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Edmilson Pereira Cruz UNIVERSIDADE DO VALE DO RIO DOS SINOS - UNISINOS UNIDADE ACADÊMICA DE PESQUISA E PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA NÍVEL MESTRADO EDMILSON PEREIRA CRUZ A REPERCUSSÃO DA QUESTÃO SOCIAL NOS DOCUMENTOS MAGISTRAIS DA IGREJA CATÓLICA AO LONGO DO SÉCULO XX E OS JESUÍTAS São Leopoldo 2019 EDMILSON PEREIRA CRUZ A REPERCUSSÃO DA QUESTÃO SOCIAL NOS DOCUMENTOS MAGISTRAIS DA IGREJA CATÓLICA AO LONGO DO SÉCULO XX E OS JESUÍTAS Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em História, pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos - UNISINOS Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Fernando Medeiros Rodrigues São Leopoldo 2019 2 C957r Cruz, Edmilson Pereira. A repercussão da questão social nos documentos magistrais da Igreja Católica ao longo do século XX e os jesuítas / Edmilson Pereira Cruz. – 2019. 129 f. : il. ; 30 cm. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, 2019. “Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Fernando Medeiros Rodrigues.” 1. Jesuítas – Brasil – História – Séc. XX. 2. Igreja e problemas sociais – Igreja Católica. I. Título. CDU 27 -789.5 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) (Bibliotecário: Flávio Nunes – CRB 10/1298) 3 Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus pela oportunidade que me deu de participar de um dos maiores centros de pesquisa do país. Sem Sua ajuda, com certeza não teria conseguido. Ao meu professor e orientador Prof. Luiz Fernando Medeiros Rodrigues por todos os conselhos nestes dois anos, pelas orientações pontuais que fizeram com que este trabalho ganhasse corpo. Mas principalmente, quero agradecer pela sua dedicação e compreensão; sem isto e seu apoio, este trabalho não teria se concluído. À minha família, mas de modo especial à minha esposa, Jéssica Cruz, por toda sua compreensão na minha dedicação neste trabalho, pelo seu carinho nos momentos de dificuldade, pelos seus conselhos nos momentos complexos e por todo seu amor e apoio em todos os momentos. Aos meus dois filhos, a Celina e o José Luís que tão pequeninhos já entenderam as complexidades de uma dissertação de mestrado, sou extremamente grato a Deus por estes presentes e a presença deles está totalmente ligada à história deste trabalho. Por fim, aos meus pais que foram uma importante base em toda a minha história que fizeram com que chegasse até este momento. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Unisinos, por todas as aulas e pelo conhecimento transmitido. Quero agradecer de forma especial aos professores Paulo Roberto Staudt Moreira e Marluza Marques Harres por disponibilizarem-se na qualificação e aprovação deste trabalho, seus conselhos e orientações foram de suma importância para alcanças os objetivos propostos. Por fim, à todos meus amigos e alunos que nestes dois anos estiveram comigo e partilharam de alguma forma com minha conquista. “Summum igitur in vita solamen est studium sapientiae, quam qui invenit felix est, et qui possidet beatus.” Hugo de São Vitor 6 RESUMO Este trabalho busca contribuir para a história da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil, levando em destaque a repercussão dos documentos magistrais sobre a questão social, no interior da Ordem Jesuítica entre os anos de 1960 a 1982. Nossa análise refere-se à ação social que os jesuítas irão desenvolver no Brasil depois da realização do Concílio Vaticano II, após as XXXI e XXXII Congregações Gerais da Ordem Jesuítica e da eleição do Geral Pedro Arrupe. Nosso objetivo é analisar como os jesuítas reagiram diante os documentos magistrais da Igreja sobre o apostolado social e como estes documentos influenciaram a mudança na postura dos jesuítas. Para tal intento, será necessário verificar a postura que o Geral Pedro Arrupe assumirá para conduzir a Companhia diante deste tema, tendo como base a sua carta aos jesuítas latino-americanos, intitulada: Análise Marxista . Neste estudo, usaremos como fonte os documentos da própria Companhia de Jesus – seus decretos e Atas das Congregações Gerais –, documentos pontifícios sobre a questão social da Igreja Católica, artigos e comunicações de revistas eclesiásticas no Brasil – como a revista jesuítica Perspectiva Teológica e a revista franciscana Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira (REB) – e, por fim, levantamentos históricos e bibliográficos sobre a ação da Igreja Católica no Brasil do século XX e sobre a questão política do Brasil nos anos analisados. Com isso verificamos uma alteração no discurso da Igreja Católica ao longo do século XX sobre a questão social, a qual possibilitou uma aproximação do catolicismo com algumas filosofias modernas, como o marxismo. Isto gerou uma mudança pastoral no interior de toda a Igreja Católica, nos movimentos católicos do Brasil e nas ordens religiosas, como os jesuítas. Palavras-chave: Questão Social. Igreja Católica. Companhia de Jesus. ABSTRACT This paper seeks to contribute to the history of the Jesuit Order in Brazil, with emphasis on the impact of the magisterial documents about the social question, inside the Jesuit Order between the years 1960 and 1982. Our analysis refers to the social action that the Jesuits developed in Brazil after the Second Vatican Council, the XXXI and XXXII General Congregations of the Jesuit Order and the election of Superior General Pedro Arrupe. Our goal is to analyse how the Jesuits reacted to the Church magisterial documents on social apostolate and how these documents influenced the change in the Jesuits’ attitude. To do so, it will be necessary to identify the attitude that Superior General Pedro Arrupe adopted to guide the Society of Jesus regarding this subject, based on his letter to Latin-American Jesuits, called Marxist Analysis. In this study, we shall use as sources documents from the Society of Jesus itself – its decrees and the Acts of the General Congregations --, pontifical documents on the Social Question in the Catholic Church, articles and communicates from ecclesiastical magazines in Brazi. Such as the Jesuit publication Perspectiva Teológica , and the Franciscan magazine Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira (REB) . Finally, historical and bibliographical research on the action of the Catholic Church in Brazil in the XX century, and on the political question of Brazil in those years. In doing so, we shall verify a change throughout the XX century in the discourse of the Catholic Church on the social question, which allowed the approximation between Catholicism and some modern philosophies, such as Marxism. This generated a pastoral shift inside the entire Church, in the catholic movements in Brazil and in religious orders, such as the Jesuits. Key-words: Social Question. Catholic Church. Jesuit Order. LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1. Fonte: Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira ............................................................... 61 Tabela 2. Fonte: Revista Perspectiva Teológica ............................................................. 110 LISTA DE SIGLAS AC Ação Católica ACB Ação Católica Brasileira AP Ação Popular ARENA Ação Renovadora Nacional CEBS Comunidade Eclesial de Base CELAM Conferência Episcopal Latino Americana CIAS Centros de Investigação e Ação Social CNBB Conferência Nacional dos Bispos Brasileiros DSI Doutrina Social da Igreja JAC Juventude Agrária Católica JEC Juventude Estudantil Católica JOC Juventude Operária Católica JUC Juventude Universitária Católica LEC Liga Eleitora Católica MDB Movimento Democrático Brasileiro PCB Partido Comunista Brasileiro PDC Partido Democrata Cristão PJ Pastoral da Juventude PT Partido dos Trabalhadores PUC Pontifícia Universidade Católica REB Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira SJ Sociedade de Jesus TL Teologia da Libertação UNE União Nacional dos Estudantes URSS União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas USP Universidade de São Paulo SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................... 12 2 A IGREJA CATÓLICA DIANTE DO MUNDO CONTEMPORÂNEO .................... 19 2.1 A Igreja Católica diante do mundo no século XX ................................................... 21 2.2 A Doutrina Social da Igreja e o Concílio Vaticano II .............................................. 33 2.3 Os reflexos da Doutrina Social na América Latina ................................................. 39 3 O CATOLICISMO BRASILEIRO NO SÉCULO XX .............................................. 49 3.1 A Igreja Católica no Brasil até 1950 ...................................................................... 50 3.1.1 Centro Dom Vital ................................................................................................ 51 3.1.2 Ação Católica Brasileira (ACB) ............................................................................ 54 3.1.3 Liga Eleitoral Católica (LEC) ................................................................................ 56 3.1.4 Revista Eclesiástica Brasileira (REB) ..................................................................... 59 3.2 A Igreja Católica no Brasil em um novo contexto .................................................. 67 3.3 Teologia da Libertação: Fé Cristã e marxismo ....................................................... 74 4 OS JESUÍTAS E O APOSTOLADO SOCIAL ......................................................... 81 4.1 Os jesuítas no século XX – Da refundação à crise pós-conciliar .............................. 83 4.1.1 Os jesuítas na América Latina ............................................................................ 93 4.2
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