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Seafood Traceability for Fisheries Compliance – Country- Level Support for Catch Documentation Schemes

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Seafood Traceability for Fisheries Compliance – Country- Level Support for Catch Documentation Schemes ISSN 2070-7010 FAO 619 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 619 Seafood traceability for fisheries compliance Country-level support for catch documentation schemes Seafood traceability for fisheries compliance This document explores ways in which individual countries in seafood supply chains can, in their capacities as coastal, flag, port, processing or end-market states, contribute to maximizing the effectiveness of catch documentation schemes. The focus is on the traceability of seafood consignments, but the authors also explore other important compliance mechanisms that are not directly related to traceability but – that support the effective implementation of catch documentation schemes at the Country-level support for catch documentation schemes country level. The document explains which traceability mechanisms are built into catch documentation schemes, and which additional support mechanisms must be provided by individual countries along seafood supply chains. The study finds that traditional fisheries monitoring, inspection and sanctioning mechanisms are of primary importance with regard to flag, coastal and end-market states, whereas effective country-level traceability mechanisms are critical of particular importance in port and processing states. ISBN 978-92-5-130040-4 978 9251 300404 FAO I8183EN/1/11.17 Cover photograph: Weighing and recording of catch to be transhipped off a longline fishing vessel. Noro, Solomon Islands. © Francisco Blaha (Photo serves an illustrative purpose and was not taken in the context of IUU fishing) Photo art by Camille Welter FAO FISHERIES AND Seafood traceability for AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL fisheries compliance PAPER Country-level support for catch documentation schemes 619 by Gilles Hosch Consultant Fisheries Expert Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome and Francisco Blaha Consultant Fisheries Expert Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2017 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), or of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lebanon concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO, or the Ministry in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO, or the Ministry. ISBN 978-92-5-130040-4 © FAO, 2017 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. iii Preparation of this document The paper was written by Mr Gilles Hosch (lead author) and Mr Francisco Blaha, fisheries experts and consultants to FAO, under the lead of Dr Victoria Chomo, Senior Fisheries Officer, Products Trade and Markets Branch, FAO. The technical review was provided by Dr Heiner Lehr, senior traceability expert in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and Dr Lahsen Ababouch, former Director of the Fisheries Department in FAO. The paper was produced as part of the “Fisheries management and marine conservation within a changing ecosystem context” project (GCP/INT/JPN/228) funded by the Government of Japan and implemented by FAO. This paper contributes to focus area 5 – Traceability of fisheries products. This paper draws on an analysis of catch documentation schemes in FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper no. 596 Design options for the development of tuna catch documentation schemes, published in 2016. It was developed as a desk study, and builds chiefly on the expertise of its authors in catch documentation systems and traceability in the seafood industry. iv Abstract This document explores ways in which individual countries in seafood supply chains can, in their capacities as coastal, flag, port, processing or end-market states, contribute to maximizing the effectiveness of catch documentation schemes. The focus is on the traceability of seafood consignments, but the authors also explore other important compliance mechanisms that lie beyond traceability and that support the effective implementation of catch documentation schemes at the country level. The document explains which traceability mechanisms are built into catch documentation schemes, and which additional support mechanisms must be provided by individual countries along seafood supply chains. The study finds that traditional fisheries monitoring, inspection and sanctioning mechanisms are of primary importance with regard to flag, coastal and end-market states, whereas effective country-level traceability mechanisms are of particular importance in port and processing states. The text is segmented into three parts: • The first part – Chapters 1 to 3 – introduces the study and the methodology used, and describes the functioning of catch documentation schemes. • The second part – Chapter 4 – provides findings with regard to country-level support mechanisms for catch documentation schemes for each state type participating in seafood supply chains. • The third part – Chapter 5 – provides conclusions, recommendations and policy guidance on the basis of the findings in the second part. Hosch, G. & Blaha, F. 2017. Seafood traceability for fisheries compliance – Country- level support for catch documentation schemes. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 619. Rome, Italy. v Contents Preparation of this document iii Abstract iv Acronyms vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Justification for this research 1 1.2 IUU fishing and market-related measures to prevent it 2 1.3 CDS: evolution and current status 4 1.4 Objective of the study 7 2 Methodology 9 2.1 Study methods and limitations 9 2.2 Study boundaries 10 2.3 Core concepts: IUU fishing, the supply chain and core CDS functions 11 2.4 Critical tracking events and data elements 12 2.5 Traceability, standards and technology 14 3 Multilateral CDS: design, traceability and enforcement 17 3.1 Why traceability is critical 17 3.2 Shared CDS design and function 18 3.3 The CDS core function: traceability 21 3.4 National traceability; continuous data acquisition or record-keeping? 23 3.5 RFMO and CDS sanctions 26 4 Findings 29 4.1 Flag state and catch certification 29 4.2 Coastal states and blocking catch certificates 37 4.3 Port states and landing verifications 45 4.4 Processing state: traceability, mass-balance and re-certification 56 4.5 End-market states and import verification 75 5 Discussion and recommendations 83 5.1 General review and SWOT analysis 83 5.2 Multilateral CDS: conclusions and recommendations 86 5.3 Country-level CDS support: conclusions and recommendations 88 References 95 Annex 1 99 Definitions 99 vi Tables, figures and boxes Tables Table 1. Standardized supply chain: CTEs and state control 14 Table 2. Supply chain points, CTEs and KDEs at flag State level 32 Table 3. Supply chain points, CTEs and KDEs at the coastal state level 42 Table 4. Supply chain points, CTEs and KDEs at the port state level 50 Table 5. Supply chain points, CTEs and KDEs at the processing state level 60 Table 6. Supply chain points, CTEs and KDEs at the end-market state level 77 Table 7. SWOT analysis: CDS/RFMO and country levels 85 Figures Figure 1. CDS objective and core function – denying IUU-derived products entry into a supply chain 12 Figure 2. Example of CTEs and corresponding KDEs 13 Figure 3. Basic CDS traceability framework concept: the ABC graph 21 Figure A1.1 Simplified supply chain 102 Figure A1.2 Complex supply chain 102 Boxes Box 1: The Animal Products E-cert (AP E-cert) in New Zealand 26 Box 2: Cooperation among coastal states in the Western Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) 40 Box 3: Observer programmes in the WCPO 41 Box 4: e-Monitoring initiatives in the WCPO 41 Box 5: Alerting port state authorities 47 Box 6: The Trade Control and Expert System 62 Box 7. Joint inspections by fishery and health authorities in the Solomon Islands 73 Box 8. Example of a value chain investigation and charges 73 Box 9: Japan’s BFT imports under ICCAT bluefin catch document 80 vii Acronyms ABNJ areas beyond national jurisdiction AIS Automatic Identification System CCAMLR Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources CCSBT Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna CDS catch documentation scheme CMM conservation and management measure (RFMO) CTE critical tracking event EEZ exclusive economic zone EU
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