DOCSLIB.ORG

Department of Commerce

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Department of Commerce Vol. 79 Tuesday, No. 231 December 2, 2014 Part II Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 15 CFR Part 902 50 CFR Part 635 Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; 2006 Consolidated Atlantic Highly Migratory Species (HMS) Fishery Management Plan; Amendment 7; Final Rule VerDate Sep<11>2014 15:36 Dec 01, 2014 Jkt 235001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\02DER2.SGM 02DER2 rljohnson on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with RULES2 71510 Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 231 / Tuesday, December 2, 2014 / Rules and Regulations DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE inseason adjustment of the General proposed the ‘‘preferred alternatives’’ category quota and Harpoon category analyzed in the Draft Amendment 7 National Oceanic and Atmospheric retention limits; and changes the Environmental Impact Statement and Administration allocation of the Angling category solicited public comments on the Trophy South subquota for the Gulf of measures, which were designed to 15 CFR Part 902 Mexico. Finally, this rule implements address the following objectives: (1) several measures not directly related to Prevent overfishing of and rebuild 50 CFR Part 635 bluefin tuna management, including a bluefin tuna stock, achieve on a continuing basis optimum yield, and [Docket No. 120328229–4949–02] U.S. North Atlantic albacore tuna quota; modified rules regarding permit minimize bluefin bycatch to the extent RIN 0648–BC09 category changes; and minor changes in practicable by ensuring that domestic the HMS regulations for administrative bluefin tuna fisheries continue to Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; or clarification purposes. operate within the overall total 2006 Consolidated Atlantic Highly DATES: Effective January 1, 2015, except allowable catch (TAC) set by ICCAT Migratory Species (HMS) Fishery for § 635.9(b)(2)(ii), (e)(1), which are consistent with the existing rebuilding Management Plan; Amendment 7 effective June 1, 2015; and plan; (2) optimize the ability for all permit categories to harvest their full AGENCY: National Marine Fisheries § 635.15(b)(3), (b)(4)(ii), and (b)(5)(i), Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and which are effective January 1, 2016. bluefin quota allocations, account for mortality associated with discarded Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ADDRESSES: Copies of Amendment 7 to bluefin in all categories, maintain Commerce. the 2006 Consolidated HMS FMP, including the Final Environmental flexibility of the regulations to account ACTION: Final rule. for the highly variable nature of the Impact Statement (FEIS), and other bluefin fisheries, and maintain fairness SUMMARY: This final rule implements relevant documents are available from among permit/quota categories; (3) Amendment 7 to the 2006 Consolidated the HMS Management Division Web site reduce dead discards of bluefin tuna Atlantic Highly Migratory Species at http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/hms/. and minimize reductions in target catch Fishery Management Plan (2006 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: in both directed and incidental bluefin Consolidated HMS FMP) to ensure Thomas Warren or Brad McHale at 978– fisheries, to the extent practicable; (4) sustainable management of bluefin tuna 281–9260. improve the scope and quality of catch consistent with the 2006 HMS FMP and SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The U.S. data through enhanced reporting and address ongoing management challenges Atlantic tuna fisheries are managed monitoring to ensure that landings and in the Atlantic bluefin tuna fisheries. under the 2006 Consolidated HMS FMP dead discards do not exceed the quota This final rule also implements minor and regulations at 50 CFR part 635, and to improve accounting for all regulatory changes related to the pursuant to the authority of the sources of fishing mortality; and (5) management of Atlantic HMS. Magnuson-Stevens Act and ATCA. adjust other aspects of the 2006 Amendment 7 management measures Under ATCA, the Secretary shall Consolidated HMS FMP as necessary were developed by NMFS under the promulgate such regulations as may be and appropriate, including northern authority of the Magnuson-Stevens necessary and appropriate to carry out albacore tuna quota implementation. Fishery Conservation and Management International Commission for the On August 22, 2013 (78 FR 52123), Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act) and the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) NMFS published a notice in the Federal Atlantic Tunas Convention Act (ATCA). recommendations. The authority to Register informing the public of the date This final rule: Allocates U.S. bluefin issue regulations under the Magnuson- and locations of public hearings on tuna quota among domestic fishing Stevens Act and ATCA has been Amendment 7. From August 2013 to categories; implements measures delegated from the Secretary to the January 2014, NMFS conducted 11 applicable to the pelagic longline Assistant Administrator for Fisheries, public hearings, and consulted with the fishery, including Individual Bluefin NOAA (AA). On October 2, 2006, NMFS New England Fishery Management Quotas (IBQs), two new Gear Restricted published in the Federal Register (71 Council, the Gulf of Mexico Areas, closure of the pelagic longline FR 58058) final regulations, effective Management Council, and the South fishery when annual bluefin tuna quota November 1, 2006, implementing the Atlantic Fishery Management Council. is reached, elimination of target catch 2006 Consolidated HMS FMP, which The hearings were held in diverse requirements associated with retention details the management measures for locations in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico of incidental bluefin tuna in the pelagic Atlantic HMS fisheries, including the coastal states. On August 30, 2013, the longline fishery, mandatory retention of incidental and directed Atlantic bluefin Environmental Protection Agency legal-sized bluefin tuna caught as tuna fisheries. published a Notice of Availability of the bycatch, expanded monitoring draft environmental impact statement requirements, including electronic Background (DEIS) (78 FR 53754; August 30, 2013). monitoring via cameras and bluefin tuna A brief summary of the background of The August 21, 2013, Amendment 7 catch reporting via Vessel Monitoring this final action is provided below. A proposed rule set the end of the public System (VMS), and transiting provisions more detailed history of the comment period as October 23, 2013, for pelagic and bottom longline vessels; development of these regulations, and but given the length and complexity of requires VMS use and reporting by the the alternatives considered, are the rule, and to provide additional time Purse Seine category; changes the start described in Amendment 7 to the 2006 for consideration of public comments in date of the Purse Seine category from Consolidated HMS FMP Final light of the November meeting of July 15 to a date within a range of June Environmental Impact Statement ICCAT, the end of the comment period 1 to August 15, to be established by an (Amendment 7 FEIS, August, 2014), was extended to December 10, 2013 (78 annual action; requires use of the which can be found online at the HMS FR 57340; September 18, 2013). Automated Catch Reporting System by Web site noted above. Subsequently, due to the government the General and Harpoon categories; NMFS published a proposed rule on shutdown in October 2013, and NMFS’ provides additional flexibility for August 21, 2013 (78 FR, 52032), which inability to respond to constituents VerDate Sep<11>2014 15:36 Dec 01, 2014 Jkt 235001 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\02DER2.SGM 02DER2 rljohnson on DSK3VPTVN1PROD with RULES2 Federal Register / Vol. 79, No. 231 / Tuesday, December 2, 2014 / Rules and Regulations 71511 during that time frame and based on below, the final rule measures were may be made for either 2 or 3 years from requests for an extension due to the designed to allow fishery participants to the subject year (i.e., adjustments based complexity of the measures covered in fully harvest, but not exceed, the U.S. on 2013 catches would be made in the DEIS, NMFS again extended the end bluefin quota by refining the existing either 2015 or 2016). Pursuant to ATCA of the public comment period until management tools. NMFS is and the Magnuson-Stevens Act, in this January 10, 2014, to provide additional implementing a detailed, multi-level final rule NMFS implements the ICCAT- opportunity for informed comment (78 approach to resolving challenges in recommended U.S. quota and FR 75327; December 11, 2013). On administering and carrying out the establishes provisions to adjust the base December 26, 2013, NMFS published a current quota system, which, if left quota for over or underharvests via Federal Register notice announcing a unaddressed, may otherwise result in annual quota specifications. public hearing conference call and overharvests of the U.S. quota in the webinar to provide additional future. These final rule measures Implemented Measures opportunity for the public from all directly support the goals of reducing The rule finalizes most of the geographic areas to comment (78 FR overfishing, rebuilding the western management measures that were 78322). bluefin stock, and achieving optimum contained in the proposed rule for The comments received on Draft yield by ensuring that the fishery Amendment 7 as they were proposed, Amendment 7 and its proposed rule, continues to be managed within the with several exceptions. This section and responses to those comments, are ICCAT-approved TAC, and consistent provides a summary of the final summarized
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission
    32nd Annual Report of the PACIFIC MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION FOR THE YEAR 1979 TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES AND TO THE GOVERNORS AND LEGISLATURES OF WASHINGTON, OREGON, CALIFORNIA, IDAHO, AND ALASKA Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission 528 S.W. Mill Street Portland, Oregon 97201 July 8, 1980 32nd Annual Report of the PACIFIC MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION FOR THE YEAR 1979 PREFACE The Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission was created in 1947 with the consent of Congress. The Commission serves five member States: Alaska, California, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. The purpose of this Compact, as stated in its Goal and Objectives, is to promote the wise management, utilization, and development of fisheries of mutual concern, and to develop a joint program of protection, enhancement, and prevention of physical waste of such fisheries. The advent of the Fishery Conservation and Management Act {FCMA) of 1976 and amendments thereto has caused spectacular and continuing changes in the management of marine fisheries in the United States. The FCMA created the Fishery Conservation Zone (FCZ) between 3 and 200 nautical miles offshore, established 8 Regional Fishery Management Councils with authority to develop fishery management plans within the FCZ, and granted the Secretary of Commerce the power to regulate both domestic and foreign fishing fleets within the FCZ. The FCMA greatly modified fishery management roles at state, interstate, national and international levels. The Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission recognized early that its operational role would change as a result of possible functional overlaps with the two regional fishery management councils established on the Pacific Coast. On the one hand, the FCMA provides non-voting Council membership to the Executive Directors of the interstate Marine Fisheries Commissions, thus assuring active participation as the Councils deliberate on fishery matters of concern to the States.
    [Show full text]
  • Why International Catch Shares Won't Save Ocean Biodiversity
    Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law Volume 2 Issue 2 2013 Why International Catch Shares Won't Save Ocean Biodiversity Holly Doremus University of California, Berkeley Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjeal Part of the Environmental Law Commons, International Law Commons, International Trade Law Commons, and the Natural Resources Law Commons Recommended Citation Holly Doremus, Why International Catch Shares Won't Save Ocean Biodiversity, 2 MICH. J. ENVTL. & ADMIN. L. 385 (2013). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjeal/vol2/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Doremus_Final_Web_Ready_FINAL_12May2013 7/18/2013 4:24 PM WHY INTERNATIONAL CATCH SHARES WON’T SAVE OCEAN BIODIVERSITY Holly Doremus* Skepticism about the efficacy and efficiency of regulatory approaches has produced a wave of enthusiasm for market-based strategies for dealing with environmental conflicts. In the fisheries context, the most prominent of these strategies is the use of “catch shares,” which assign specific proportions of the total allowable catch to individuals who are then free to trade them with others. Catch shares are now in wide use domestically within many nations, and there are increasing calls for implementation of internationally tradable catch shares. Based on a review of theory, empirical evidence, and two contexts in which catch shares have been proposed, this Article explains why international catch shares are not likely to arrest the decline of ocean biodiversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Colville Tribes Fish & Wildlife News
    June, 2012 | Volume 6 COLVILLE TRIBES FISH & WILDLIFE NEWS SPECIAL THANKS TO THE PROJECT PartNERS RUFUS WOODS FISHING DERBY A SUCCESS The first annual Trippin’ With the Triploids Park, Bob Feil Boats & Motors, Pepsi, PCL fishing derby that took place on Saturday, Construction, Port of Douglas County, May 12, 2012 on Rufus Woods Lake Pacific Seafood and Chief Joseph Fish Farm. Reservoir was a successful event with “When folks from the Tribe, Grizzly’s & approximately 250 derby participants and Nell’s, the State Park, and the Corps partnered over a dozen sponsors. up for this event, our goal was to get people In the adult division, the first place award to visit Rufus Woods Lake for its outstanding went to Gary Erickson who also won the recreational opportunities,” said AJ Jensen, heaviest limit category and went home with derby coordinator. “Many anglers who had Fish ladder and broodstock “fish elevator” is nearing completion. a Scotty Electric Downrigger, fishing pole never heard of Rufus before the tournament, and $400 in cash. There were a total of 18 found themselves catching their biggest fish For Additional Information Contact: HatcHERY CONSTRUCTION UPDatE prizes awarded in the adult category. For ever. It is truly rewarding to see. We welcome Recent work at the main hatchery site has focused on finishing the piping, electrical, controls river. This water will be the primary source for the youth division, Conner Jenkins took everyone year-round, not just at derby time.” Confederated Tribes of the and process equipment in the hatchery building and headbox. Work on the fish ladder is rearing salmon fry.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impacts of Commercial Purse Seine Fishing on the Biology and Ecology of the Silky Shark, (Carcharhinus Falciformis): Implications for Science Based Management
    THE IMPACTS OF COMMERCIAL PURSE SEINE FISHING ON THE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF THE SILKY SHARK, (CARCHARHINUS FALCIFORMIS): IMPLICATIONS FOR SCIENCE BASED MANAGEMENT. A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ZOOLOGY DECEMBER 2014 By Melanie Rhiannon Hutchinson Dissertation committee: Kim N. Holland, Chairperson Stephen Karl Andre Seale Andrew Taylor Brian Popp Keywords: Bycatch, Post-release survival, stress physiology, telemetry, Pop-off satellite archival tag "You can judge the morality of a nation by the way the society treats its animals" -Mahatma Gandhi "This we know: the earth does not belong to man, man belongs to the earth. All things are connected like the blood that unites us all. Man did not weave the web of life, he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself" -Chief Seattle ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Kim Holland for giving me a chance, having faith in me and creating the space for me to learn some necessary life lessons and develop the skill set that I have acquired. I am indebted to David Itano, John Wang and Carl Meyer for being amazing teachers, leading by example and for all of the opportunities that they created for me. I am very grateful for Susan Jackson and Victor Restrepo of the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation for including me in the Bycatch Project and for underwriting my PhD thesis work. John Wang, Keith Bigelow and Yonat Swimmer at the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center have supported my research efforts from the beginning of my graduate career and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • Seafood Traceability for Fisheries Compliance – Country- Level Support for Catch Documentation Schemes
    ISSN 2070-7010 FAO 619 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 619 Seafood traceability for fisheries compliance Country-level support for catch documentation schemes Seafood traceability for fisheries compliance This document explores ways in which individual countries in seafood supply chains can, in their capacities as coastal, flag, port, processing or end-market states, contribute to maximizing the effectiveness of catch documentation schemes. The focus is on the traceability of seafood consignments, but the authors also explore other important compliance mechanisms that are not directly related to traceability but – that support the effective implementation of catch documentation schemes at the Country-level support for catch documentation schemes country level. The document explains which traceability mechanisms are built into catch documentation schemes, and which additional support mechanisms must be provided by individual countries along seafood supply chains. The study finds that traditional fisheries monitoring, inspection and sanctioning mechanisms are of primary importance with regard to flag, coastal and end-market states, whereas effective country-level traceability mechanisms are critical of particular importance in port and processing states. ISBN 978-92-5-130040-4 978 9251 300404 FAO I8183EN/1/11.17 Cover photograph: Weighing and recording of catch to be transhipped off a longline fishing vessel. Noro, Solomon Islands. © Francisco Blaha (Photo serves an illustrative purpose and was not taken in the context of IUU fishing)
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance & Best Practices for Federally-Managed Fisheries
    DISCUSSION DRAFT Electronic Monitoring and Electronic Reporting: Guidance & Best Practices for Federally-Managed Fisheries National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service in collaboration with Regional Fishery Management Councils Interstate Marine Fisheries Commissions State Marine Fisheries Agencies Tribes Commercial and Recreational Fishermen Fishing Community Organizations Environmental and Non-Governmental Organizations Electronic Technology Service Providers August 2013 EM/ER Discussion Draft Page ii Foreword What is a “Discussion Draft”? A discussion draft is a draft work in progress intended to stimulate reader thought and to extract reader’s reaction to a topic. The purpose is to mine reader’s additional ideas and contributions for completion of a final document. What is the intended use for this document? The objective of the discussion draft is to promote discussion and thinking within regions and across regions about electronic monitoring (EM) and electronic reporting (ER). Our collective goal for the final document, scheduled for completion this Fall, is to help managers and stakeholders consider the questions of how EM/ER tools can help contribute to a more cost-effective and sustainable collection of fishery dependent data in our federally- managed fisheries. Are these Mandatory Requirements? No. The guidance in the document is not prescriptive or regulatory in nature and is offered simply as preliminary advice and suggested best practices. As consideration of EM/ER proceeds in the eight Council regions it is hoped that additional feedback and guidance will be submitted for addition to this document over time as a “living document” to improve the knowledge base and information available to assist decision makers.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Framework for Fishery Monitoring and Catch Reporting in the Pacific Fisheries
    Strategic Framework for Fishery Monitoring and Catch Reporting in the Pacific Fisheries Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Region Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Final March 2012 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 Policy context 1 Key drivers for change 2 The current status of monitoring and reporting 5 A risk‐based strategic framework 7 2. Goal and Guiding Principles 8 Goal 9 Principle 1: Conservation and sustainable use 9 Principle 2: Consistency and transparency 10 Principle 3: Tailored requirements 11 Principle 4: Shared accountability and access 11 Principle 5: Cost‐effectiveness 12 3. Strategic Approach 12 Strategy 1: Monitoring and Reporting Requirements 13 Strategy 2: Monitoring and reporting programs 16 Strategy 3: Data management 17 Strategy 4: Other program support 18 Strategy 5: Integrated Compliance Management 18 Strategy 6: Continual improvement 19 5. Summary and Next Steps 19 References 22 Appendix 1 24 Appendix 2 26 D 1. Introduction Faced with a myriad of challenges, including climate change, declining fish stocks, reduced economic viability, an evolving global marketplace, and heightened competition for aquatic resources, Canada’s Pacific fisheries are undergoing reform. Demands for sustainable management that considers the larger ecosystem, respects Aboriginal rights, strengthens engagement of resource users in decision‐making, and finds solutions to allocate scarce resources are putting pressure on governments and fishery interests alike. In many fisheries, the distrust of reported catch data and inconsistent monitoring has helped to fuel conflicts between harvesting groups. Reliable, timely and accessible fisheries information is the foundation of sustainable management. While the importance of good catch data is certainly not new to the Pacific Region, the worldwide trend towards sustainable fisheries and supporting management practices is calling for significant improvements in monitoring and reporting.
    [Show full text]
  • Vessel Monitoring Systems and Their Role in Fisheries Management and Monitoring, Control and Surveillance
    Vessel Monitoring Systems and their Role in Fisheries Management and Monitoring, Control and Surveillance 1.0 Vessel Monitoring Systems: Overview Fisheries managers started utilizing Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS) in the 1990si to track the locations and monitor the activities of fishing vessels in order to bolster the efficacy of fisheries management measures. This capability also enhanced enforcement capacity by facilitating more effective and cost efficient enforcement actions by providing a level of monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) not possible with traditional and more conventional methods of aerial and surface surveillance. Satellite-based VMS are described by the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as: “…comprised of several components. Each participating vessel must carry a VMS unit. This shipboard electronic equipment is installed permanently onboard a fishing vessel and assigned a unique identifier. Most shipboard VMS equipment types use satellite communication systems that have an integrated Global Positioning System (GPS). The system calculates the unit’s position and sends a data report to shoreside users. The standard data report includes the VMS unit’s unique identifier, date, time and position in latitude and longitude…” Initially, VMS was used as an instrument for flag States to track the activities of their own domestic fishing vessels, and for coastal States to monitor foreign-flagged fishing vessels licensed to operate within their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provided the legal basis for this as it gave coastal States the primary responsibility for managing all living marine resources within their 200 nautical mile EEZ. The United Nations (UN) Fish Stocks Agreement specifically called for the implementation of VMS by flag States in the framework of sub- regional, regional and global agreementsii.
    [Show full text]
  • “Karukera” and Motor Yacht “Flipper”
    51/18 Very serious marine casualty Sailing yacht “Karukera” and motor yacht “Flipper” Yachts collision on the Adriatic Sea on 30 July 2018 July 2019 FINAL REPORT FINAL REPORT 23/16 The investigation of a serious marine casualty, collision between the sailing yacht “Karukera” and motor yacht “Flipper” was conducted under the State Marine Accident Investigation Commission Act of 31 August 2012 (The Journal of Laws item 1068) as well as norms, standards and recommended procedures agreed within the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and binding the Republic of Poland. The objective of the investigation of a marine accident or incident under the above-mentioned Act is to ascertain its causes and circumstances to prevent future accidents and incidents and improve the state of marine safety. The State Marine Accident Investigation Commission does not determine liability nor apportion blame to persons involved in the marine accident or incident. This report shall be inadmissible in any judicial or other proceedings whose purpose is to attribute blame or liability for the accident referred to in the report (Art. 40.2 of the State Marine Accident Investigation Commission Act). State Marine Accident Investigation Commission Pl. Stefana Batorego 4, 70-207 Szczecin, POLAND tel. +48 91 44 03 286, mobile: +48 664 987 987 (24 h) e-mail: [email protected] www.pkbwm.gov.pl www.pkbwm.gov.pl 1 FINAL REPORT 23/16 1. Spis treści 2. Facts ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet the Conservation of Migratorywhale Sharks SHARK
    Memorandum of Understanding on Sharks MOU Species Fact Sheet the Conservation of MigratoryWHALE Sharks SHARK WHALE SHARK REQUIN-BALEINE TIBURÓN BALLENA Fact Sheet Whale Shark Rhincodon typus WHALE SHARK Class: Chondrichthyes Order: Orectolobiforme Family : Rhincodontidae Species: Rhincodon typus 0 Illustration: © Marc Dando Sharks MOU Species Fact Sheet Sharks MOU Species Fact Sheet WHALE SHARK WHALE SHARK © Shark MOU Advisory Committee This fact sheet was produced by the Advisory Committee of the Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks (Sharks MOU). For further information contact: John Carlson, Ph.D. Research Fish Biologist, NOAA Fisheries Service-Southeast Fisheries Science Center Panama City, 1 [email protected] Sharks MOU Species Fact Sheet WHALE SHARK 1. Biology The Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) is the world’s largest living fish (<20m), found globally in tropical and warm temperate waters (Rowat and Brooks 2012). Coastal feeding aggregations are known from these filter feeders, where they exploit seasonal productivity of pelagic invertebrates, fish spawning events, and small schooling fishes. Although encounters are rarely associated with surface temperatures below 21°C, Whale Sharks are capable of withstanding temperatures as low as 4.2°C during dives to up to 1,900 m (Colman 1997; Duffy 2002; Afonso et al. 2014; Tyminski et al. 2015). Their reproductive ecology is poorly understood but associated with slow growth and late maturity and therefore a limited reproductive capacity. 2. Distribution Whale Sharks are distributed circum-tropically from approximately 30°N to 35°S with seasonal variations (Rowat and Brooks 2012; Sequeira et al. 2014). Several aggregation sites are distributed over all three ocean basins, with major subpopulations in the Atlantic Ocean and Indo-Pacific (Sequeira et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Sense and Sensitivity
    džƉůŽƌĂƟŽŶƐŝŶ^ĞŵĂŶƟĐƐ ^ĞŶƐĞĂŶĚ^ĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚLJ ,Žǁ&ŽĐƵƐĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƐDĞĂŶŝŶŐ ĂǀŝĚ/͘ĞĂǀĞƌĂŶĚƌĂĚLJ͘ůĂƌŬ “beaver” — 2008/5/19 — 16:57 — page i — #1 Sense and Sensitivity Sense and Sensitivity: How Focus Determines Meaning. David I . Beaver and Brady Z. Clark © 2008 David I. Beaver and Brady Z. Clark. ISBN: 978-1-405-11263-5 “beaver” — 2008/5/19 — 16:57 — page ii — #2 Explorations in Semantics Series Editor:SusanRothstein Editorial Board Ruth Kempson, King’s College, London Angelika Kratzer, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Manfred Krifka, Humboldt University; Zentrum fu¨rAllgemeineSprachwissenschaft (ZAS), Berlin Fred Landman, Tel Aviv University Luigi Rizzi, University of Siena Robert Stalnaker, Massachusetts Institute of Technology This exciting series features important new research by leading scholars in the field of semantics. Each volume focuses onatopicortopicscentraltothefield, including dynamic semantics, aspect, focus, anaphora, and type-shifting, and offers a pedagogical component designed to introduce the topics addressed and situate the new research in the context of the field and previous research. The presentational style emphasizes student accessibility without compromising the sophistication of the research involved. Explorations in Semantics is an excellent series for students and researchers in the field, as well as scholars in adjacent areas such as syntax, philosophy of language, and computational linguistics. 1 Compositionality in Formal Semantics: Selected Papers of Barbara H. Partee Barbara H. Partee 2 Structuring Events: A Study in the Semantics of Lexical Aspect Susan Rothstein 3 Indefinites and the Type of Sets Fred Landman 4 The Proper Treatment of Events Michiel van Lambalgen and Fritz Hamm 5 Sense and Sensitivity: How Focus Determines Meaning David I. Beaver and Brady L.
    [Show full text]
  • Lyrics – Sailing Ships & Sailing Men
    Sailing Ships & Sailing Men Lyrics – Sailing Ships & Sailing Men The Day of the Clipper (Steve Romanoff/Outer Green Music) You can see the squares of canvas dancing over the horizon, You can hear the chanty wailing to the heaving of the men; You can feel the seas up to your knees and you know the sea is rising, And you know the clipper's day has come again, To the men on high, the bosun's cry commands a killing strain, Till every mother's son begins to pray; With a hearty shout, she comes about as she heads into the rain, And the ship has never seen a better day. Chorus: Sailing ships and sailing men will sail the open waters, Where the only thing that matters is the wind inside the main. Come all you loving mothers, keep your eyes upon your daughters, For the sails will mend their tatters and the masts will rise again. Wooden beams and human dreams are all that makes her go, And the magic of the wind upon her sails. She'd rather fight the weather than the fishes down below; God help us if the rigging ever fails. As the timber creaks, the captain speaks above the vessel's groan, 'Til every soul on board can hear the call; It's nothing but the singing of the ship inside her bones, And this is when she like it best of all. (Chorus:) Where the current goes, the clipper's nose is plowing fields of green; Where fortune takes the crews, we wish them well, Where men could be when lost at sea is somewhere in between The regions of a heaven and a hell.
    [Show full text]