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Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission
32nd Annual Report of the PACIFIC MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION FOR THE YEAR 1979 TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES AND TO THE GOVERNORS AND LEGISLATURES OF WASHINGTON, OREGON, CALIFORNIA, IDAHO, AND ALASKA Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission 528 S.W. Mill Street Portland, Oregon 97201 July 8, 1980 32nd Annual Report of the PACIFIC MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION FOR THE YEAR 1979 PREFACE The Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission was created in 1947 with the consent of Congress. The Commission serves five member States: Alaska, California, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. The purpose of this Compact, as stated in its Goal and Objectives, is to promote the wise management, utilization, and development of fisheries of mutual concern, and to develop a joint program of protection, enhancement, and prevention of physical waste of such fisheries. The advent of the Fishery Conservation and Management Act {FCMA) of 1976 and amendments thereto has caused spectacular and continuing changes in the management of marine fisheries in the United States. The FCMA created the Fishery Conservation Zone (FCZ) between 3 and 200 nautical miles offshore, established 8 Regional Fishery Management Councils with authority to develop fishery management plans within the FCZ, and granted the Secretary of Commerce the power to regulate both domestic and foreign fishing fleets within the FCZ. The FCMA greatly modified fishery management roles at state, interstate, national and international levels. The Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission recognized early that its operational role would change as a result of possible functional overlaps with the two regional fishery management councils established on the Pacific Coast. On the one hand, the FCMA provides non-voting Council membership to the Executive Directors of the interstate Marine Fisheries Commissions, thus assuring active participation as the Councils deliberate on fishery matters of concern to the States. -
Why International Catch Shares Won't Save Ocean Biodiversity
Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law Volume 2 Issue 2 2013 Why International Catch Shares Won't Save Ocean Biodiversity Holly Doremus University of California, Berkeley Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjeal Part of the Environmental Law Commons, International Law Commons, International Trade Law Commons, and the Natural Resources Law Commons Recommended Citation Holly Doremus, Why International Catch Shares Won't Save Ocean Biodiversity, 2 MICH. J. ENVTL. & ADMIN. L. 385 (2013). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjeal/vol2/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Doremus_Final_Web_Ready_FINAL_12May2013 7/18/2013 4:24 PM WHY INTERNATIONAL CATCH SHARES WON’T SAVE OCEAN BIODIVERSITY Holly Doremus* Skepticism about the efficacy and efficiency of regulatory approaches has produced a wave of enthusiasm for market-based strategies for dealing with environmental conflicts. In the fisheries context, the most prominent of these strategies is the use of “catch shares,” which assign specific proportions of the total allowable catch to individuals who are then free to trade them with others. Catch shares are now in wide use domestically within many nations, and there are increasing calls for implementation of internationally tradable catch shares. Based on a review of theory, empirical evidence, and two contexts in which catch shares have been proposed, this Article explains why international catch shares are not likely to arrest the decline of ocean biodiversity. -
Annual Report of Survey-Inventory Activities 1 July 1988-30 June 1989 .....ELK
Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Wildlife Conservation Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Annual Report of Survey-Inventory Activities 1 July 1988-30 June 1989 .....ELK- Compiled and edited by Sid 0. Morsan, Publications Technician Vol XX, Part ill Project W-23-2, Study 13.0 May 1990 STATE OF ALASKA Steve Cowper, Governor DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME Don W. Collinsworth, Commissioner DIVISION OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION W. Lewis Pamplin, Jr., Director W. Bruce Dinneford, Acting Planning Chief Persons intending to cite this material should obtain prior permis sion from the author(s) and/or the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Because most reports deal with preliminary results of conti nuing studies, conclusions are tentative and should be identified as such. Due credit will be appreciated. Additional copies of this report, or reports on other species covered in this series may be obtained from: Publications Technician ADF&G, Wildlife Conservation P.O. Box 3-2000 Juneau, AK 99802 (907) 465-4190 The Alaska Department of Fish & Game operates all of its public pro grams and activities free from discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, or handicap. Because the department receives federal funding, any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against should write to: O.E.O., U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240. TABLE OF CONTENTS .. ) Game Management Unit Map. • . • . • • .I . • ii Statewide Harvest and Population status • .iii Game Management Unit/Geographical Description GMU 3 - Islands of the Petersburg, Wrangell, and Kake areas • . • . • • . 1 GMU 8 - Kodiak, Afognak, and adjacent islands. -
Seafood Traceability for Fisheries Compliance – Country- Level Support for Catch Documentation Schemes
ISSN 2070-7010 FAO 619 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 619 Seafood traceability for fisheries compliance Country-level support for catch documentation schemes Seafood traceability for fisheries compliance This document explores ways in which individual countries in seafood supply chains can, in their capacities as coastal, flag, port, processing or end-market states, contribute to maximizing the effectiveness of catch documentation schemes. The focus is on the traceability of seafood consignments, but the authors also explore other important compliance mechanisms that are not directly related to traceability but – that support the effective implementation of catch documentation schemes at the Country-level support for catch documentation schemes country level. The document explains which traceability mechanisms are built into catch documentation schemes, and which additional support mechanisms must be provided by individual countries along seafood supply chains. The study finds that traditional fisheries monitoring, inspection and sanctioning mechanisms are of primary importance with regard to flag, coastal and end-market states, whereas effective country-level traceability mechanisms are critical of particular importance in port and processing states. ISBN 978-92-5-130040-4 978 9251 300404 FAO I8183EN/1/11.17 Cover photograph: Weighing and recording of catch to be transhipped off a longline fishing vessel. Noro, Solomon Islands. © Francisco Blaha (Photo serves an illustrative purpose and was not taken in the context of IUU fishing) -
Guidance & Best Practices for Federally-Managed Fisheries
DISCUSSION DRAFT Electronic Monitoring and Electronic Reporting: Guidance & Best Practices for Federally-Managed Fisheries National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service in collaboration with Regional Fishery Management Councils Interstate Marine Fisheries Commissions State Marine Fisheries Agencies Tribes Commercial and Recreational Fishermen Fishing Community Organizations Environmental and Non-Governmental Organizations Electronic Technology Service Providers August 2013 EM/ER Discussion Draft Page ii Foreword What is a “Discussion Draft”? A discussion draft is a draft work in progress intended to stimulate reader thought and to extract reader’s reaction to a topic. The purpose is to mine reader’s additional ideas and contributions for completion of a final document. What is the intended use for this document? The objective of the discussion draft is to promote discussion and thinking within regions and across regions about electronic monitoring (EM) and electronic reporting (ER). Our collective goal for the final document, scheduled for completion this Fall, is to help managers and stakeholders consider the questions of how EM/ER tools can help contribute to a more cost-effective and sustainable collection of fishery dependent data in our federally- managed fisheries. Are these Mandatory Requirements? No. The guidance in the document is not prescriptive or regulatory in nature and is offered simply as preliminary advice and suggested best practices. As consideration of EM/ER proceeds in the eight Council regions it is hoped that additional feedback and guidance will be submitted for addition to this document over time as a “living document” to improve the knowledge base and information available to assist decision makers. -
Strategic Framework for Fishery Monitoring and Catch Reporting in the Pacific Fisheries
Strategic Framework for Fishery Monitoring and Catch Reporting in the Pacific Fisheries Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Region Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Final March 2012 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 Policy context 1 Key drivers for change 2 The current status of monitoring and reporting 5 A risk‐based strategic framework 7 2. Goal and Guiding Principles 8 Goal 9 Principle 1: Conservation and sustainable use 9 Principle 2: Consistency and transparency 10 Principle 3: Tailored requirements 11 Principle 4: Shared accountability and access 11 Principle 5: Cost‐effectiveness 12 3. Strategic Approach 12 Strategy 1: Monitoring and Reporting Requirements 13 Strategy 2: Monitoring and reporting programs 16 Strategy 3: Data management 17 Strategy 4: Other program support 18 Strategy 5: Integrated Compliance Management 18 Strategy 6: Continual improvement 19 5. Summary and Next Steps 19 References 22 Appendix 1 24 Appendix 2 26 D 1. Introduction Faced with a myriad of challenges, including climate change, declining fish stocks, reduced economic viability, an evolving global marketplace, and heightened competition for aquatic resources, Canada’s Pacific fisheries are undergoing reform. Demands for sustainable management that considers the larger ecosystem, respects Aboriginal rights, strengthens engagement of resource users in decision‐making, and finds solutions to allocate scarce resources are putting pressure on governments and fishery interests alike. In many fisheries, the distrust of reported catch data and inconsistent monitoring has helped to fuel conflicts between harvesting groups. Reliable, timely and accessible fisheries information is the foundation of sustainable management. While the importance of good catch data is certainly not new to the Pacific Region, the worldwide trend towards sustainable fisheries and supporting management practices is calling for significant improvements in monitoring and reporting. -
Lobster Review
Seafood Watch Seafood Report American lobster Homarus americanus (Image © Monterey Bay Aquarium) Northeast Region Final Report February 2, 2006 Matthew Elliott Independent Consultant Monterey Bay Aquarium American Lobster About Seafood Watch® and the Seafood Reports Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch® program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild-caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch® defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. Seafood Watch® makes its science-based recommendations available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can be downloaded from the Internet (seafoodwatch.org) or obtained from the Seafood Watch® program by emailing [email protected]. The program’s goals are to raise awareness of important ocean conservation issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans. Each sustainability recommendation on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Report. Each report synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this information against the program’s conservation ethic to arrive at a recommendation of “Best Choices,” “Good Alternatives,” or “Avoid.” The detailed evaluation methodology is available upon request. In producing the Seafood Reports, Seafood Watch® seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible. Other sources of information include government technical publications, fishery management plans and supporting documents, and other scientific reviews of ecological sustainability. Seafood Watch® Fisheries Research Analysts also communicate regularly with ecologists, fisheries and aquaculture scientists, and members of industry and conservation organizations when evaluating fisheries and aquaculture practices. -
Vessel Monitoring Systems and Their Role in Fisheries Management and Monitoring, Control and Surveillance
Vessel Monitoring Systems and their Role in Fisheries Management and Monitoring, Control and Surveillance 1.0 Vessel Monitoring Systems: Overview Fisheries managers started utilizing Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) in the 1990si to track the locations and monitor the activities of fishing vessels in order to bolster the efficacy of fisheries management measures. This capability also enhanced enforcement capacity by facilitating more effective and cost efficient enforcement actions by providing a level of monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) not possible with traditional and more conventional methods of aerial and surface surveillance. Satellite-based VMS are described by the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as: “…comprised of several components. Each participating vessel must carry a VMS unit. This shipboard electronic equipment is installed permanently onboard a fishing vessel and assigned a unique identifier. Most shipboard VMS equipment types use satellite communication systems that have an integrated Global Positioning System (GPS). The system calculates the unit’s position and sends a data report to shoreside users. The standard data report includes the VMS unit’s unique identifier, date, time and position in latitude and longitude…” Initially, VMS was used as an instrument for flag States to track the activities of their own domestic fishing vessels, and for coastal States to monitor foreign-flagged fishing vessels licensed to operate within their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provided the legal basis for this as it gave coastal States the primary responsibility for managing all living marine resources within their 200 nautical mile EEZ. The United Nations (UN) Fish Stocks Agreement specifically called for the implementation of VMS by flag States in the framework of sub- regional, regional and global agreementsii. -
Fact Sheet the Conservation of Migratorywhale Sharks SHARK
Memorandum of Understanding on Sharks MOU Species Fact Sheet the Conservation of MigratoryWHALE Sharks SHARK WHALE SHARK REQUIN-BALEINE TIBURÓN BALLENA Fact Sheet Whale Shark Rhincodon typus WHALE SHARK Class: Chondrichthyes Order: Orectolobiforme Family : Rhincodontidae Species: Rhincodon typus 0 Illustration: © Marc Dando Sharks MOU Species Fact Sheet Sharks MOU Species Fact Sheet WHALE SHARK WHALE SHARK © Shark MOU Advisory Committee This fact sheet was produced by the Advisory Committee of the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks (Sharks MOU). For further information contact: John Carlson, Ph.D. Research Fish Biologist, NOAA Fisheries Service-Southeast Fisheries Science Center Panama City, 1 [email protected] Sharks MOU Species Fact Sheet WHALE SHARK 1. Biology The Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) is the world’s largest living fish (<20m), found globally in tropical and warm temperate waters (Rowat and Brooks 2012). Coastal feeding aggregations are known from these filter feeders, where they exploit seasonal productivity of pelagic invertebrates, fish spawning events, and small schooling fishes. Although encounters are rarely associated with surface temperatures below 21°C, Whale Sharks are capable of withstanding temperatures as low as 4.2°C during dives to up to 1,900 m (Colman 1997; Duffy 2002; Afonso et al. 2014; Tyminski et al. 2015). Their reproductive ecology is poorly understood but associated with slow growth and late maturity and therefore a limited reproductive capacity. 2. Distribution Whale Sharks are distributed circum-tropically from approximately 30°N to 35°S with seasonal variations (Rowat and Brooks 2012; Sequeira et al. 2014). Several aggregation sites are distributed over all three ocean basins, with major subpopulations in the Atlantic Ocean and Indo-Pacific (Sequeira et al. -
Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability
This PDF is available from The National Academies Press at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=19000 Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability ISBN Committee on Considerations for the Future of Animal Science Research; 978-0-309-31644-6 Science and Technology for Sustainability Program; Policy and Global Affairs; Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources; Division on Earth and 360 pages Life Sciences; National Research Council 6 x 9 PAPERBACK (2015) Visit the National Academies Press online and register for... Instant access to free PDF downloads of titles from the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 10% off print titles Custom notification of new releases in your field of interest Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Request reprint permission for this book Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability Committee on Considerations for the Future of Animal Science Research Science and Technology for Sustainability Program Policy and Global Affairs Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources Division on Earth and Life Studies Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. -
Sustainable Fish Secure Future: An
Sustainable Fish Secure Food od Su Seafo pply C ild ha W in e on th V of a t n n co e u m s v s e e r s I s s l A a n n d A s W ie it er h sh a F Fi oc le us nab on Local Sustai 1 Acknowledgements LOS would like to thank the McConnell Foundation for their generous support to fund this assessment. Ken Meter from Crossroads Resource Center was invaluable in providing insight to the development of survey instruments and helping to analyze the results. This assessment would not have been possible without the fishing associations and companies that wrote letters of support in proposing this project, and the time and thoughtful consideration they offered in completing the surveys and participating in interviews. We express our appreciation to: the Canadian Highly Migratory Species Foundation, the Canadian Pacific Sardine Association, the Canadian Sablefish Association, the West Coast Scallop Harvesters Association and the Pacific Prawn Fishermen’s Association. Thank you to the Ocean Wise program for reaching out to their Vancouver Island partners to participate. LOS also thanks all the individual suppliers, retailers, chefs and fishermen for their insights and responses which helped it to assess the current seafood supply chain on Vancouver Island. The report would not have been possible without their generosity in sharing their time, information and stories. Any shortcomings, oversights or errors remain with the Living Oceans Society staff who worked on this assessment: Kelly Roebuck, Will Soltau and Mary Lindsay. Cover photo credits Prawn fisherman: Living Oceans Society B.C. -
Valuation of Ecosystem Services from Shellfish Enhancement: a Review of the Literature
Valuation of Ecosystem Services from Shellfish Enhancement: A Review of the Literature Prepared for NOAA National Ocean Services: EPA REServ Program May 2012 Prepared by Preparers Team Member Project Role Donald M. Schug Report Author Katharine Wellman Project Manager Please cite as: Northern Economics, Inc. Valuation of Ecosystem Services from Shellfish Enhancement: A Review of the Literature. Prepared for NOAA National Ocean Services: EPA REServ Program. May 2012. Contents Section Page 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Why the Production of Ecosystem Services May Be Suboptimal .......................................... 2 1.2 How Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services Offers a Possible Solution ......................... 2 2 Description of Ecosystem Services .............................................................................................. 4 2.1 Provisioning Services........................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Regulating Services ............................................................................................................. 6 2.2.1 Water Quality Maintenance ................................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Protection of Shorelines and Sediment Stabilization ............................................................ 7 2.2.3 Carbon Sequestration ........................................................................................................