See Pseudo-Subject Age Female Criminality Based On, 209 Of

Index

Administrators, women as, 65 illegal associations vs. mafia state, 159–160 Affirmation of feminine pseudo-subject: see immigration and criminal organizations, Pseudo-subject 161–162 Age internal feuds, 155–156 female criminality based on, 209 the repressive machine, 160–161 of mafia women, 76, 123, 125, 142 women who exercise direct power, 164–165 Agnello, Carmine, 252–253 women who exercise power indirectly, Al Kassar, Monzer, 159, 167 165–166 Albania, 297–298 Arlete “China da Saude,” 194 characteristics of women involved in criminal Arms trafficking, 166–169 activities, 141–145 Arrests of men vs. women, 105, 208 crimes committed by women, 140–141 “Astuteness of female impotence,” 33, 42–43 Albanian legislation, evolution of, 139–140 Ayerza, Ariel, 152, 153, 155 Andrade, Castor de, 195 Anego, 211, 293 Bankers, 193–195; see also Bicheiros Animal Game Bankers, 299–300; see also Jogo Beatriz, Amira: see Yoma, Amira dos bichos Behavioral typologies, 76 “Anna Morte” (“Anna Death”), 63–64 associative, 2–3 Anzai, Chizue, 213 extra-associative, 3–5 Appeso, Massimo, 63 Belay, Fitore, 297–298 Argentina, 149–150, 294–297 Bergasi, Jorida, 145–146n.1 female criminality in, 162–174 Berman, Susan, 251, 262 types of crimes committed, 163–164 Bicheiros, 184–185, 193–195, 300, 301 women in prison, 163 Biondi, Domenica “Mimina,” 59–61 Yoma sisters, 166–169 Black Hand extortion rings, 242 mafia in Bluevstein, Sofia Ivanovna, 232 Agata Galifii, 153–154, 295 Boemi, Savatore, 27, 28, 30–31, 33–35 “Chicho Grande” and “Chicho Chico,” Bögel, Marion, 222 152–154 Bourdieu, Pierre, 21 development of, 151 Brazil, 299–301 formation and manifestation of, 150–151 categories of crime, 202–203n.28 historical background, 150 organized crime in, 182–184, 198–199 relationships with power, 154–155 historical precedents of, 184–186 Rosario, 151–152 mafia-type, 186–196 police and women, 172 new manifestations of, 196–198 power and criminality in, 155, 162 structure of, 198 corruption in power, 157–159 women and, 193–198 criminal matrix of the state, 157 role of women in crime in, 191–193

303 304 Index

Brickman, Arlyne, 256, 258–260 Cosche,33 Brizola, Leonel, 188 Cosenza, 26, 31, 32, 36–37 Buccarella, Maria Rosaria, 61–62 Crime Buccarella, Salvatore, 62 official data on female, 105, 112–119 Buenos Aires, 150 types of, 105, 143, 202–203n.28, 208, 221–222, 227 Cabezas, José Luis, 172 Crime rates, 114, 141–145 Cagnazzo, Maurizio, 58 gender differences in, 105, 113–118 Calabria, 29–30; see also Reggio Calabria international comparison of, 206–207 Caliandro, Antonia, 61 Crime syndicates, 292 Calvaruso, Madeline, 259 Criminal association, number of women “Camel” scheme, 197 reported for, 117 Camorra, 54–55; see also Neapolitan Camorra Criminal-functional explanation, 4–5 Camorristi: see Neapolitan Camorra Criminal women and female crime, 19–21 Capeci, Jerry, 248–249, 267–268 marginal and exceptional nature of, 67–72 Carangelo, Addolorata, 65 Cupola (individuals at center of power), Carlos, Luiz, 194–195 182–184, 186, 190, 193–195, 199, Casalesi clan, 12–13 200–201n.8, 299, 300 Castranova, Teresa, 264–265, 267 Cutolo, Raffaele, 13, 54, 55 Cataldo, Anna Addolorata De Matteis: see “Anna Morte” Dalla Chiesa, Nando, 68 Cesario, Rafael, 184, 188 De Martino, Livia, 49–50 “Chicho Chicho,” 152–153 DeCarlo, Debra, 253 “Chicho Grande,” 152–154 DeStefano, Karen, 247–248 Child abuse, 52 Di Giovine, Emilio, 48–49, 51 “Chivalrous prejudice,” 71 Di Giovine, Rita, 36, 41–43, 50–52 Cici, Efrem, 145–146n.1 DiCaprio, April, 276–279 Cici, Femi, 145–146n.1 DiCaprio, Ron “Cuddles,” 276–279 “Code of honor,” 299 Diritto barbaricino,30 Code of silence, 196; see also Omertà Domination, symbolic, 67, 81; see also Criminal Collaborators with justice; see also Gravano, women and female crime Sammy; Pentiti Dorsky, Daniel, 266–267 female, 34–36, 111, 128; see also Witness Double absence, 70 protection programs Double exclusion, 78 Colletti, Brenda, 239, 268–276 Double vision, 78 Colletti, Phillip, 269–276 Drug dealing, 221–222 Communication, 67–69, 73, 78, 81; see also Drug trade, 243–244 Newspapers; Press coverage of women Drug trafficking, 64–65, 157–159, 166–172, in mafia 174, 297; see also Trafficking Companions/lovers, 76 Durante, Georgia, 260–263 Condello, Francesco, 34 “Confidants,” 229 Education of convicted women, 141, 142 Consigliera, 65–66 Emancipation, 4, 32, 71; see also Women, Corsanto, Angelina, 28 liberation Cosa Nostra, 67–68, 88–91, 236, 239, 251, ambiguous, 37–43 286–287; see also Mafia psyche; specific Emancipation hypothesis, 20 individuals Emancipationist thesis, 294 auto- and hetero-representation of women’s Emergenza pentiti, 79, 81, 83, 110; see also roles in, 72–74 Pentiti configuration of the feminine in, 94–95 Endo-criminal factors, 2 considerations for future investigation, 98–99 Enterprise crime, 220 newspaper articles about, 128, 129, 132, 133, Equality: see Emancipation 135 Escocia scheme, 197, 198 normal image of, 82–83 Exclusion, 78 Index 305

Exo-criminal factors, 2, 3 Hill, Henry, 239–240 Extranational criminality, 288 Hill, Virginia, 235, 256–258 Hirota, 211 Fabel, Tomas, 222 Homicide levels, international comparison of, Facciolla, Eugenio, 27, 29, 32, 33 206–207 Familism, 93, 241 “Honor,” 89, 96–97, 270 Family, choosing Hoshino, Tsune, 210 and dissociating from organization, 111, 128 and following organization, 111, 128 I cento passi (Giordana), 82 “Family” dimension, 98; see also Mafia psyche Ideal-typical value, 62–63, 66 Feminine pseudo-subject, affirmation of, 39 Image, temporary delegation of, 72 Feuds, internal, 155–156 Immigration and criminal organizations, Financial motivations, 88 161–162 Fiorenza, Dorothy, 263–268 Incarcerated men, women representing, 33 Fiorenza, Lawrence, 265, 266, 268 INSS (National Social Security Institute), Freedom: see Emancipation 196–198, 301 “Front companies,” phantom, 11–12 Internationalization of underworld activities, 215 Italian-American organized crime, 236–237; see Galiffi, Agata, 152–153, 295 also Cosa Nostra; specific individuals Galiffi, Juan, 152, 154; see also “Chicho Italian-Americans, 236–237 Grande” Italian mafia; see also ’Ndrangheta; Neapolitan Gallico, Domenico, 34–35 Camorra; Newspapers Gallico, Teresa, 33–34 Cosa Nostra contrasted with, 99 Gallico family/clan, 34–35 Italian National Statistics Institute (ISTAT), Gambling, 210, 212, 259 112–113, 119 Gangs, 205–206, 292; see also under Japan Italy, female criminality in, 19–21 “Gangster’s moll,” 256 Gender hypothesis (female criminality), 20–21, “Jacineia scheme,” 197–198 70–71, 227 Japan, 205–206, 291–294 Gender roles, 37–39, 69–71 crime levels, 206–209 Germany, women in organized crime in, female criminality, 206–209 219–223 “gang” women, 209–214, 292–294 Gerontocracy, 190 Japanese women Giacobbe, Annunziata, 31 gender roles and social position of, 205, Giancana, Antoinette, 255–256 292–293 Giornale di Sicilia, 109; see also Newspapers in organized crime, perspectives on, 214–216 Godfather, The (Puzo), 237, 241, 256 Jogo dos bicho mafia, 183, 198–199, 300 Gotti, John, 237, 245 Jogo dos bichos (“Animal Game”), 183–188, Gotti, Victoria, 252–255 190, 299 Gravano, Debra, 245–247 Joint ownership, 155 Gravano, Sammy, 239, 245–247 “Judicial paternalism,” 71 Graziano, Anthony, 249 daughters, 249–250 Kass, John, 247–248 “Great Mother,” 95, 96 Killing, 146–147n.2; see also Homicide levels; “Great sister”: see Anego Violence Greco, Giuseppa Maria Patricia, 287 face-to-face, 24 Group-analysis research, 91–92 Guappi,12 La Cosa Nostra (LCN): see Cosa Nostra La Repubblica, 109; see also Newspapers Hamano, Emiko, 213, 214 “Lady gangster” image, 205 Hard-liners, 111 Laurino, Maria, 237, 238, 240, 241, 250 “Hemispheric security,” doctrine of, 157 Leadership roles, shift from worker to, 104 Hickey, Dennis, 264 Liberation: see Emancipation; Women, Hill, Carmela, 240 liberation 306 Index

Libri, Antonio, 27–28 Militants/militant roles, 111, 125, 128 Licciardi, Maria, 15 Mingiano, Maria Rosario, 58 Luca, Tommy, 259, 260 Mistresses, 229 Luciano, Lucky, 242 Miyazaki, Manabu, 211, 212 Mobility of women’s roles, 103–104 Maas, Peter, 237 Money collectors, women as, 57–60, 65 Mafia Money laundering, 166–169, 222, 248 affective dimension (psychosocial vertex), Money trafficking, 166–169 96–98 Morvillo, Angela, 287 meanings of the term, 288–289 Mothers, importance of, 94–96, 239 rigidity vs. flexibility of criminal organization, Mulas, 170, 174 104 “Mafia feeling,” 93, 97 Narcotrafficking: see Drug trafficking role of women and the, 93–94 National Social Security Institute (INSS), Mafia identity, 94 196–198 Mafia psyche, 87–88, 96–99 ‘Ndrangheta, women of the, 23, 25–37; see also analytic themes, 95–97 Serraino-Di Giovine clan research results, 88–93 ambiguous emancipation, 37–43 “Mafia state,” 159 role of, 51–52 Mafia-type organizations, what is suggested by Neapolitan Camorra, 9–16; see also research materials on, 103–104 Camorra Mafia wars, 51 stages of women’s emergence from invisibility Mafia wives, 270, 276–278; see also specific into powerful visibility, 10–11 topics transformation in women’s roles, 10 stereotypical traits of, 249 New Campania Mafia, 15 Mafia women; see also specific topics Newspapers, 81; see also Press coverage of activities and roles of, 75, 103–104, 111, women in mafia 125–131; see also under Sacra Corona articles published by, 119–136, 253 Unita types of news items, 130–132, 134, 135 theoretical framework, 93 Nikiforova, Kalina “Kalya,” 232 typologies, 76; see also Behavioral Normalization, 84 typologies Nuovo Camorro Organizzata (NCO), 11–13, Male chauvinism, 71 126 Male domination, 39 Nuovo Famiglia (NF) alliance, 11–13, 126 Maleness and masculinity, 69; see also Gender roles Odagiri, Nami, 210–211 Managò, Concetta, 34–35 Olga, Princess, 225 Mano Nera, 150–151 Omerta`, 51, 98; see also Code of silence Maresca, Assunta “Pupetta,” 12–14 Onna kyokakuˆ , 210 Marital status of convicted women, 142 Organizational complexity, gendered crime and, Masculinity, 69; see also Gender roles 104, 106 Masseria, Giuseppe “Joe the Boss,” 242 Organizational-instrumental reasoning, Matsuda, Yoshiko, 210 2 Mazza, Anna, 13–14 Organized crime; see also specific topics Media: see Newspapers; Press coverage of defined, 219, 220 women in mafia Osaka, 210–212 “Men of honor,” 96–97 Menem, Carlos, Jr. (“Carlito”), 159, 166, 168, Palma, Cosimo, 59 169 Palmi, 35 Menem, Carlos Saùl, 167, 169, 296 Paoli, Letizia, 220, 221 Messengers, women as, 57–60, 65 Paranoia, 91 “Migration toward illegality,” 173 Pentimento (“repentance”), 51; see also Milan, 47 Collaborators with justice; Pentiti Index 307

Pentiti (people who turn state’s evidence), 15, women in organized criminal activity in, 28, 48; see also Collaborators with 228–230 justice; Emergenza pentiti; Witness mothers, 228–229 protection programs wives and mistresses, 229 Pentito, 11, 13, 14; see also Pentiti Russo, Andrew, 263–268 Pernambuco, Brazil crime in, 193 Sacra Corona Unita (SCU), 53, 65–66 Philadelphia mob, 273–276 historic profile, 53–56 Pistone, Joe, 251, 259–260 women between tradition and modernity, Police, 160, 161 59–65 in Brazil, 186–191, 299–300 women’s functions in, 56–58, 65–66 number of women and men reported to, 115 case analyses, 58–59 relationship between women and, 172 Santa Catarina, Brazil Power, 22, 67, 69, 70, 88–90, 159, 302; see also crime in, 193 under Argentina; Criminal women and Sau Paulo, crime in, 192 female crime Scarfo, Nicky, 251–252 presence as, 77–83 Secondigliano Alliance, 15 temporary delegation of, 39, 72 Secondigliano clan, 15 Prealpi, Piazza, 48 Serpico, Camille, 248–249 Presence: see Power, presence as Serraino, Maria, 48–52 Press coverage of women in mafia, 168, Serraino-Di Giovine clan, 42, 47–52; see also 253–255; see also Newspapers Di Giovine, Rita researching, 107–112 Sex trafficking, 140, 223 Prison sentences, 286; see also Incarcerated men Sexual favors, 260 Prohibition, 235–236, 242 Sexual violence, 23, 52 Prostitution, 140, 147n.3; see also Sex Sexuality, 90, 99 trafficking Shiragami, Hideo, 211 Pseudo-subject, female, 41, 42 Sicilian Mafia, 12 affirmation of, 41 Sicilian model, 10, 14 Psychological research; see also Mafia psyche Siegel, Benjamin “Bugsy,” 235, 257 considerations for future investigation, 98–99 Silence, 79; see also Omerta` Psychotherapy, 87–92 “Social security mafia,” 198, 301; see also Puzo, Mario, 241 INSS Socialization, female, 20–21, 71 Rabin, Jeffrey, 250 Solazzo, Manuela, 59 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Solovieva, V., 233 (RICO) Act, 237, 244 Sopranos, The (TV series), 238, 241–242, 250 Racketeering, 242, 257 Soshiki boryokudanˆ , 205–206, 216n.1 Rape, 23, 52, 146–147n.2 South Philadelphia mafia, 273–276 Reggio Calabria, 27–28, 32, 55; see also Suspicion and paranoia, 91 Calabria Swindlers, 233 Religion, 90 Rico, Joe, 277 “Tambovtsi,” 229 Rio di Janeiro, crime in, 192 Taoka, Kazuo, 211 Rogoli, Giuseppe, 59–61 Tax fraud and evasion, 249–250, 252–253 Rosario, as “Argentine Chicago,” 151–152 Temporary delegation of image, 72 Rossi, Adriana, 294–296 Temporary delegation of power, 39, 72 Russia, 225 Teresa, Vincent, 239 history of social position and female crime “Territorial rule,” 25 in, 225–228 Theft, 140–141 problems in women’s prisons, 233–234 “Thieves in law,” 228, 229, 231 women as members and organizers of Tomasi, Ornella, 62–63 criminal organizations, 231–233 Tradition/innovation model, 74 308 Index

Trafficking, 52, 140, 157–158, 170, 223; see Women; see also specific topics also Drug trafficking liberation, 37, 78–79, 220, 222; see also Emancipation United States, women in organized crime in; in love with the wrong man, 31 see also Italian-American organized pathologized and “psychiatrized,” 21 crime Women victims killed by mafia, 76 history of, 235–236 “Women’s circles,” 166 Woolf, Virginia, 25 Vendetta, 52, 62 Vendette transversali, 28–29, 79 Yakuza, 210, 211, 213–215, 291–292 Violence; see also Homicide levels Yamaguchi-gumi, 206, 211–212, 214, domestic, 36; see also Child abuse 215 “moralized,” 24 Yoma, Amira, 166–168, 297 women and, 19, 22–25, 223 Yoma, Zulema, 166, 168–169 Visibility vs. invisibility, 10–11, 73–74; see also Newspapers; Press coverage of women Zagari, Antonio, 29 in mafia Zancocchio, John “Porky,” 249 Zancocchio, Lana, 249–250 Witness protection programs, 38 “Zwi Migdal,” 154