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Milieu Cembro.Ai LaLa ccembraieembraie (pin(pin cembro)cembro) Forests of Swiss Pine 7 Vaccinium myrtillus (myrtille), Vaccinium gaultheroides (airelle à Ericaceae petites feuilles), Ericaceae Ces forêts claires de pin cembro ou arolle (Pinus cembra) se rencontrent à l’étage subalpin, en versant d’ubac et sur silice. Autour du jardin Le Bois des Ayes (commune de Les espèces caractéristiques sont des Ericacées Villard-Saint-Pancrace) est la seule (rhododendron, myrtille, airelle à petites feuilles) et la poacée forêt pure de pin cembro de la Calamagrostis villosa. Le pin cembro se distingue par ses région. Une réserve biologique forestière a été créée en 1990 pour aiguilles groupées par cinq (par deux chez les autres espèces protéger ses arbres pluricentenaires. Pinus cembra (pin cembro, arolle), françaises de pins) et par ses graines qui ne sont pas Dans le massif du Queyras, le bois Pinaceae disséminées par le vent mais par un oiseau, le casse-noix tendre du cembro est utilisé depuis des siècles pour réaliser des meubles moucheté. et des objets sculptés. These open forests of Swiss or Arolla Pine (Pinus cembra) are found in the subalpine zone, on north facing slopes and on acidic substrates. Characteristic species of these forests include species of Ericacea (rhododendron, blueberry, northern bilberry) and the grass Calamagrostis villosa. The Swiss Pine is recognised by its needles being grouped in fives (grouped by two in other pine Nucifraga caryocatactes species in France) and by the fact that its seeds are transported not by wind, (casse-noix), Corvidae © Pierre TOSCANI / Naturimages but by a bird, the spotted nutcracker. LesLes combescombes à nneigeeige Snowbeds 3838 Salix herbacea (saule nain), Soldanella alpina (soldanelle Salicaceae des Alpes), Primulaceae Il s'agit de dépressions qui restent enneigées une grande partie Autour du jardin crête de l'année, suite aux accumulations de neige par le vent. La neige a des rôles positifs (protection contre le froid durant De belles combes à neige peuvent hiver combe être observées dans le secteur du col (octobre-mai) l'hiver et le printemps, apport d'azote piégé dans les flocons, du Galibier, au niveau du vallon de fourniture en eau lors de la fonte) et des rôles négatifs Roche Noire ou à l'ouest du monument Henri Desgranges. La (destruction des plantes par les avalanches, limitation de floraison a généralement lieu à partir l'oxygénation des racines lorsque le sol est gorgé d'eau). Les de mi-juillet, mais lorsque la neige est plantes de ces combes à neige doivent avoir une croissance trop abondante, les plantes des printemps combe combes les plus enneigées doivent (mai-juillet) rapide car la saison de végétation ne dure que 2 à 3 mois. attendre l'année suivante pour fleurir. These are depressions in the landscape which remain snow covered for a large part of the year, due to snow accumulating with wind. This snow has both combe positive (protection from the cold during winter and spring, addition of nitrogen été-automne carried by falling snow, provision of water during snowmelt) and negative (juillet-octobre) effects (destruction of plants by avalanches, limitation of oxygen levels near the roots when soils are waterlogged). Plant growing in snowbed areas must Evolution de l'enneigement au niveau d'une combe have rapid growth as the growing season is very short (2 to 3 months). LesLes ccrêtesrêtes Ridge tops 3737 Oxytropis lapponica (Oxytropis Gentiana brachyphylla (gentiane à de Laponie), Fabaceae feuilles étroites), Gentianaceae Les crêtes sont balayées par le vent et les plantes ne sont Autour du jardin crête recouvertes par la neige que durant quelques semaines en hiver. Elles disposent d'une longue période de végétation mais De belles formations végétales de hiver combe crêtes peuvent être observées dans (octobre-mai) doivent faire face aux stress les plus intenses: froid extrême, le secteur du col du Galibier. Les sécheresse, rayonnement solaire en excès, pauvreté des sols. pelouses sont dominées par une Cypéracée, l'élyne queue-de-souris Ces plantes ont des adaptations morphologiques (plantes en (Kobresia myosuroides, ci-dessous). crête touffes ou en coussins qui conservent la chaleur, par exemple) Les autres espèces caractéristiques son Oxytropis lapponica, Oxytropis printemps et physiologiques (résistance au gel, recyclage des éléments (mai-juillet) campestris, Polygonum viviparum, minéraux lors de la mort des feuilles, etc.). Gentiana brachyphylla, etc. Ridge tops are continuously windswept, and plants growing here are only crête covered by snow for a few weeks in winter. They have a long growing season, but are subject to intense periods of stress including extreme cold, drought, été-automne excessive sunlight and nutrient poor soils. These plants often have (juillet-octobre) morphological (for example, plants growing as tussocks or cushions so as to conserve heat) and physiological (freezing resistance, recycling of nutrients Evolution de l'enneigement au niveau d'une crête upon leaf senescence, etc.) adaptations to extreme conditions. LesLes ééboulisboulis siliceuxsiliceux Acidic substrate scree slopes 3030 Oxyria digyna (oseille à deux styles), Adenostyles leucophylla (adénostyle Polygonaceae à feuilles blanches), Asteraceae Plusieurs espèces de ces éboulis ne se rencontrent pas dans les éboulis calcaires car elles ne supportent pas l'excès de Autour du jardin Le massif des Ecrins est constitué de calcium. C'est le cas de l'oseille à deux styles (Oxyria digyna) roches siliceuses acides (granites et et de l'adénostyle à feuilles blanches (Adenostyles roches apparentées). L'éboulis le leucophylla). Cette dernière se caractérise par un rhizome plus proche est celui du massif du Combeynot, une réserve naturelle (tige souterraine) extrêmement actif : il produit constamment nationale située en face du Jardin de nouvelles feuilles et fleurs, ce qui permet à la plante de se alpin. Les parties les moins actives déplacer en même temps que l'éboulis. sont colonisées par des landes (ici à myrtille au feuillage rouge en Polystichum lonchitis, une fougère typique des éboulis acides automne) ou par des pelouses. Many species growing in these scree slopes are not found in calcareous scree slopes as they do not tolerate the high calcium levels. This is the case for the mountain sorrel (Oxyria digyna) and the white leaved adenostyles (Adenostyles leucophylla). This second species is characterised by an extremely active rhizome (underground branch) which constantly produces new leaves and flowers, which allows the plant to move along with the Le rhizome d'Adenostyles leucophylla movements of the scree slope. LesLes ébouliséboulis calcairescalcaires Calcareous scree slopes 3030 Viola cenisia (violette du Mont Campanula alpestris (campanule Cenis), Violaceae des Alpes), Campanulaceae Les plantes des éboulis (dites lithophiles) doivent disposer de systèmes racinaires capables de résister aux déplacements Autour du jardin De beaux éboulis calcaires des matériaux. Certaines espèces disposent de grandes s'observent au niveau du massif des racines en pivot et sont "sédentaires" sur l'éboulis. Les autres se Cerces (Grand Galibier) et au col de déplacent en même temps que l'éboulis, par exemple grâce à l'Izoard (Casse déserte marquant l'entrée du massif du Queyras à un rhizome qui produit de nombreux individus vers le bas (cas partir de la ville de Briançon). La bérardie laineuse (ci-dessous) en est Le rhizome de Saussurea depressa de Saussurea depressa) ou grâce à des racines qui (Asteraceae) s'allongent, se cassent et se régénèrent de façon continuelle la plante la plus remarquable. Cette relique de l'ère tertiaire est protégée (cas de Viola cenisia). à l'échelle nationale. Scree slope plants (called lithophiles) need to have root systems capable of resisting the movement of the substrate. Some species have large roots which pivot, and are sedentary on the scree slope. Others move along with the movement of the scree, for example with a rhizome which produces successive individuals moving downwards (as for Saussurea depressa), or via roots which grow longer, break, and then regenerate continuously lower down Système racinaire de la violette du Mont Cenis (Viola cenisia) the slope (as for Viola cenisia). LesLes ébouliséboulis schisteuxschisteux Shale scree slopes 3030 Linaria alpina (linaire des Alpes), Doronicum grandiflorum (doronic à Plantaginaceae (ex Scrophulariaceae) grandes fleurs), Asteraceae Ces éboulis modérément acides sont constitués d'éléments fins, ce qui leur confère une capacité de rétention de l’eau Autour du jardin D'immenses éboulis schisteux supérieure à celle des autres types d’éboulis. C'est ce qui abritent, dans le secteur du col du explique leur très grande richesse, avec en particulier des Galibier, une très grande diversité espèces communes aux éboulis calcaires ou acides. La végétale (ci-dessous Geum reptans et Ranunculus glacialis). La floraison colonisation de l'éboulis se fait grâce aux systèmes souterrains est à son optimum entre mi-juillet et Les stolons de Geum reptans (rhizomes, racines, etc.), aux stolons (cas de la benoite mi-août, environ un mois plus tard (benoîte rampante), Rosaceae rampante) et aux graines produites par les fleurs. qu'au Jardin alpin qui est situé plusieurs centaines de mètres plus bas en altitude. These scree slopes with a moderately acidic substrate are made up of fine particles, which give them a much higher water retention capacity than other types of scree slopes. This explains their high species richness, with in particular many species
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