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292 Sit hole, Nadbaningi 1959: African Nationalims, Cape Town Skinner, A. N. 1968: Ha'Ma Readings: Selections from Edgar's Tatsuniyoyi, Madison Skinner, A. N. 1971: Realism and Fantasy in Hausa Literature. In: Rev. Nat. Literatures 2: 167 -187 Slater, F. C. 1951: The New Centenary Book of Smtth African Verse, London Sow, A. I. 1965a: Poetic Construction in Fouta Djallon. In: Pres. Afr. 26/54: 185-200 Sow A. I. 1961';b: Notes sur les procCd6s poetiques dans la litterature des Peuls du Fouta Djallon (Guinee). In: Cak. Et. Afr. 5, 3 (19): 370-387 Sow, A. I. 1966: La femme, la vache, la foi: ecrivains et poetes du Fonta Djallon, Paris Soyinka, Wole 1966: And After the Narcissist? In: African Forum voL I, No 4: 53-64 Stewart, Gail 1967: Notes on thc Present-Day Usage orthc Vai Script in Liberia. In: African Language Rev. 6: 71-74 Stikki poetov Afriki 1958, Moskva Sulzer, Peter 1955: Schwarze Intelligenz, Zurich Sulzer, Peter 1958: Christ erscheint am Kongo, Heilbronn Sutherland, Efua 1968: Textbooks for the Study of Ghanaian Languages. In: The Study of Ghanaian Languages, Accra: 24-42 Swanzy, Henry (ed.) 1958: Voices of Ghana, Accra

Tai wo, Oladele 1967: An b!troduction to West African Literature, London Taylor, F. W. 1929: Fulani-Ilausa Readings in the Nati've SCI'ipts, with 'l'ransliterations and Translations, Oxford Tempels, Placide 1956: Bantu Philosophie, Heidelberg 'fenreiro, Francisco (ed.) 195:3: Poesia negra de expressao pot1;uguesa, Lisboa Ti b ble" Anne (ed.) 1965: African English Literature, London Tucker, A. 1971: Orthographic Systems and Conventions in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Current Trends in Linguistics 7: 618-653 'fucker, ]ll[artin 1967: Africa in Modern Literature, New York

UNESCO Report, 1953: African Languages and English in Education. In: UN E8CO Educational Stndies and Docu.ments, Pa.ris

Vachek, Josef 19:39: Zum Problem der geschriebenen Sprache. In: Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 8: 94-104 Vachek, Josef 1948: 'Vritten Language and Printed Language. In: Reeueil Linguistique de Bratislava 1: 67-75 Vachek, .Josef 1959: Two Chapters on Written English. In: Bmo Studies in English 1: 7 -36 Vavilov, V. N. 1973: Proza Nigerii, Moskva Velten, C. 1908: Suaheli TViirlerbuch, Berlin Vernacular in Education 1953: The Use of Vernacular Languages in Education. In: UNESCO Educational Mon. No 8, Paris

Wake, C. H. 1964: African Literary Criticism. In: Comparative Literat'ure Stndies 1: 197-205 WaH, Na'ihi and Haliru, Binji 1959: JY". k01ji Ajam, do, Lambei. Gaskiyo" Zaria Ward, L C. 1945: Report of o,n Investigation of 80me Gold Coast Language Problems, London Warner, Alan 1963: A New English in Africa. In: Review of English Literature 5, 2 Wastberg, Per (ed.) 1968: The Writer in Modern Africa, Uppsala Wauthier, Claude 1966: The Literature and Thought of 11lodern Africa, London Welmers, W. E. 1971: Christian :Missions and Language Policies. In: Current Trends in Ling'uistics 7: 559-569

193 Westermann, Diedrich 1907: Zeichensprache des Ewe-volkes in Deutsch-Togo_ In: .iWitt_ des Sem. fur Orient. Sprachen 10 (3. Abt.): 1~14 Westermann, Diedrich 1927: Zum Andcnken an JVlissionar B. Schlegel In: 2lfonatsblatt der Nord• deutschen M_~ge8. 88: 142-143 Westermann, Diedrich 1950: Die Volkswerd"ng del' Ha"sa, Berlin 'Westermann, Diedrich and Bryan, :VI. A. 1952: A Handbook of African Lang,;ages Part II. Lang'uages of West Africa, London (a second edition with an extended bibliography, prepared by D. W. Arnott, appeared in 1970) Westermann, Diedrich 1954: Warterb"ch der Ewe-Spraehe, Berlin Westermann, Diedrich 1965: The African Today and Tomorrow 3, London Whiteley, Wilfred H. (ed.) 1964: A Selection of African Prose, Oxford Whiteley, W. H. 1969: Swahili, the Rise of a National Language, London ,Viedner, Donald L. 1962: A History of Africa Sonth of the Sahara, New York Wiegrabc, Paul 1960: Neuere Literatur in Ewe. In: Afrika nnd Ubersee 44: 132-135 Wolf, Hans 1954: Nigerian Orthography, Zaria Works in Ghana Languages 1967: Bibliography of Works in Ghana Langnages Compiled by the Bureau of Ghana Languages, Accra Wright, Edgar HJ66: African I.iterature T: Problems of Crhicism. In: Journal of Commonwealth Literature No 2: 103~1l2

Yankowitz, Susan 1966: The Plays ofWole Soyinka. In: African Forum vol. 1, Xo 4: 128~133 Ya"eva, V. N. 1969: Social Changes and Function of the Literary Languages. In; Proc. Intern. Days of Sociolinguistics, Rome: 227 ~241 Yarzeva, V. N. 1971: The Problem of the Development of the Literary Languages. In: Social Beience8, J\!Ioscow 4 (6): 151~164 Young, Peter 1971: The Language of West African Literature in English, In: The English Language in West Africa: 165~184

Zahan, Dominique 1950: Pictographic Writing in the Western Sudan In: Man 50: 219 Zell, Hans and Silver, Helene 1971: A Reader's Guide to African Literature, New York Zima, Petr 1961: The Language Situation in the Nf'w States of 'Vest Africa. In: New Orient Bimonrhly 2: 180~181 Zima, Petr 1964: Some Remarks on Loan-Words in Modern Rausa. In: Archiv Orientrilni 32: 522~528 Zima, Petr 1966: Tamtamy doslld zni, Praha Zima, Petl' 1968: Rausa in ,Vest Africa: Remarks on Contemporary Role and Functions. In: Language Problems of the Developing Nation8, New York: 365-377 Zima, Petr 1969: Language, Script and Vernacular LiteratUl'8 in West Africa. In: African Language Review, London 8: 212-224 Zima, Petr 1974: Digraphia (The Case of Rausa). In: Lingnistics No 124: 57 -69 Zima, Petr 1975: Is a General Typology of Language Standardisation Feasible? To appear in: Acta Universitatis Carolinae (Prague)

Addendmn Klingcnheben, August 1933: The Vai Script. In: A/rica. 6: 158-171 :l\1onod, Theodor 1958: Un nouvel alphabet ouest-africain: Ie bett (Cote d'l mire)_ In BIFAN, sel'_ Ii 20: 432-553 Schmitt, A, 1963: Die Barnum-BeMi/t, Wiesbaden Wclmers, 'V. B 1974: Afl'ican Language 8trnctnres. UCLA

194 INDEX OF PERSONS

Abbiw, D. K. 159 Alegra, C. 215 Abbs, A.133 Alexandre, P. 21, 30, 285, 305 Abd ar-Rahman, S. A. B. (Saiyid Mansab) 191 Aliyu, Y. 285 Abraham, W. 285 Allary, J. 286 Abrahams, L. 285 AI·Mazrui, A. bin M. bin S. 193 Abrahams, P. 235, 248-252, 263, 265 Altman, P. 248, 265 Abrash, B. 285 Aluko, T. M. 99,100, 1IZ-U5 Abruquah,J. W. 133 Amadi, E. 100, 117, UB Achebe, C. 27, 50, 56, 57, 98-101, 103, 106-110, Amafo, B. 162 271,285 Amarteifio, V. A. 161 Acquaah, R. G. 158 Amartey, A. A. 147, 163 Adali.Mortty, G. 130, 131 Amegashie, E. M. 154, 155 Adams, R. F. G. 285 Amonoo, R. F. 30, 285 Adamu, M. dan 169 Anahory Silva, T. C. 214 Addaye, J. J. 160 Anaman, J. B. 158 Addo, J. 132 Ananou, D. 94 Adeley, R. A. 285 Andersen, H. C. 199 Ademola, F. 285 Andrade, M. P. de 214, 216, 217, 285 Adiku, E. T. 154 Angira, J. 207 Aesop 100 Anifeng 133 Aganweze, A. 53 Annan, K. 133 Agbodza,M.}(.156 Annobil, J. A. 147, 158 Aggrey, K. 155 Anozie, S. O. 285 Agigi, M. 170 Ansre, G. 30, 37, 39, 48, 163,285 Aidoo, C. A. A. 131, 132 Antonio, 11. 216 Aig·lmoukhuede, F. 127 Apraku, L. D. 133, 161 Ajibola, J. O. 99 Armah, A. K. 134 Ajisaf"" A. K. 149 Armattoe, R. E. G. 128, 129 Akar, J. 138 Arnold, M. 258 Akinlade, E. A. 150 Arnott, D. W. 175,285,307 Akintan, E. A. 37, 149 Asalache, }(. 208 Akinyele, I. B. 149 Atkinson, B. H. 266, 285 Akrofi, C. E. 160 Awoonor-Williams, G. 131 Akuffo, B. S. 161 Ayansu-Mensah, A. B. 160 Akyniemi, A. 150 Azikiwe, N. 97 AI-Akida 193 AI-Bakari M. bin A. bin (Muhammad }(ijuma) 191 Ba, A. H. 179 A1bazini, J. 216 Ba, O. 285 AI-Busiri, M. ibn S. 191 BabalQla, A. 34, 147, 149, 154,285 Alcantara, O. see Lopes, B. Badian, S. 87

295 Badibanga 203 Bonkman, D. 67 Bagchi, G. 209 Brauner,S. 33,47, 286 Bagorozi 184 Brecht, B. 126 Balewa, A. A. T. 34,172 Breskina, F. lVI. 270, 271, 284, 286 Bambote, P. M. 9.5 Breton, A. 64 Bamenya 184 Brew, K. 130 Bamgbo~e, A. 48, 147, 148,285,286 Brooke, R. 128 Barbosa, J. 213, 214 Brown, S. 78 Barres, 1\'[. 78 Bfllscioto, G. 306 Barth, H. 178, 286 Brutus, D. 261, 262, 269 Bart·WiIliams, G. 138 Bryan,1\'[. 46 Basner, ]\'1. 248 Buahin, P. K. 133 Bassir, O. 286 Bukele, 1\1. D. 18 Bathwen 186 Burdon, J. A. 170 Bauchi, A. 172 Butler, G. 245, 286 Baudelaire, C. 78, 221 Bebey, F. 82 Caesar, G. I. 230 Bediako, K. A. 54, 133, 134 Caldwell, J. 119 Bedwei, A. 133 Camara, N. K. C. 89 Beier, U. 52, 65, 102,266,271,286 Campbell, R. 243, 245 Bello, lVI. 178 Cartey, W. 286 Bello, S. dan 178 Cary, J. 136, 261 Benes, E. 37, 286 Casely.Hayford, A. 129-134 Bengu, K. 237 Cassirer, T. 286 Benn, G. 286 Cesaire, A. 6:l-65, 74, 201 Bennie, W. G. 229 Chaka 78 see also Shaka Bentil U3 Charmn, T. de 78 Benton, P. A. 13, 20. 286 Charteris, I. 52 Berry, J. 13, 16, 21, 24, 25, 30, 37, 41, 48, 50, Chaucer, G. 130 286,305 . Chekedi 186 Beti, ]\<1. 84-86, 271 Chekhov, A. P. 265 Bevan, E. 105 Cheyney.Coker, S. 138 Bhely.Quenum, M. 94 Cheyney, P. 52 BheJy·Quenum, O. 94, 95 Chiraghdin, S. 207 Bikwakwanya 184 CIu~staller, J. G. 143. 157. 160 Biyidi, A. see Beti, M. Cisse, E. 89 Blay, J. B. 133 Clair, R. lIO Bleek, W. H. 1. 306 Clark,J.P. 120-123, 125-127 Bloom, H. 255, 256, 263 Clarke, P. 260 Bloomfield, B. C. 52 Claudei, P. 78 Blose, J. A. 237 Cloete, S. 247, 248 Boam, L. A. 48, 286 Ciouts, S. 261 Boama, I. E. 147 Cole, D. T. 305, 306 Boetie, D. 261 Coie, R. W. 138 Bognini, J. 1\1. 91 Conton, W. 136-138, 271 Bol, V. P. 286 Cook, D. 206, 209, 286 Bolamba, A. R. 200 Cook, M. 286 Boni,N.89 Cope,J. 252, 263 Botha, L. 239 Corneille, P. 202 Boto, E. see Beti, M. Cornevin, R. 286

296 Couchoro, F. 94 Diop, O.·S. 73 Crabb, D. W. 305 Dioura, B. B. 86 Craveirinha, J. 217 Dipoko, ]1,1. S. 64, n6, 287 Creighton, T. R. lVf. 286 Diringer, D. 13, 287 Crispin, G. 138 Dlamini, J. C. 237 Crowder, lVf. 111 Dogbeh, R. 95 Crowther, S. A. 148, 149, 152, 160 Dogoc, E. Y. 156 Crnz, V. da 215 Dogondaji, A. 173 Cyrus, lVf. 291 Doke, C. T. 306 Dokulil, lVf. 38, 287 Dadie, B. B. 91-93, 287 Dondavitra 225 Dadze, 1. B. 160 Duhe, H. .J. 237 Dalby, D. 12, 15-18, 287 Dube, J. L. 234, 235 Damas, L. G. 63, 76, 74, 287 Du Bois, W. 62, 128 Danes, F. 287 Dugast, 1. 12, 287 Danquah, J. B. 127, 128 Dnodn, C. 133 Dante, A. 57 Darko, A. 57 Easmon, R. S. 135 Darko, D. O. 161 East, N. B. 287 Dathorne, O. R. 287 East, R. M. 28,143,171,172 Davidson, B. 287 Edgar, F. 170,287 Decker, T. 50, 51, 287 Effa, E. 161 Dei.Anang, 1'11. F. 129, 130 Egbuna, O. 115 Delafosse; lH. 18, 287 Ekwensi, C. 49, 55, 57, 98-101, 101-107, 271, Delano, 1. O. 149-151, 160 287 Delavignette, R. 287 Eliet, E. 287 Delius, A. 263 Eliot, T. S. 121 Dembele, S. 93, 94 EI-lVIasri, F. H. 285 Dembo, U. A. 172 Engmanu, A. W. 163 Dempster, R. T. 139 Epelle, K. 119 Denteh, A. C. 147, 161,162 Equiano, O. (Vassa, C.) 97 Depestre, R. 33 Erapu, L. 203 Dcsewu, P. 1'11. 155 Espirito Santo, A. do 215 Dhlomo, H. I. E. 235, 287 Esslin,]\II. 123 Dhlomo, R. R. R. 235, 2:~() Ewande, D. 82 Dia, JYL 77 Ewembe, F. B. ]\II. 85 Diakhat6, L. 79 Diallo, B. 72 Fafunwa, A. B. 152, 287 Diallo, S. 74 Fagunwa,D. O. 57, 107, 149, 150 Dias, E. 216 Falcti, A. 151, 152, 154 Dickens, C. 271 Eall, lVI. 79 Dieterlen, G. 14, 288 Famfamto, J. K. 155 Dikobe, ]\iL 262 Fanon, F. 67 Dingane 230, 231, 2:35 l;'aubJee 224 Dingiswayo 2:n, 235,242 Eaulkner, W. 119 DinizuJ u 229, 235 Ferguson, C. A. 22, 27, ~7, 40, 287 Diop, A Jioune 64 FeuseI', \V. 287 Diop, Anta 30, 61, 287 Eiawoo, F. K. 154, 287 Diop, B. 71, 73, 74, 79 Fishman, J. 30, 33 Diop, D. 71, SO, 201, 271 FlaubeI't, G. 271

1.97 Fleming, I. 52 IIadeja, M. 173, 174 Fodeba, K. 89 IIaggard, R. 227, 248 Fodio, U. dan 107, 142, 166, 177, 178 IIair, P. E. II. 17,288 Fonlon, B. 86 IIaliru, B. 293 Fonseca, A. 213, 214 IIall, R. A. 48, 288 Forster, E. M. 136 IIanson, VV. A. 158 Franco, F. 245, 247 IIarries, L. 41, 189, 190, 193, 288 Freeman·Grenville, G. S. P. 193 Harris, J. C. 198 FrobeniuB, L. 288 IIarter, G. 153 Fugard, A. 261, 263 Harwood, R. 248, 249 Fula, A. N. 234 IIau, K. 14, 288 Fuze, M. M. 234 Haugen, E. 37,38,40,288 IIavrlinek, B. 38, 39, 48, 288 Galperina, E. L. 288 IIayford, G. 51 Gandhi, M. 127 Hazoume, P. 94 Garvey, M. 60 Head, B. 261 Garvin, P. M. 37 Heidegger, M. 128 Gaulle, C. de 70, 76, 81 IIeine, B. 41, 288 Gerard, A. 285, 288 IIemedi, A. bin 194 Ghartey, J. 158 IIenry, Prince Dom 212 Ghezo 94 Henshaw, J. E. 127 Gibirila, B. 95 Herms,1. 149, 288 Gicaru, R. M. 205 Herskovits, M. J. 288 Gide, A. 78, 128 Hertzog, J. B. M. 229, 239, 245, 264 Giva, M. Y. 119 IIiII, A. A. 19, 25, 288 Gleason, J. I. 64, 66, 67, 78, 100,288 IIintze, U. 289 Gogo, D. 173 IIiskett, M. 49, 164, 165, 167, 169,289 Gogol, N. V. 202 IIitler, A. 128, 242 Gologo, M. 87 IIodge, C. T. 306 Goody,J.27,288 IIodgkin, T. 289 Gordimer, N. 253, 254, 263, 285 Hoffmann, C. 307 Gordon, G. 248, 265 IIoh, I. K. 130, 154, 155 Gorer, G. 288 IIolub, J. 289 Gouffe, C. 306 IIoralek, K. 289 C*qoba, VV. VV.229 Houis, M. 140, 289, 305 Graft-Johnson, J. C. de 132, 133,288 IIouphouet-Boigny, F. 75----77, 92 Graham-VVhite, A. 288 IIughes, L. 62, 78, 289 Greenberg,J.II.49,169,288,305,307 IInsBein, E. 207 Greene, G. 136 IIutchinson, A. 260 Griaule, M. 14, 288 IIuxley;A.128 Grimms 155 IIymes, D. 48, 289 Grunebaum, G. E. von 288 Gueye, L. 74, 75 Ijimere, O. 127 Guillen, N. 63 Ike, V. 98, 99, 115, 116 Guirao, R. 288 Imam, A. A. 172 Gukhman, M. 37 Ismagilova, R. N. 289 Guthrie, M. 306, 308 Issa, I. 96 Gwari, M. na B. 167 Italiaander, R. 289 Gwarzo, M. 172 Ivasheva, V. V. 68, 271, 289 Jabavu, D. D. T. 235

298 Jacobson,J).252,253,263 Komey, E. A. 131 Jahn,J.66,68,9O,266,278,289 Konadu, S. A. 54, 55, 133, 134 Jameson, L. S. 239 Kone,M.91 Jeffreys, M. J). W. 12, 287 Konu, F. S. 147 Jobe 230, 231 Kourouma, A. 93 Johnson, G. K. 147,289 Kouyate, S. B. 87 Jones, E. J). 50, 102, 103, 135, 289 Krause, G. A. 170 Jonker, 1. 261 Krieger, K. 170 Jonson, B. 127 Krige, U. 247 Jordan, A. C. 238 Kruger, P. 238, 264 Joyce, J. 265 Knnene, D. 290 July, R. W. 289 Kunene, M. 261 Jungraithmayr, H. 287, 307 Kuria, H. 205 Junod, H. A. 199 Kuti, F. R. 103 Kwantagora, S. 168 Kachingwe, A. 210 Kyei, K. G. 123 Kadalie, C. 239 Kagame, A. 66, 183, 202, 289 Labouret, H. 290 Kagara, A. B. 172 Labov, W.290 Kalungano, C. see Santos, M. dos Lacroix, P. F. 179, 285,290, 307 Kane,H. 80 Ladipo, D. 122, 152 Kano, A. 172 La Guma, A. 257-260, 263, 265, 269, 270 Kano,D.173 Laing, T. 158 Kama, T. 201 Laluah, A. see Casely-Hayford, G. M. Kariara, J. 205 Lamte-Lawson, E. 163 KariulU,J.M.204,205 Langland, J. 130 Karoki, J. 208 Lanham, P. 248 Kartuzov, S. P. 119, 264, 265, 271, 272 Lartey,J.133 Kasavubu, J. 54 Laya,D.290 Katsina, I. N. 168 Laye, C. 88-91 Kaufmann, H. 289 Lebeuf, J.-P. 20, 290 Kayira, L. 211 Lee, M. 286 Kayombo, 1. K. 203 Lentswe 186 Kazilahabi, E. 207 Lepsius, R. 24, 290 Kejzlar, R. 289 Lessing, D. 211, Kenyatta, J. 204, 289 Lestrade, G. P. 187 Kesteloot, L. 65, 68, 289 Lewis, S. 265 Kgafela 185 Lindfors, B. 290 Khama 186 Lindsay 133 Khwela, S. T. Z. 237 Lippert, J. 168 Killam, D. G. 289 Livingstone, D. 261 Kimenye, B. 203 Liyong, T. 10204 King, A. V. 168, 175,289 Liyongo 192, 193 King,D.138 Loba, A. 13 Kirk-Green, A. H. M. 48,171 Lomani-Tchibamba, P. 201 Klima, V. 10, 11, 55, 290 Longdon,J.E.147, 159, 160 Klingenheben, A. 12, 294, 307 Lopes, B. 214 Kloss, H. 30, 33, 290 Lopes, H. 200 Klufio, E. J. K. 163 Lopes, M. 213, 214 Knappert, J. 290 Lubega,B.203,204

299 Lugard, F. 168, 172 Mischlich, A. 136, 170 Lukas, J. 309 Mitterand, F. 75 Lumumba, P. 54, 201 }incwang,L.J.237 Lytton, D. 263, 264 Modisane, B. 246, 265 Mofolo, T. 187,229-233 Maduna, E. D. 237 Mohamadou, E. 290 Mafeni, B. 50, 290 Molana, S. M. 235 Maguta 184 Molefo 186 Maimane, A. 246 Moliere, J.-B. 202 Makarfi, S. 173 Monod, T. 12,294 Malan, D. F. 234,245,246,264 Montesquieu, C. L. 92 Mallanmi, S. 66 Moore, B. T. 139 Malonga, J. 200 Moore, G. 56, 65, 66, 78, 90, UO, 121, 122, 201, Mandisodza, K. 235 290 Mangi, A. na 169 Mopeli-Paulus, A. S. 248 Mangoaela, Z. D. 229 Moser, G. M. 291 Mangua, C. 207 Motsisi, C. 246 Manson, H. 203 Moukori, J. K. 82 Maran, R. 62, 89 _ Mpande 230, 235 Margarido, A. 290 l\lphahlele, E. 65, 66, 100, 120, 235, 238, 246, 254- Mariano, G. 213, 214 256, 259-261, 263, 265-267, 271, 274, 291 M.. rsh, Z. 290 Mqhayi, S. E. K. 237, 238 Marx, K. 275 Muhammad 167 Masiye, S. 211 Muhammad, L. 169, 291 Mathieu, J. see Mutombo, D. Munonye,J. 100, 117 Matiba, J. I. 82 Munro, D. 292 Matip, B. 82, 83 Munyanganzo 184 Matsebula, J. S. M. 237 Murdock, G. P. 291 MatshOOza, T. 247, 248 Murgot, H. 207 Matthews, J. 2U, 257, 258 ~l\'[usare, 184 Maupassant, G. de 254 Mushiete, P. M. 201, 202 Mayakovsky, V. 80 Musing, Y. V. 182 Mayssal, H. 290 Mlitara II. Rwogera 182 Mazrui, A. A. Mlitara III. Rudahigwa 183 Mbiti, J. S. 205 Mutiso, G. 291 Mbotela, J. J. 205 Mutombo, D. 201 Mbulawa, L. M. 237 Mutombo-Diba, V. 202 McKay,C.62 Mutsinzi 184 Medou-Mvomo, R. 86 Myachina, E. N. 306 Meinhof, C. 14, 18, 290, 306, 307 Mzilikazi 185, 232 Melone, T. 67, 290 Menezes, F. E. 290 Nabhani, L. 191 Mensah, A. K. 130 Nagenda,J.131,203 Mensah, T. V. 94 Naigiziki, J. . 202 Mfokazana 230 Nakasa, N. 261 Mhlangana 203, 321 Nandi 230 Micaya, L. 216 Napoleon I 230 Mickson, E. K. 54 Nasir, S. A. bin A. Miller, R. 261 Nassir, A. 207 Millin, S. G. 241, 242, 263 Jiiazareth, P. 206, 207

300 Neto,A.216 Omotoso, K. 118 Neves, J. A. das 291 Opoku, A. A. 133, 161 Newman, P. 307 Opong, R. M. 162 Ngubiah, S. N. 208 Ortova, J. 290, 291 Ngugi, J. 204, 206-210 Osadebay, D. 119 Ngumbi, J. 237 Osev, E. J. 160 Niane, D. T. 97 Osnitskaya, 1. V. 306 Nicol, A. 136 Oto, J. 82 Niekerk, B. van 291 Otoo,S.K. 35,147,158,159,291 Njaku,N.53 Ouedraogo, O. 89 Njau, R. 206 Ouologuem, Y. 87, 88 Nketia, J. H. K. 14,34, 130, 147,291 Ousmane, A. 86 Nkosi, L. 246, 247, 264, 265, 268, 269, 291 Ousmane, S. 71, 80, 81, 127 Nkrumah, K. 54, 61, 77, 127-129, 134, 281 Owono,J.82 Nokan, C. 91 Owusu, K. E. 161 Noliwe 231 Oyono, F. 83-85, 88, 271 Noronha, R. de 216 Oyono·Mbia, G. 82 Ntara, S. Y. 210 Nunez, A. 213, 214 Paden, J. N. 41 Nwankwo, N. 111, 112, 122 Pageard, R. 291 Nwapa, F. 100, 116, 117 Paiangyo, P. R. 203 Nwoga, D. 52. 291 Paricsy, P. 291 Nxumalo, O. E. H. 237 Parker, C. J. L. see Lanham, P. Nyaku, F. K. 155, 156 Parkes, F. K. 130, 131 Nyembezi, C. L. S. 237 Parrinder, G. 56 Nyunai, J.·P. 81 Parsons, F. W. 306 Nzekwu, O. 56, 64, 100, HI Paton, A. 249, 263 Nzouankeu, J.·M. 82 P'Bitek, 0.204,207 Perse, S.·J. 78 Obagi, O. A. 53 Peters, L. 138, 139 Obenga, T. 201 Pfeffer, G. 179, 291 Obianim, S. J. 156 Philombe, R. 82 Obiechina, E. N. 291 Piauit, M. H. 164, 291 Oculi, O. 204 Pieterse, C. 292 QdunjQ, J. F. 151 Pike, K. L. 37 Ofori, H. 132 Pilaszewicz, S. 292 Ogot, G. A. 206, 208 Piaatje, S. T. 233, 234, 292 Ogunde, H. 122 Pleven, R. 75 Ogundele, J. O. 150 Pliya,J.94 Ogunmola, K. 122 Plomer, W. 243-245, 250, 261, 263, 271 Ohly, R. 33, 305 Pompidou, G. 70 Oji,G.53 Potekhina, G. I. 292 Okara, G. 107, 118, 119, 127 Pouka, L. M. 82 Okhotina, I. V. 291, 306 Price·Mars, J. 63, 292 Okigbo, C. 62, 98, 121, 122 Prietze, R. 20, 168, 170, 292 Okpewho, I. 115 Pringle, T. 238 Olderogge, D. A. 13, 170,291,306,308 Pritt, C. L. 50 Olivera, J. O. de 291 Proust, M. 78 Ologunde, A. 152, 291 Pujman, P. 292 Olympio, S. 54

301 Rabary 225 Santos, M. dos 217 Rabearivelo, J. J. 221, 222 Saratovskaya, L. B. 264, 292 Rabemananjara, J. 220, 222, 223 Sartre, J.-P. 65, 66, 292 Rainandriamanapary 219 Sayers, E. F. 292 Rakotonirainy, J. 225 Schachter, P. 305 Ramanantoamina 220, 221 Scharfe, P. 285 Ramsaran, J. 292 Schlegel, B. 152, 153, 160 Ranaivo, F. 218, 223, 224 Schmidt, N. J. 106 Ranjavoly 225 Schmitt 12, 294 Rasamuela 218 SchOn, J. F. 171 Ratrema 225 Schreiner, O. E. A. 239-241, 263 Ratsimiseta 225 Schwarz· Bart, A. 88 Raveliojoana 225 Sebukima, D. 203 Ravelomoria, W. 225 Sechele 185, 186 Ray, P. S. 37, 292 Segal, R. 261 Razafintsalama, J. B. 225 Segatwa 183 Reed, J. 292 Segoete, E. L. 229 Remarque, E. M. 265 Seid, J. B. 95 Rhodes, C. 238, 239, 242, 264 Sekarama 184 Rial, J. 292 Sellin, E. 88 Ribas, O. B. 215 Selormey, F. 133 Riberalegue 225 Semidorogo 184 Rimbaud, A. 78 Senghor, L. S. 63, 64, 66, 67, 70, 74-78, 91, 120, Rina, A. 224 200, 222, 275, 292 Ritter, E. A. 292 Senzangakhona 230 Rive, R. 257-259, 263-265, 292 Seruma, E. 204 Robinson, C. H. 20, 23, 167,292 Serumaga, R. 203 Rodinson, M. 20, 290 Setsoafia, B. H. K. 154, 155 Rodlish, 224 Seydou, A. 179 Rokoto.Ratsimananga 225 Seydou,C.178,292 Roumain, J. 63 Shaka 185, 187, 229-233,236 Rowling, F. 20, 171, 292 Shakespeare, 'V. 122, 154, 155,233 Rubadiri, D. 286 Sheridan, R. 127 Rubusana, W. B. 229 Sidi, A. dan 168,169 Ruganda, J. 207 Silver, H. 294 Ruganza II. Ndoli 183 Simon, B. 261 Ruheni, M. 207 Sinda, M. 201 Ruhumbika, G. 203 Sipikin, M. 173, 174 Rutherfoord, P. 292 Sisse, M. L. 86 Ruzicka, K. F. 10,292 Sissoko, F.-D. 86, 87 Sithole, N. 293 Skinner, A. N. 165, 171, 173,293 Sadji, A. 79, 292 Slater, F. C. 293 Saffo, S. N. 161 Smith, P. 242, 263 Safori, F. 161 Smuts, J. C. 239, 242, 245 Saint.Arnand, E. 292 Soga, T. 229 Salami, R. A. 53 Sondhi, K. 209 Salga, S. na 168 Sousa Martins, O. de 214 Sam, G. A. 133 Sousa, N. de 216, 253, 254 Santos, A. P. 89 Sow, A. 1. 178, 293

302 Soyinka, W. 34, 56, 57, 68, 99, U8-120, 122-125. Vachek, J. n, 26, 37, 38, 286, 293 127, 150,293 Valery, P. 78, 221 Spieth, J. 153 Vancura, Z. 11 Stein, S. 261 Van der Post, L. 243-245, 263 Stephen, F. N. 53 Vavilov, V. K. 102,271,293 Stevenson, R. L. 206 Velten, C. 13,293 Stewart, G. 22, 293 Verwoerd, H. 254 Stradalova, L. 11 Veselkin, E. A. 282 Sulzer, P. 293 Victor, G. B. 215 Sutherland, E. T. 132, 163, 293 Vilakazi, B. W. 234, 236, 237 Sutherland, J. R. 181 Vomawo, J. 155 Swadesh, lYI. 24 Vorster, J. 264 Swanzy, H. 293 Wachira, G. 208 Tabi, R. A. 161, 162 Waciuma, C. 208 Tafida 172 Waigllru, J. 206 Taiwo, O. 293 Wake, C. 64, 65, 293 'Tati·Loutard, J. B. 201 Wali, N. 13,23,173,174,293 Taylor, F. W. 13, 23, 293 'Wallace, E. 206 Tehamasc, J. E. S. 237 Waunenburgh, A. 257, 258 Tchicaya U Tam'si, G. F. 201 Ward, I. C. 24, 46, 293 Tempels, P. 29:i "Varner, A. 52 Tennyson, A. 128 Wii,stberg, P. 293 Tenreiro, B. J. 214, 216, 293 Waugh, E. 136 Tenisse, A. 93 Wauthier, C. 66-68, 293 Themba, C. 246, 247 Welmers, W. E. 293, 294, 305 Thomas, D. 201 Welsley, J. W. 158 Tibbie, A. 293 Werner, A. 194 Tolstoy, IJ. N. 143, 162 Westermann, D. 14,24,41,46,143,153,160,294, Tong, R. 119 307 Toure, S. 76, 89 Whiteley, W. H. 21, 26, 37, 41, 181, 294 Townsend, H. 160 Whitman, W. 68 Tsekpo, G. K. 155 Wiedner, D. L. 294 Tsetshwayo 235 Wiegrii,be, P. 155,294 Tucker, A. 13, 24, 46, 293 Wilde, O. 240 Tucker, M. 64, 66, 106, 243, 267, 293 Wilson, C. E. 171, 292 Tunau, A. 173 Winful, E. A. 159 Tusib,ma, A. 200 Wolf, H. 2.5, 294 Tutuola, A. 49, 50, 55--57, 107, 122, 150, 152 Wright, E. 78, 294

Ugubane, J ..K. 237 Yankowitz. S. 294 Ulasi, A. L. 11 7 Yarzeva, V. N. :>7, 294 Umaru, B. 53 Yeats, W. B. 128 Umaru Krachie, III. 170 Yeboah·Dankwah, J. 161 Umeasiegbu, R. N. 118 Yondo, E. E. 81 Uta, E. 53 Youla, N. 89 Young, P. 52,294

303 Zahan, D. 14,294 Zondi, E. 237 Zell, H. 294 Zungur, S. 173 Zima, P. 11,22,30,37,40,43,44,55,166,294 Zwelonke, D. J\1. 262 Zirimn, E. N. 208 Zwide 231

304 INDEX OF AFRICAN LANG UAG ES AN D DIALECTS

1. Remarks on African language Systems and Their Classification

1.0. As the present book is oriented toward an analysis of the relationship betwecnAfrican language" and literacies or literatures, its task is by no means either to describe the most typical African language systems or to discuss the intricacies of their genetic classification within the respective families, bran• ches or sub-branches. As it is supposed, however, that this work will be read, and hence its index of African languages and dialects also consulted, by literary historians and other specialists of disciplines, who are not acquainted with the basic linguistic facts and their theoretical backgrounds, a few introductory words preceding such an index may not be altogether out of place. Such introductory remarks are obviously not intended t.o replace any detailed introduct.ion of the study and description of the language systems of Africa or of the rich and still largely disputable field of their genetic grouping. Those readers who wish to be introduced fully to the details of the field of description may well be referred to several contemporary works written by lilauricc Houis (1967), Pierre Alexandre (1972), W. E. Welmers (1974) and Rajmund Ohly (1974). On the other hand, an authoritative survey of up-to-date attempts at genetic classifications of the African languages may be found in one of the most recent volumes of Current Trends in Linguistic" (Volume 7: Linguistics in 8'ub-Saharan Africa, edited by Thomas Sebeok in cooperation wit.h Jack Berry and J. H. Greenberg, Associate Editors, and D. W. Crabb and Palll Schachter, Assist.ant Editors, 1972). An historical outline of the African classification saga may be found - with many construct.ive critical remarks and additional analyses - in the paper contributed to that volume by D. T. Cole (pp. 1-29); Paul Schachter's paper (pp. 30-37) attempts to analyze certain questions raised by the most recent classification present.ed by J. H. Greenberg.

1.1. A linguistic analysis of the area of Sub-Saharan Africa was started - primarily owing to historical, non-linguistic factors - from three different geographical directions. The western coast of Africa, and especially its area covering approximately the southern parts of what is today the ., Ghana, T~goland, Dahomey and Nigeria, were among the first t.argots of the early buccaneers and some of their £;':ts testify even today to their historical interest. The Congo basin and the southern and south-eastern a~~as ofthe African coast also came to the fore and obviously left their traces along the road of exploration of the African languages. Last but not least, the areas adjacent to the Sahara desert had always served as· the final (or initial) points of trans-Saharan itineraries and thus offfercd a third gateway to the recognition of Africa's languages.

1.1.1. The western coast, and especially the above-mentioned area of it, displayed to the early explorers. a type of language system which was completely diffcrent from the usual "classical" IE pattern. The lan• guages of that region displa.y few, if any, formal grammat.ical features manifested by morphemes consis• ting of segmental phonemes (consonants and vowels) or the corresponding categories of classical grammar in the mechanical sense. They have no case and no gender expressed by means comparable to the IE model, and hence no case ending and no gender concord, etc. exist. The grammatical relationships of

30S morphemes (words) in constructions are expresesd by their behaviour, combination and position in <)onstructions, but partly also by modifications of their phonemes (vowel alternation); their tonal systems are highly developed to an extent rarely discovered in conventional fiective grammars. iVIoreover, their tone is distinctive also at the morpheme - and word·level: thus, morphemes Qt. words may be identical as far as their construction from consonants and vowels is concerned, but only their different tone may distinguish their often completely different meanings. Yoruba, Ewe, the Akan languages, lbo, Ga, Nupe and many languages of this area belonging to what was later labelled the Kwa branch offer examples of ,such a type of language system.

1.1,2. The central, southern and south-eastern coasts of Africa confronted the early explorers with a completely different type of language system. These were, in fact, languages having a highly developed ,system of formal grammar, expressed by morphemes which mostly consisted of segmental phonemes (although the tonal systems often played their role. as well), In place of the "classical" binary or triadic categories of gender, the nouns are grouped into several so-called Ilotm classes: the scm,mtic equivalents of such noun classes did not cover the mere "sexual" gender field (as in the classical grammars), but extended, rather, to such fields as human beings, animals, plants, liquors, etc., etc. The formal reperous• ·sions of the existence of many such noun·class categories in a given language are even more important: in fact, these categories deeply penetrate the entire grammar and syntax oftho language system in questi• ,on, especially through prefix- or suffix- concords, initial alternatioll, eto. According to D. T. Cole (I.c.p. i! ff), this grammatical category known as nonn class was first analyzed by the Italian Capuchin Giacinto Bruscioto, who introduced it into his early analysis of the Kongo (kikongo) language (Regulae quaedarn pro difficillimi Congensinrn idiomatis frIciliori wptn rId grammaticae normam redae, 16.59). From the Congo basin, attention was shifted toward the languages of the southern and south-eastern coasts, such as Tswana, Zulu, Xhosa, Swahili, etc. All these languages manifested striking similarities ,of noun-class systems, in terms of both their forms and their functions, and thus their genetic relationship conldnot escape attention. It was \V. H. 1. Bleek, apparently, who first usc dthe tcrm "Bantu", and it was .also he who elaborated the bases of comparative Bantu philology. In the last decades of the 19th century and the first two or three decades of this century, the basis of its theory was moulded by the eminent German scholar, Carl Meinhof, and his pupils, while more recent decades have seen its further develop• ment both in the London school by Malcolm Guthrie and his colleagues and in Africa itself by Clement T. Doke and his followers. Both in Leningrad and in ::Vloscow, several Bantuists, trained mostly by D. A. Oldorogge, have started to develop a fruitful approach towards the intriguing Jleld olfered by ihe Bantu type of language system (1. V. Okhotina, E. N. lvlyachina, X. V. Cromova and others).

1.1.3. The opportunities offered for the linguistic exploration of Africa through the areas adjacent to the Sahara desert did not display any such striking typological similarity as those in the west or south. A belt revealing a clear diversity of language systems was found to be scattered along the borders of the desert, but at least in the Chad area there was an opportunity to analyze a language type (represented by Hausa) which offered certain typological and lexical similarities with the Semitic languages of Korth Africa. The existence of the category of grammatical gender, based supposedly upon the binary (sexual-oriented) .schema, was evident in many languages of that area. Even this category operates throughout the entire respective systems, being manifested (as noun classes) by way of concord in most grammatical and syn• tactic constructions. It was only much later that it was discovered that Hausa nses - besides gender - also other important categories, and that its system was described by adequate methods of contemporary linguistics (F. W. Parsons, Claude Goufle, C. T. Hodge, D. A. OldeTogge, J, V. Osnitskaya, and many others). It was also discovered that a more appropriate classification of the languages of the Sub-Saharan Chad area may be offered only if tho other so-called Chadic languages are analyzed and their systems mutually compared. This immense task of drawing attention away from "surface" similarities towards

306 "deep" genetic ties could have been accomplished in recent decaces only against the background of a patient analytical and com parative effort which was accomplished in the Chad area by such scholars as Johannes Lukas, H. Jungraithmayr. C. Hoffmann, P. Newman and many others.

1.2. Historical coincidence thus confronted early attempts at a genetic classification of the languages of Africa with examples of an extreme typological diversity. Thus, while at the end of the last century and during the first decades of this century, the rudiments of knowledge about the in the west and the Bantu languages in the centre, south and south·east were available, a knowledge of those systems which share some of the features of both typological extremes and which are spoken in the "interior" was limited, if it existed at all. No wonder, therefore, that the available knowledge of typological extre• mes led automatically to a certain overestimation of typological criteria for the purposes of genetio grouping. Thus, theories were formulated at that period concerning the existence offour genetic language families in Mrica: Bantu, Hamitic, Sudanic (inserted between the first two, mostly in the form of a geog• raphically scattered belt) and BU8hman in the south-west. The prestige of Carl Meinhof, rightly earned from his respectable work in the Bantu field, gave these theories their general justification for a relatively long period of time. Moreover, while supposing, on the basis of the merely supposed existence of the grammatical category of gender, that the Hausa, Masai, Fula and Nama Hottentot languages could well be included in the Hamitic family, he opened the way even to non-linguistic (anthropological or even racial) interpretations of his theories. For many decades, the basic orientations of such a classification of African languages have survived in manuals, textbooks and introductions to linguistics or anthropology of Africa. If they were interpreted creatively, with reason and restraint, they served relatively well the purposes of a general classification of I anguages during their time. Moreover, it is important to realize that neither an over-estimation of ty pological criteria, nor possible non-linguistic (anthropological or even racial) simplifications were the sole origins of such "classical" theories. An ignorance of data on language systems inside the African contine nt was, together with the availability of incorrect or incomplete data, certainly at the origin of these over-simplificat,ions. It was undoubtedly not by chance that two distinguished pupils of Carl Meinhof, August Klingenheben and Diedrich Westermann, both of whom started from Meinhof's original plat form, ultimately contributed to the clarification of its errors, especially by providing new, adequate, linguistically reliable data and material on certain "key" language systems which were either unknown in Meinho f's time, or else the knowledge of which was only partially correct, or even altogether incorrect. Klingenh eben realised the analysis of Fula to the level of serious linguistic research (his synchronic ana• lysis of this language having been surpassed only recently by the systemic approach used in the works of D. W. Arnott and P. F. Lacroix). His comparison of this language and its noun-class and permutation syste rns with the systems of related West Atlantic languages has dispelled any possible doubts about t heir genetic relationsbip. WesteImann, for his :rart, analyzed several languages of West and Central Africa, whe ther or not they displayed the noun-class system and he showed beyond any doubt their mutual relationship, thus opening the way to a broader comparison. In fact, both of these pupils of Jrleinhof (together with innumerable other linguists working in the same or related fields) paved the way for a general revision of the traditional classification - a step which they were prevented from taking perhaps, only due to their modesty and restraint. This task, however, was accomplished by J. H. Green• berg (1963).

1.3. G reenlerg has JOro:rcsed the following revision of the language families of Africa (indexes and sym• 'boIs are also used identically in the present index as characteristics added after the name of each lan• guage):

307 A. Niger-Kordofanian family Branches: 1. Niger.Congo Sub-branches: 1. West Atlantic 2. Mande 3. Gur 4.Kwa 5. Benue-Congo (including the entire Bantu languages area) 6. Adamawa Eastern II. Kordofanian

B. Afro-Asiatic family Branches: 1. Semitic II. Berber III. Cushitic IV. Ancient Egyptian V. Chadic

C. Nilo-Saharan family D. Khoisan family

This classification provoked particular discussion and several points in connection with it are still being debated. Thus. while the incorporation ofFula into the West Atlantic languages was almost univer• sally welcomed, the incorporation of the whole Bantu area (previously listed as an independent ) into the Benue-Congo sub-branch of the Kiger-Congo bmnch, of the Niger Kordofanian family, met with particular opposition, especially from the Bantuists (M. Guthrie). Instead of accepting the idea of a genetic relationship between the Bantu languages and seyerallanguages of\Vest Africa, the Bantuists tend to explain the existence of comparable systemic features shared by the Bantn languages and several so-called class languages of West Africa (to an analysis of whieh the works of Gabriel :\Ianessy and S. Sauvageot have contributed recently) by the possible massive language contact of the originally unrelated vVest African languages with certain Pre-Bantu groups, which might have migrated in this di• rection. Similarly, the analysis of the Afro-Asiatic language family as falling into five eqwt! branches has, destroyed the notion of Semi to-Hamitic dualism propagated by the Semitists who have been traditionally oriented toward a knowledge of the languages of Xorth Africa and those of the ,J\liddle East. Greenberg's analysis of tills family has, however, strengthened in several respects the views formulated earlier, by D. A. Olderogge.

1.4, In general, one may criticiw this or that aspect of Greenberg's classification, which is easicr to d(} now than it was ten years ago, as the filling in of linguistic gaps on the map of Africa has progressed considerably since the time of the original conception of this classification. In general, howByer, this classificat.ion brings to light certain new possible interrelationships; moreover, it unquestionably reflects the contemporary stage of our knowledge about Africa and its languages better than the '·tradi• tional" classification. This is why we have also used it as a basic frame of reference for the following language index. The languagos of non-African origin (snch as , Krio, Pidgin, Malagasy) are indicated in this index only if they occur in a regional, African variety or context, their genetic origin being lahelled by other abbreviations (IE - Indoeuropean). It is unnecessary, perhaps, to point out that only the names of the languages mentioned in the text of this book appear in tills index. In a way, the index thus reflects the necessary incompleteness af any such undertaking, as has been mentioned in the preface.

308 2. Index

Afrikaans IE 185, 226, 228, 234, 247 Kano and Sokoto dialects 42--44, Akan A 146,25,28, 145, 148, 156, 157, 1Il2 WNW dialect 43, 44. 145 Arabic B 120, 22, 32, 42, 43, 44, 165, 166, 168, Hottentot languages D 228 175, 188, 189, 190, 288, 289, 292 Ibo A 14 25. 33, 53, 99 Bagam A 1515,17,18 Union Ibo 48 Bambara A 12 14, 47 Ijaw A 14 118. 127 Bamum A I 514,15,17-19,27,287 Bantu Languages A 15 Btu. 180, 181, 187, 195, JOB Plateau Languages areal term 28 199, 218, 227, 228, 236 Bassa A I 415,17, 18 Kamba A I 5 Btu 205 Bemba A 15 Btu. 49 Kanuri G 20,27,44,176,286,290 Bete A I 415,17,18,19 Kikuyu A I 5 Btu. 204, 206 Bini A 14 14, 33. 163, 288 Kpelle A 12 15, 18 Bozo A 1214 Krio IE 37, 50, 51, 145,287, 288 Bushman Languages D 228 Kwa languages - A 14 289

Creole (General) IE 286. 288, 290 Loma A 14 15, 18 'Creole Portuguese IE 213 Lwo G 204

Dagbani A 1320,27,44 Malagasy - Malayan - 218--225, 292 Dogon A 13 (?) 14 Malinke-Bambara-Dyula cluster A 12 47 Duala (also Douala) A 15 Btu. 81 A 1217,18 Dyula (Manding) A I 2 20, 27 Manding A I 2 15, 20, 25, 28 Mamprule A I 3 20, 27 Efik A I 5163 Mende A 12 15, 18, 19 Ewe (General) A 14 6, 14. 21, 28, 130, 143-145, Mongo A I 5 Btu 200 148,152,153-156,160.287,294 A'7b dialect 153 Nubian G 290 Gil dialect 153, 289 Nupe A 1428

Fante A I 4 6, 46, 156-159, 160, 161. 198, 291 Pidgin (English) IE 50, 55, 56, 104, 106,286,290 Fula (also Peul) A I 1 6, 13, 15. 17.-20. 23.28. 32.33.44.164,176-179,285,286,290,292, Sango A 1649 293 Shona (Union) A I 5 Btu 48 Sotho A 15 Btu 7, 226, 228-230, 234 Gii. A 14 28, 163 South Sotho 25 Swahili (General) A I 5 Btu. 13, 20, 21, 26. 28, Hausa (General) - B V 6, 13, 20, 23, 25, 26, 41--43, 44, 49, 180, 187-194, 196. 205, 206, 28,29,32-34,41--43,46,49,53, 143-146, 208,218,288,293,294 164--169, 170-179,285,287,288,289-294 Ngazija dialect 26

lll9 KiaD;le, Kipate, Kimwita Wolof A I 1 15, 18, 19, 280 Kingwana dialects 188 Xhosa A I 5 Btu 7, 226, 228, 234, 237, 238 Togo-remnant languages areal term 28 Tswana - A 15 Btu 184,186, 187,228,233,234 Yoruba A 14 6, 14, 15, 18,25,26,33, 37, 45, 53, (General) A 14 46, 133, 143, 156, 157, 56-58, 145, 147-152 154, 160, 285-287, 160-162 291 6, 46, 156, 157, 160, 161 Oyo dialect 148 6, 46, 157, 161, 162 Zulu A 157, 185, 187, 226, 228, 234, 235, 236, Vai A 1214,15,17-19,22, 27 237,261

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