DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case of the CCF/NDP

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Case of the CCF/NDP University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 2008 The communicative ecology of social democracy: The case of the CCF/NDP Michael Classens University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Classens, Michael, "The communicative ecology of social democracy: The case of the CCF/NDP" (2008). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 8199. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/8199 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. THE COMMUNICATIVE ECOLOGY OF SOCIAL DEMOCRACY: THE CASE OF THE CCF/NDP by Michael Classens A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies Through the Department of Communication Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2008 © 2008 Michael Classens Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-47020-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-47020-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada Author's Declaration of Originality I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has been published or submitted for publication. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone's copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis and have included copies of such copyright clearances to my appendix. I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. in ABSTRACT A good deal of scholarship on the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation/New Democratic Party has focused on the party's trajectory away from a form of prairie populist, social democratic politics towards a centralized, liberal democratic politics (e.g. Zakuta 1964, Young 1969, Cross 1974). This longitudinal study bears out a similar conclusion, but focuses specifically on changes in the party's communicative ecology over time. Using the work of Carey (1989) and Nancy (1991) the notion of communicative ecology, defined as the ways in which an institution communicates through non-mass mediated means is used to understand both how the party conceives of abstract categories such as democracy and citizenship as well as how they proceed with communicating these ideas. IV DEDICATION For Serena. She knows why. And for my parents. Consider this a kind of abstract scrapbook of every lesson you've ever taught me. (Read closely. You'll even see evidence of the making-the-bed lesson). v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly I'd like to thank my good friend Jim. If I could get you a Tigers World Series ring with your name engraved on it, I'd be partway to showing you the depth of my appreciation. I can only be thankful that a perverse kind of serendipity intervened to pair you, an American Professor of Communication, with me, an impractical student with a penchant for a marginal Canadian political party. I'm glad we both trusted the logic. MA be damned, I got a wonderful friend out of this process. Thanks also to the Honorable Howard Pawley. It is an absolute honor to have had someone of your dedication, service, and esteemed judgment on this committee. Your character and persistence have kept the party from wandering further astray than it has, while simultaneously motivating subsequent generations to keep fighting for it. Finally, thanks to Dr. Susan Bryant. You've inspired me more than you probably know. If only the academy was conducive to fostering more academics with your gracious sense of balance. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR'S DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY iii ABSTRCT iv DEDICATION v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 Communication for Democracy Considered 5 II. REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE 11 Gramsci, Intellectuals, the Party and The Politics of Resistance 14 Contemporary Democratic Theory 20 Habermas and the Public Sphere 22 The Critique of Habermas: Towards an Ideal Democracy 25 III. METHOD AND EPISTEMOLOGY 33 Relevant Moments/Documents in the History of the CCF/NDP 43 IV. THE TRANSITION OF SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN CANADA: 46 FROM THE CCF TO THE NDP The Making of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 49 The Transformation of the CCF 58 V. EMERGENT IDEAS AND THE POLITICS OF DISSENT 67 WITHIN THE NDP: THE CASE OF THE WAFFLE A Crisis on the Left: The Struggle Between Old and New 67 The NDP Meets the New Left 70 After the 1969 Convention: The Waffle in Action, The Death of 77 The Waffle VI. ELECTORALISM, PROFESSIONALIZATION AND 87 POLSTERS: THE NDP IN THE 1980s Elections Act and Political Advertising 89 Dunsky and Fingerhut: The Professionals Take Over 93 1984 Sets the Stage for the "Canada/U.S. Free Trade 100 Agreement" election of 1988 vn VII. CALLS AND REJECTIONS FOR PARTY RENEWAL THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD New Millennium, Same Party VIII. CONCLUSION Technology and Communication The Division of Political Labour Missing the Mark: Communicating the Status Quo Building a Social Democratic Communicative Ecology: Recommendations for the NDP BIBLIOGRAPHY VITA AUCTORIS Introduction Speculating about the problems of the New Democratic Party (NDP) and proposing solutions has long since been a past time of Canadian progressives (e.g. Berlin and Aster, 2001; Archer and Whitehorn, 1993; Archer, 1990). A theme which remains present throughout much of the discussion is one of considerable frustration and confusion: How can a party so culturally relevant to Canadian society remain so politically marginal? As Canadians, we take considerable pride in our alleged civility (think universal health care) vis-a-vis our American neighbors, while paradoxically ensuring the trivialization of the party (at the polls), to the peril of both existing and future "civilized" infrastructures. Desmond Morton hits on the sentiment when writing that the NDP has been ".. .treated like the Mounties and the Montreal Canadiens, important culturally but somehow not quite serious" (Morton, 1974, p. v). A rich tradition of scholarship has developed over the decades addressing the issue of social democracy in Canada, much of which has been concerned with explaining the struggles of the New Democratic Party to offer a viable, social democratic parliamentary force. Lipset (1950) has detailed the struggles and early successes of social democracy and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Canada. Subsequent scholars have focused on the relative decline of organized social democracy in Canada. Azoulay (1997), Zakuta (1964), Young (1969) and Whitehorn (1992) have investigated the party's internal logic, using a sociological analysis in employing Michels' (1962) iron law of oligarchy to explain the decline. More recent scholarship, such as that of Boyko (2006) has looked to external factors and used a political economic 1 analysis to illustrate the degree to which the interests of capital, working with a complicit media, have been responsible for the decline of Canadian social democracy.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Newsocialist-Issue54
    VIRTUAL SEXUALITY BOLIVIAN ELECTIONS 54 NOV-JAN 2005/2006 ISSUE NO. 54 SPECIAL ISSUE ON CANADA & EMPIRE $4.95 HURRICANE KATRINA 7272006 86358 www.newsociallist.org EDITORIAL Canada and Empire Since the US government reacted to the attacks of No serious analysis of Canadian history or contemporary September 11th, 2001 by accelerating its push for global state polices towards Aboriginal communities can deny the dominance, there has been more talk about empire and impe- colonial nature of Canada or lend credence to a political strat- rialism than at any time since the 1970s. egy based on asserting the sovereignty of the same state that With Canadian troops and police in Afghanistan and denies Aboriginal Peoples and Quebec the right to self-deter- Haiti, the big boost in spending on the military in the last mination up to and including independence if they so federal budget and active government support for the “struc- choose. tural adjustment” policies of the International Monetary In our view, the notion that Canada is some kind of Fund and the World Bank that have inflicted so much harm dependent nation can’t be squared with the reality of the on people in the “Third World,” serious questions about Canadian state’s current role in Haiti or its pursuit of policies Canada’s relationship to imperialism are harder and harder to that destroy the livelihoods of millions of people in the ignore. Global South while giving free reign to multinational corpo- But because most anti-imperialist protest and analysis in rations – including Canadian companies - to plunder their Canada focuses on the US, such important questions often resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Rebalanced and Revitalized: a Canada Strong
    Rebalanced and Revitalized A Canada Strong and Free Mike Harris & Preston Manning THE FRASER INSTITUTE 2006 Copyright ©2006 by The Fraser Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. The authors have worked independently and opinions expressed by them are, therefore, their own, and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the supporters or the trustees of The Fraser Institute. The opinions expressed in this document do not necessary represent those of the Montreal Economic Institute or the members of its board of directors. This publication in no way implies that the Montreal Economic Institute or the members of its board of directors are in favour of, or oppose the passage of, any bill. Series editor: Fred McMahon Director of Publication Production: Kristin McCahon Coordination of French publication: Martin Masse Design and typesetting: Lindsey Thomas Martin Cover design by Brian Creswick @ GoggleBox Editorial assistance provided by White Dog Creative Inc. Date of issue: June 2006 Printed and bound in Canada Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Harris, Mike, 945- Rebalanced and revitalized : a Canada strong and free / Mike Harris & Preston Manning Co-published by Institut économique de Montréal. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0–88975–232–X . Canada--Politics and government--2006-. 2. Government information-- Canada. 3. Political participation--Canada. 4. Federal-provincial relations-- Canada. 5. Federal government--Canada. I. Manning, Preston, 942- II. Fraser Institute (Vancouver, B.C.) III. Institut économique de Montréal IV.
    [Show full text]
  • The Requisites of Leadership in the Modern House of Commons 1
    Number 4 November 2001 CANADIAN STUDY OF PARLIAMENT GROUP HE EQUISITES OF EADERSHIP THE REQUISITES OF LEADERSHIP IN THE MODERN HOUSE OF COMMONS Paper by: Cristine de Clercy Department of Political Studies University of Saskatchewan Canadian Members of the Study of Parliament Executive Committee Group 2000-2001 The Canadian Study of President Parliament Group (CSPG) was created Leo Doyle with the object of bringing together all those with an interest in parliamentary Vice-President institutions and the legislative F. Leslie Seidle process, to promote understanding and to contribute to their reform and Past President improvement. Judy Cedar-Wilson The constitution of the Canadian Treasurer Study of Parliament Group makes Antonine Campbell provision for various activities, including the organization of conferences and Secretary seminars in Ottawa and elsewhere in James R. Robertson Canada, the preparation of articles and various publications, the Counsellors establishment of workshops, the Dianne Brydon promotion and organization of public William Cross discussions on parliamentary affairs, David Docherty participation in public affairs programs Jeff Heynen on radio and television, and the Tranquillo Marrocco sponsorship of other educational Louis Massicotte activities. Charles Robert Jennifer Smith Membership is open to all those interested in Canadian legislative institutions. Applications for membership and additional information concerning the Group should be addressed to the Secretariat, Canadian Study of Parliament Group, Box 660, West Block, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0A6. Tel: (613) 943-1228, Fax: (613) 995- 5357. INTRODUCTION This is the fourth paper in the Canadian Study of Parliament Groups Parliamentary Perspectives. First launched in 1998, the perspective series is intended as a vehicle for distributing both studies prepared by academics and the reflections of others who have a particular interest in these themes.
    [Show full text]
  • "New World Order": Imperialist Barbarism
    SPARTACIST Bush, Mulroney' Gloat Over Desert Massacre "New World Order": Imperialist Barbarism Rebours/AP Charred remains of imperialist slaughter of Iraqi soldiers withdrawing from Kuwait. As planes repeatedly bombed "killing box" for over 12 hours, pilots boasted It was "like shooting fish in a barrel." U.S. imperialism's easy win in its one-sided, bloody war of armbands. Bush gloats that Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein devastation against Iraq is a deadly danger to working people "walks amidst ruins," while a pumped-up officer in the field and the oppressed everywhere. trumpets Washington's messagc to "thc rest of the world": The flag-wavers came out in force, with military parades and "If the U.S. is going to deploy forces, watch out." yellow ribbons everywhere. The U.S. Congress staged a spec­ Washington's junior partners in Ottawa played their part tacle for the conquering commander in chief that rcsembled in raining death upon the people of Iraq. Now Joe Clark has something between a football pep rally and a Nazi beer haJJ been sent to tour the Near East, hoping to share the spotlight meeting. Democrats and Republicans alike repeatcdly rose to for helping with the slaughter, and sniffing around for a few ehant "Bush! Bush! Bush!" and wore American flags like (continued on page 12) 2 SPARTACIST/Canada Partisan Defense Committee Fund Appeal Defend Arrested British Spartacist! At a February 2 demonstration against the Gulf War in London Alastair Green, a comrade of the Spartacist League!Britain, was arrcsted, dragged off the march, hit in the face with a police helmet and then charged with "obstructing a police officer" and "threatening behaviour." The police action against our comrade was carried out expressly on the basis of the SL/B's political positions on the war-for the' defeat of U.S.!British imperialism and defense of Iraq.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberalism, Social Democracy, and Tom Kent Kenneth C
    Liberalism, Social Democracy, and Tom Kent Kenneth C. Dewar Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes, Volume 53, Number/numéro 1, Winter/hiver 2019, pp. 178-196 (Article) Published by University of Toronto Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/719555 Access provided by Mount Saint Vincent University (19 Mar 2019 13:29 GMT) Journal of Canadian Studies • Revue d’études canadiennes Liberalism, Social Democracy, and Tom Kent KENNETH C. DEWAR Abstract: This article argues that the lines separating different modes of thought on the centre-left of the political spectrum—liberalism, social democracy, and socialism, broadly speaking—are permeable, and that they share many features in common. The example of Tom Kent illustrates the argument. A leading adviser to Lester B. Pearson and the Liberal Party from the late 1950s to the early 1970s, Kent argued for expanding social security in a way that had a number of affinities with social democracy. In his paper for the Study Conference on National Problems in 1960, where he set out his philosophy of social security, and in his actions as an adviser to the Pearson government, he supported social assis- tance, universal contributory pensions, and national, comprehensive medical insurance. In close asso- ciation with his philosophy, he also believed that political parties were instruments of policy-making. Keywords: political ideas, Canada, twentieth century, liberalism, social democracy Résumé : Cet article soutient que les lignes séparant les différents modes de pensée du centre gauche de l’éventail politique — libéralisme, social-démocratie et socialisme, généralement parlant — sont perméables et qu’ils partagent de nombreuses caractéristiques.
    [Show full text]
  • 88309 Rwanda Omslag
    Assessment of the Impact and Influence of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda Lessons from Rwanda – Lessons for Today Rwanda – Lessons for Today Lessons from Following the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs initiated a comprehensive evaluation of the international response. The findings were highly critical of nearly all the international actors. Ten years after the genocide the Ministry commissioned this assessment of the impact and influence of the evaluation. It concludes that the evaluation con- tributed to increased accountability among humanitarian organizations and that it had important influences on several major donor policies. But, despite a greater willingness by the international community to intervene militarily and to undertake more robust peacekeeping missions, these remain the exception rather than the rule where mass killings of civilians threaten or are even underway. The evaluation’s main conclusion – that “Humanitarian Action cannot substitute for political action” – remains just as December 2004 valid today as 10 years ago. Lessons from Rwanda – Lessons for Today ISBN: 87-7667-141-0 Lessons from Rwanda – Lessons for Today Assessment of the Impact and Influence of Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda John Borton and John Eriksson December 2004 © Ministry of Foreign Affairs December 2004 Production: Evaluation Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Cover: Kiure F. Msangi Graphic production: Phoenix-Print A/S, Aarhus, Denmark ISBN (report): 87-7667-141-0 e-ISBN (report): 87-7667-142-9 ISSN: 1399-4972 This report can be obtained free of charge by contacting: Danish State Information Centre Phone + 45 7010 1881 http://danida.netboghandel.dk/ The report can also be downloaded through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ homepage www.um.dk or directly from the Evaluation Department’s homepage www.evaluation.dk Responsibility for the content and presentation of findings and recommendations rests with the authors.
    [Show full text]
  • The NDP's Approach to Constitutional Issues Has Not Been Electorally
    Constitutional Confusion on the Left: The NDP’s Position in Canada’s Constitutional Debates Murray Cooke [email protected] First Draft: Please do not cite without permission. Comments welcome. Paper prepared for the Annual Meetings of the Canadian Political Science Association, June 2004, Winnipeg The federal New Democratic Party experienced a dramatic electoral decline in the 1990s from which it has not yet recovered. Along with difficulties managing provincial economies, the NDP was wounded by Canada’s constitutional debates. The NDP has historically struggled to present a distinctive social democratic approach to Canada’s constitution. Like its forerunner, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), the NDP has supported a liberal, (English-Canadian) nation-building approach that fits comfortably within the mainstream of Canadian political thought. At the same time, the party has prioritized economic and social polices rather than seriously addressing issues such as the deepening of democracy or the recognition of national or regional identities. Travelling without a roadmap, the constitutional debates of the 80s and 90s proved to be a veritable minefield for the NDP. Through three rounds of mega- constitutional debate (1980-82, 1987-1990, 1991-1992), the federal party leadership supported the constitutional priorities of the federal government of the day, only to be torn by disagreements from within. This paper will argue that the NDP’s division, lack of direction and confusion over constitution issues can be traced back to longstanding weaknesses in the party’s social democratic theory and strategy. First of all, the CCF- NDP embraced rather than challenged the parameters and institutions of liberal democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Democratic Parly and Labor Political Action in Canada
    ^ •%0k--~* ^'i'^©fc: s $> LABOR RESEARCH REVIEW #22 The New Democratic Parly and Labor Political Action in Canada • Elaine Bernard Political humorist Barry Crimmins recently remarked that the Perot phenomenon in the last Presidential election showed the depressing state of U.S. politics. "Who would have thought/' shrugged Crimmins, "that the development of a third party would reduce political choice?" Many U.S. union progressives have envied their Canadian counterparts' success in building an enduring labor-based political party—the New Democratic Party (NDP). They look to Canada and the NDP as proof that labor and democratic socialist ideas can win a wide hearing and acceptance in North America. As U.S. activists learn about Canada's more progressive labor laws, the national system of universal publicly funded single-payer health care coverage, and the more generous and extensive entitlement programs, they naturally look to labor's political power and the role of the labor-supported New Democratic Party in winning many of these reforms and promoting progressive social change in Canada. Yet most activists in the U.S. know little about the 33-year history of the NDP, the struggles that took place within the Canadian labor movement over the party's creation, and the continuing evolution of • Elaine Bernard is the Executive Director of the Harvard Trade Union Program. Before moving to the U.S. in 1989, she was a longtime activist and the president of the British Columbia wing of the New Democratic Party of Canada. 100 Labor Research Review #21 the relationship between organized labor and the party.
    [Show full text]
  • The Next Prime Minister of Canada? Thomas Mulcair Impressive at NDP Convention
    THE MEMBERSHIP MAGAZINE FOR UFCW LOCAL 832 JULY 2012 The Next Prime Minister of Canada? Thomas Mulcair impressive at NDP convention. PRESIDENTIAL COMMENT The Imperfect Storm ooking around our beautiful on the basis of their ability to speak province as the dog days of English and allow employers to pay Lsummer arrive — and we all them 15 per cent less than workers think a little bit more about what to in the same jobs today. barbeque and less about the ‘to do’ list — you wouldn’t think that a storm Working people are under attack is brewing, which has slowly gained in every corner of this land and momentum since May of last year. This Canadians are seeing the true colours isn’t the kind of storm that bounces of this Federal government who are hail off the side walk or blows down now pushing through changes that trees; this is a political storm that will undo many of the accomplish- will eventually rain on every work- ments made through the hard work ing person in this country in one way of generations. or another. The need for workers to stand On May 2, 2011, the Conservative together as the workers of Winnipeg government of Stephen Harper took did in 1919 is as great today as it was power in Ottawa with the major- then. We need to remind Stephen ity that they had been looking for Harper and his government that WE part-time jobs, leaving them to live built this country and that there is no Many had speculated what a major- well below the poverty line.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Border Ties Among Protest Movements the Great Plains Connection
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Spring 1997 Cross-Border Ties Among Protest Movements The Great Plains Connection Mildred A. Schwartz University of Illinois at Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Schwartz, Mildred A., "Cross-Border Ties Among Protest Movements The Great Plains Connection" (1997). Great Plains Quarterly. 1943. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1943 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. CROSS .. BORDER TIES AMONG PROTEST MOVEMENTS THE GREAT PLAINS CONNECTION MILDRED A. SCHWARTZ This paper examines the connections among supporters willing to take risks. Thus I hypoth­ political protest movements in twentieth cen­ esize that protest movements, free from con­ tury western Canada and the United States. straints of institutionalization, can readily cross Protest movements are social movements and national boundaries. related organizations, including political pro­ Contacts between protest movements in test parties, with the objective of deliberately Canada and the United States also stem from changing government programs and policies. similarities between the two countries. Shared Those changes may also entail altering the geography, a British heritage, democratic prac­ composition of the government or even its tices, and a multi-ethnic population often give form. Social movements involve collective rise to similar problems. l Similarities in the efforts to bring about change in ways that avoid northern tier of the United States to the ad­ or reject established belief systems or organiza­ joining sections of Canada's western provinces tions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Liberals: a House Divided Introduction
    The Liberals: A House Divided Introduction “I will fulfill my mandate and focus entirely on governing from now until February Focus 2004. At which time my work will be done and at which time my successor will be In an unprec- chosen. And then, at the age of 70, I will look back with great satisfaction as I take edented move against a sitting my rest with Aline, secure in the knowledge that the future of Canada is unlim- Canadian prime ited.” — Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, August 21, 2002 minister, a signifi- cant number of Struggle for Power media and political organizers, the buzz Liberal Party mem- The summer of 2002 will be remem- about his future grew louder and louder. bers appeared The Martin camp was particularly ready to vote bered for both the hot weather and the against Jean equally hot political battle waged within active in promoting their man for the Chrétien in a the ranks of the Liberal Party of next leadership campaign. They built a planned leadership Canada. Open political warfare raged powerful organization and raised sub- review next year. inside the heart of Canada’s most stantial funds. Incensed by this pressure The split in the to leave, Chrétien and Martin had a Liberal camp was successful political machine. A party highlighted this that traditionally rallied around its falling out, and Martin left cabinet. spring when Paul leader appeared ready to tear itself apart Liberals were increasingly divided Martin, one of the over the question of leadership. and feared an open battle at a planned main contenders to After the Liberal victory of 2000, convention to review Chrétien’s leader- replace the PM, attention was drawn to the question of ship in February 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Legal Aid Policy in British Columbia 1950-1976
    THE EVOLUTION OF LEGAL AID POLICY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 1950-1976: A STRUCTURALIST ANALYSIS by Janie M. Cawley M.A., Simon Fraser University, 1975 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS Janie M. Cawley 1991 Simon Fraser University April 1991 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without: permission of the author. APPROVAL Name : Janie M. Cawley Degree : Doctor of Philosophy ~itleof Thesis: The Evolution of Legal Aid Policy in British Columbia 1950-1976: A Structuralist Analysis Examining Committee: B. P. Clayman, Chair ,I Simon N. verdunpnes; J1 S. D. SenioF7Supervisor . - Robert M( ... ~orqon,.--, Ph.D. Brian E. Burtch, Ph.D. ,. Delloyd atha~h.D. - - -- Jerbme Joseph Atrens, Professor Faculty of Law University of British ~olumbia External Examiner Date Approved: / PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.
    [Show full text]