, that the wes t coast continuously c irculating raceways produce superior 2-year-old salmon, and t hnt the pelle t die t is satisfactory. The As s i s t ant Leade r compl e t ed his r esear ch on the tempera ture and salinity tolerances and osmor cgul a tion of sand shrimp, Cr angon scptemspinosa . Two manus cripts on this rese.:i r ch we r e submitted for publicat ion. lie a l so continued to direct the hydrographic monitoring of the Penobscot River es tuary. De t a i l s of these investigations are r eported in the nbs tr.:ic t of s tudies by s tudent Wayne K. Shor ey. A l ist of s tudent studies is given in table 11. TABLE 11.--unit students, ..d egr ees sought and project s ubject s Student Degr ee Subject Cl a rk, Loyd D. M.S. Biology of the c r ustacca, fraunas f l exuosus1 in coastal wate r s Embic h, Thomas R. M.S. Ecology of the sand s hrimp in Penobscot Rive r estuary Ke llihe r, Stephen M.S. Early life history of t he Sunapee trout in Flood's Pond Krouse, Jay S. *M .S. Effects of dissol ved 021 T0 and salinity on young striped bass McNe is h , J. Dennis M.S. Effects of DDT on swilllllling performance of Atlantic salmon parr Ne l son, Kristine H.S. Effects of photoperiodicity and temperature on Atlantic sal mon pa rr-smolt transformation Neves, Richard J. M.S. (Project to be assigned) Otto, Robert s. H.S. Angler utilization of s triped bass a long the Haine coast Reid, Wm . F. , J r . H.S. Cr ayfish utilization by smallmouth bass , Union River drainage Schneide r , Philip w. H.s. Role of photope riod and diet in rate of Atlantic salmon smolt transformation Shor ey, Wayne K. **M.S. Ecology of a benthic co11U11Unity, Penobscot River estuary Taylor, John A. M.S. Comparative water quality of Atlantic salmon streams *Graduated; **Will graduate in August 1969 The following are abstracts of theses completed during the r e porting period. Jays. Krouse, M.S., 1968 Effects of Dissol ved Oxygen, Temperature, and Salinity on Survival of Young Striped Bass, ~ saxatilis (Walbaum) A study was undertaken to estimate tolerance levels of dissolved oxygen , salinity, and t emperature for young striped bass collected in the Hudson River estuary at Croton-on Hudson , New York. A 40-foot beach seine with 1 / 4-inch mesh was employed to capture the young bass in f ive seining trips from mid-July through mid-Septe!N>er. 28 The test fish were subjected to three levels each of temperature, salinity, and dissol ved oxygen. This 3x3x3 factorial design yie lded 27 combinations of environmental conditions. Parameter levels were selected on the basis of known ranges of environmental conditions that confront young bass in an estuary. The test end point, mortality, was r ecorded when observed during the 72-hour assay. Of the three variables studied, dissolved oxygen was the most limiting factor. At the dissolved oxygen concentration of 1 mg/l for all temperatures and salinities complete mortality occurred with the exception of one tes t (one fish lived) in the last assay. For the 5 mg 02;1 level, survival was high (34 of 45 tests had 1003 survival with only values (17 of 45 tests had 100% survival, 22 tests had less than 883 survival). Striped bass survival was generally good at all temperature and salinity levels where the dissolved oxygen was not critically low. Wayne K. Shorey, M.S., (1969 (August) Macrobenthic Ecology of a Sawdust-Bearing Substrate in the Penobscot River Estuary (Maine) The macrobenthos of two selected stations in the Penobscot River estuary (Maine) were sampled bimonthly, January through November 1968. Sediment analyses were mad e by volume displacement in carbon t etrachloride to permit separation of sediment and sawdust. Sawdust concentrations (as percent of total sample) were nearly equal from the two s tations. The polychaete Scolecolepides viridis and the bivalves ~ balthica and tll'..!! arenaria dominated the sandy sediments of the shallow station. Prionospio ~reni and Corophium valutator were the dominant species in the granular substrate of the deeper station. The population of the s hallow s tation was seasonally more stable and had a higher, mean monthly bio-index (number of individuals/ number of species) than that of the deeper station. Suggestions have been made for further investigations on the role of sawdust in the ecology of estuarine benthos. Massachusetts Cooperative Fishery Unit students investigating Cranberry Pond. 29 Ill . I" \ . ~l< l .il11 \. l1:.i1.....hi n· .i \. 1. 1.~ Dr. Ro1'.•· r J. R<.:c d i.n s t ructi.ng g r ndua t c s tudents on the f unction 0f Scuba eq uipment . 30 Massachusetts Cooperative Fishery Unit The Massachusetts Cooperative Fishery Unit is located at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. The Unit Leader, Dr . James A. Mccann, activated the Unit in September 1963. The Assistant Leader, Dr. Roger J. Reed, joined the Unit in March 1964. During the reporting period, Unit staff members were advisors for 15 graduate students, 6 of whom received M.S. degrees. The Unit Cooperator, Dr. Charles F. Cole, advised 8 students , 2 of whom received M.S. degrees. The total number of Unit and Unit Cooperator students was 21, as 2 of the students receiving M.S. degrees are now working toward their Ph.D. degrees. Formal courses taught by Unit staff during 1968 included: Fisheries Biology 567, Fisheries Techniques Laboratory; and FB 701 and 702, Seminar in Fisheries Biology. During the spring semester, 1969, Dr. McCann taught FB 756, Fisheries Biometrics and Dr. Reed taught FB 702, Seminar in Fisheries Biology. Unit Leader projects included: a. Analysis of statistical data for the Cornwall (Storm King) proposed pump-storage electric generating plant. b. Developcnent of a computer program to conduct automatic trout allocation for stocking Massachusetts streams. c. An inventory of all Massachusetts ponds, iakes and reservoirs over 5 acres to determine their biological, chemical, physical and land use characteristics. d. Completion of a general plan for a behavioral study on the mortality of American shad at Holyoke Dan. Assistant Unit Leader activities included: a. Age and growth studies of the johnny darter, creek chub and river chubsucker. ij, Completion of a study on the growth of brook and brown trouts in the West Branch of Swift River. c. Documentation of information on the early life history of the fallfish. d. Study of the effects of pollution on aquatic life of Millers River e. Supervision of a SCUBA diving course resulting in the certification of 9 fishery students. A list of student study projects is given in table 12. TABLE 12.--Unit and Unit Cooperator students, degrees sought and study subjects Student Degree Subject Unit Staff Advised Belusz, Lawrence c. *M.S. Relationship of bottom organisms to fish food chain in Conn. R. Elliot, Wayne P. M.S. Ecological parameters of Bassett Pond, New Salem, Hass. Frame, David W. *M.s. Epibiota on test panels, Cape Cod Canal, Mass. Freeman, Bruce L. M.S. Evaluation of methods to collect sport fishery statistics Godfrey, Paul J, H.S. Pollution biology of the Hillers River watershed Holsapple, John G. *M.S. Ecology of Lower Spectacle Pond Keene, Charles I., Ill *M.s. Ecology of Cranberry Pond Leonard, John R. *M.S. Fish population in a segment of the Connecticut River Levesque, Raymond C • M.S. Food habits of young shad in the Connecticut River Maclnnes, John R. M.S. Evaluation of creel census methods used on Quabbin Reservoir Moul ton, James c. H.S. Aquatic environments created by highway construction Oatis, Peter H. H.S. Effects of pollution on the fishes of Millers River 31 Piehler , Glenn R. Ph.D. Sampling procedures to obtain marine sport f ishery data Scofield, Larry R. *M.S . Loca t i on and classification of small ponds in Hampshire Co., Maa s. Wa tson, J ay F. Ph.D. Juvenile American shad in the Conn . R. above Holyoke Dam Coopera tor Advised Crestin, Davis s. M.S. American smelt in the Weweantic River estuary Frame, David w. Ph.D. Food of winter flounder in an estuarine ecosystem Howe, Arnold 8 . M.S . Bio logy of the tomcod in the Weweantic R. estuary Lebida , Robert C. M.s. Eggs, l arvae and young fish, Weweantic R. estuary Serchuk, Frederick M. M.S. Ecology of the cunner , Weweantic R. estuary Smith, Roderick M. *M.S. Effects of pesticides on the winter flounder, Weweantic R. estuary Smith, Roderick M. Ph.D. Effects of chlorina t ed hydrocarbons on larval winter f lounder Stolgitis, J ohn A. M.S. Fecundity and early life history of the Atlantic tom cod Wa tson, Jay F . *M.S. Early life his tory of Ame rican shad above Holyoke Dam The following are these abstracts of Unit sta ff advised studen ts: Lawrence c. Belusz , M.s. , 1968 The Re l a tionship of Bottom Organisms to the Food Cha in of Fis h Species in the Connecticut River Above the Holyoke DSID , Massachusetts Sampling for yellow per ch, Pe rea flavescens (Mitchill), sma llmouth bass, Hicropterus do l om i eui Lacepede, channel cat f is h, l c t a lurus punct atus (Rafinesque ) , white s ucker, Cat os tomus commer soni (Lacepede ), and gol den s hiner , Not emigonu s crysoleucas (Mitchill) was conducted in two a r eas of a 17.5 mile sect ion of the Connec t icut River in Mass achusetts over two dis tinct bot tom types : sand and muck. Stomach contents were ana l yzed by estimation of percent volume and frequency of occurrence to determine food habi t s of ind i vidua l species during the suamer. Stomach contents were characterized by a rea and rauna l availability: f ish inhabiting slack-wa t er a r eas cons umed materia l found in abundance only in these areas . Chironomid larvae were found t o be the mos t important food item in bo th s tudy a reas . Changes in chironomid popula t i on s tructure wer e accuratel y r e flected by changes in s tomach contents of cer tai n fis h s pecies. Competit i on be tween fis h s pecies for microcrustaceans and aqua tic insects appears to be seve r e. Growt h r a t es may be inf luenced by interspecific competition for a limited food s upply. David w. Frame , H.S., 1968 Epi biota Attached to Te st Panels in the Cape Cod Canal , Sandwich , Massachusetts The seasonal abundance of e pibio t a on white pine panels se t in the Cape Cod Canal , Sandwich , Massachusetts, was studied and some f act or s affecting the ir abundance were evalua t ed prior to the oper ation of a nearby power plant. Temper a tures and salinities were taken a t eas t and west entrances of the cana l. The min i mum t emperature, 30.6°p. occurred during the l ast week in February and the maximum, 70 . 2°F. occurred during the las t week in July 1967. PerAodic tem~ r ature and salinity measurements in the su111Der of 1966 r eveal ed less than 1 F. and 1 °; oo salinity dif f erences be tween surface and bo ttom r eadings. 32 The wooden test panels were placed at five stations in May 1966 and retrieved at monthly intervals until August 1967. Sediments accumu.lated on surfaces of panels were poorly sorted and amounts of each particle size varied between stations and months. Total sediment weight increased with length of panel exposure. Biomass varied between stations and months and was dominated by Mytilus edulis and ~ lactuca. Seventy-six genera of invertebrates and twenty-four genera of algae were identified and represent the epibiota on test panels. The most abundant epibiota attached to tops of panels were (Algae) Enteromorpha linza, Enteromorpha ~·· Ulva ~actuca, Ceramium ~·· Polysiphonia ~.; (lnvertebrata) Mytilus edulis, Corophiidae, Nematoda. Undersurfaces of panels were dominated by three invertebrates, Molgula ~omplanata, 1\.tbularia ~and Callopora aurita. Specimens observed on panels were also found on the natural substrate surrounding stations and on cement blocks that were placed at three stations. The abundance of epibiota was dependent on temperature and sediment deposition. A greater number of Polysiphonia .!_2.2., Molgula complanata and Callopora ~urita were recorded during winter and spring than in suamer and fall. All other dominant algae and invertebrates were more abundant on panels during summer and fall rather than during winter and spring. Three species, _Molgula complanata, Hiatella arctica and .ulva lactuca, were selected for examination of their growth rate and time of settlemP.nt. Larvae of M. complanata, a tunicate, did not settle in large numbers during the suamer months of 1966 probably because of high water temperatures. However, some larvae that did settle in late spring survived through the summer and produced more larvae in November. The result was a second population on the panels. Juveniles of the bivalve, H. arctica, (O.S-5.S mm.) settled throughout the fall 1966 and rapid growth of this mollusc occurred during the spring 1967. The growth rate for Ulva lactuca, a green algae, could not be determined by employing the same methods used for measuring invertebrates. However, data on this alga indicate that these plants persis t as small plants throughout the winter. John G. Holsapple, M.S., 1968 Some Ecological Parameters of Lower Spectacle Pond, New Salem, Massachusetts Some physical, chemical, and biological parameters of a 36-acre bog pond in central Massachusetts were examined over a 16-month period (1966-1967). Emphasis was placed on water chemistry, fish population estimates, and age and growth determinations of yellow perch (Perea flavescens), pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Benthic fauna , plankton, fish diet, and other aspects of the ecosystem were also considered. Fish in Lower Spectacle Pond were restricted to the littoral area of the pond where aquatic vegetation was abundant. The thick vegetation reduced the efficiency of most sampling gear and made valid population estimates difficult. The summer stagnation period was found to be more critical to fish, in terms of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations, than the winter stagnation period. Further acidification with the accu11111lation of carbon dioxide and depletion of dissolved oxygen seems inevitable for the poorly drained bog pond. Indiscriminate stocking in the past is partly responsible for the species composition existing in Lower Spectacle Pond. Although it has been established that at least three species of fish in the pond i .e . yellow perch, bluegill, pumpkinseed, and most likely others, utilize and possibly compete for a common food source, growth rates for these three species are generally better than averages in other waters of Massachusetts. Previous investigators have demonstrated favorable effects of pond reclamation on yellow perch growth rates. However, fish growth in Spectacle Pond is already better than the average in Massachusetts and reclamation would be difficult and impractical. Control of aquatic vegetation rather than fish eradication is recommended, at least experi mentally. 33 Largemouth bass bred successfully in the pond, but because adults were difficult to capture, a more detailed investigation of the species in that environment is necessary before any management suggestions can be made. Lower Spectacle Pond drains away from the Quabbin Reservoir and therefore is not a source of contamination to the drinking supply. I would suggest that motorless boats be allowed as a means of stimulating more continuous and effective fishing. Charles I. Keene, Ill, M.S., 1968 Some Ecological Parameters of Cranberry Pond, Sunderland, Massachusetts Cranberry Pond, a small (27 acres) artificially enlarged kettlehole, on the Ht. Toby State Reservation, Sunderland, Massachusetts, was studied from 1966 to 1967 to determine how the pond might best be managed to sustain both a put-and-take trout fishery and a warm-water fishery. The average depth of the pond is only five feet but the maxioaim depth is 22 feet and the pond is stratified June to August with temperatures ranging from 56-65°F. below a depth of 15 feet. Since the dam was installed in 1933-34, the warm-water fish populations consisted of stunted fish and contributed little to sport fishing. Standing crop estimates of 75 lbs./acre and other indices of productivity all suggest that basic fertility is not a limiting factor. Age and growth studies conducted on pumpkinseed and golden shiner illustrate the severity of stunting. Population estimates were obtained for the above species during the summer of 1967. In September 1967, the pond was drawn down and rotenoned (concentration .20 ppm.) to eradicate the existing fish populations. The pond was then stocked with 22 ,000 large mouth bass fingerlings and several thousand golden shiner. A largemouth bass-golden shiner combination should produce a satisfactory warm-water fishery. John R. Leonard, M.S., 1968 The Distribution and Composition of Fish Found in a 32-mile Segment of the Connecticut River An ecological survey of the 32-mile segment of the Connecticut River was conducted to determine the fish distribution and composition. Sampling collections were made using hoop nets, fyke nets, gillnets, seines, and electric shocker. The efficiency and selectivity of these gear types were discussed and su11E1ari zed. A total of 5,324 specimens of 31 species were captured during this survey. The distribution of the various species were discussed in relation to bottom type, water flow, and vegetative cover. The variations in total length, areas of fish concentration and relationships of length-weight were also presented for selected species. Larry R. Scofield, M.s., 1968 Survey of Small Artificial Recreational Ponds for Hampshire County, Massachusetts A detailed physical, biological, and chemical examination of 167 artificial ponds in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, was made from May 1965 to August 1966. The past and present pond usage data were obtained from an interview with their owners. Data on the biological, physical, and chemical features were collected with various types of sampling gear and were correlated with the data obtained from interviews. Present management policies were evaluated in connection with information received from the interviews and the technical survey. For all regions, fire protection and livestock watering are the primary interests for pond construction; with recreational interests being secondary. lee skating and swimming are the primary recreational uses; fishing is secondary. Lack of information, interest and technical advice are the reasons given for no attempt at pond management. 34 The following are theses abstracts of students advised by Dr. Charles F. Cole: Roderick M. Smith, M.s., 1969 lhe Occurrence, Dynamics, and Significance of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon in the Tissues of Winter Flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) from the Weweantic River Estuary Tissue analyses of winter flounder from the Weweantic River estuary were conducted for residues of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides from July 1966 to June 1967. Seasonal patterns of residue accumulation and metabolic breakdown were demonstrated for DDT and heptachlor in flounder somatic tissue. Maxioum quantities of DDT (0.31 ppm) appeared in the su111Der months, while lower concentrations (0.01 ppm) occurred in the winter. DDE, the metabolic breakdown product of DDT, followed an opposing pattern with greatest con centrations (1.10 ppm) in the winter months, and relatively smaller concentrations (0.03 ppm) in the summer. Maximum quantities of heptachlor (1.10 ppm) occurred in the winter, decreasing to 0.07 ppm by summer. Concentrations of heptachlor epoxide, the corresponding breakdown product, were greatest (0.44 ppm) shortly following the peak concentrations of the parent compound, and declined to 0.14 ppm by su111Der. Dieldrin was present throughout the year in quantities ranging from 0.01 ppm to 0.05 ppm. No definite pattern of accumulation or metabolic breakdown could be described for this compound. Juvenile flounder, year-round inhabitants of the estuary, generally contained greater concentrations of DDE, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide than did adult flounder which undertake seasonal migrations to and from the estuary. Adult female flounder concentrated DDT, DDB, and heptachlor epoxide in their ripening ovaries as the spawning season approached. Ovarian concentrations at the time of spawning were DDT - 0.40 ppm, DDB - 0.22 ppm, and heptachlor epoxide - 0.65 ppm. Heptachlor decreased as the spawning season approached. The insecticide residues found in the flounder tissues were circum stantially related to pesticide use in the adjacent watershed. The significance of the residues encountered, and projections for future study are considered. Jay F. Watson, M.S., 1968 The Early Life History of the American Shad (Alosa sapidissima Wilson) Above the Holyoke Dam, Massachusetts Spawning areas of the Alnerican shad,~ sapidissima (Wilson), were located in the 34- mile section of the Connecticut River between the TUrners Falls and Holyoke Dams with set meter nets and plankton tows. During 1966, a total of 379 eggs were collected in the study area with a towed one-foot plankton net and two set standard one-meter plankton nets. These combined methods resulted in the collection of 374 eggs in the upper section; only 5 eggs were collected in the lower section. In 1967, 207 eggs were collected in the study area with towed and set modified one-meter plankton nets. Sampling resulted in the collection of 57 eggs in the upper section and 150 in the lower. Fish spawned in the upper part of the study area in 1966 and in the lower section in 1967, indicating that almost the entire area is suitable for spawning and that temperature is important in determinatiat of spawning areas. Weekly collections of juveniles were made at three stations to determine growth and general movements in the system. Juveniles grew approximately 7.2 om per week until the time of their migration from the study area. Migration did not begin until water temperatures dropped below 65°F.; final movement from the system did not occur until temperatures were below so°F. Juveniles in the Connecticut River feed mainly on zooplankton (Cladocera, Ostracoda, and Copepoda) and both aquatic and terrestrial Diptera. Most of the food in the study area originates from aquatic sources. No attempt was made to estimate the number of juvenile shad produced in the study area. 35 Missouri Cooperative Fishery Unit The Missouri Cooperative Fishery Unit, located at the University of Missouri in Columbia, has been in operation since June 1963 when Dr. Richard o. Anderson was appointed Unit Leader. Dr. Daniel w. Coble joined the Unit as Assistant Leader in September 1967. During the report period, Unit staff members supervised 9 graduate students, 1 of which received a M.A. degree. Unit Cooperators, Drs. Roberts. Campbell and Arthur Witt, Jr., supervised 10 graduate fisheries students, 5 of whom received M.A. degrees and 2 received Ph.D. degrees. Formal courses taught by Unit staff members included Zoology 312, Fish Culture and z 407, Trophic Ecology. Student studies are listed in table 13. TABLE 13.--Unit and Unit Cooperator students, degrees sought and study subjects Student Degree Subject Unit Staff Advised Chang , Blenny M.A. Population dynamics in a 3-acre pond Faraba, Gordon B. M.A. Factors influencing learning and memory of large mouth bass Hutchinson, Curtis M.A. Temperature effects on the susceptibility of fish to insecticides Mccomish, Tom Ph.D. Growth and bioenergetics of bluegill under controlled conditions Mauck, Wilbur M.A. Vulnerability of prey to northern pike predation Michaelson, Stanley M.A. Age structure and other characteristics of bass bluegill populations Selgeby, James H. Zooplankton sampling and analysis at Lake Francis Case, S. D. Stock, Jay N. M.A. Stock recruitment relationships in gizzard shad Woodward, Dan M.A. Influence of malathion on learning and behavior of goldfish Unit Cooperator Advised Boonyubol, Hattana Age and growth of the freshwater drum Brezina, Edward R. Effects of heated water discharge and mine drainage on a 1,500-acre reservoir Choate, James M.A. Evaluation of a 12-inch length limit on largemouth bass, Little Dixie Lake Geiling, Wm. T. *Ph.D. Zooplankton production in strip-mine lakes Harp, George L. *Ph.D. Dynamics of bottom fauna in strip-mine lakes Holz , Delmar M.A. Ecology of the flathead catfish, Missouri R., Nebraska Nimsomboon, Kemchat Ph.D. (To be selected) Roush, Thomas H. *M.A. Effect of heated water discharge on fish growth Silapachai, Damrong *M.A. Age and growth of Pristolepis fasciatus (Thailand fish) Stickney, Robert R. Growth and production of Aufwuchs in strip-mine lakes *Graduated The following is an abstract of a Unit student thesis: James H. Selgeby, M.A., 1968 Evaluation of the Automatic Plankton Sampler and an Analysis of the 1,ooplankton of Lake Francis Case, South Dakota, a Hain stem Missouri River Reservoir Zooplankton samples.collected by an automatic plankton sampler in Fort Rilldall Dam, South Dakota, from June to September 1966, and on July 25 and 26, 1967, were compared with samples collected by tow sampling in the reservoir (Lake Francis Case). No significant 36 differences were found betwen these two methods of estimating total zooplankton or between estimates of five of the seven major species of zooplankton during 1966. On July 25 and 26, 1967, samples from the automatic sampler significantly differed from lake samples. The lack of agreement between estimates from the automatic sampler and tow sampling in July of 1967 may have been related to thermal stratification in the two sampling areas. Stratification was never observed in 1966. The intake structures at the dam may withdraw water from below the thermocline when stratification occurs, and under these conditions the automatic sampler may fail to obtain samples representative of the entire water column. The crustacean zooplankton collected at four stations throughout the reservoir were examined to determine longitudinal and seasonal patterns. Fourteen species of Cladocera and eleven species of Copepoda were present one or more times during the summer. The upper portion of the reservoir was characterized by greater species diversity than the lower, more lake-like, portion. Mean standing crop during the 14-week sampling period in 1966 was 20.9 kg/ha dry weight. The mid and upper-mid portion of the reservoir had the highest mean standing crop, both in numbers and weight, on a unit volume basis. The area immediately above the dam had the highest mean standing crop on an areal basis. This study revealed that the automatic sampler can yield accurate estimates of total zooplankton and major s pecies of zooplankton of large reservoirs if the discharge from the reservoir is representative of the water column. In Lake Francis Case the estab lishment of a thermocline can prevent the discharge from being representative of the entire water column. The advantages of the automatic sampler are several; it can collect samples under all weather conditions and when the lake is ice-covered, samples are collected and preserved automatically so relatively little time is required to keep the sampler operating, and it provides a means of estimating the biomass and energy loss from reservoirs, even those reservoirs where it fails to accurately estimate the lake plankton. During the 14 week sampling period in 1966, and estimated 1350 metric tons dry weight were discharged from Lake Francis Case. This discharge loss largely determines the plankton population in Lewis and Clark Lake and represents a large energy loss from Lake Francis Case. Faculty member and students sampling fish from a Missouri Unit experimental pond. 37 Montana Cooperative Fishery Unit The Montana Cooperative Fishery Unit was established at Montana State University, Bozeman, on September 1, 1963. Dr. Richard J. Graham, the Unit Leader, has been with the Unit from the start. Dr. William R. Gould, the Assistant Leader, joined the Unit in December 1963. During the report period, the Unit had 10 graduate students, 5 of whom received M.S. degrees. Unit staff members taught the following formal courses: Zoology and Entomology 423, Ichthyology; Z&E 513, Fisheries Management; Z&E 553, Water Pollution Biology; and Z&E 538, Freshwater Invertebrates which was offer ed both in 1968 and 1969. In addition to planning and directing graduate student projects, the Unit staff is engaged in a long-term study of trout population dynamics in mountain streams . This is a cooperative study with the Montana Fish and Game Department. A list of student projects is given in t a ble 14. TABLE 14.--Unit students, degrees sought and project subjects Student Degree Subject Avery, Eddie *M.S . Effects of sewage on the biota of the East Gallatin R. Sandow, Farrell L. *M.s. Life history of the yellow perch, Canyon Ferry Reservoir Craft, Me lvin *M.S. Effects of controlled dewatering on a trout stream McClay, William *M.S. Effects of flow reduction on insects in a stream riffle Marcoux, Ronald G. *M.S. Fish populations in Big Spring Creek Peterson , Norman M.S. Trout harvest from Spring Creek Vandenberg, Raymond J. M.S. Fish populations of 3 pot-hole l akes Wasem, Robert M.S . Ecology of some fishes of Glacier National Park Workman, Dennis M.S. (Continued the pot-hole study after Vandenberg was drafted) Zillges, Gordon M.S. Effects of sil tation on insects in Bluewater Creek *Graduated The fol l owing are abstracts of students who gradua ted: Eddie Avery, M.S., 1969 Effects of Domestic Sewage on Aquatic Insects and Salmonids of the East Gallatin River, Montana Aquatic insect collll!Unities and salmonid populations were sampled above and below a municipal sewage outfall on the East Gallatin River. Numbers of Trichoptera, Bphemeroptera, Coleoptera, and Plecoptera 0.45 mile (0.72 km) below the sewage outfall were lower than those found above. This reduction was associated with the occurrence of "sewage fungus" (Sphaerotilus ~·)on the bottom. An increase in the number of Diptera was associated with intra-ordinal changes in gener a. As compared with above, volumes of insects in each of these five orders declined below. A partial recovery in the insect community was indicated at 3. 85 miles (6. 19 km) below the sewage outfall by an increase in numbers and volumes of all insects. At 12.65 miles (20.35 km) below the outfall, the number of aquatic insects was more than 13 times that found above. This was attributed to a return to carrying capacity and/or to the "fertilizing" effect of the sewage. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), brown trout (Salmo ~), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) were found above the sewage outfall but only rainbow trout were present after complete mixing of the sewage had occurred. Rainbow trout was the most numerous salmonid in the river. Above the outfall, the standing crop of rainbow trout was the same in summer and winter. Below the outfall, a marked drop in the standing crop occurred during winter. This was associated with an increase of ammonia (N-NH 3) in the river. 38 Farrell Bandow, , M.S. 1969 Observations on the Life History of the Yellow Perch and Fish Population Trends in Canyon Ferry Reservoir, Montana A study of the yellow perch (Perea flavescens) in Canyon Ferry Reservoir, an impoundment on the Missouri River, was conducted in 1967 and 1968. A series of gill net sets made by the Montana Fish and Game Department between 1955 and 1964 were duplicated during the study. An evaluation of fish population trends for all sampling years was made . The yellow perch population responded less rapidly than suckers in the new impoundment but exhibited a rapid growth rate. In subsequent years, there was a general increase in numbers of perch but growth rates declined. The largest catches of perch with gill nets were made at depths of 10 to 30 feet during summer. The relationships of population density and temperature to growth rates are discussed. Female yellow perch were more abundant than males in all age groups. They grew more rapidly than males after the first year and generally lived longer. Most spawning occurred during the last week of April and the first 2 weeks of May when water temperatures ranged from 45 to 67 F. Some males matured as yearlings and some females at 2 years. Nearly all males larger than 5.0 inches and nearly all females larger than 7.0 inches were mature. Growth rates of age group 0 perch from different parts of the reservoir differed. The estimated number of eggs per female ranged from 6,600 for a 5.6 inch perch to 47,500 for a 10.7 inch fish. Based on frequency of occurrence and volume, Cladocera and Copedoda were about equally important as food of age group 0 and yearlings . Cladocera was by far the most important food of perch 5 to 9 inches long. Fish increased in the diet as the perch grew larger and was wnst important for perch 9 to 11 inches long . Melvin Kraft, M.S., 1968 The Effects of Controlled Dewatering on a Trout Stream The effect of controlled flow reductions on the physical characteristics and fish popu lations of Blacktail Creek, Montana, was studied from June 1965, through September 1967. Three test sections (designated A, B, and C) were dewatered 753, 503, and 253 respectively, for about 3 months during the summers of 1965 and 1966 and all three sections were dewatered 903 during 1967. Two additional sections were designated as controls. A pool and run in each section were mapped and their fish populations sampled. About 903 of the fish were eastern brook trout. During 1965 and 1966 catchable trout were jaw-tagged while in 1967 they were cold- branded. Average current velocity was the most effected physical parameter with over 703 reduction when flows were reduced 903. Area and average depth were least affected. Fast water types which comprised over 603 of the area at normal flows were reduced to 153 or less while slow-shallow water types increased from about 35% at normal flows to about 853 when flows were reduced 903. During 1965 and 1966 no substantial changes in numbers or weight of fish could be attributed to flow reductions. The standing crop of eastern brook trout in two runs was most affected during 1967. Number decreased about 753 and weight over 583. Movement of marked fish was greatest from section B and C runs which was consistent with low standing crops in these areas. A multiple linear regression with physical parameters as independent variables and fish numbers as dependent variables accounted for 773 and 833 of the variation in the number of age I and older brook trout in runs and pools and was significant at the 0.01 level. William Mcclay, M.S., 1968 Effects of Controlled Flow Reductions on Aqua tic Insects in a Stream Riffle A study was conducted on Blacktail Creek in southwestern Montana f rom May 1966 to September 1967, to determine the effects of controlled flow reductions on the ecology of aquatic insects. Two riffles were selected for study: one served as a control and the other, the test riffle, was subjected to flow reductions of 75 and 903 during the summers of 1966 and 1967, respectively. Four samples of aquatic insects were collected with a Surber sampler along a transect in each rif fle on each sampling date . Samples were collected bimonthly during the periods of dewatering and monthly during the period of natural flow. Physical and checmical data were collected on each sampling date . Average 39 depth, aver age wate r velocity, and water volume we r e the physical paramet e rs most affect ed by f l ow reductions. During the period of 753 dewatering, aqua tic insect popu l ations in the control riffle increased, while those in the test r iffle remained stabl e. Insect densities in the t es t riffle, r e lative to t hose in t he control riffle, wer e highe r during the period of 75 3 dewa tering than during the f ull-flow period. A dec l ine in the number s of aquatic insects / m2 in the tes t riffle was associated with the resumption of natur a l f low conditions. Total numbers of insects i n the test riffle did not r each the ir initia l high value until two months after the initial high was reached in the t es t riffle. Trichoptera were affected most by f l ow reductions. Rona ld G. Marcoux, M.S., 1969 Fish Populations in Big Spring Cr eek, Montana Es tima tes of trout populations, age group I and older, we re made in f ive sections of Big Spring Cr eek in the summers of 1967 and 1968. A s i mpl e mark and recapture method was employed . Combined s t anding c rops of r ainbow trout (Salmo ga irdneri) and brown trout (Salmo t rutta) r anged from 75 to 260 pounds per acre. Ra inbow trout predominated and gene rally comprised over 60% of the total trout populations for all sections. Weighted mean annua l s urvival r ates we r e generally over 0 . 500 for both species, with highe r survival rates generally found for brown trout. Little variation occurred in the growth rat e between sections . Recruitment appeared g r eatest in sections with hig hest adult popula tions. Sucker populations, over 8 inches in l ength, gene r a lly inc reased with progres s i on downstream and attained standing c rops over 1000 pounds per acr e. With the exception of the most down stream s ubsection (E), the number of trout per acr e positively correlated with the a mount of cover 0 to 2 a nd 2 to 5 feet above the water surface, in the 2000 foot subsections studied in 1968 . No appar ent corre l a tion existed between trout numbers and cover above 5 feet . A positive corr elati on a l so occurred in al l s ubsections, except E, be tween number of trout per acr e and the combined a r ea of aqua t ic veget ation and s ubme rged cover. Fac tors beside cover caused the l ower s t anding c rop of t r out in subsection E. Student, Eddie Aver y, sorting aquatic Technician at the Iowa Unit preparing inse cts as a part of pollution studies. fish scal es for Age and Growth studies. 40 ' New York Cooperative Fishery Unit The New York Cooperative Fishery Unit was established at Cornell University, Ithaca, in September 1963. Dr. Alfred w. Eipper, was appointed Unit Leader in December 1963. The Assistant Leader, Dr. Clarence A. Carlson, joined the Unit in September 1966. During the reporting period, the Unit had 8 graduate students, 4 of whom received M.S. degrees. Unit staff members taught the following courses: Conservation 439, Fish F.cology; C 441, Fishery Resources Management, spring terms; and Fishery Biology Seminar. The Unit Leader continued investigation of methods for collecting large samples of small fishes from ponds. The Assistant Leader continued work on evaluation of predation on young-of-the-year largemouth bass. Both staff members are vitally interested in biological problems associated with nuclear-fueled power plants and considerable data have been collected on this subject. Student study subjects are listed in table 15. TABLE 15.--unit students, degrees sought, and study subjects Student Degree Subject Badenhuizen, Theo R. *M.S. Bffect of incubation temperature on survival of largemouth bass Dudley, Richard G. *M.S. Bffects of dissolved 02 concentration on largemouth bass embryos Bckert, Thomas H. M.S. Predation on largemouth bass during their first year of life Lawrence, Geoffrey c. Ph.D. Role of food in the mortality of largemouth bass larvae Mathur, Dilip *M.S. Food habits of largemouth bass fry in Cornell ponds Hiller, Roy W. H.S. Bffects of fanning on 02 environment of largemouth bass embryos Shealy, Malcolm H. Ph.D. Predation on largemouth bass during their first year of life Swallow, William H. *M.S. Relation of incubation temperature to the mortality of fish embryos *Graduated The following are summaries of theses completed: Theo R. Badenhuizen, M.S., 1969 Bffect of Incubation Temperature on Mortality of Embryos of the Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) Objective: 1) To determine if embryo age, acclimation, or both factors produce the mortality differences between non-acclimated and acclimated bass embryos observed in the 1966 experiments at temperatures above 25 C and below 12.4 c. 2) To observe the effects of sudden and gradual tempexature shifts of various magnitudes on the mortality of largemouth bass embryos of various known ages. 3) To determine the developmental stage at which non-acclimated and acclimated bass embryos are most critically affected by temperature changes. Methods: A total of four experiments were carried out during the spawning seasons (Hay-June) of 1967 and 1968 using artificially fertilized eggs obtained from one pair of bass for each experiment. Embryo containers with lots of 20 eggs in each were initially kept at 20 C (the control temperature), then transferred to nine different 41 incubation temperatures (ranging from 10 C to 30 C at 2.5 C intervals) either suddenly or gradually (with acclimation rates of 0.3 C and 1 C/hr) at 5 hr intervals up to 35 hrs after fertilization, and then kept at their final incubation temperatures until at least three days after hatching. Mortality was recorded daily in most cases. Results: Multiple regression analyses indicated that temperature, acclimation and age had significant effects on treatment mortality, and chi-square tests showed a significant difference between comparable treatment mortalities of the four experiments. Conclusions: The variability of the data preclude definite quantitative conclusions, but the following trends were established; 1) Treatment mortality had a parabolic relationship with temperature, being highest at 10 and 30 C and lowest around 20 c. 2) Mortality appeared highest just after fertilization (the most critical period) and declined gradually with increasing age, with no indications of any other critical period. 3) Mortality decreased with acclimation. It seems unlikely that temperature effects alone adequately explain the early mortality observed in largemouth bass in nature, and further experirrents on the effect of siltation interacting with temperature, oxygen concentration, and water movement are suggested. Richard G. l>Jdley, M.S., 1969 Survival of Largemouth Bass Embryos at Low Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations The year-class strength of largemouth bass populations is determined by the extent of survival during the early life stages. nte objective of this study was to determine in the laboratory what levels of dissolved oxygen could cause high mortalities in large mouth bass embryos incubated at different temperatures. In two experiments an attempt was made to study the effect of water movement on embryonic survival at low oxygen levels. The method of water movement, which employed vertical movement of the embryos, caused a nearly complete mortality at hatching. Water of low dissolved oxygen content was provided by a degassing apparatus. Test water flowed slowly through three series of four test tanks each. The water temperature in each series of four tanks was either 15, 20, or 25 c. Within each series, the four test tanks formed a dissolved oxygen gradient. Thus four dissolved oxygen levels could be maintained at each temperature. Artificially fertilized largemouth bass embryos were counted into mesh-bottomed containers and were placed in the test tanks. The embryos were examined every 8 to 10 hours without removing them from the test conditions. Although living bass larvae were produced at dissolved oxygen levels as low as 1.0, 1.1 and 1.3 ~ /l, survival of embryos dropped sharply at oxygen levels below 2.0, 2.0, and 2.8 ~ / l in incubation temperatures of 15, 20, and 25 C,respectively. Production of normal larvae equal to that at 90 percent oxygen saturation is probably possible only at oxygen levels above 2.0, 2.5 and 3.5 mg/ l in incubation temperatures of 15, 20, and 25 c,respectively. Data from all experiments show that the critical point in embryonic development, with regard to dissolved oxygen at the levels tested, is the hatching period. It is suspected that the increased activity of the embryo during the hatching period increases its oxygen requirements above the level that can be supplied from the test water. 42 Although movement did not appear to affect the survival of embryos before the hatching period, it caused a complete mortality of embryos during the hatching period. This observation may be related to an increased activity, and thus an increased oxygen consumption, of embryos due to movement during the hatching period, but the exact reason for the movement-associated mortalities is unknown. Some evidence of mortality due to crowding of embryos was apparent in Experiment III. This mortality could have been due to a depletion in dissolved oxygen levels in water surrounding the embryos or to an accumulation of metabolic wastes. Dilip Mathur, M.s., 1968 Food Habits of Largemouth Bass , Micropterus salmoides, Lacepede, Fry in Three Cornell university Ponds The present study was designed to assess food selectivity of bass larvae in three earthen ponds. Such a study was a prerequisite to later more critical evaluations of the effect of kind and quantity of food on bass fry survival. Stomach analyses were carried out on fry sampled from Ponds D, E and G. Zooplankton abundance and composition was determined for each pond and compared to bass fry food. Numbers and percentages of organisms found in the stomachs of bass fry were recorded. Numbers/liter and percentages of the zooplankters were also recorded. The important food organisms were Chydorus, Daphnia, .Bosmina, Ceriodaphnia , Cyclops and Diaptomus. It was observed that species composition of the zooplankton was remarkably similar in all the three ponds at both 1-foot and 3-feet depths. Rotifers were highly abundant in all the three ponds. Copepod nauplii were the second highest ranking zooplankters in abundance in the three ponds. Chydorus and Daphnia were important cladoceran genera in Ponds D and E. Bosmina and Ceriodaphnia were not important zooplankters in Ponds D and E. However, Ceriodaphnia was very important zooplankter in Pond G on most of the sampling dates. Cyclops and Diaptomus were the important copepod genera present in all the three ponds. Daphnia showed significant changes in its relative abundance during the sampling period in all three ponds. Ceriodaphnia showed significant changes in the abundance in Pond G. Cyclops and Diaptomus changed significantly in their relative abundance in all three ponds during the sampling period. Cladocerans were found to be more abundant than copepods (excluding copepod nauplii) in Ponds E and G. When copepod nauplii were included , the copepods were found to be more abundant in Ponds D and E. There were significant differences in abundance of Chydorus, Ceriodaphnia , Cvclops and Diaptomus at 1-foot and 3-feet depths plankton samples. In general, zooplankters tended to be more dense at 3-feet depths than at 1-foot depths. Cladocerans were the most abundant organisms in bass fry stomachs. Copepods ranked second and insect nymphs and larvae were the least abundant although they contributed to substantial volume to the total food in larger bass fry stomachs. Copepods and insect nymphs or larvae did not appear in bas s fry stomach contents until the fry reached 19-26 mm; total length in Ponds D and E; 14-17 mm; in Pond G. Copepod and insect nymphs and larvae appeared very frequently in the diet of bass fry as the fry grew older and their percentages rose sharply among the various genera of organisms consumed by bass fry as food. Chydorus was present in high percentage in stomachs of bass fry of all the ponds. Daphnia was ranked second in importance in stomachs of bass fry of Pond D and E and also in first four weeks of bass fry life in Pond G. Bosmina was an important food item in diet of bass fry of Pond E. Ceriodaphnia was found to be an important food item of bassfry in Pond G. The copepod genera - Cyclops, Diaptomus -, odonate nymphs and chironomid larvae were consumed by bass fry in same proportions. Significant differences, however, were evident among the various age groups of bass fry in regard to feeding on the various genera of cladocera in the three ponds . This might have been correlated to the availability of a particular food item on the particular date. 43 Evidence was present for selectivity in feeding by bass fry in the three ponds. Bass consumed more cladocerans than any other food items, and cladocerans were positively sele cted by bass fry in all the three ponds on most of the sampling dates. Plankton samples showed cladocerans to be more abundant than copepods (excluding copepod nauplii). Among the cladoceran genera, Chydorus and Daphnia were consistently positively selected by bass fry in a 11 the three ponds. Chydorus was the smallest cladoceran and Daphnia was the l argest cladoceran present in large quantities in bass fry stomachs, and hence size selectivity may be ruled out. Bosmina was positive ly selected by bass fry of Pond E. Ceriodaphnia was positively selected only on one date by bass fry in Pond G, and negatively selected on the other six sampling da tes as its abundance in the plankton increased very sharply. Copepods were cons istently negatively rejected by bass fry in a ll the three ponds. However, some significant corre l a tion was found between the numbers of copepods present in the bass fry stomach and copepod abundance in the plankton samples. This indicated that copepods were being eaten in proportion to their abundance. Ivlev's electivity indices were not found to be very reliable. Small or big changes in plankton abundance during the sampling period can bring about drastic changes in electivity va lues r egardless of the percentage of some food item present in the fish s tomach. This was especially found true when solll? genera of forage organisms were present in small quantities (few individuals) either in stomachs of fry or in plankton but not in both. Ceriodaphnia was consumed in very low quantities (2 or 3 individuals) by bass fry in Pond D and was not observed in plankton samples on two dates; and this gave an unrealistic very high positive selection value. In Pond G, Ceriodaphnia was positively selected only on one sampling date and negatively selected by bass fry on the other six subsequent sampling dates. Yet this organism was consumed in larger quantities as t he f ry grew older in Pond G. A positive selection s hould imply that a fish is seeking a particular food item amongest the multitude of organisms presented to the fish by the environment. A negative selection should be understood as a phenomena of non-seeking rather than rejection. Further investigations would be needed to determine if the bass fry actually sought the food items found to be 'positively selected' in the present study. William H. Swallow, M.S. , 1968 The Relation of Incubation Temperature to the Mortality of Fish Embryos 1) Sufficiently adverse incubation temperatures can cause mortality of fish embryos. Either the embryos thems~lves may die, or fry may hatch which are deformed and unfit for survival. 2) A number of workers have found that the toler ance by fish embryos of unfavorable incuba tion temper atures varies according to their s tage of development. For at least some species, critical stages may occur at which the embryos are particularly vulnerable to the direct effects of temperature. These embryos seem to be particularly delicate during the early cleavages up to the formation of the blastula, just prior to and during gastrulation, at the closing of the blastopore, and just before hatching. 3) Temperature tolerance of the embryos varies from species to species. Species of centrarchids and ·salmonids whose embryos are normally exposed to va riable temperatures are r e latively temperature tolerant, whereas species such as Atlantic mackerel and Pacific cod which normally incubate at r a ther constant temperatures are more restricted in their tolerance of changes in incubation tempera tu re. 4) Embryos of certain centrarchids and salmonids, at least, are sufficiently tolerant of the direct effects of temperature that these effects may not normally be important in nature. Since field s tudies have frequently indicated correlations between incubation t emperature and early mortality, possible indirect relationships between temperature and embryo mortality should be considered. 44 North Carolina Cooperative Fishery Unit The North Carolina Cooperative Fishery Unit is part of the Zoology Department in the School of Agriculture and Life Sciences at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. Dr. F. Eugene Hester, the Unit Leader, has been with the Unit since its start in April 1963. Mr. Robert B. Stevens, the Assistant Leader, joined the Unit in January 1966. The Unit supervised ,13 graduate students during the reporting period. Four students received M.s. degrees, 2 students received M.z. degrees, and 1 received a Ph.D. degree. Courses taught included: 2.oology 420, Fishery Science, which was co-taught with Dr. w.w. Hassler; 2io 515, Growth and Reproduction of Fishes; and Zo 690, Seminar. The Unit Leader and students completed a J-year study of the fishes and fishing at Lake Hattamuskeet which is located on the National Wildlife Refuge. This 40,000-acre lake is connected to Pamlico Sound, about 7 miles away, by 4 drainage canals. Seasonal fluctuations in abundance of some fishes indicate significant use of these canals. The Assistant Leader is completing his work toward a Ph.D. degree. He is studying the effects of hormones on egg maturation and ovulation in largemouth bass. Student study subjects are listed in table 16. TABLE 16.--unit students , degrees sought, and study subjects Student Degree Subject Bonner, William R. H.S. Importance of certain food items to trout Daughtridge, Ben E. *M.z. (Non-thesis, Master of Z.Oology, 1968) Davies, Wm . D.B . Ph.D. Tolerance of young striped bass to T°, pH, and total dissolved solids Hudson, Robert G. *M.S. Redbreast sunfish in Little River, N.C. Hujik, Roger c. M.S. (Left school, su11111er 1968) Kapetsky, James M. *M.S. Analysis of plasma proteins and hemoglobins of centrarchids Heshaw, John C., Jr. M.S. Feeding selectivity of striped bass fry and fingerlings Reagan, Roland Ph.D. Quantitative genetics of catfishes Stevens, Robert E. Ph.D. Effects of hormones on maturation and ovulation in sunfishes Stroud, Charles R. *M.s. Methods and effects of marking bluegill Toney, Carl B. *M.Z. (Non-thesis, Master of Zoology, 1969) Tyus, Harold M. *M.S. Artificial intergeneric hybridization of rock bass West, Jerry L. *Ph.D. Growth and reproduction of 3 intergeneric centrarchid hybrids *Graduated Abstracts and summaries of theses: Robert G. Hudson, M.S., 1969 Movements and Population Dynamics of Redbreast Sunfish (Lepomis auritus) in Little River, near Raleigh, North Carolina During the period September 22, 1966 to June JO, 1968, 476 redbreast sunfish were tagged and released. There were 180 recaptures (65 in traps and 115 by anglers) of 136 individual fish. From these recaptured fish the following were deteilllined: 1. The fish were semi-mobile with 48.9 percent showing movement of 0.1 to 4 . 0 miles between the time of tagging and recapture. 2. Larger fish moved more than smaller ones. 45 Nu rlh C:.1ro lin.1 Sta t,, Univcrs il)' 1· i-.idu.ilc' s tudent<:, Rol>erl lludson J nd John Vance, preparing to s c l LL'.1ps in Lit L l <' River to e-1plurc r e d b r <'.'.l.S l ::; un fi. ~ h . Dr. F . E u i~ c 11 c llc s t c r . Ltn il Lc:iJ c r .'.lt ll1<· No rth C..iro l i. na Unit , .'.lncl ~ tuclent Rober t Hudson e.x J m i.n ill•' rcclb rcas l s un f i.,; h . /~ 6 3. Capture rates and movements were highest in May and June of both years. This movement was shown to be slightly upstream in the spring and down stream following June in the summer. 4. From fish tagged six months or more, an average annual growth rate of 48.0 gm. in weight and 2. 4 cm total length was determined. 5. Population estimates made from trap returns and a creel census indicated that the population in the six miles immediately below Tarpley's millpond dam (the upper dam) ranged from 1,058 up to 1,933 redbreast sunfish larger than 10.0 cm. in length. 6. The annual harvest rate by angling of fish larger than 10.0 cm. was calculated to be 13.6 percent. James M. Kapetsky, M.S., 1969 Blectrophoretic Evaluation of Hemoglobins and Plasma Proteins as Possible Sources of Taxonomic or Phylogenetic Information in Eight Genera of Centrarchidae An attempt was made, using the zone electrophoretic method on cellulose acetate, to evaluate two blood protein systems, hemoglobins and plasma proteins, as possible sources of taxonomic or phylogenetic information in representatives of eighteen species in eight genera of the sunfish family Centrarchidae. Plasma proteins were found to exhibit marked qualitative and quantitative variations, both between individuals with populations and between populations within species, particularly in Lepomis. Plasma protein comparisons were made only where consistent results were obtained and then only to supplement infor mation derived from hemoglobin electropherograms. Hemoglobin electropherograms were found to be species-specific except in the case of Ambloplites, and at the intrageneric level, interpretation of phylogenetic relationships could be readily carried out. Relationships indicated by a comparison of hemoglobin phenotypes at the intergeneric level in some cases were in disagreement with results obtained from studies carried out by other means. Phylogenetic information derived from the present study, for the most part, serves to substantiate previously proposed relationships at the intra- and intergeneric levels in the family Centrarchidae. Charles R. Stroud, Jr. , M.S., 1968 The Relative Value of Several Methods of Marking Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus, Rafinesque) and the Effects of the Marks on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of the Fish A study was made comparing the effects of five marking techniques on the growth, survival, and reproductive capacity of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus, Rafinesque). The five techniques were: injection of a fluorescent pigment (Switzer Day-Glo fire orange #14 paint pigment); injection of liquid latex; injection of an antibiotic (Vetcormycin tetracycline HCL) which is fluorescent; tagging with a wire dart tag and fin-clipping. An attempt was made to determine the minimum size limit of the fish which could be marked by the use of the fluorescent pigment, latex, and fin-clipping methods mentioned above. The ultimate objective of the study was to determine whether any of these five methods could provide a suitable mark. Significant differences were found between the final average size and weight of the fish in various treatments in one pond but not in the other. Differential survival occurred in the two ponds stocked with the fish in various treatments. However, the survival in the fish marked with the fluorescent pigment and those marked with the wire dart tag did not differ significantly from the survival of the control fish in either pond. 47 No information was obtained on the minimum size limit due to almost total mortality in all groups. The Switzer Day-Glo pigment produced a suitable non-mutilation mark which has been used successfully in studies ranging from 64 days up to approximately one year. 'nle mark was clearly visible at the end of the studies. Harold H. Tyus, H.S., 1969 Artificial Intergeneric Hybridization of Ambloplites rupestris as an Aid in Determining Phylogenetic Relationship in Sunfishes (Centrarchidae) Artificial hybridization of the rock bass with fish representing 5 other sunfish genera indicated the rock bass has a closer phylogenetic relationship to the black crappie than to the largemouth bass, and that the warmouth, bluegill and banded sunfish were inter mediate between the black crappie and largemouth bass in their relationship to the rock bass. Jerry Lee West, Ph.D., 1968 The Growth and Reproduction of Three Intergeneric Centrarchid Hybrids Many species of hybrids are sterile and exhibit hybrid vigor with regard to their rate of growth. It was the purpose of the present investigation to study the growth and reproduction of the following hybrids in the sunfish family Centrarchidae: Cbaenobryttus gulosus female X Lepomis macrochirus male, Chaenobryttus eulosus female X Micropterus salmoides male, and Micropterus salmoides female X Chaenobryttµs &ulosus male. Specifically, the hybrids were studied to determine if they possessed hybrid sterility and/ or hybrid vigor. To determine if the hybrids exhibited hybrid vigor in regard to growth rate, each hybrid type was stocked in an earthen pond with equal numbers and sizes of the parental species. In this pond the growth rate of the hybrid was compared to the parental species under similar environmental conditions. To determine if the hybrids were sterile, each hybrid type was stocked in a pond con taining only minnows. By stocking the hybrid in the pond by itself, it was possible to determine if any offspring were produced under natural conditions. Also, laboratory backcrosses and P2 crosses were made with the ripe individuals that were obtained. Histological examination of the gonads was also performed. The increase in length and weight of the Chaenobryttus gulosus female X Lepomis macrochirus male hybrid was intermediate to the parental species. In the 158-day experiment, the growth in length of.£• gulosus and .k· macrochirus was 9Cll and ll The increase in length and weight of the £. gulosus female X 1:!.: salmoides male hybrid was intermediate between the parental species. In the 691-day experiment, the increase in length of_£: gulosus was 72~ and that of !i.· salmoides was 153% that of the hybrid. The increase in we ight of~· gulosus was 74% and .tl.· salmoides was 293% that of the hybrid. The ~· gulosus female X H. salmoides male hybrid was sterile. Successful spawning of the hybrids did not occur. Most of the cells in the ovary were either oogonia or cells in synizesis. Later stages of oogenesis were rare. In this hybrid, abnormal meiosis 1 was evident. Meiotic prophase was observed but secondary spermatocytes were not produced. 48 The increase in length and weight of the l!· salmoides female X _£. gulosus male hybrid was intermediate to the parental species . In the 294-day ~xperiment, the increase in length of g_. gulosus was 67% and!!_. salmoides was 142r. that of the hybrid. The increase in weight of g_. gulosus was 2373 that of the hybrid. Like the reciprocal hybrid, the ..!:!._. salmoides female X_f. gul osus male was steril e. "Th.e structure of the ovaries and testes was simil a r to the reciprocal. It was concluded that there were no isolating mechanisms which prevent the developing of the embryo in crosses between._f. gulosus and..!:!_. salmoides. The operative isolating mechanisms appear to be behaviora l. Hybrid sterility prevents the exchange of genes between these two species, if mating does occur. Hybrid sterility is not an i solating mechanism separating£. gulosus and h_. macrochirus. Since the~ gulosus X ~· macrochirus hybrid was fertile and the l!· salmoides X £_. gulosus hybrids were sterile, f · gulosus is considered to be more closely related to .1..: macrochirus than it is to...tt: salmoides. It seems possible that the ster ile .t!.: salmoides X £_. gulos us hybrids might be used in a "put and take" sport fishery in farm porrl s. Assistant Leader Stephen H. Taub of the Ohio Unit demonstrating limnological equipment to s tu den ts . 49 Ohio Uni.t Ohio Unil s tude nt, Ric hnrd Pontius . seining in Kings Cr eek nczir Urban a . Ohio . so Ohio Cooperative Fishery Unit The Ohio Cooperative Fishery Unit, located at Ohio State University in Columbus, was established in October 1965. Dr. Richard A. Tllbb, the Unit Leader, joined the Unit in June 1967. The Assistant Leader, Hr. Stephen A. Taub, has been with the Unit since June 1966. During the reporting period, the Unit had 14 graduate students, 1 of whom received a H.S. degree. Unit students include those advised or co-advised by Unit staff and those receiving financial support from Unit funds. Courses taught by Unit staff included Fishery Ecology and Fisheiy Techniques . Unit Leader studies included the following : a. Completed (with the Assistant Leader), an evaluation of strip-mine reclamation for fish and wildlife restoration. b. Field evaluation of an aerial application of Baytex (insecticide). c. Status of whirling disease in Ohio waters (with Dr. Wilbur Tidd). d. Environmental evaluation of a nuclear power plant (with Dr. L.S. Putnam). Assistant Leader studies: a. An evaluation of the utilization of crayfish by largemouth bass in an Ohio pond. b. Biology of the western tonguetied chub. c. Biology of smallmouth X largemouth bass hybrids (qooperators Charles F. Hodgen and Dr. Hilton B. Trautman, in cooperation with the Hebron National Fish Hatchery and the Ohio Division of Wildlife). A list of student study subjects is given in table 17. TABLB 17.--unit students, degrees sought, and study subjects Student Degree Subject Burkett, Robert Ph.D. (To be determined) Dudrow, William Ph.D. Colonization rates of benthic invertebrates in Hoover Reservoir Fikes, Martha H.S. Freshwater mussels as pesticide monitors in streams Gartman, Donald H.S. Distribution and abundance of zooplankton in Hoover Reservoir Herman, Roger L. Ph.D. Effects of gossypol on rainbow trout Hir.sch, Frank H.S. (To be determined) Hodson, Robert H.S. (To be. determined) Judd, John H.S. (To be determined) Sisk, Horgan B. Ph.D. Effects of rapid temperature changes on freshwater drum Stein, Carol B. Ph.D. Life history of the 3-ridged mussel, Amblema plicata Stromberg, Paul H.S. Effects of eorallobothrium on the intestine of Ictalurus natalis 'D\ompson , Elizabeth H. Ph.D. Effects of dieldrin on walleye and flathead catfish eggs and fry Tucker, Thomas R. *M.s. Fish population in Hoover Reservoir Wydallis, Elizabeth A. Ph.D. Corticosteroid levels in paired bluegill *Graduated 51 Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit The Oklahoma Cooperative Pishery Unit was esta blis hed at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, in 1965 . Dr. Bradford E. Brown, the Assis tant Leader, has been with the Unit since December 1965. Dr . Robert c. Summerfelt joined the Unit in September 1966 as Unit Leader. During the r e porting period, the Unit had 19 graduate students, 7 of whom r eceived M.S . degrees and 1 r eceived a Ph.D. degree. Unit sta ff members taught the following courses: Zoology 5100, Seminar on Fish Culture (1968); Seminar on Fishery Research (1959); Z 5552, Popula tion Dynamics; and Z 5300, Advanced Fis hery Science. The Unit leader and Assi s tant Leader are conducting a s tudy in cooperation with the Stillwater Recr eation Department on the influence of trap-net removal of white crappie on the f i s he ry of Boomer Lake. Some of the following Unit Leader projects are being carried out in cooperation with s tudents , faculty members and the Depa rtment of Wildlife Conservation. a. Factor s inf luencing the dis tribution of fishes in Lake Carl Blackwell Ccompleted, June 1969). b. Compa rison of eye l ens we i ght and pectoral spine sections for aging flathead catfish. c. Gr owth and survival fingerling stocked flathead catfish in Boomer Lake. d. Gr owth and survi val of s t ocked northern pike in Lake Carl Blackwell. e. Fisheries investigations of Lake Atitlan, Guatema l a . f. Food habits of commercial fishea in Oklahoma r eservoirs . g . Histology of the golden shiner. h. A new species of Myxobolus (Protozoa :Myxosporida) from the golden shiner. i . Put-and-take trout and channe l catfi s h fee f i sheries . The Assistant LeDder compl eted the requirements for t he Ph.D. degr ee and graduated in May 1969. The following i s an abstr act of his disserta tion: Bradford E. Brown, Ph .D., 1969 An Ana lys i s of the Oklahoma St a t e Lake Creel Survey to Improve Creel Survey Des ign A creel survey was conducted in t en Okl a homa s t at e- owned lakes from December 1964, to Decembe.r 1965 . The s urvey was of the completed trip form. The lakes ranged in size from 20 t o 180 acr es. A det a iled ana lys i s was mad e of these data in order to improve creel s urvey des ign. Procedures for handling miss ing data, relationships between rreel s t a tistics, characteristics of fishermen using different types and methods of fishing, criteria for s tratifica tion, and procedures for computing indices to fishing success were investiga ted. Pa rties not inte rviewed but known and parties for which interviews were useless, can be used t o estimate total parties fishing. This estimate can be combined with average party values to estimate such s tatistics as pounds caught. This procedure appears unbiased for these data and it does increase precision. Catch rate was not found to be related to the number of hours fished. Correlation values between catch rate and catch were low. There was a tendency for larger parties to catch fewer fish. In general there was a significant correlation between party size and hours fished. Anglers using lures tended to be more successful than those using live and/or dead bait. Fishe rmen using floaters were more successful than those fishing from boats, who in turn were more successful than those using heated docks or fishing from the shore. 52 Weekdays and weekends each received approximately half the fishing pressure. Weekend fishermen caught slightly less than half the fish and had a lower success rate. Within the two periods, time-of-day differences were not significant. Most of the fis hermen were interviewed in the p.m. rather than the a.m. hours although their catch rates did not differ. Fishermen leaving the lakes by different access areas did not differ significantly in the creel statistics. The peak of fishing effort and catch occurred in the April through June period. Catch-per-hour in terms of pounds and numbers showed a lesser increase in the spring. Other Assistant Leader projects included: a. Creel census methods for lakes with limited access (completed, June 1969). b. Shelter-seeking tendencies and aggregation behavior of fingerling channel catfish (completed, June 1969). c. Live-dressed weight relationships of commercia l fishes (completed, June 1969). d. Problems concerned with length, weight and condition analyses. e. Preparation of a field manual on creel survey estimation technique. f. Preparation of a field manual on use of Oklahoma State University Fishery l)lit computer programs. g. Patternsof frequency distributions of back-calculated sizes of Oklahoma fishes . h. Survey of levels of urban fishing programs. i. Factors affecting catch rates in fee-fishing ponds. The subjects of student studies are given in table 18. TABLE 18.--Unit students, degrees sought and study subjects Student Degree Subject ~yer, Ronald L. *M.S. Life history of the longear sunfish in 2 Arkansas reservoirs Brown, Bradford B. *Ph.D. An analysis of Oklahoma State lake creel survey Hover, Ronald M.S. Influence of aeration on fishes in Eufaula Reservoir, Oklahoma Howe, Peter Ph.D. (New student - subject not yet decided) Hysmith, Bruce M.S . Influence of sediment cycling on productivity of Lake Carl Blackwell Inman, Isadore *M.s. Shelter-seeking tendencies in fingerling channel catfish Jearld, Ambrose M.S. Life history of channel catfish in Lake Carl Blackwell Jossel, Jessie, Jr. *M.s. Age , growth and condition factors of stunted white crappie Lamoreaux, David M.S. Transmission of the parasite, Plis tophora ovariae Hauch, Paul M.S. Life history of carp in a turbid, 3,000-acre reservoir Mayes, Larry *M.s. Literature review of trout nutrition Norton, Joseph *M.s. Sedi ment studies in a 3,000-acre, 30-year-old reservoir Parrack, Michael M.S. Evaluation of commercial fishing in 4 Oklahoma reservoirs Spall, Richard *M.S. Helminth parasites of fishes of Lake Carl Blackwell Stavick, Lloyd *M.S. Literature review of channel catfish farming Tafanelli, Robert Ph.D. Use of cadmium chloride as a sterilant for control of fish reproduction Turner, Paul M.S. Life history of channe l catfish in Oklahoma reservoirs Warner, Hark Ph.D. Geographic distribution and transmission of Plistophoro ovariae Zweiacker, Paul Ph.D. Production of l argemouth bass in Lake Carl Blackwell *Graduated 53 Oregon Cooperative Fishery Unit The Oregon Cooperative Fishery unit was established at Oregon State University, Corvallis, in 1966. Dr. Raymond c. Simon was appointed Unit Leader in April 1966. Dr. Richards. Wydo ski became the Assis tant Leader in September 1966. Dr . Wydoski transferred to the Washing ton Co0perative Fishery Unit in May 1969. The r esearch prog ram of the Unit Leader concerns f ish genetics. Specific studies are on DNA homolog y, chromosomes, serum enzymes , and population genetics. The Unit Leader teaches Fis he ries SSS, Fish Genetics, during 1 term each year. The Assistant Leader carried out s tudies on marine and estuarine fishes and the life history of cutthroat trout in coastal streams. Student s tudies are listed in table 19. TABLE 19.--Unit students, degrees soug ht , and study subjects *Student Degr ee Subject Benne tt, Donald E. M.S. Biology of the r ed-ta iled surf perch Gha rre tt, Anthony J . M.S. DNA homology in trout populations Graybill, James R. Ph . D. Heritability s tudies in coho salmon Kan, Ting T. Ph.D. De lineation of r are and endangered fishes in Oregon Lannan, James E. Ph.D. Sel ective breeding of oysters Wilmot , Richard L. Ph. D. Mechanics of chromosome a lte r ations *The Unit staff al so s upervises 3 special students Embryonic chromosomes of Atlantic salmon. Some of type a appear to have joined to produce rod chromosomes of double leng th aa. This common circumstance in salmon is very rare in other animals. S4 Pennsylvania Cooperati ve Fishery Unit The Pennsylvania Cooperative Fishery tbit was established at Pennsylvania State University, University Park when Dr. Robert L. Butler reported as unit Leader in November 1963. Dr. Anthony Bodola served as Assistant Leader from 1964 to 1967. Dr. Donald C. Hales became the Assistant Leader in September 1967. Dr. Edwin L. Cooper, Professor of Biology, is closely associated with the Unit program. The program of the Unit is related to local and regional aqua tic problems. 1.\.10 areas of research are emphasized: 1. Ecology of fishes - intrinsic factors that control the population sizes; interactions between population size and growth, reproduction and mortality; and behavior of fish. 2. Stream ecology as it is affected by natural and man-made forces; the effects of fluctuating flows on aquatic invertebrates; and the effects of mine acid and domestic pollution on the biota. A list of student projects is given in table 20. TABLE 20.--Unit students, including Dr . Cooper's students and those co-supervised, degrees sought, and study topics Student Degree subject Berliner, Daniel M.Ed. Criteria for "stunting" in centrarchid population Campbell, K. Perry Ph.D. Competition between brown trout and suckers Cole, Richard A. Ph.D. Effects of sewage effluent on benthos in a fertile strea111 Crawford, J. Kent M.S. Response of smallmouth bass to cover Ellis, Robert Ph.D. Benthos production and trout growth in a small stream Francis, John *M.Ed. Effects of low oxygen levels and temperature on Gammarus Hawkes, Clifford L. Ph.D. Food and growth of the isopod, Lirceus lineata Heister, Ralph D. D.Ed. Relationships of water quality, fish and benthos in French Creek Kimme 1, William M.S. Sensitivity of aquatic insects to low pH levels Klauda, Ronald J. *M.s. Response of smallmouth bass to artificial shelter (Klauda, Ronald J.) Ph.D. Analysis of behavior of smallmouth bass in strea111s McLaren, James B. M.S. Survival of hooked and released trout in natural environment Mercando, Neil A. M.S. Role of species diversity in the detritus food chain Randall, Bruce *M.Ed. Life history of 3 mayflies, Genesee River, Pa. Silverstrim, Nelson M.S. Ecology of an alkaline stream receiving treated acid mine water Thrush, Wm . R. M.Ed. Response of stonefly nymphs to substrates and artificial cover VanGundy, James Ph.D. Tolerance of aquatic insects to oil well s alt brines Wohnsiedler, T.H. Ph. D. Effects of organic pollution on brook and brown trout, Spring Creek Yorty, !Dis J. ~.s. Effects of cover on agonistic behavior of smallmouth bass *Graduated 55 The following are summaries of theses. John E. Francis, Jr. M.Ed., 1968 Influence of Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels and Temperatures Upon the Mortality of the Amphipod, Gammarus limnaeus (Smith) Gammarus limnaeus (Smith) has been subjected to periods of low dissolved oxygen (DO) similar to the diurnal cycle of dissolved oxygen in a plant choked, polluted stream. The investigation was designed to measure the mortality for variable low levels of dissolved oxygen at four characteristic stream temperatures. Also investigated was the effect of an increase or decrease in temperature upon the mortality of _g_. limnaeus in low DO levels. Specific knowledge of the DO requirements of this animal will add to a greater understanding of the effects of pollution upon aquatic organisms and their survival under low DO conditions. The animals were acclimatized to the temperature of the test run and subjected for eight hours to low DO levels. An apparatus was designed to regulate the temperature and dissolved oxygen. Maintenance of dissolved oxygen levels between 0.2 ppm and 10 ppm was possible by controlled mixing of two flows of water, one high in DO and the other low in [X). The results were plotted so that mortality could be estimated for any DO concentration at two hour intervals for the temperature used. Accumulated data show how mortality increases and decreases as a function of exposure time, temperature, changing temperatures and low DO concentrations . Mortality of Garmnarus limnaeus occurred below 2.2 ppm DO for the temperatures of 20 C and 16 C, below 1 .5 ppm at 12 C and below 0.6 ppm at 8 c. Below these minimum safe limits any warming increased the mortality over the whole temperature range although cooling increased mortality only at the middle of the range. Mortality was sharply defined at the foregoing characteristic DO levels for each temperature. Lack of a wider range of mortality is accounted for by two conditions regulating the metabolism (oxygen consumption); i.e., the temperature and the oxygen concentration. Exposure to low DO concentrations allowed for a decreasing oxygen consumption (no critical oxygen tension) down to the level of consumption required by the metabolism at the test temperature. Below this point mortality would occur. The oxygen requirements of Gammarus limnaeus show that the animal is tolerant of the deoxygenation effects of pollution at low temperatures and can withstand exposure at high temperatures above 2.2 ppm. This does not suggest that the animal can survive in water slightly above 2.2 ppm indefinitely. Other cond~tions associated with low DO, such as: decreasing reproduction efficiency and competition from other organisms, have a gradual detrimental effect. If DO requirements for long term survival are to be established, these other conditions must be studied. Ronald J . Klauda, M.S., 1968 The Utilization of Artificial Shelter by Yearling Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieui) in a Stream Aquarium as Related to Water Hardness, Temperature, and Substrata This study was conducted to investigate the use of artificial cover by yearling smallmouth bass as related to soft water, water temperature, and substratum. Single fish (average total length 126 DID) were placed in a stream aquarium and tested, at two temperature ranges (5 to 15 C and 0 to 10 C) and in the presence of either a gravel- or plywood bottom, with six types of plexiglass shelters. The shelters, presented successively, were designed to provide various combinations of visual and tactual reference, an area of darkness, and protection from the current. Use of each shelter and other areas of 56 the aquarium was continuously recorded for 1.5 hour (5,400 seconds) periods. Use of the shelters, in both hard (data from Haines, 1967) and soft water, increased as the complexity of the shelter increased. The simple shelters, offerire; only visual and tactual references, were used an average of only 83 in hard and soft water. Use of the two shelters offering all features averaged 843. Over a plywood substratum, use of the shelters generally decreased at low temperatures. Use of the simple shelters averaged less than 13 in both temperature ranges. Below 10 C, decreased use of the shelters offering all features, except protection from the current, was related to reduced swimming performance. Use of the two shelters offering all features decreased slightly, but still averaged 713. The presence of a gravel substratum, at low water temperab.ires, was related to high utilization of all shelters offering an area of darkness. The fish were able to brace their pelvic fins against the gravel and maintain a position under the shelters not offering protection from the current. Use of the two shelters offering all features averaged 90%. The consistently high use of the most complex shelters in both hard and soft water, at water temperatures ranging from O to 15 c, and over both gravel and plywood substrata, represents a quantified, "baseline of normal behavior" in smallmouth bass, and fulfills two requirements of a reliable bioassay, objectivity and precision. Further investigations are necessary to determine if three additional qualities of a chronic toxicity bioassay (specificity, sensitivity,aid practicality) can also be included. Bruce A. Randall, M.S . , 1968 The Growth and Emergence of Three Species of Mayflies in the Genesee River, Pennsylvania An investigation was undertaken to determine the aquatic tenure, annual brood number, and time of emergence of three species of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) found in the Genesee River, Potter County, Pennsylvania. The life cycles were analyzed from data obtained by measuring the mesonotal length of 1261 nymphs. The three species of mayflies were Stenonema ithaca, Stenonema canadense, and Paraleptophlebia mollis. Nymphs were collected with a Surber square foot stream sampler each month from May 1965 to May 1966 and represented 120 samples. The nymphal mesonota were measured to the nearest one-hundredth of a millimeter with a stereomicroscope fitted with an ocular micrometer disc. The lengths of the mesonota were recorded for a total of 568 s. ithaca, 204 s. canadense, and 489 P. mollis. Frequency distributions are presented for-each of the three mayfly species. The Bphemeroptera investigated in this study were represented by large numbers of organisms present in the samples and were therefore appropriate for statistical analysis. The results of this analysis are depicted graphically. Stenonema ithaca was found to have an annual life cycle. There appears to be one generation of mayflies yearly, aquatic tenure is of one year duration, and emergence occurs during June and July. Stenonema canadense showed an annual emergence taking place during June, July and August with greatest emergence occurring in June. However, on the basis of the present data, it cannot be substantiated whether aquatic tenure is a one-year or two-year period and whether there exists one brood or two simultaneous broods yearly, one less developed and of smaller size than the other. Paraleptophlebia mollis was found to complete two generations per year, a September April brood and an April-July brood. Life cycles for each generation are completed in less than a year and major emergences of winged adults occur in April and July. 57 Lo i s Jane Yorty, M.S., 1968 Agonis tic and Shelte r-Seeking Behavior of J uve nile Smallmo uth Bass (Micropterus dolomieui) in a Stream Aqua rium This study was conducted to observe a nd describe the no rmal agonistic be havior patterns of smallmo uth bass . llle effect of s ocial status a nd number of available cove rts on aggr essive be havior, s helter-seeking behavior and ac tivity leve l of smallmo uth bass was a l so inves tigated. Several pair s of j uve nile smallmo uth bass were observe d separ ately in a s till water aquarium. It was found that sma llmouth bass have agonistic behavior patterns that f u nct i on in es ta bl ishing a social r e l ationship. Four aggr essive acts we r e identified including f r ontal threat displ ay, caudal threat dis play, bite and drive. Three s ubmi ssive acts we r e ide ntif i ed as ve rtical s ubmissive posture, horizontal s ubmissive posture a nd r e treat. Color changes we r e a l s o a pa rt o f the agonistic be havior patterns . Two j uven ile smallmo uth bass i n a s tream aqua r i um we r e prese nted wit h three shelter conditi ons (two coverts, one cove rt a nd no coverts r espective ly) , each condition a day for t hree con secutive days. Four aggressive acts and time s pent in each of the 15 s ect ion s of the aqua rium we r e r ecorded . It was found that aggressive activity in a small e nc l osure i s inte nse , r esulting in a mona r c hy r a ther than territorial ity. It was concluded that the hig h level of aggr ess ive ness i s due c hiefl y to overcrowding . lt was a l so f ound that various numbe r s of coverts did not affect a ggr essiveness, use of s he lte r o r activity l e ve l (freedom of movement), pr obably due t o the abno r ma lly hig h a ggressive l eve l. l t was demons t r a t ed that dominant smallrnou th bass do r espond to overhead a rtif icia l s he lte r in f l ow ing wate r and a r c mor e ac tive a nd aggr essive tha n subordinates . Dr. Robert L. Bu t l e r , Leader of the Pennsyl vania Unit, examing flow of wa ter be l ow the Logan Bra nch s tre am .-iq uarium f acil ity. 58 South Dakota Cooperative Fishery Unit The South Dakota Cooperative Fishery unit, located at South Dakota State University in Brookings, began in September 1965 when Dr. Alfred c. Fox was appointed Unit Leader. Dr. Richard A. Tubb became Assistant Leader in June 1966. In June 1967, Dr. Tubb transferred to the Ohio Unit as Unit Leader. In May 1968, Dr. Fox transferred to the Georgia Unit. The present Acting Unit Leader, Richard L. Applegate, joined the South Dakota Unit in August 1967 as Assistant Leader. 11\e Unit staff and graduate students carry out research in the following areas1 1. Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of shallow, eutrophic lakes, typical of the region. 2. Population dynamics and early life history of fish in eutrophic lakes and small impoundments. J. Effects of agricultural and domestic pollution on the sport and commercial fisheries of h~hDakota. !be Acting Unit Leader is studying the population dynamics of Daphnia pulex in Lake Poinsett. The objectives of this study are as follows: 1. To determine the seasonal qualitative and quantitative standing crops of microcrustacea. 2. To measure the food level (organic seston). J. To compute the vital statistics of Daphnia pulex. 4. To compare instantaneous birth rate, population change rate , mortality rate and population density with food level and piscine predation. Two of the Unit students received M.S. degrees in 1968 and 3 students received M.S. degrees in June 1969. The following are abstracts of their theses. Thomas J. Clifford, M.s., 1969 Summer Movements of Bigmouth Buffalo in Lake Poinsett, South Dakota Movements of bigmouth buffalo in Lake Poinsett, South Dakota were studied from l June to 31 August, 1968. Bigmouth buffalo were individually marked with styrofoam floats and tracked visually during daylight hours . Buffalo moved at a relatively constant, slow rate averaging .346 km/hr (0.05 km/hr to 1.4 km/hr). 'llle s tudy indicated that bigmouth buffalo in Lake Poinsett had no home range or homing tendency and inhabited all vertical strata. Bigmouth buffalo schools in Lake Poinsett exhibited a free interchange of individuals. An evaluation of large mesh gill nets as a co11D11ercial fishery tool indicated that 10.0 cm bar measure gill nets were most effective for harvesting bigmouth buffalo in Lake Poinsett. James c. Congdon, M.S., 1968 The Fish Population of Lake Poinsett, South Dakota, as Indicated by the Catch of Four Types of Gear Gill nets, trap nets, an otter trawl, and a boom-type electric shocker were utilized to obtain samples of the fish population of Lake Poinsett, South Dakota. The species and size composition of the samples differed significantly with time of season, time of day, location on the lake, and type of gear. Decreased activity following spawning was the apparent cause of a midsummer decline in gill net and trap net catches of black bullhead, black crappie, and white crappie. A late summer increase in the catch of yearling black bullheads, crappies, white bass, carp and bigmouth buffalo was attributed to an increase in activity or change in behavior pattern. 59 Diurnal migrations were felt to be the cause of diel differences in catch rate of s pecies taken by the trawl and shocker. Different age classes of fish apparently vary in their activity patterns. Uneven distribution of the population caused differences in the catch of each type of gear at different locations on the lake. Types of gear differed in their effectiveness for different species and sizes of fish. Each type of gear indicated a different population structure. Gear selectivity resulted from differences in fish behavior and physical characteristics of the sampling gear. The results of the study indicated that: interpretation of population samples should be based on knowledge of the habits of species in the population, characteristics and limitations of the sampling gear, and of the body of water being sampled; collection of samples should be intensive and over a relatively long period of time; all habitats should be sampled; and at least two types of collecting gear should be used. Michael R. Hannon, M.S., 1969 Ecological and Trophic Distribution of Pesticides in Lake Poinsett, South Dakota Ecological and trophic distributions of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in Lake Poinsett, South Dakota were s tudied. Components of the ecosystem analyzed were water, bottom sediment, zooplankton, benthic algae, crayfish, aquatic insects and fish. Concentrations of aldrin, DOD, DOE, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, methoxychlor and toxaphene were determined by gas chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. DDT and its metabolites, DDD and DOE, were the highest residues detected in all trophic levels examined. Heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin and lindane were present in the majority of sample types, while neither endrin nor methoxychlor was detected above analytical confidence limits in any sample. Toxaphene was present in only four fish. The DDT complex was found to increase in percentage of total residue with higher trophic levels. A change in ratio of DDT to DDD plus DOB was found with increase in trophic level. While DDT was most abundant in water, fish and bottom sediment had greater concentrations of DOD plus DOE. Higher trophic levels had greater percentages of the epoxide form of heptachlor and aldrin . Water had the lowest total residue reported. Bottom sediment and crayfish had ·1e times the residue level of water, while zooplankton and benthic algae showed a 37-fold increase over water. Total residue in fish averaged 790 times that of water, and aquatic insects had the highest magnification over water (7300-fold). Analysis of fish tissue gave the order of increasing residue concentration as testes, muscle, liver, egg and depot fat . Fish fat content was correlated ( r = 0.40, d.f. = 72) with higher insecticide levels. Analysis of variance showed residue levels increased with age (P< .05). No significant difference was found by analysis of variance between sexes, or between fall and spring collections. Residue levels in Lake Poinsett water were similar to levels reported for other areas, but fish displayed a much lower magnification over water than has been reported in the literature. DDT complex levels detected in Lake Poinsett fish were well below the Food and Drug Administration's tentative 5 ppm tolerance limit set on a wet-weight , whole-body basis (Sager pers. comm. 1969). No residues were found above tentative Food and Drug Administration tolerance limits in any sample. 60 Larry w. Kallemeyn, M.S., 1968 Survival, Growth, and Food Habits of Brook Trout Introduced Into an Bastern South Dakota Stream Brook trout were introduced into the South Fork Yellow Bank River, an eastern South Dakota stream, on October 11, 1966. A supplemental brook trout plant was made on June 8, 1967. Survival for the initial plant from October 1966 through October 1967 was 2.4%. Survival for the supplemental plant from June 1967 through October 1967 was 21.~. Trout from both plants took part in spawning activities during the fall of 1967. Average length of trout from the initial plant increased 9.8 cm during one year. 'nleir average condition factor reached a peak in June 1967 after being low throughout the winter. Average length and average condition factor of trout from the supplemental plant increased following stocking. Aquatic organisms made up most of the trout diet. Insects, both aquatic and terrestrial, were the most numerous organisms in trout stomachs while forage fish comprised the greatest volume of organisms in the stomachs. Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Diptera were the predominate organisms found in benthos samples collected for forage ratio determinations. Forage ratios for the different orders varied throughout the study. Little relations hip was found between the abundance of forage fish and the average number of fish in trout stomachs. Victor J . Starostka, M.S., 1969 Food Selectivity of Bigmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus, Valenciennes) in Lake Poinsett, South Dakota Food habits of bigmouth buffalo fry, subadults, and adults were studied in Lake Poinsett, South Dakota, from January to November 1968. Fifty-six fry fed primarily (75.~ by volume) on benthic organisms. Pour hundred fifty-five subadults and adults fed entirely on plankton. Daphnia pulex adults comprised 83. 7 to 96.7% of the food items during periods of ice cover (January to April). Daptinia pulex adults and juveniles comprised 68.5% by volume and cyclopoid copepods 29.Jt of the diet from April to July. Suumer (July to October) samples showed ingestion of.!!_. pulex adults and juveniles (36.9%), Anacystis :!.f.· (22.3%), and Daphnia galeata mendotae (16.~). Pall (October) samples showed ingestion of E.· ~ (adults and juveniles) and !?_. galeata mendotae which totalled 60. 9%. Cyclopoid copepods contributed 23.~. Food selectivity of subadult and adult bigmouth buffalo for eight categories of zoo plankton was determined using the index described by Ivlev (1961). Selectivity for E.· pulex averaged +0.48 for the sampling period. Calanoid copepods were negatively selected for the entire period with a mean of -0.74. The other six categories (Diaphanasoma brachyurum, Daphnia galeata mendotae, Daphnia pulex juveniles, Bosmina longirostris, Chydorus sphaericus, and cyclopoid copepods) appeared to be taken when available; without selection. Selectivity appeared to be dependent on the morphology of the gill rakers for all organisms exce pt calanoid copepods which appeared to avoid ingestion. 61 . c h.ir d App l P 1~ .. t c Marlin Bricker, g Unit Le.idcr , Ri g r .:i du.:itc s tudent. Actin c r cor e p Lonk ton Ut.i h Unit Mommo t h Cr eek , s tr.it ini; the 1-·.:it conductivi t y of d o.;rnon t .i Unit . mc .is uring t r out . ,)J>..!d .Jl South D.1!--o 1-•ith h.1tchcry ~ a 1 •plcr dev,• ! .:i s tre am s tock,,d a t a and t.:ig returns l cen s u s reports r . c heck ini; c r ee t, M.1r l in Bricke eek . Gr .idu..it,, s tuden on Mammoth Cr vo l un t.iry s t.1l ion Utah Cooperative Fishery Unit The Utah Cooperative Fishery Unit, located at Utah State Univers ity, Logan, was established in December 1961. The Unit Leader, Dr. Robert H. Kramer, joined the unit as Assistant Leader in July 1965 and became Leader in July 1966. The Ass istant Leader, Dr. Clair B. Stalnaker, joined the Unit in September 1966. The Unit program emphasizes research in the following areas: 1. The biological impact of reservoir developments on the Colorado River system. 2 . Fitness of hatchery trout. 3. Ecology of stream-drift invertebrates. 4. Population genetics of fishes . 5. Immunogenetics of rainbow trout. During the reporting period the Unit staff supervised 7 graduate students, 2 of whom received M.s. degrees and l received a Ph. D. degree. During the spring quarter, the Unit Leader taught WLR-168, ~rld Fishery Resources. Courses taught by Unit staff members in cooperation with other faculty members included WLR-165, Fishery Principles and WUt-169, Fishery Techniques. The Unit Leader is developing facilities and apparatus to determine metabolic rates of fishes. He is also developing methods to study the use of learning behavior as an index to survivability of stocked rainbow trout. He has begun a study of the early life history of mountain whitefish and will include the development of culture methods for this species. The Assistant Leader is developing facilities and apparatus for isoimmunization and immoelectrophoresis for blood typing of rainbow trout. With the objective of determining methods of identifying genotypes of fishes, he is using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum and other tissue enzymes and proteins . A list of student projects is given in table 21. TABLE 21.--unit students, degrees sought, and study subjects Student Degree Subject Arnette, Joseph L. Ph.D. Immunogenetic studies in rainbow trout Bricker, Marlin B. M. S. Influence of temperature and s tarvation on stocked rainbow trout Dickson, Ian W. *Ph.D. Factors influencing respiratory metabolism of rainbow trout Dwyer, Wm. P. *M.S. Influence of temperature on activity of cutthroat trout Harris, Reed B. M.S. Conditioning behavior in rainbow trout Holden, Paul B. *M.S. Morphological variability in the Gila robus ta complex (Holden, Paul B.) Ph.D. Native fishes in the Green River basin Pearson, Win. D. Ph.D. Drift rates of aquatic insects in Temple Fork of Logan River '*Graduated The following are abstracts of work completed. Ian w. Dickson, Ph.D. , 1968 Factors Influencing Respiratory Metabolism of Rainbow Trout, Salmo_gairdneri The effect of temperature, starvation, and time of day on scope for activity, and the influence of sex and season on active metabolis m of rainbow trout were studied from October 1966 to December 1967. Four hundred and twenty-two active and 196 standard 63 metabolism measurements were made on hatchery and wild trout strains acclimated to 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 c. Standard metabolism of hatchery and wild trout acclimated to 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 C increased significantly with increased temperature. With the exception of 15 C, standard metabolic rates of the two strains were not significantly different at the test temperatures. Active metabolism and scope for activity were maximum at 15 and 20 C for hatchery and wild trout, respectively, and were decreased at 25 C. Active metabolism and scope for activity of wild trout were significantly higher than these rates for hatchery trout. At temperatures up to 20 C, active metabolism rates were about 9-11 times higher than the standard rates. Active metabolism of ha tchery trout acclimated to 15 C was not significantly affected by 1 to 9 days starvation. Standard metabolism was decreased significantly following 2 days starvation. Maximum scope for activity was observed at 6 days starvation. Time of day (forenoon vs afternoon) had no significant effect on standard and active metabolism, or on scope for activity of wild trout acclimated to 15 C and subjected to continuous light and controlled periods of light and dark. Also, light conditions had no significant effect on active and standard metabolic rates. Seasonal trends in active metabolic rates were found for both sexes; highest active rates of oxygen consumption occurred during the trout spawning period. Active rates of oxygen consumption of males were consistently higher than those of females. Analysis of covariance showed these differences to be significant at the 1 and 6 percent levels. William P. Dwyer, M.S., 1969 The Influence of Temperature on Scope for Activity of Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarki From June 10 to November 19, 1968, 111 active metabolism and 71 standard metabolism estimates were made on 90-gram cutthroat trout at five temperatures, S, 10, 15, 20 and 24 centigrade. The metabolism rates were expressed in milligra.lllS of oxygen per kilogram of fish per hour (mg 02/kg hr). Active metabolism was estimated by forcing trout to swim for a 15-20 minute test period at velocities such that oxygen uptake was maximal. The amount of oxygen used was determined from dissolved-oxygen analysis values before and after each test period. Active metabolic rate was lowest at 5 centigrade (363 mg 02/kg hr) and highest at 15 centigrade (597 mg 02/kg hr). Standard metabolism was estimated by measuring the amount of oxygen the fish used during an experimental period and an activity index, which was determined by means of a flowmeter. This relationship was then extrapolated to zero activity. The amount of oxygen used at zero activity was considered to be the standard metabolic rate. Standard metabolic rate was lowest at 5 centigrade (47 mg 02/kg hr) and highest at 20 centigrade (129 mg 02/kg hr). Scope for activity, the difference between the active and standard metabolic rates, was determined for cutthroat trout at the five test temperatures: 5 , 10, 15, 20 and 24 centigrade. Scope for activity was lowest at 5 centigrade (316 mg 02/kg hr) and highest at 15 centigrade (486 mg 02/kg hr). Paul B. Holden , M.S., 1968 Morphological Variability in the Gila robusta Complex Three hundred and nine specimens of Qi!!_ from the Colorado River basin were studied. A form of numerical taxonomy, taximetrics, was used to help classify the specimens . The data from these fish indicate that many of the present hypotheses concerning their taxonomy are not va lid. The concept of ecosubspecies or ecological subspecies does not fit the Colorado basin Gila. The roundtail and bonytail chubs, G. robusta Baird and Girard and g_. elegans Baird and Girard, r espectively, currently treated as subspecies, are well separated morphologically, ecologically and reproductively and therefore are better considered two valid species. The r e lationship between Q.: cypha Miller and Q· elegans is clouded by the presence of what appear to be intergrade forms. ~ture investigations are needed to piece together the puzzle surrounding these two f~sh. 64 The subspecies name seminuda (Cope and Yarrow), presently attributed to fish from throughout the Colorado basin , more correctly i s a llied to the robusta of the Virgin River. Prel iminary study indicates this population may be su ff i ciently different to warrant s ubspecies recognition. No speci mens of g. robusta inter media (Girard) were examined but the literature suggests this form may a l so be a valid species. Ut a h Unit students checking gill nets in Desolation Canyon of the Green Rive r. 65 Virginia Cooperative Fishery Unit The Virginia Cooperative Fishery Unit was established at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, in October 1965. The Unit Leader, Dr. Kenneth B. Cumming,joined the Unit in March 1966 and the Assistant Leader, Ray Don Bstes,reported in June 1966. The research program is concerned with the effects of environmental factors on natural and artificial fish populations in Virginia. A IO-year program has been developed for the purpose of providing information to enhance the aquatic environment and to provide improved fishing. During the reporting period the Unit had 12 graduate students, 5 of whom received H.S. degrees. Unit staff taught 3 formal courses; PW 515, Fishery Science (fundamentals), PW 525, Fishery Science (population dynamics), and PW 4041, Fishery Management. Graduate. seminars were presented each quarter. The Unit Leader was the major advisor to 6 graduate students and was on the coumittees for 5 students. He prepared proposals for implementing the 10-year research program. Pond and research facilities were obtained near the campus. 'n\ese facilities will be used for catfish culture and other warm-water fish experiments. The Assistant Leader is a candidate for the Ph.D. degree. He is studying the limnology and fish population of a pumped-storage reservoir with the following objectives: I. To determine the effect of fluctuating water levels in Leesville Reservoir on fish spawning. 2. To determine fish growth rates, distribution and population structure as effected by pumping and generating activities at the Smith Mountain power plant. 3. To describe the water currents in the reservoir during power plant operations and measure the limnological effects. Student projects are listed in table 22. TABIB 22.--Unit students, degrees sought, and study subjects Student Degree Subject Becker, Theodore J. *H. S . Social and economic survey of Virginia freshwater sport fishermen Beland, John H . *H.s. Potential of channel catfish farming in central Virginia Brady, Paul H. *H.s. Sport fishery of Lake DruD1DOnd, Dismal Swamp, Virginia England, Russell H. *H.S. Effects of abandoned manganese strip mine on stream ecology Bstes, R. Don Ph.D. Limnology and fish population of a pumped-storage reservoir Hill, Donley H. Ph.D. Stream faunal recovery after strip mine reclamation Humphries, E. Terry Ph.D. Striped bass rearing experiments O'Rear, Charles w., Jr. Ph.D. Zinc and copper metabolism of striped bass Roland, John v. H.S. Bffects of introduced hard water in Carvin Cove Reservoir Schneider, Robert w. *H.s. Life history of the gizzard shad in Smith Mountain Lake Smith, Alphonso o. Ph.D. Trophic relations of gizzard shad in Smith Mountain Lake Sumner, Robert E. H.S. Productivity changes associated with liming Sherwood Lake, w. Va. *Graduated 66 The following are thesis abstracts for the students who graduated during the reporting period. Theodore J. Becker, M.s., 1969 A Survey of Demographic Variables and Annual Expenditures of Virginia Fishermen, 1967 A survey of Virginia's licensed fishing population was conducted during the 1967 fiscal year. Very few statistics concerning this population were known prior to this survey. A mail questionnaire with a telephone sampling of nonrespondents was used. The fishermen were stratified by license type and geographical region. Various descriptive characteristics were noted in addition to the expenditure patterns. The distributions of both the number of trips taken and annual expenditures showed a very skewed distribution. Further analysis of the distributions is needed. It was noted that approximately twenty-two percent of the fishermen who held city-county combination (hunting and fishing) licenses also held a state resident fishing license. John M. Beland, M.s., 1969 The Potential of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Production in Central Virginia This paper evaluates existing ponds, present markets, fingerling source, expected growth, and pond owner interest regarding the potential of channel catfish production as a commercial enterprise in central Virginia. Six counties were considered and found to have a profit potential of $103.02 per acre per year in a five-acre existing pond situation when pond, land, and management costs were not included. Profit potentials for constructed ponds varied from $50 to $165 per acre per year depending upon length of growing season and size of operation. These profits are estimates made with the assumption that pond construction costs would average $850 per acre. A growing season of from 170 to 185 days was estimated to be typical for central Virginia. Pond owners in the six-county study area expressed an interest in the commercial production of channel catfish. Paul M. Brady, M.s., 1969 The Sport Fishery of Lake Drummond in the Dismal Swamp of Virginia Lake Druomond, a shallow, dystrophic lake, is located in Nansemond County and the city of Chesapeake in southeastern Virginia. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) species composition, lengths and weights of the fish, and relativ~abundance of the fish in Lake Drummond; (2) to evaluate the sport fishing at the lake during the spring; and (3) to determine and evaluate fish management problems at Lake Drummond. Fish collections were made at the lake and nearby canals during the following periods: July 4-6, July 31-August 4, September 5-8, November 18-19, 1967 , February 17-18, and April 8-June 9, 1968. Fish were collected by means of gill nets, hoop nets, trammel nets, seines, rotenone, and electrofishing. The total collection comprised 6,766 fish representing 24 species and weighing 1,332.05 lbs. The collections show that Lake Druomond contains large populations of yellow bullheads, yellow perches, fliers, and golden shiners. Other major species in the lake are: white catfish, American eel, swamp darter, black crappie, longnose gar, bowfin, chain 67 picker el, and brown bullhead. Only six largemouth bass were collected. A relatively small population of bluegills a pparently inhabit the lake. A creel survey was conducted at Lake Drull"lllond during eighteen days in May and June 1968~ Fis hing pressure varied from an average of four or five fishermen on weekdays to an average of about ten individuals on weekend days. The anglers preferred to fish with cane poles equipped with monofilament line , floats, and long-shanked hooks baited with minnows or earthworms. The 94 fishermen in the survey fished an average of 3.5 hours, caught and kept an average of 10.5 fish. In general, their catches consisted of fliers, black cr a ppies , yellow bullheads, and yellow perch. Ru ssell H. Engl and , M.S ., 1968 Some Effects of Abandoned Manganese Strip Mines in Smyth County, Virg inia,on Stream Ecology Abandoned manganese s trip min es in Smyth County, Virginia, have for many years contributed pollution to the s treams dra ining them. Streams in the Cripple Creek drainage area wer e sampl ed during the summer of 1967 to det ermine the nature and extent of pollution in t hem, and t o evalua te the r eclamation work being done by the United States Forest Service. Affected s treams wer e compa r ed wi th contro l s treams on the basis of physical, c hem ical and biol og ical pr operties . Manganese l evel s in a ll s treams sampled were found to be bel ow one part per million. A cont ro l l ed experiment with Mn (N0 3)2 s howed that the median tolerance limit for rainbow t rout f ingerli ngs is about 16 ppm manganese which, t ogether with s tream s ampling data, indicates that manganese i s not present in t oxic concentra tions in s tudy s treams . Killinger Cr eek, which dra ins a partia lly r ecl a imed area , was found t o s upport f ewer s pecies of f i s h and benthic fauna than Cr igger Cr eek, a comparable control stream. Silta tion i s probably the ma in con t ributing factor. Bedl oad was much gr eater in affected str eams t han in control str eams. Although volume of bedload was high in Blue Spring Cr eek, which dra ins a r ecl a i med ar ea, partic l e size dis tribution of the bedload indicates t hat much of the f inest s ilt has been f lushed f rom t he upper portion of this str eam. Blue Spr i ng Cr eek supports an abundant popula tion of aqua tic insects and fis h fauna, indicating tha t rec l amation has been ef fective on this wa ters hed. It was also found t hat r a inbow trout ar e spawning s uccessfully in this s tream. Robert W. Schne ider, M. S. , 1968 Some Aspect s of the Life His tory of the Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma ce pedianum, in Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia The g i zzard s had has been s t ocked in many impoundments , including Smith Mountain Lake, wi thout mu ch unde r s tanding of its capabilities for growth and reproduction in each body of water. The purpose of this study wa s to collect basic biological data on the per formance of Q.. ce pedianum in this lake. 'J\lenty-f~r hour collections were made at six s t a tions throughout the lake at l east once a month. All shad were measured, we ighed , s exed, numbered and preserved. Scale samples were taken for age and growth det ermina tions and ovaries wer e weighed and eggs counted to measure the reproductive potential. The total sample was made up of only three age classes with age group II comprising over 74 percent. Smith Mounta in Lake s had were lighter than shad from other areas at comparable l engths. The male l ength-weight relation determined from the lengths and wei ghts of 513 males can be described by the equation log W = -3.5747 + 2.4851 X log L. A similar equation was derived for the female gizzard shad using 353 specimens. 'nlis was l og W = -3.2541 + 2.3848 log L. The combined length-weight relation of all gizzard shad is log w = -4.09229 + 2 . 71712 X log L. A standard deviation of this regression 68 coefficient is .1155 and the standard deviation about the line is .0437. The coefficient of condition indicated that the shad remained in fair health throughout the year. The males were s lightly more robust than the females. The coefficient for all gizzard shad was 1.090. In general gizzard shad appeared to remain in good condition throughout the fall, the critical winter months, and the spring. Females were at their l owest condition in the winter but they quickly recovered with the onset of warmer weather. This is probably related to the increase in ovary weight in preparation for the late spring spawn. Their growth rate was s lower than that of shad from Lake Erie, Missouri, and Florida. Age group I was found to be capable of reproducing, and they had an average of 44,288 eggs; age group II had an average of 68,239 eggs which was below the average of Lake Erie shad. The sex ratio was almost 1:1 and stable until May when a large increase was noted in the number of males. The catch data from each station indicated that the majority of the shad population spent the colder months in the Roanoke River a rm and then with the coming of summer they dispersed to other sections of the lake . Virginia Cooperative Fishery Unit student conducting water analysis . 69 Washing ton Coope r a tive Fishe ry Unit TI1c Washington Coope r a tivc Fis he ry Unit, loca ted a t the Unive rsity o f Washington in Seattle , b e gan in Aug u s t 19 67 whe n Dr. Richa rd w. Whitne y was appointed Unit Leader. Edwan' S . Ma rvich served a s Ass i s t a nt l.e ~1 d e r f rom Oc tobc r 1967 to Fe brua ry 1968 . Dr. Richard S . Wyd o s k i t rans f e rred from the Oregon Unit to the pos ition of Assistant Leade r i n Ma y 1969 . Duri n g the r eporting pe riod the Unit hnd 6 g r a duate s tude nts . The Unit Lead e r t a ug ht F i s h e ries 457, Principle s of Ma nagemen t o f Na tura l Resources and Fishe ries 495, Int r oduc tio n t o Fi s h Lite r ature . The Unit Lea der i s carrying o ut r esear c h o n the eff e cts o f wate r t emperature on s pawning runs of Ame rica n s h ad. Peak s pawning runs o n the At l a ntic and Pacific Coasts occur a t 64 d egr ees F. In mos t year s, 90 pe rcent of t he run appea r s when t empe r.1tu rcs .:ire be tween 6 1 a nd 67 deg r ees F . The effects o f the rmal pollution on s had run s i s be i ng con s ide r e d . Stude n t pr o jec t s a r e lis ted in tabl e 23 . TABLE 23 , --unit s tude n ts, degr e e s s oug ht , a nd s tudy s ubj ects Stud e n t Deg r ee Sub jec t A11 cc, Oria n J. Ph.D. Be ha vio r a l inte r action s b e tween young coho s almon a nd s t celheod t rout Ander son , Ave n M. Ph.D. A s tudy o f the geoduc k clam Or aa t c n , Duane o. Ph . D. Tro ut ma nagement policies and a ng l e r participa tion and satisfaction Br o wn , Lawre nce M.S . A food a nd g rowth s tudy of cra ppie in Lake Was hington McM inds , Gu y M. S . Deve l o pme nt o f a s ocke ye s almon f i shery i n QUina ult Rive r Stei n , J effrey N. M.S . Larg e mo uth bass in Lake Washing t on Qu i na ul t triba l membe r ha rvesting sal mon f rom a Re s e rvati on s tre am. 70 Appendix A.-- Unit Addresses, Personnel, and Coordinating Committee Members In the following list, an asterisk preceeding "*Unit Leader" indicates that he is a member of the Coordinating Committee. The following are other Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Coordinating Committee members: Units - California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington Mr. Jack E. Hemphill, Assistant Regional Director, Region 1, Portland, Oregon Units - Arizona, Colorado, Oklahoma and Utah Mr. Robert F. Stephens, Assistant Regional Director, Region 2, Albuquerque, New Mexico Units - Iowa, Missouri, Ohio and South Dakota Mr. Samuel E. Jorgensen, Assistant Regional Director, Region 3, Twin Cities, Minnesota Units - Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina and Virginia Mr. Ernest c. Hartin, Assistant Regional Director, Region 4, Atlanta, Georgia Units - Haine, Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania Mr. Richard E. Griffith, Regional Director, Region 5, Boston, Massachusetts Alabama Cooperative Fishery Unit, Fisheries Building Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36830 *Unit Leader: Dr. John s. Ramsey; Assistant Leader: Mr. James M. Barkuloo Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. E.v. Smith, Dean, School of Agriculture and Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University Hr. Charles D. Kelley, Chief, Division of Game and Fish, Department of Conservation, Montgomery, Alabama Arizona Cooperative Fishery Unit, Room 302, Old Psychology Building University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 Unit Leader: Dr· William J. McConnell; Assistant Leader: Mr. Charles D. Ziebell Other Coordinating Coumittee members: Dr. Albert Weaver, Associate Dean, College of Liberal Arts, University of Arizona Mr. Howard M. Bassett, Chief of Fisheries, Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona California Cooperative Fishery Unit, Fisheries Department Humboldt State College, Arcata, California 95521 *Unit Leader: Dr. Roger A· Barnhart; Assistant Leader: Dr. Charles F. Bryan Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. George H. Allen, Professor, Fisheries Department, Humboldt State College Dr. Alexander J. Calhoun, Chief of Inland Fisheries, Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, California Colorado Cooperative Fishery Unit, Room 102, Cooperative Units Building Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521 *Unit Leader: Dr. Robert E. Vincent; Assistant Leader: Dr. Robert J. Behnke Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. Gustav A. Swanson, Head, Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University Mr. Robert L. Evans, Assistant Director, Divis ion of Game, Fish and Parks, Denver, Colorado Georgia Cooperative Fishery Unit, School of Forestry University of Georgia, Athens , Georgia 30601 *Unit Leader: Dr. Alfred C. Fox; Assistant Leader: Mr. James p. Clugston Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. A.H. Herrick, Dean, School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia Mr. Leon Kirkland, Chief of Fisheries, State Game and Fish Commission, Atlanta, Georgia 71 Hawaii Cooperative Fishery Unit, 2538 The Ma ll University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 *Unit Leader: Or. John A. Maciolek Other Coordinating Committee members: Or. Vernon B. Brock, Director, Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii Mr. Michio Taka ta, Director, Division of Fish and Game, Honolulu Idaho Cooperative Fishery Unit, College of Forestry - Wildlife Management University of Ida ho, Moscow, Idaho 83843 *Unit Leader: Dr. Donald w. Chapman; Assistant Leader: Or. Theodore c. Bjornn Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. Ernest Wohletz, Dean, College of Forestry, University of Idaho Mr. John R. Woodworth, Director, Fish and Game Department, Boise, Idaho Iowa Cooperative Fishery Unit, 80 Science Hall Iowa State University, Ames , Iowa 50010 *Unit Leader: Dr. Robert J. Muncy ; Assistant Leader: Dr. Ross v. Bulkley Other Coordinating Committee members: Or . Kenneth D. Carlander, Professor, Department of Fish and Wildlife, Iowa State Univers ity Mr. Earl T. Rose, Director of Fish and Game, State Conservation ColllDission, Des Hoines, Iowa Louisiana Cooperative Fishery Unit, Room 201, Forestry Building Louis iana State University, Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 *Unit Leader: Dr. Jerry C. Tash; Assistant Leader : Mr. William H. Herke Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. J. Norman Efferson, Dean, College of Agriculture, Louisiana State University Mr. Joe L. Herring, Chief, Division of Fish and Game, Wild Life and Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, Louisiana Maine Cooperative Fishery Unit, Department of Zoology University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473 *Unit Leader: Dr. Richard w. Hatch; Assistant Leader: Dr. Paul Haefner, Jr. (Resigned 6/69) Other Coordinating Commitee members: Or. Kenneth w. Allen, Head, Department of Zoology, University of Maine Mr. Lyndon H. Bond , Chief, Fishery Research and Management Division, Department of Inland Fisheries and Game, Augusta, Maine Massachusetts Cooperative Fishery Unit, Holdworth Hall University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 *Unit Leader: Dr. James A. McCann; Assistant Leader: Dr. Roger J . Reed Other Coordinating Committee members: Hr. Arnold D. Rhodes, Head, Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Massachusetts Dr. Cha rles F. Cole, Associate Professor, Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Massachusetts Mr. Colton H. Bridges, Superintendent, Wildlife Research and Development, Division of Fisheries and Game, Boston Mr. Irwin M. Alperin, Assis tant Director, Division of Marine Fisheries, Department of Natural Resources , Boston Miss ouri Cooperative Fishery Unit, Stephens Hall University of Missouri, Columbia, Mis souri 65201 *Unit Leader: Or. Richard o. Anderson; Assistant Leader: Dr. Daniel W. Coble Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. Roberts. Campbell, Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Missouri Mr. Paul G. Barnickol, Assistant Director, Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri 72 Montana Cooperative Fishery Unit, Department of Zoology and Entomology Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59715 *Unit Leader: Dr . Richard J. Graham; Assistant Leader: Dr. William R. Gould, Jr. Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. C.J.D. Brown, Professor, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Montana State University Mr. Arthur N. Whitney, Chief of Fisheries Management, Fish and Game Department, Helena Montana New York Cooperative Fishery Unit, Fernow Hall Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850 *I.hit Leader: Dr. Alfred w. Eipper; Assistant Leader: Dr. Clarence A. Carlson, Jr. Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. Dwight A. Webster, Head, Department of Conservation, Cornell University Mr. William G. Bentley, Assistant Director, Fish and Game Divis ion, Conservation Department, Albany, New York North Carolina Cooperative Fishery Unit, Box 5577 (4105 Gardner Hall) North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 *Unit Leader: Dr. F. Eugene Hester; Assistant Leader: Mr. Robert B. Stevens Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. J. Lawrence Apple, Director, Institute of Biological Sciences and Ass istant Director, Agricultural Experiment Station, North carolina State University Dr. David B. Davis, Head, Department of Zoology, North carolina State University Ohio Cooperative Fishery Unit, 1735 Neil Avenue Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 *Unit Leader: Dr. Richard A. Tubb; Assistant Leader: Mr. Stephen H. Taub Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. Tony J. Peterle, Chairman, Faculty of Population and Environmental Biology, and Professor, College of Biological Sciences, Ohio State University Mr. Clarence F. Clark, Assistant Supervisor of Research, Ohio Division of Wildlife, Columbus (January 68 - June 69) Mr. Donald Thompson, Chief of Research, Ohio Division of Wildlife (June 20, 1969) Oklahoma Cooperative Fishery Unit, Room 406, Life Sciences Building Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074 *Unit Leader: Dr. Robert c. SuDlllerfelt; Assistant Leader: Dr. Bradford B. Brown Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. Marvin T. Edmison, Director, Research Foundation, Oklahoma State University Mr. Buford Tatum, Chief, Division of Fisheries, Department of Wildlife Conservation, Oklahoma City (July 1969 - Wendell Bener, Director, Departruent of Wildlife Conservation) Oregon Cooperative Fishery Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Extension Hall Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 *Unit Leader: Dr. Raymond c. Simon; Assistant Leader: Dr. Richard s. Wydoski (Transferred to the Washington Unit, May 4, 1969) Other Coordinating Committee members: Dr. Thomas G. Scott, Head, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University Dr. Thomas B. Kruse, Director of Research, Oregon Fish Commission, Portland Dr. H.J. Rayner, Chief, Research Divis ion, Oregon Game Coumission, Portland Pennsylvania Cooperative Fishery Unit, Department of Zoology-208 Life Science Building Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 *Unit Leader: Dr. Robert L. Butler; Assistant Leader: Dr. Donald c. Hales Other Coordinating Committtee members: Dr. Alex Black, Associate Director, Agriculture Experiment Station, Pennsylvania State University. Mr. Robert J. Bielo, Executive Director, Pennsylvania Fish CoDDDission, Harrisburg 73 South Dakota Cooperative Fishery Unit, Deparbnent of Wildlife Management South D.lkota Sta te University, Brookings, South Dakota 57006 *Acting Unit Leader: Mr. Richard L. Applegate Othe r Coordinating Comm ittee members : Dr . Duane Acke r, Dean, College of Ag riculture and Biological Sciences, South Dakota State Univers ity Mr. Robert A. Hodg ins, Director, Department of Game, Fish and Parks , Pie rre , South Dakota Utah Cooper a tive Fishery Unit Utah Sta te Unive rsity, Logan , Utah 84321 *Unit Leader: Dr . Robert H. Kramer; As sistant Leader: Dr. Clair B. Stalnaker Othe r Coordinating Commitee member s : Dr. William F. Sigler, Head, Wildlife Resources Department , Uta h State Univers ity Mr. John E. Phelps, Director, Fish and Game Division , Salt Lake City, Utah Virg inia Coope r a tive Fisher y Unit Virg inia Po l ytec hnic Ins titute, Blacks burg , Virg inia 24060 *Unit Leader: Dr. Kenneth B. Cuouning; Assistant Leader: Mr. Ray Don Estes Othe r Coordina ting Committee members: Dr. John F. Hosne r, Head, De partment of Forestry and Wildlife, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Mr. Jack M. Hoffman, Chief , Fish Divis ion, Comm i ssion of Game and Inland Fisheries, Richmond, Virg inia Washing t on Cooperative Fishery Unit , Co llege of Fishe ries Univers ity of Washington, Seattl e , Washington 98105 *Unit Leader: Dr. Richa rd R. Whitney; Assistant Leader: Dr. Richa rd s. Wydoski Other Coor dinating Committee members: Dr . Richard Van Cleave, Dean, College of Fisheries, University of Washing t on Mr. Donald E. Kauffman, Supervisor, Divis ion of Re search, Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia Mr . Cliff J . Mil lenbach , Chief, Divis ion of Fishe ry Management, Washing ton Department of Game , Ol ympia Net u sed at Singley Creek, Ca lifornia, to trap downs tream migrant juvenile steelhead trout. 74 Appendix B.-- Publications of unit Staff and Students Anderson, R.O. 1968. Transportation of gizzard shad. Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 184. Anderson, R.o. and H.L. Heman 1969. Angling as a factor influencing catchability of largemouth bass . Transactions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 98, no. 2, p. 317-320. Applegate, R.L., A.C. Fox and V.J. Starostka 1968. A water core plankton sampler. Journal , Research Board of canada, vol. 25, no. 8, p. 1741- 1742. Babcock, W.H. and George Post 1967. An evaluation of water conditioning systems for fish distribution tanks. Special Report No. 16, Colorado Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Division of Fishery Research. 9 p. Baldes, R.J. and R.E. Vincent 1969. Physical parameters of microhabitats occupied by brown trout in an experimental flume. Transactions , American Fisheries Society, vol. 98, no. 2, p. 230-238. Behnke, R.J. 1968. Coldwater fish management. Proceedings, 4th Annual Short Course in Game and Fish Management. Colorado State University. p. 46-48. Behnke, R.J. (1968). A new subgenus and species of trout, Salmo (Platysalmo) platycepha lus, from Southcentral Turkey, with couments on the classification of the subfamily Salmoninae. Zoological Institute, Hamburg, Germany (In Press). Behnke, R.J. 1969. The Lake Ohrid trout, Salmo letnica, and its potential as a new North American sport fish. Proceedings, Western Game and Fish Commissioners, Jackson, Wyoming, June 29, 1969. Belusz, L.C. and R.J. Reed 1969. Some epizoophytes on six turtle species collected in Massachusetts and Michigan. American Midland Naturalist, vol. 81, no. 2, p. 598-601. Bjornn, T.C. 1968. Survival and emergence of trout and salmon fry in various gravel-sand mixtures. Forum on Relation Between Logging and Salmon, Juneau, Alaska. Bjornn, T.c., D.R. Craddock and D.R. Corley 1968. The migration and survival of Redfish Lake, Idaho,sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Transactions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 97, no. 4, p. 360-373. Braaten, D.O. 1969. Robustness of the DeLury population estimator. Journal, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 339-355. Brown, B.B. 1969. Prospects for urban fishing. Proceedings, 3rd Annual Conference on Outdoor Recreation. Oklahoma State University, p. 30-36. Bryan, C.F. 1969. Variations in selected meristic characters of some basses, Micropterus. Copeia, no. 2, p. 370-373. 75 Bryan, C.F. and T.R. Sopher 19 69 . New northern record for the threadfin shad, Dorosoma ~tenense (Gunther), in coastal waters of Ca lifornia. California Fis h and Game, vol. SS, no. 2, p. 1SS-1S6. Busbee, R. L. 1968. Piscivor ous activities of t he channel catfish. Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 30, no. 1, p. 32-34. Butler, R.L. and V.M. Hawthorne 1968. The r eactions of dominant trout to changes in overhead cover. Transactions, American Fis heries Society, vol. 97, no . 1, p. 37-41. Callaham, M.A. and M.T. Huish 1968 . Use of antimyc in as a fish toxicant with emphas is on removing trash fish from catfish ponds. Proceedings, 21st Annu al Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fis h Commissioners (1967), p. 476-481 . Ca llaham, M.A. and M.T. Huis h 1969. Effects of antimycin on plankton populations. Proceedings , 22nd Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners (1968) In Press. Carlson, C.A. 1968 . Life and death in the l argemouth bass. N.Y. Conservationist, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 20-21. Carlson, C.A. 1968 . Effect of water quality on first-year mortality of l argemouth bass. Cornell Plantations, vol. 23, no. 4 , p. S4-S6. Ca rlson, C.A. 1968. Summer bottom fauna of the Mississippi River, above Dam 19, Keokuk, Iowa. Ecology, vol. S9, no. 1 , p. 162-169. Chapman, D.w. and T.C. Bj ornn 1968. Distribution of salmonids in streams with special reference to effects of food and feeding. H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries, p. 1S3-176. Clifford, T.J. 1969. An estimate of the s tanding crop and angler harvest of the walleye sport fishery of Lake Poinsett, South Dakota. Proceedings, South Dakota Academy of Science, vol. 48. Craven, R.E. 1968 . Stylaria lacustris (Oligochaeta-Naidida) in Oklahoma. Southwestern Naturalist, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 249-2SO. Ebbesson, S.O.E. and J.S. Ramsey 1968. The opti'c tracts of two s pecies of sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier and Ginglymostoma cirratum). Brain Research, vol. 8, p. 36-S3. Ebert, v.w. and R.C. Summerfelt 1969 . Contributions to the life history of the Piute sculpin, Cottus beldingii Eigenmann and Eigenmann, in Lake Tahoe. California Fish and Game, vol. SS, no. 2, p. 100-120. Edmundson, E.H., F.H. Everest and D.W. Chapman 1968 . Permanence of station in juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead trout in two Idaho streams . Journal Fisheries Research Boa rd , Canada, vol. 2S, no. 7, p. 1453-1464. 76 Sipper, A.W. et al. 1968. Cornell scientists see thermal pollution of Cayuga Lake by planned nuclear power plant. N.Y. Conservationist, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 2-5 and 36-37. Blser, A.A. 1968. Fish populations of a trout stream in relation to major habitat zones and channel alterations. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 97, no. 4 , p. 389-397. Flickinger, S.A. 1969. Minnows for sale. Colorado Outdoors, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 10-12. Gould, W.R. and c.J.D. Brown 1968. Fishes of the genus Semotilus (Cyprinidae) from Montana. Copeia, 1968, no. 3, p. 628-629. Graham, R.J. 1968. Long-term toxicity bioassay of oil refinery effluents. International Journal of Air and Water Pollution, vol. 2, p. 643-663. Gregory, R.w. 1968. Occurrence of fructose in trout seminal plasma. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 97, no. 2, p. 203-204. Gregory, R.w. 1968. Salt water fish for Colorado. Colorado Outdoors, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 1-4. Gregory, R.W. and D.T. Weber 1968. Sterling Reservoir, a walleye producer. Colorado Outdoors, vol. 17, no . 2, p. 24-27. Greichus, Y.A., A.C . Fox, and R.L. Applegate 1969. Survey of pesticide residues in the Lake Poinsett ecosystem. Proceedings, South Dakota Academy of Science, vol. 48. Gronlund, w.D., H.O. Hodgins, R.c. Simon and D.D. Weber 1968. Blood lactate concentrations and mortality in sockeye and chinook salmon Oncorhynchus nerka and .Q: tshawytscha) after exercise. Journal, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 25, no. 3, p. 473-484. Gunderson, D.R. 1968. Floodplain use related to stream morphology and fish populations. Journal, Wildlife Management, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 507-514. Haefner, P.A. 1968. Occurrence of Mysis gaspensis (O.s. Tattersall) (Mysidae) in the Gulf of Maine. Crustaceana, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 219-220. Haefner, P.A. 1969 . Occurrence of a larval alligator fish (Agonidae) in brackish water. Copeia, 1969, no. 1, p. 201-202. Haines, T.A. and R. L. Butler 1969. Responses of yearling smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) to artificial shelter in a stream aquarium. Journal, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 26, p. 21-31. Hales, D.C. and A.R. Gaufin 1969. Comparison of two types of stream insect drift nets. Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 459-461. 77 Heaton, L.H. and George Post 1968. Tissue residue and oral safety of furazolidone in four species of trout. Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 39, no. 4, p. 208-215. Heman, M.L., R.S. Campbell and L.R. Redman 1969. Manipulation of fish populations through reservoir drawdown. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 98, no. 2, p. 293-304. Herke, W.H. 1969. A boat-mounted surface push-trawl for sampling juveniles in tidal marshes. Progressive Fish-CUlturist, vol. 31, no. 3, p. 177-179. Hester, F.E. 1969. What's happening to wildlife. Agri-Lite, N.C. State university, Spring Issue, p. 10-13. Hewston, J.G. and D.R. Franklin 1969. Recreational use patterns at Flaming Gorge Reservoir, 1963-65 . Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Resource Publication 70, 80 p. Hicks, o .c. 1968. I'm the secretary. Colorado Outdoors, vol. 17, no. 4, p. 12-13. Horak, Don and Tom Powell 1968. Northern pike. Colorado Outdoors, vol. 17 , no. 3, p. 26-28. Jarman, R. , C. Bennett, c. Collins and B.E. Brown 1968. Angling success and recreational use on twelve state owned lakes in Oklahoma. Proceedings, 21st Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners (1967), p. 484-495. Kelley, J.W. 1968. Effects of incubation temperature on survival of largemouth bass eggs. Progressive Fish-Culturist, vol. 30, no. 3, p. 159-163. Kemmerer, A.J., J. Glucksman, P.A. Stewart and w.J. McConnell 1968. Some productivity relations in seven fishing impoundments in eastern Arizona. Journal, Arizona Academy of Science. Kochsiek, K. and R.A. Tubb 1968. Salinity tolerances of Pimephales promelas, Fundulus diaphanus and~ inconstans. South Dakota Academy of Science, vol. 46, p. 95-99. Kramer, R.H. 1969. A preliminary bibliography on extent and causes of early mortality in freshwater fish (diadromous fishes excluded). FNJ Fisheries Circular 307, 20 p. Lewis , S.L. 1969. Physical factors influencing fish populations in pools of a trout stream. Transactions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 98, no. 1, p. 14-19. Lewis, w.M. and s. Flickinger 1967. Home range tendency of lar~emouth bass. Ecology, vol. 48, no. 6, P• 1020-1022. McCann, J.A. and o.F. Cruse 1969. Computer program for mark and recovery population estimates (CDC computer). Transactions, American Fisheries Society, vol. 98, no. 2, P• 332-334. 78 McConnell, William J. 1968. Limnological effects of organic extracts of litter in a southwestern impoundment. Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 343-349. Maciolek, J.A. and M.G. Tunzi 1968. Microseston dynamics in a simple Sierra Nevada lake-stream system. Ecology, vol. 49, no. 1 , p. 60-75. Maciolek, J.A. 1969. Freshwa ter lakes in Hawaii. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fur 'nl.eoretische und Angewandte Limnologie, vol. 17, p. 386-391. tollllan, J.W. and R. L. Applegate 1968. Centrarchid food habits in a new and old reservoir during and following bass spawning. Proceedings, 21st Annual Conference Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, p. 332-342. Mullan, J.w., R.L. Applegate and w.c. Rainwater 1968. Food of logperch (Percina caprodes), and brook silverside (Labidesthes s icculus), in a new and old Ozark reservoir. Transactions , American Fisheries Society, vol. 97, no. 3, p. 300-305. Mullan, J.W. and R.L. Applegate 1969 . Use of an echo sounder in measuring distribut ion of reservoir fishes. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Technical Paper 19, 16 p. Pearson, W.D. and D.R. Franklin 1968. Some factors affecting drift rates of .Baetis and Simuliidae in a large river. Ecology, vol. 49 , no. 1 , p. 75-81. Pearson, W.D. and R.H. Kramer 1969. A drift sampler driven by a waterwheel. Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 14, no. 3, p. 462-465. Pearson, w.D., R.H. Kramer and D.R. Franklin 1968. Macroinvertebrates in the Green River below Flaming Gorge Dam, 1964-65 and 1967. Proceedings, Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, vol. 45, no. 1, P• 148-167. Raleigh, R.F. 1968. Genetic control in the lakeward migration of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fry. Journal, Fisheries Research Board, Canada, vol. 24, no. 13, p. 2613-2622. Ramsey, J.S. 1968. Freshwater fishes. In F.K. Parris (ed.), Keys to water quality indicative organisms (southeastern united States). Federal Water Pollution Control Administration , Cincinnati, p. Y 1-15. Regier, H.A. and W.H. Swallow 1968. An aquarium temperative control system for field stations. Progressive Fish Culturist, vol. 30, no. 1 , p. 43-46. Shireman, J.V. 1968. Age and growth of bluegills, Lepomis machrochirus Rafinesque, from sel ected Central Iowa farm ponds. Proceedings, Iowa Academy of Science, vol. 75, p. 170-178. Simon, R.C. and R.E. Noble 1968. Hybridization in Oncorhynchus (Salmonidae). I . Viability and inheritance in artificial crosses of chum and pink salmon. Transactions, American Fisheries Soc iety, vol. 97, no. 2, p. 109-118. 79 Spall, R.D. and R. c. Suomerfelt 1969. Host-parasite relations of certain endoparasitic helminths of the channel catfish and white crappie in an Oklahoma reservoir. Bulletin, Wildlife Disease As sociation, vol. 5, no. 2, p. 48-67. Stein, C.B. 1969. Studies in the life history of the naiad, Amblema plicata (Say, 1817). Annual Reports, American Malacological union, p. 46-47. Summer felt, R.C. 1968. Influence of forests and forest managellleI\t on fisheries resources. Proceedings, 2nd Annual Conference on Outdoor Recreation, Oklahoma State University, p. 75-81. Summerfel t, R.C. 1969. Commercial sports fishing enterprises and new possibilities for fishing dock operators. Proceedings, 3rd Annual Conference on Outdoor Recreation, Oklahoma State University, p. 69-74. Taub, S.H. 1969. Fecundity of the white perch. ~ americanus (Gmelin). Progressive Fish Culturis t, vol. 31, no. 3, p. 166-168. Taub, S.H. 1968. The occurrence of Eustrongylides .!.!?· in white perch, ~ americanus (Gmelin). Journal of Para sitology, vol. 54, no. 3, p. 516. 'nlorn, w.c. and V.J. Starostka 1969. 11\e yellow bullhead in two small impoundments in northeastern South Dakota. Proceedings, South Dakota Academy of Science, vol. 48. Tubb, R.A. and S.H. Taub 1968 . Potential of a strip mined area for fisheries reclamation. 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A sonic remote recovery device for submerged equipment. Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 13, no. 1, p. 198-200. <> U. S. COV ERNME!n' PRINTINO OFnCE : UTO 0 • 319· 1TO 80 UNITED STATES ... DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ~- FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES ANO WILDLIFE WASHINGTON, 0 .C. 20240 P'OSTAQIE AND I'm f'AID u.a. ~AKTMllHT Ofl TMIE IHT'DtlO..