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Clark's Nutcracker Habitat Use and Relative Abundance In Final Report: Clark’s nutcracker habitat use and relative abundance in the Cascade Range Seattle City Light Wildlife Research Program Prepared by Teresa J. Lorenz for Grant Number 2006-02 December 2009 Final Report: Clark’s nutcracker habitat use and relative abundance in the Cascade Range December 2009 Prepared by Teresa J. Lorenz for the Seattle City Light Wildlife Research Program under grant number 2006-02. Contributors: Carol A. Aubry, Olympic National Forest Amanda V. Bakian, Utah State University Kimberly A. Sullivan, Utah State University For further information about this report, contact: Teresa Lorenz U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest 10237 U.S. Hwy. 12 Naches, WA 98937 [email protected] tel. 509-653-1441 fax 509-653-2638 The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Clark‘s nutcracker habitat use and relative abundance Table of Contents Executive Summary .........................................................................................................................1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................3 Study Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 4 Study Area .......................................................................................................................................4 Methods............................................................................................................................................5 Methods for Objective 1 ............................................................................................................. 5 Data Analysis for Objective 1 ..................................................................................................... 7 Methods for Objective 2 ........................................................................................................... 10 Data Analysis for Objective 2 ................................................................................................... 11 Results ............................................................................................................................................13 Results for Objective 1.............................................................................................................. 13 Telemetry............................................................................................................................... 13 Comparison of summer and autumn space use..................................................................... 13 Summer selection of home ranges within the landscape and foraging habitat within home ranges .................................................................................................................................... 14 Summer and autumn behavior of emigrants ......................................................................... 15 Autumn selection of caching areas within the landscape ..................................................... 16 Autumn selection of habitats within caching areas .............................................................. 17 Autumn selection of microsites within habitats .................................................................... 18 Breeding attempts by seed transporting nutcrackers............................................................ 18 Suitability of cache sites for pine establishment ................................................................... 19 Results for Objective 2.............................................................................................................. 20 Surveys .................................................................................................................................. 20 Telemetry............................................................................................................................... 21 Cone production and nutcracker abundance ........................................................................ 22 Discussion ......................................................................................................................................22 Seasonal differences in space use by resident nutcrackers .................................................. 22 Migratory behavior of emigrant nutcrackers ....................................................................... 24 Cache site selection by resident nutcrackers ........................................................................ 25 Implications of cache site selection for pine seed dispersal ................................................. 29 Clark’s nutcracker surveys ................................................................................................... 30 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 32 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................33 Literature Cited ..............................................................................................................................34 i Clark‘s nutcracker habitat use and relative abundance List of Tables 1 Definitions of habitat types classified within the Olympic and Cascade Study Areas. .................................................................................................................................41 2 Number of Clark‘s nutcrackers captured and radio tagged at feeder sites along established survey routes ...................................................................................................42 3 Home range size, range of autumn movements, and number of point relocations and caches obtained for 12 radio tagged Clark‘s nutcrackers ............................................43 4 Simplified ranking matrices for radio tagged Clark‘s nutcrackers comparing habitat of home ranges to habitat composition within the study area. ...........................................44 5 Simplified ranking matrices for radio tagged Clark‘s nutcrackers that were residents of whitebark pine forests comparing summer foraging habitat to habitat composition within home ranges. ......................................................................................45 6 100% minimum convex polygon range size (ha) of and range of elevations (m) used by twenty one emigrant nutcrackers in 2007 .............................................................46 7 Number of independent foraging events and total time spent foraging for different food items by resident and emigrant Clark‘s Nutcrackers .................................................47 8 Distances that whitebark and ponderosa pine seeds were transported between seed harvest trees and cache sites ..............................................................................................48 9 Simplified ranking matrices for radio tagged Clark‘s nutcrackers comparing habitat of used cache sites to habitat composition within home ranges ........................................49 10 Proportion of different habitat types used by seed caching Clark‘s nutcrackers and availability of habitat types within home ranges ...............................................................50 11 Number of seeds placed in above- and below-ground cache sites and in different habitats by 12 resident Clark‘s nutcrackers .......................................................................51 12 Proportion of cache sites versus paired random sites associated with different microsite features ...............................................................................................................52 13 Akaike‘s information criterion, ΔAICc, Akaike weights (wi) for top-ranked logistic regression candidate models assessing microsites-scale cache site selection by Clark‘s nutcrackers ............................................................................................................53 14 Model variables, coefficient estimates (βj), coefficient standard errors, and odds ratios from the best supported fixed-effects and mixed-effects models explaining microsite-scale cache site selection by Clark‘s nutcrackers ..............................................54 15 Mean, minimum, and maximum numbers of Clark‘s nutcrackers detected on four different survey types and during three survey periods .....................................................55 16 Minimum required sample size of transects and point
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