1 of distinct ACC synthase genes, which are differentially regulated in response to a variety of developmental, environmental and chemical factors. Aa enzim tæng hîp ACC ViÕt t¾t cña: 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylaza. Enzim xóc t¸c ph¹m vi giíi h¹n nhÞp ®é cña ®-êng mßn sinh tæng hîp ª-ti-len, vμ ®Æc biÖt quan träng khi xö lý lμm chÝn qu¶. Thùc A ViÕt t¾t cña adenine vËt tiªu biÓu mang mét sè l-îng gen tæng Ab kh¸ng thÓ ViÕt t¾t cña antibody. hîp ACC riªng biÖt, chóng ®-îc ®iÒu chØnh ABC model Widely accepted model of kh¸c nhau ®Ó ph¶n øng l¹i sù ®a d¹ng cña flower organ identity that appears generally c¸c t¸c nh©n ho¸ häc, m«i tr-êng vμ ph¸t applicable to distantly related triÓn. dicotyledonous, although less well to acceptor control The regulation of the monocotyledonous plants.The model rate of respiration by the availability of ADP incorporates the Arabidopsis genes as a phosphate acceptor. required for flower organ identity. ®iÒu khiÓn chÊt nhËn §iÒu khiÓn nhÞp ®é m« h×nh ABC M« h×nh ®-îc chÊp nhËn h« hÊp do cã s½n ADP lμm chÊt nhËn phèt réng r·i vÒ sù nhËn biÕt c¬ quan hoa thùc ph¸t. vËt mμ xuÊt hiÖn thÝch hîp chung víi c¸c acceptor junction site The junction c©y hai l¸ mÇm quan hÖ xa, tuy vËy Ýt thÝch between the 3' end of an intron and the 5' hîp víi c©y mét l¸ mÇm. M« h×nh hîp nhÊt end of an exon. See: donor junction site. c¸c gen Arabidopsis cÇn thiÕt ®Ó nhËn biÕt c¬ quan hoa. vÞ trÝ nèi thÓ nhËn VÞ trÝ nèi gi÷a mót 3' tr×nh tù kh«ng m· ho¸ vμ mót 5' tr×nh tù abiotic Absence of living organisms. m· ho¸. Xem: donor junction site. v« sinh V¾ng mÆt sinh vËt sèng. accessory bud A lateral bud occurring abscisic acid A phytohormone at the base of a terminal bud or at the implicated in the control of many plant side of an axillary bud. responses to abiotic stress, such as extent mÇm phô MÇm bªn n¶y në t¹i gèc mÇm of stomatal opening under water deficit (i.e. ngän hoÆc ë c¹nh mÇm n¸ch. drought) conditions. acclimatization The adaptation of a living axit abscisic Hãc m«n thùc vËt liªn quan organism (plant, animal or micro- ®Õn ®iÒu khiÓn ph¶n øng thùc vËt víi c¨ng organism) to a changed environment that th¼ng v« sinh, nh- phÇn më réng khÝ khæng subjects it to physiological stress. trong ®iÒu kiÖn thiÕu n-íc (nghÜa lμ h¹n Acclimatization should not be confused h¸n) with adaptation. abzyme Xem: catalytic antibody. thuÇn ho¸ ThÝch nghi cña sinh vËt sèng acaricide A pesticide used to kill or control (thùc vËt, ®éng vËt hoÆc vi sinh vËt) víi mites or ticks. m«i tr-êng thay ®æi vèn g©y c¨ng th¼ng thuèc diÖt ve N«ng d-îc ®-îc dïng ®Ó sinh lý. ThuÇn ho¸ kh«ng nªn nhÇm lÉn diÖt hoÆc h¹n chÕ ve hoÆc bÐt. víi thÝch øng. ACC synthase Abbreviation for 1- acellular Tissues or organisms that are not aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase. The made up of separate cells but often have enzyme catalyses the rate limiting step in more than one nucleus. the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, and is phi tÕ bμo C¸c m« hoÆc sinh vËt kh«ng particularly significant in the fruit ripening ®-îc t¹o ra tõ nh÷ng tÕ bμo riªng biÖt process. Plants typically carry a number nh-ng th-êng cã h¬n mét nh©n. acentric chromosome 2 acentric chromosome Chromosome activated charcoal Charcoal that has fragment lacking a centromere. been treated to remove hydrocarbons and nhiÔm s¾c thÓ kh«ng t©m §o¹n nhiÔm to increase its adsorptive properties. It acts s¾c thÓ thiÕu t©m ®éng. by condensing and holding a gas or solute onto its surface; thus inhibitory substances acetyl CoA ViÕt t¾t cña acetyl co-enzyme in nutrient medium may be adsorbed to A. charcoal included in the medium. acetyl co-enzyme A (Abbreviationt: acetyl than ho¹t tÝnh Than ®· xö lý lo¹i bá hy- CoA) A compound formed in the ®r«-cac-bon vμ lμm t¨ng tÝnh hÊp phô. T¸c mitochondria when an acetyl group dông do c« ®Æc vμ hÊp phô khÝ hoÆc chÊt (CH CO-) - derived from breakdown of fats, 3 tan trªn bÒ mÆt; do vËy c¸c chÊt k×m h·m proteins, or carbohydrates - combines trong m«i tr-êng dinh d-ìng cã thÓ ®-îc with the thiol group (-SH) of co-enzyme hót b¸m vμo than cã trong m«i tr-êng. A. active transport The movement of a acetyl co-enzim A Hîp chÊt h×nh thμnh molecule or groups of molecules across a trong ty thÓ khi gèc axetyl (CH3CO-) - b¾t cell membrane, which requires the nguån tõ ph©n huû chÊt bÐo, protein, hoÆc expenditure of cellular energy, because the hydrat cacbon - kÕt hîp víi gèc thiol (-SH) direction of movement is against the cña co-enzyme A. prevailing concentration gradient. ACP ViÕt t¾t cña acyl carrier protein. vËn chuyÓn tÝch cùc ChuyÓn ®éng cña acquired Developed in response to the ph©n tö hoÆc nhãm ph©n tö qua mμng tÕ environment, not inherited, such as a bμo, yªu cÇu chi phÝ n¨ng l-îng tÕ bμo, v× character trait (acquired characteristic) h-íng chuyÓn ®éng lμ ng-îc l¹i víi -u thÕ resulting from environmental effect(s). cf gradient nång ®é. acclimatization. acute transfection Short-term tËp nhiÔm Ph¸t triÓn ®Ó ph¶n øng l¹i m«i transfection. tr-êng, kh«ng di truyÒn, nh- mét tÝnh tr¹ng truyÒn nhiÔm cÊp ViÕt gän transfection. riªng (®Æc tÝnh tËp nhiÔm) do ¶nh h-ëng m«i tr-êng. So s¸nh víi: acclimatization acyl carrier protein (Abbreviation: ACP). A class of molecules that bind acyl acridine dyes A class of positively charged intermediates during the formation of long- polycyclic molecules that intercalate into chain fatty acids. ACPs are important DNA and induce frameshift mutations. because of their involvement in many of thuèc nhuém acridin Líp ph©n tö nhiÒu the reactions necessary for in vivo fatty vßng tÝch ®iÖn d-¬ng ®-îc n¹p vμo DNA acid synthesis. vμ g©y ®ét biÕn xª dÞch khung ®äc. protªin vËn chuyÓn gèc acyl (ViÕt t¾t: acrocentric A chromosome that has its ACP). Líp ph©n tö nèi c¸c chÊt trung gian centromere near the end. acyl trong qu¸ tr×nh h×nh thμnh a-xÝt bÐo. nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t©m ngän NhiÔm s¾c thÓ ACP rÊt quan träng v× cã nhiÒu mèi liªn cã t©m ®éng ë gÇn mót. quan víi c¸c ph¶n øng cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng acropetal Arising or developing in a hîp a-xÝt bÐo trong c¬ thÓ. longitudinal sequence beginning at the adaptation Adjustment of a population to base and proceeding towards the apex. changes in environment over generations, Opposite: basipetal. associated (at least in part) with genetic h-íng ngän XuÊt hiÖn hoÆc tr×nh tù ph¸t changes resulting from selection imposed triÓn theo chiÒu däc b¾t ®Çu ë gèc vμ tiÕp by the changed environment. Not ®Õn phÝa ngän. Ng-îc víi: basipetal acclimatization. activated carbon c¸c bon ho¹t tÝnh Xem: thÝch øng §iÒu chØnh quÇn thÓ lμm thay activated charcoal. trong m«i tr-êng qua c¸c thÕ hÖ, ®-îc hîp additive genes 3 nhÊt (Ýt nhÊt mét phÇn) víi thay ®æi di adenosine triphosphate (adenosine 5'- truyÒn b¾t nguån tõ chän läc b¾t buéc do triphosphate) (Abbreviation: ATP). A m«i tr-êng thay ®æi. Kh«ng ph¶i lμ thuÇn nucleotide of fundamental importance as ho¸ khÝ hËu. the major carrier of chemical energy in all additive genes Genes whose net effect living organisms. It is also required for RNA is the sum of their individual allelic effects, synthesis since it is a direct precursor i.e. hey show neither dominance nor molecule. ATP consists of adenosine with epistasis. three phosphate groups, linked together linearly. The phosphates are attached to gen céng tÝnh Gen cã ¶nh h-ëng thùc lμ adenosine through the 5'-hydroxyl of its tæng céng c¸c hiÖu øng alel riªng lÎ, nghÜa ribose (sugar) portion. Upon hydrolysis, lμ chóng chØ ra kh«ng ph¶i tÝnh tréi vμ còng these bonds yield either one molecule of kh«ng lÊn ¸t. adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and the additive genetic variance The net effect inorganic phosphate ion, or one molecule of the expresson of additive genes, and of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) thus the chief cause of the resemblance and pyrophosphate; in both cases between relatives. It represents the main releasing energy that is used to power determinant of the response of a biological processes. ATP is regenerated population to selection. Formally, the by the phosphorylation of AMP and ADP. variance of breeding values. nucleotit (ViÕt t¾t: ATP) Mét nucleotit quan ph-¬ng sai di truyÒn céng tÝnh ¶nh träng c¬ b¶n v× lμ thÓ mang chÝnh n¨ng h-ëng râ biÓu thÞ gen céng tÝnh, vμ nh- l-îng hãa häc trong toμn bé sinh vËt sèng. vËy lμ nguyªn nh©n chÝnh cña sù gièng ATP cßn cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng hîp RNA khi lμ nhau gi÷a c¸c d¹ng th©n thuéc. §¹i diÖn ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt trùc tiÕp. ATP gåm cã cho yÕu tè quyÕt ®Þnh chÝnh cña ph¶n øng adenosine víi ba gèc phèt ph¸t, liªn kÕt quÇn thÓ víi chän läc. VÒ h×nh thøc, tuyÕn tÝnh víi nhau. Phèt ph¸t ®-îc g¾n ph-¬ng sai gi¸ trÞ nh©n gièng sinh s¶n. liÒn víi adenosine qua 5'-hydroxyl cña adenine (Abbreviation: A). One the bases phÇn ribose (®-êng). Sau thuû ph©n, liªn found in DNA and RNA. kÕt nμy nh¶ mét ph©n tö adenosine 5'- adenin (ViÕt t¾t: A) Ba z¬ cã trong DNA vμ diphosphate (ADP) vμ ion phèt ph¸t v« c¬, RNA. Xem: adenosine hoÆc ph©n tö adenosine 5'- monophosphate (AMP) vμ liªn kÕt cao adenosine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting n¨ng; trong c¶ hai tr-êng hîp n¨ng l-îng from the combination of the base adenine gi¶i phãng lμm t¨ng c¸c qu¸ tr×nh sinh häc. (A) and the sugar D-ribose. The ATP ®-îc t¸i t¹o bëi qu¸ tr×nh phosphoryl corresponding deoxyribonucleoside is ho¸ AMP vμ ADP. called deoxyadenosine. See: adenosine triphosphate, adenylic acid, dATP. adenovirus One of a group of DNA- containing viruses found in rodents, fowl, Ph©n tö (ribo) nucleosit b¾t nguån tõ kÕt cattle, monkeys, and man. In man they are hîp ba z¬ adenine (A) víi ®-êng D-ribose. responsible for respiratory-tract infections, Deoxyribonucleosit t-¬ng øng ®-îc gäi lμ but they have been exploited as a vector deoxyadenosin. Xem: adenosine in gene therapy, especially for genes triphosphate, adenylic acid, dATP. targeted at the lungs. adenosine diphosphate (adenosine 5'- adenovirót Mét trong nhãm virut chøa diphosphate) (viÕt t¾t: ADP). Xem: DNA cã trong c¸c loμi gËm nhÊm, gia cÇm, adenosine triphosphate. thó nu«i, khØ, vμ ng-êi.Trong c¬ thÓ ng-êi adenosine monophosphate (adenosine chóng lμ nguyªn nh©n nhiÔm bÖnh theo 5'-monophosphate) (ViÕt t¾t: AMP). ®-êng h« hÊp, nh-ng chóng ®· ®-îc khai Xem: adenylic acid, adenosine th¸c lμm vect¬ trong liÖu ph¸p gen, ®Æc triphosphate. biÖt cho c¸c gen ®Ých ë phæi. adenylic acid 4 adenylic acid Synonym for adenosine l-îng hãa häc, trong mét qu¸ tr×nh lu«n monophosphate, a (ribo)nucleotide cÇn oxi khÝ quyÓn. containing the nucleoside adenosine. The affinity chromatography A method for corresponding deoxyribonucleotide is purifying specific components in a solution called deoxyadenosine 5'- by exploiting their specific binding to known monophosphate or deoxyadenylic acid. molecule(s). The mixed solution is passed adenylic acid Tõ ®ång nghÜa víi adenosin through a column containing a solid monophosphat, mét (ribo)nucleotit cã chøa medium to which the binding molecule is nucleosit adenosin. Deoxyribonucleotit covalently attached. See: immunoaffinity t-¬ng øng ®-îc gäi lμ chromatography; metal affinity eoxyadenosin 5'-monophosphat hoÆc chromatography; pseudo-affinity chromatography axÝt deoxyadenylic. s¾c ký ¸i lùc Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®Ó lμm s¹ch adoptive immunization The transfer of an c¸c thμnh phÇn riªng biÖt trong dung dÞch immune state from one animal to another b»ng c¸ch khai th¸c mèi liªn kÕt ®Æc thï by means of lymphocyte transfusions. cña chóng víi ph©n tö nhÊt ®Þnh. Dung dÞch miÔn dÞch nh©n t¹o ChuyÓn giao tr¹ng hçn hîp ®i qua cét cã chøa m«i tr-êng r¾n th¸i miÔn dÞch tõ mét ®éng vËt nμy sang ®Ó ph©n tö liªn kÕt ®-îc g¾n liªn kÕt ®ång ®éng vËt kh¸c b»ng c¸ch truyÒn lymph« hãa trÞ. Xem: immunoaffinity bμo. chromatography; metal affinity ADP ViÕt t¾t cña adenosine diphosphate. chromatography; pseudo-affinity adventitious A structure arising at sites chromatography. other than the usual ones, e.g. shoots from affinity tag An amino acid sequence that roots or leaves, and embryos from any cell has been engineered into a protein to other than a zygote. make its purification easier. The tag could chåi bÊt ®Þnh CÊu tróc xuÊt hiÖn t¹i vÞ trÝ be another protein or a short amino acid thay v× b×nh th-êng, vÝ dô chåi tõ rÔ hoÆc sequence, allowing purification by affinity l¸, vμ ph«i tõ mét sè tÕ bμo nμo ®ã thay v× chromatography. Synonym: purification hîp tö. tag. aerobe A micro-organism that grows in ®Çu ¸i lùc Tr×nh tù amino acid ®· ®-îc xö the presence of oxygen. Opposite: lý thμnh protein ®Ó dÔ lμm s¹ch. §Çu ¸i anaerobe. lùc cã thÓ lμ protein kh¸c hoÆc tr×nh tù amino acid ng¾n, cho phÐp lμm s¹ch bëi sinh vËt hiÕu khÝ Loμi vi sinh vËt sinh phÐp s¾c ký ¸i lùc. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: tr-ëng khi cã oxi. Ng-îc víi: anaerobe. purification tag. aerobic Active in the presence of free aflatoxins A group of toxic compounds, oxygen, e.g. aerobic bacteria that can live produced by Aspergillus flavus, that bind in the presence of oxygen. to DNA and prevent replication and h¶o khÝ Ho¹t ®éng khi cã oxi tù do, vÝ dô transcription. Aflatoxins can cause acute vi khuÈn h¶o khÝ cã thÓ sèng khi cã oxi. liver damage and cancer. A health hazard aerobic respiration A type of respiration in certain stored foods or feed. in which foodstuffs are completely oxidized aflatoxins Nhãm hçn hîp chÊt ®éc, ®-îc to carbon dioxide and water, with the s¶n xuÊt bëi nÊm mèc Aspergillus flavus, release of chemical energy, in a process kÕt khèi víi DNA vμ ng¨n ngõa dÞch m· vμ requiring atmospheric oxygen. phiªn m·. Aflatoxin cã kh¶ n¨ng g©y tæn h« hÊp h¶o khÝ KiÓu h« hÊp trong ®ã thùc th-¬ng gan cÊp vμ ung th-. Nguy h¹i søc phÈm ®-îc «xy hãa hoμn toμn thμnh c¸c khoÎ cña thùc phÈm cÊt tr÷ hoÆc nu«i b« nÝch vμ n-íc, kÌm theo gi¶i phãng n¨ng d-ìng nhÊt ®Þnh. AFLP 5 AFLP ViÕt t¾t cña amplified fragment a cell. length polymorphism chÊt kh¸ng Mét lo¹i thuèc, hooc-m«n Ag ViÕt t¾t cña antigen. hoÆc chÊt dÉn truyÒn t¹o thμnh mét phøc agar A polysaccharide gelifying agent chÊt cã vÞ trÝ thÓ nhËn. H×nh thμnh phøc hÖ used in nutrient media preparations and khëi ph¸t ph¶n øng tÝch cùc tõ tÕ bμo. obtained from Rhodophyta (red algae). Agrobacterium A genus of bacteria that Both the type of agar and its concentration includes several plant pathogenic species, can affect the growth and appearance of causing tumour-like symptoms. cultured explants. Agrobacterium Gièng vi khuÈn bao gåm th¹ch T¸c nh©n ho¸ gel polysaccharide mét sè loμi t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh thùc vËt, dïng trong c¸c chÕ phÈm m«i tr-êng dinh g©y ra c¸c dÊu hiÖu gièng nh- khèi u. xem: d-ìng vμ thu ®-îc tõ Rhodophyta (t¶o ®á). Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacterium C¸c lo¹i th¹ch vμ nång ®é ®Òu cã thÓ lμm tumefaciens. ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn sinh tr-ëng vμ xuÊt hiÖn Agrobacterium rhizogenes A bacterium m¶nh nu«i cÊy. that causes hairy root disease in some agarose The main functional constituent plants. Similar to the crown gall disease of agar. caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Thμnh phÇn chøc n¨ng chÝnh cña th¹ch. this is achieved by the mobilization of the bacterial Ri plasmid with the transfer to agarose gel electrophoresis A method the plant of some of the genetic material to separate DNA and RNA molecules on from the plasmid. This process has been the basis of their size, in which samples used to insert foreign genes into plant cells, are subjected to an electric field applied to but to a lesser extent than the a gel made with agarose. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated ®iÖn di trªn gel agarose Ph-¬ng ph¸p transformation system, because ®Ó t¸ch riªng c¸c ph©n tö DNA vμ RNA regeneration of whole plants from hairy dùa theo kÝch th-íc cña chóng, trong ®ã root cultures is problematical. c¸c mÉu tïy thuéc vμo ®iÖn tr-êng ¸p dông Agrobacterium rhizogene Lo¹i vi khuÈn cho mét gel agarose. g©y bÖnh h¹i rÔ ë mét sè thùc vËt. T-¬ng aggregate 1. A clump or mass formed by tù bÖnh nèt sÇn ®-îc g©y ra bëi gathering or collecting units. 2. A body of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, ®-îc t¹o loosely associated cells, such as a friable thμnh do sù huy ®éng cña Ri plasmid vi callus or cell suspension. 3. Coarse inert khuÈn cïng viÖc chuyÓn cho c©y mét sè material, such as gravel, that is mixed with vËt chÊt di truyÒn tõ plasmid. Qu¸ tr×nh nμy soil to increase its porosity. 4. A serological ®-îc dïng ®Ó chÌn c¸c gen l¹ vμo tÕ bμo reaction in which the antibody and c©y, nh-ng ph¹m vi nhá h¬n so víi antigen react and precipitate. Agrobacterium tumefacien- hÖ biÕn n¹p tËp hîp 1. Côm hoÆc khèi h×nh thμnh do trung gian, do t¸i sinhÈc mét thùc vËt tõ nhiÒu ®¬n vÞ tÝch tô hoÆc s-u tËp. 2. ThÓ viÖc nu«i cÊy rÔ t¬ lμ mét sù khã kh¨n. kÕt hîp kh«ng chÆt chÏ nhiÒu tÕ bμo, nh- Agrobacterium tumefaciens A bacterium lμ m« sÑo rêi r¹c hoÆc huyÒn phï tÕ bμo that causes crown gall disease in some 3. VËt liÖu th« tr¬, nh- lμ sái, ®-îc trén lÉn plants. The bacterium characteristically víi ®Êt ®Ó t¨ng thªm ®é xèp. 4. Ph¶n øng infects a wound, and incorporates a huyÕt thanh trong ®ã kh¸ng thÓ vμ kh¸ng segment of Ti plasmid DNA into the host nguyªn ph¶n øng vμ kÕt tña. genome. This DNA causes the host cell agonist A drug, hormone or transmitter to grow into a tumour-like structure that substance that forms a complex with a synthesizes specific opines that only the receptor site. The formation of the pathogen can metabolize. This DNA- complex triggers an active response from transfer mechanism is exploited in the Agrobacterium tumefacien 6 genetic engineering of plants. cã mμu ë da, tãc vμ m¾t. C©y b¹ch t¹ng Agrobacterium tumefacien Vi khuÈn g©y thiÕu chÊt diÖp lôc. ra bÖnh nèt sÇn trong mét sè thùc vËt. Lo¹i albino 1. An organism lacking vi khuÈn nμy chuyÓn nhiÔm ®Æc tr-ng vÕt pigmentation, due to genetic factors. The th-¬ng, vμ hîp nhÊt ®o¹n DNA Ti plasmid condition is albinism 2. A conspicuous vμo hÖ gen ký chñ. DNA khiÕn cho tÕ bμo plastid mutant involving loss of ký chñ t¨ng tr-ëng thμnh mét cÊu tróc chlorophyll. gièng nh- khèi u ®Ó tæng hîp c¸c s¶n phÈm thÓ b¹ch t¹ng 1. Sinh vËt thiÕu hÖ s¾c tè ®Æc biÖt mμ chØ t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh míi cã do nh©n tè di truyÒn. §iÒu kiÖn lμ b¹ch t¹ng thÓ chuyÓn ho¸. C¬ chÕ chuyÓn ®æi DNA 2. §ét biÕn l¹p thÓ dÔ nhËn biÕt kÐo theo ®-îc khai th¸c trong kü thuËt di truyÒn thùc mÊt chÊt diÖp lôc. vËt. Xem: T - DNA. aleurone The outermost layer of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated endosperm in a seed, and the site of transformation The process of DNA enzymes concerned with endosperm transfer from Agrobacterium digestion during seedling growth. tumefaciens to plants, that occurs mμng nhò Líp ngoμi cïng cña néi nhò naturally during crown gall disease, and h¹t, vμ vÞ trÝ cña c¸c enzim liªn quan ®Õn can be used as a method of tiªu ho¸ néi nhò khi n¶y mÇm. transformation. algal biomass Single-celled plants (e.g. biÕn n¹p trung gian Agrobacterium Chlorella spp. and Spirulina spp.) grown tumefacien Qu¸ tr×nh chuyÓn DNA tõ commercially in ponds to make feed Agrobacterium tumefacies cho thùc vËt, materials for zooplankton, which are in turn xÈy ra tù nhiªn trong bÖnh nèt sÇn, vμ cã harvested as feed for fish farms. thÓ dïng lμm ph-¬ng ph¸p biÕn n¹p. sinh khèi t¶o Thùc vËt cã cÊu t¹o tÕ bμo AHG ViÕt t¾t cña antihaemophilic ®¬n (vÝ dô t¶o Chlorella spp. vμ Spirulina globulin. spp.) trång th-¬ng m¹i trong ao hå ®Ó t¹o AI ViÕt t¾t cña artificial insemination. nguyªn liÖu nu«i ®éng vËt phï du, ®-îc airlift fermenter A cylindrical thu ho¹ch tõng ®ît lμm thøc ¨n nu«i c¸ . fermentation vessel in which the cells are alginate Polysaccharide gelling agent. mixed by air introduced at the base of the T¸c nh©n t¹o gel polisacarit . vessel and that rises through the column of culture medium. The cell suspension alkylating agent A class of chemicals that circulates around the column as a transfer alkyl (methyl, ethyl, etc.) groups; consequence of the gradient of air bubbles for example to the bases in DNA. Some of in different parts of the reactor. these (especially ethyl methane sulphonate, abbreviated EMS) have been b×nh lªn men èng khÝ B×nh lªn men h×nh much used as mutagens. èng trong ®ã c¸c tÕ bμo ®-îc trén lÉn do kh«ng khÝ ®-a vμo t¹i ®¸y b×nh vμ ®-îc t¸c nh©n ankyl ho¸ Líp hãa chÊt chuyÓn d©ng lªn qua cét dung dÞch nu«i cÊy. giao nhãm ankyl (mª-thyl, ª-tin, etc.); vÝ HuyÒn phï tÕ bμo bao quanh cét gièng nh- dô chuyÓn cho baz¬ trong DNA. Mét sè kÕt qu¶ cña gradient bät khÝ trong tõng trong ®ã (®Æc biÖt lμ ethyl methane phÇn kh¸c nhau cña b×nh ph¶n øng. sulphonate, viÕt t¾t EMS) ®-îc sö dông nhiÒu lμm t¸c nh©n g©y ®ét biÕn. albinism Hereditary absence of pigment in an organism. Albino animals have no allele A variant form of a gene. In a diploid colour in their skin, hair and eyes. Albino cell there are two alleles of every gene (one plants lack chlorophyll. inherited from each parent, although they could be identical). Within a population chøng b¹ch t¹ng ThiÕu di truyÒn s¾c tè ë there may be many alleles of a gene. sinh vËt. C¸c ®éng vËt b¹ch t¹ng kh«ng Alleles are symbolized with a capital letter allele frequency 7 to denote dominance, and lower case for compounds, by a plant’s roots, which recessive. In heterozygotes with co- inhibit the growth or reproduction of dominant alleles, both are expressed. competitor plants. alen Mét d¹ng kh¸c cña gen. Trong tÕ bμo c¶m nhiÔm qua l¹i Sù tiÕt c¸c hãa chÊt, l-ìng béi mçi gen ®Òu cã hai alen (thõa nh- lμ hîp chÊt phenolic vμ terpenoid, bëi kÕ tõ cha vμ tõ mÑ, mÆc dÇu chóng cã thÓ rÔ c©y, ®Ó ng¨n chÆn sinh tr-ëng hoÆc sinh ®ång nhÊt). Trong mét quÇn thÓ mçi mét s¶n cña c©y c¹nh tranh. gen cã thÓ nhiÒu alen. C¸c alen ®-îc ký allergen An antigen that provokes an hiÖu b»ng ch÷ hoa chØ tÝnh tréi, vμ ch÷ immune response. th-êng chØ tÝnh lÆn. Trong dÞ hîp tö cã c¸c dÞ øng Mét lo¹i kh¸ng nguyªn t¹o ra ph¶n alen ®ång tréi, c¶ hai ®Òu ®-îc biÓu thÞ. øng miÔn dÞch. Xem: multiple alleles.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: allelomorph. allogamy Cross fertilization in plants. See: fertilization. allele frequency The relative number of copies of an allele in a population, t¹p giao Thô phÊn chÐo ë thùc vËt. Xem: expressed as a proportion of the total fertilization. number of copies of all alleles at a given allogenic Differing at one or more loci, locus in a population. although belonging to the same species. tÇn sè alen Sè l-îng t-¬ng ®èi b¶n sao Thus an organ transplant from one human cña mét alen trong mét quÇn thÓ, biÓu thÞ donor to another is allogeneic, whereas a tØ lÖ cña tæng sè b¶n sao toμn bé alen t¹i transplant from a baboon to a human mét æ gen nhÊt ®Þnh trong quÇn thÓ. would be xenogeneic. allelic (tÝnh tõ) thuéc alen xem allele kh¸c gen Kh¸c biÖt ë mét hoÆc nhiÒu æ gen, mÆc dï ®Òu thuéc cïng loμi. Do vËy allele-specific amplification m¶nh ghÐp c¬ quan tõ ng-êi nμy sang (Abbreviation: ASA). The use of the ng-êi kh¸c lμ kh¸c gen, trong khi m¶nh polymerase chain reaction at a ghÐp tõ khØ cho ng-êi l¹i lμ gen l¹. sufficiently high stringency that only one allele is amplified. A powerful means of allometric When the growth rate of one genotyping for single-locus disorders that part of an organism differs from that of have been characterized at the molecular another part or of the rest of the body. level. sinh tr-ëng kh«ng ®Òu Khi tèc ®é sinh khuÕch ®¹i chuyªn biÖt alen (ViÕt t¾t: tr-ëng cña mét bé phËn c¬ thÓ sinh vËt ASA). sö dông ph¶n øng chuçi emzim kh«ng gièng víi phÇn kh¸c hoÆc phÇn cßn trïng hîp víi møc chÆt chÏ cao ®Ó chØ duy l¹i cña c¬ thÓ. nhÊt mét alen ®-îc khuÕch ®¹i. Ph-¬ng allopatric In the context of natural ph¸p ®ñ m¹nh gi¸m ®Þnh gen víi c¸c rèi populations of animals or plants, inhabiting lo¹n æ gen ®¬n ®-îc ®Þnh râ ®Æc ®iÓm ë distinct and separate areas. møc ph©n tö. kh¸c vïng ph©n bè Trong ph¹m vi cña allelic exclusion A phenomenon whereby c¸c quÇn thÓ tù nhiªn ®éng vËt hoÆc thùc only one functional allele of an antibody vËt, c¸c vïng c- tró t¸ch riªng vμ ph©n gene can be assembled in a given B biÖt. lymphocyte. allopatric speciation Speciation lo¹i trõ alen HiÖn t-îng do ®ã chØ alen occurring at least in part because of ho¹t ®éng cña gen kh¸ng thÓ cã thÓ ®-îc geographic isolation. tËp hîp trong mét limph« bμo B nhÊt ®Þnh. h×nh thμnh loμi kh¸c vïng ph©n bè H×nh allelomorph t-¬ng øng alen Xem: alen. thμnh loμi xÈy ra tèi thiÓu do c¸ch ly ®Þa lý. allelopathy The secretion of chemicals, allopolyploid A polyploid organism with such as phenolic and terpenoid sets of chromosomes derived from allosome 8 different species. Opposite: interaction of a small molecule with a autopolyploid. protein molecule, resulting in a change in thÓ ®a béi Sinh vËt ®a béi cã bé nhiÔm the shape of the protein and consequent s¾c thÓ b¾t nguån tõ c¸c loμi kh¸c nhau. alteration of the interaction of that protein ng-îc víi: autopolyploid. with a third molecule. allosome nhiÔm s¾c thÓ giíi tÝnh Tõ chuyÓn dÞ khèi T-¬ng t¸c cã thÓ ®¶o ®ång nghÜa: sex chromosome. ng-îc cña mét ph©n tö nhá víi ph©n tö protein, lμm thay ®æi h×nh d¹ng protein vμ allosteric control ®iÒu khiÓn dÞ khèi dÉn ®Õn t-¬ng t¸c cña protein víi ph©n tö Xem: allosteric regulation. thø ba. allosteric enzyme An enzyme that has allotetraploid An allopolyploid having two structurally distinct forms, one of which two different progenitor genomes. is active and the other inactive. Active forms tend to catalyse the initial step in a dÞ tø béi, song nhÞ béi ThÓ dÞ ®a béi mang pathway leading to the synthesis of hai hÖ gen tæ tiªn kh¸c nhau. molecules. The end product of this allotype A classification of antibody synthesis can act as a feedback inhibitor, molecules according to the antigenicity of converting the enzyme to the inactive form, the constant regions; a variation that is thus controlling the amount of product determined by a single allele. synthesized. Synonym: allozyme. allotip C¸ch ph©n lo¹i ph©n tö kh¸ng thÓ enzim dÞ khèi Enzim cã hai d¹ng cÊu tróc theo tÝnh kh¸ng nguyªn cña vïng æn ®Þnh; ph©n biÖt, d¹ng ho¹t ®éng vμ d¹ng kh«ng biÕn dÞ ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh do alen ®¬n. ho¹t ®éng. D¹ng ho¹t ®éng h-íng tíi xóc allozygote A individual that is t¸c bé khëi ®Çu trong ®-êng mßn dÉn ®Õn heterozygous for two different mutant tæng hîp ph©n tö. S¶n phÈm cuèi cïng cña alleles. qu¸ tr×nh tæng hîp nμy cã thÓ lμm chÊt øc dÞ hîp tö lÆn C¸ thÓ lμ dÞ hîp tö v× hai chÕ ph¶n håi, chuyÓn enzim sang d¹ng alen ®ét biÕn kh¸c nhau. kh«ng ho¹t ®éng, do vËy ®iÒu khiÓn sè l-îng s¶n phÈm tæng hîp. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: allozyme Xem: allosteric enzyme. allozyme. alpha globulin Xem: haptoglobin. allosteric regulation A catalysis- alternative mRNA splicing The inclusion regulating process in which the binding of or exclusion of different exons to form a small effector molecule to one site on different mRNA transcripts from a single an enzyme affects the activity at another transcription unit. site. ghÐp nèi mRNA kh¸c biÖt KÕt hîp hoÆc ®iÒu hoμ dÞ khèi Qu¸ tr×nh ®iÒu hoμ xóc lo¹i trõ c¸c exon kh¸c biÖt ®Ó h×nh thμnh t¸c trong ®ã liªn kÕt cña ph©n tö t¸c ®éng c¸c b¶n sao mRNA riªng biÖt tõ mét ®¬n nhá víi mét vÞ trÝ enzim cã ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn vÞ phiªn m·. ho¹t ®éng ë vÞ trÝ kh¸c . Alu sequences A highly repeated family allosteric site That part of an enzyme of 300-bp long sequences dispersed molecule where the non-covalent binding throughout the human genome, so named of an effector molecule can affect the because they are released by the digestion enzyme’s catalytic activity. See: of genomic DNA with the restriction conformation, ligand. endonuclease AluI. vÞ trÝ dÞ khèi PhÇn ph©n tö enzim n¬i liªn tr×nh tù Alu Mét hä tr×nh tù dμi 300-bp lÆp kÕt kh«ng ®ång hãa trÞ cña ph©n tö t¸c nhiÒu lÇn ph©n t¸n kh¾p hÖ gen ng-êi, cã ®éng cã thÓ lμm ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn ho¹t ®éng tªn nh- vËy v× chóng ®-îc t¹o ra do sù xóc t¸c enzim. Xem: conformation, ligand. tiªu hãa DNA hÖ gen víi endonucleaza allosteric transition A reversible giíi h¹n AluI. amber stop codon 9 amber stop codon bé ba kÕt thóc amber ®o¸n tr-íc gÇn khi sinh b»ng viÖc lÊy mÉu Xem: stop codon. dÞch èi tõ ®éng vËt cã vó cã thai. C¸c tÕ amino acid A compound containing both bμo ®-îc nu«i cÊy, vμ kiÓu nh©n ®-îc kiÓm tra ®iÓm kh¸c th-êng ®· biÕt (vÝ dô Héi amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups. In particular, any of 20 basic chøng down vμ tËt nøt ®èt sèng ë ng-êi). building blocks of proteins having the amnion The thin membrane that lines the formula NH2-CR-COOH, where R is fluid-filled sac in which the embryo different for each specific amino acid. See: develops in higher vertebrates, reptiles and annex 3. birds. axÝt amin Hîp chÊt cã chøa c¶ nhãm amin mμng èi Mμng máng lμm ng¨n tói chøa (-NH2) vμ c¸c-b«-xyn (-COOH). §Æc biÖt, ®Çy dÞch trong ®ã ph«i ph¸t triÓn cña c¸c bÊt kú cña 20 khèi x©y dùng c¬ b¶n protein ®éng vËt cã x-¬ng sèng bËc cao, bß s¸t ®Òu cã c«ng thøc NH2-CR-COOH, ë ®©y vμ chim. R lμ ®iÓm kh¸c nhau cho mçi mét a xit a amniotic fluid Liquid contents of the min riªng biÖt. Xem: phô lôc 3. amniotic sac of higher vertebrates, aminoacyl site (Abbreviation: A-site). One containing foetal, but not maternal cells. of two sites on ribosomes to which the dÞch mμng èi Thμnh phÇn chÊt láng mμng aminoacyl tRNA molecules can bind. èi cña nhãm ®éng vËt cã x-¬ng sèng bËc vÞ trÝ a xÝt amin (viÕt t¾t: A-site). Mét trong cao, gåm cã c¸c tÕ bμo thai nhi, nh-ng hai vÞ trÝ trªn ribosom ®Ó c¸c ph©n tö tRNA- kh«ng ph¶i lμ tÕ bμo mÑ. a xÝt amin cã thÓ g¾n vμo. amorph A mutation that abolishes gene aminoacyl tRNA synthetase An enzyme function. Synonym: null mutation. that catalyses the attachment of an amino ®ét biÕn v« hiÖu §ét biÕn b·i bá chøc acid to its specific tRNA molecule. n¨ng gen.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: null mutation. aminoacyl tRNA synthetaza Enzim xóc AMP ViÕt t¾t cña adenosin t¸c viÖc g¾n a xÝt amin víi ph©n tö tRNA monophotphat (AMP). chØ râ cña nã. amphidiploid A plant derived from amitosis A cell division (including nuclear doubling the chromosome number of an division through constriction of the nucleus) interspecific F1 hybrid. Naturally found that occurs without chromosome hybrids of this sort are referred to as differentiation as in mitosis. The allopolyploid. mechanism whereby the genetic integrity thÓ nhÞ béi kÐp Thùc vËt b¾t nguån tõ viÖc is maintained during amitosis is uncertain. nh©n ®«i sè nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cña con lai F1 trùc ph©n Mét kiÓu ph©n chia tÕ bμo (bao kh¸c loμi. Nh÷ng con lai t¹o thμnh trong tù gåm ph©n chia nh©n qua th¾t nh©n) xÈy nhiªn cña lo¹i nμy ®-îc xem lμ dÞ ®a béi ra kh«ng ph©n ho¸ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh- thÓ. trong gi¶m ph©n. Do c¬ chÕ nμy toμn vÑn amphimixis True sexual reproduction di truyÒn ®-îc duy tr× trong trùc ph©n lμ involving the fusion of male and female kh«ng ch¾c ch¾n. gametes and the formation of a zygote. amniocentesis A procedure for obtaining giao phèi h÷u tÝnh Sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh thùc foetal cells for prenatal diagnosis by liªn quan dung hîp gi÷a giao tö c¸i vμ ®ùc sampling the amniotic fluid from a ®Ó h×nh thμnh hîp tö. pregnant mammal. Cells are cultured, and the karyotype is checked for known ampicillin A penicillin-type antibiotic that irregularities (e.g. Down’s syndrome and prevents bacterial growth by interfering spina bifida in humans). with synthesis of the cell wall. Commonly used as a selectable marker in the dß mμng èi qua bông Ph-¬ng ph¸p thu creation of transgenic plants. nhËn c¸c tÕ bμo thuéc thai nhi ®Ó chÈn amplicon 10 ampicillin Lo¹i kh¸ng sinh kiÓu pªnixilin amplify To increase the number of copies ®Ó ng¨n ngõa sinh tr-ëng vi khuÈn do g©y of a DNA sequence, either in vivo by nhiÔu tæng hîp v¸ch tÕ bμo. Th-êng ®-îc inserting into a cloning vector that dïng lμm dÊu chuÈn chän läc khi t¹o thùc replicates within a host cell, or in vitro by vËt chuyÓn gen. polymerase chain reaction. amplicon The product of a DNA khuÕch ®¹i Lμm t¨ng thªm sè b¶n sao amplification reaction. See: polymerase cña tr×nh tù DNA, c¶ trong c¬ thÓ do chÌn chain reaction. vect¬ nh©n dßng ®Ó lÆp bªn trong tÕ bμo ®¬n vÞ siªu sao chÐp S¶n phÈm ph¶n øng vËt chñ, hoÆc trong èng nghiÖm b»ng ph¶n khuÕch ®¹i DNA. xem: polymerase chain øng chuçi enzim trïng hîp. reaction. ampometric xem: electrochemical amplification 1. Creation of many copies sensor of a segment of DNA by the polymerase amylase Describing a wide class of chain reaction. 2. Treatment (e.g. use of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of chloramphenicol) designed to increase the starch. proportion of plasmid DNA relative to that amylaza M« t¶ mét líp lín enzim xóc t¸c of bacterial (host) DNA. 3. Evolutionary thñy ph©n tinh bét. expansion in copy number of a repetitive DNA sequence through a process of amylolytic The capability of enzymatically repeated duplication. degrading starch into sugars. sù khuÕch ®¹i 1. T¹o thμnh nhiÒu b¶n sao tiªu tinh bét Kh¶ n¨ng ph©n huû enzim tõ mét ®o¹n DNA do ph¶n øng chuçi enzim biÕn tinh bét thμnh ®-êng. trïng hîp 2. C¸ch xö lý (vÝ dô sö dông amylopectin A polysaccharide cloramphenicol) ®Ó t¨ng thªm tØ lÖ DNA comprising highly branched chains of plasmit so víi DNA vi khuÈn (ký chñ). 3. glucose residues. The water-insoluble Më réng tiÕn hãa sè l-îng b¶n sao cña portion of starch. tr×nh tù DNA lÆp th«ng qua mét qu¸ tr×nh amilopectin Mét lo¹i polisacarit bao gåm nh©n ®«i lÆp l¹i. nhiÒu nh¸nh amplified fragment length cao cña gèc glucoza. PhÇn kh«ng tan polymorphism (Abbreviation: AFLP). A trong n-íc cña tinh bét. type of DNA marker, generated by the amylose A polysaccharide consisting of PCR amplification of restriction linear chains of 100-1000 glucose endonuclease treated DNA. A small residues. The water-soluble portion of proportion of all restriction fragments is starch. amplified in any one reaction, so that AFLP profiles can be analysed by gel amilose Mét lo¹i polisacarit bao gåm nhiÒu electrophoresis. This has the important m¹ch th¼ng cña 100-1000 gèc glucoza. characteristic that many markers can be PhÇn hoμ tan ®-îc trong n-íc cña tinh bét. generated with relatively little effort. anabolic pathway A pathway by which a tÝnh ®a h×nh ®é dμi ®o¹n khuÕch ®¹i (viÕt metabolite is synthesized; a biosynthetic t¾t: AFLP). KiÓu dÊu chuÈn DNA, ph¸t sinh pathway. do khuÕch ®¹i PCR cña DNA ®-îc xö lý ®-êng mßn ®ång hãa §-êng mßn mμ enzim giíi h¹n. Mét tØ lÖ nhá cña tÊt c¶ theo ®ã s¶n phÈm trao ®æi chÊt ®-îc tæng ®o¹n giíi h¹n ®-îc khuÕch ®¹i trong bÊt hîp; mét ®-êng mßn tæng hîp sinh häc. kú mäi ph¶n øng, ®Ó cho c¸c mÉu AFLP anabolism One of the two subcategories cã thÓ ®-îc ph©n tÝch b»ng ®iÖn di trªn of metabolism, referring to the building up gel. §iÒu nμy cã ®Æc ®iÓm quan träng lμ of complex organic molecules from simpler cã nhiÒu dÊu chuÈn cã thÓ ®-îc ph¸t sinh precursors. víi t-¬ng ®èi Ýt c«ng søc. anaerobe 11 sù ®ång hãa Mét trong sè hai cÊp nhá Anaphase follows metaphase and trao ®æi chÊt, liªn quan ®Õn viÖc t¹o ra c¸c precedes telophase. ph©n tö h÷u c¬ phøc t¹p tõ nh÷ng tiÒn chÊt k× sau Giai ®o¹n nguyªn ph©n hoÆc gi¶m ®¬n gi¶n. ph©n trong ®ã c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ con di anaerobe An organism that can grow in chuyÓn tíi cùc ®èi diÖn cña tÕ bμo (vÒ phÝa the absence of oxygen. Opposite: aerobe. c¸c mót sîi thoi). K× sau theo sau k× gi÷a vi khuÈn kþ khÝ Lo¹i sinh vËt cã thÓ sinh vμ tr-íc k× cuèi. tr-ëng khi thiÕu oxi. Ng-îc víi: aerobe. anchor gene A gene that has been anaerobic An environment or condition in positioned on both the physical map and which molecular oxygen is not available the linkage map of a chromosome, and for chemical, physical or biological thereby allows their mutual alignment. processes. gen má neo Gen ®-îc ®Þnh vÞ trªn c¶ b¶n yÕm khÝ M«i tr-êng hoÆc ®iÒu kiÖn trong ®å vËt chÊt vμ b¶n ®å liªn kÕt cña nhiÔm ®ã oxi ph©n tö kh«ng cã s½n cho c¸c qu¸ s¾c thÓ, vμ do vËy cho phÐp chóng s¾p tr×nh hãa häc, vËt lý hoÆc sinh häc. xÕp thμnh hμng t-¬ng hç. anaerobic digestion Digestion of androgen Any hormone that stimulates materials in the absence of oxygen. See: the development of male secondary sexual anaerobic respiration. characteristics, and contributes to the control of sexual activity in vertebrate tiªu hãa yÕm khÝ Tiªu hãa c¸c nguyªn animals. Usually synthesized in the testis. liÖu khi thiÕu oxi. Xem: anaerobic respiration kÝch tè tÝnh ®ùc, hãc m«n nam BÊt kú mét lo¹i hooc-m«n nμo kÝch thÝch ph¸t triÓn anaerobic respiration Respiration in ®Æc tr-ng giíi tÝnh thø cÊp gièng ®ùc, vμ which foodstuffs are partially oxidized, with gãp phÇn ®Ó ®iÒu khiÓn ho¹t ®éng giíi tÝnh the release of chemical energy, in a ®éng vËt cã x-¬ng sèng. Th-êng ®-îc tæng process not involving atmospheric oxygen. hîp trong tinh hoμn. A notable example is in alcoholic fermentation, where sugar is metabolized androgenesis Male parthenogenesis, into ethanol. i.e. the development of a haploid embryo from a male nucleus. The maternal nucleus h« hÊp yÕm khÝ Sù h« hÊp trong ®ã thøc is eliminated or inactivated subsequent to ¨n ®-îc «xy hãa tõng phÇn, cã gi¶i phãng fertilization of the ovum, and the haploid n¨ng l-îng hãa häc, trong qu¸ tr×nh kh«ng individual (referred to as androgenetic) liªn quan víi oxi khÝ quyÓn. VÝ dô lªn men contains in its cells the genome of the male r-îu, ë ®©y ®-êng ®-îc chuyÓn thμnh cån. gamete only. See: anther culture; analogous Features of organisms or gynogenesis. molecules that are superficially or trinh sinh ®ùc Sinh s¶n ®¬n tÝnh ®ùc, functionally similar but have evolved in a nghÜa lμ ph¸t triÓn ph«i ®¬n béi tõ nh©n different way or contain different ®ùc. H¹t nh©n mÑ ®-îc lo¹i trõ hoÆc khö compounds. ho¹t tÝnh kÕ tiÕp ®Ó thô tinh no·n, vμ c¸ cïng chøc C¸c ®Æc ®iÓm cña sinh vËt thÓ ®¬n béi (®-îc xem trinh sinh ®ùc) chøa hoÆc ph©n tö gièng nhau bÒ ngoμi hoÆc trong c¸c tÕ bμo chØ mét hÖ giao tö ®ùc. chøc n¨ng nh-ng ®-îc tiÕn ho¸ theo con xem: anther culture; gynogenesis. ®-êng kh¸c nhau hoÆc chøa c¸c hîp chÊt aneuploid An organism or cell having a kh¸c nhau. chromosome number other than the anaphase The stage of mitosis or normal somatic number. Aneuploid meiosis during which the daughter gametes have a chromosome number chromosomes migrate to opposite poles other than the normal haploid number. of the cell (toward the ends of the spindle). The condition is aneuploidy. angiogenesis 12 thÓ lÖch béi Sinh vËt hoÆc tÕ bμo cã sè produced by them with the post-translation l-îng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ kh¸c víi sè l-îng modifications normal to animals. However, nhiÔm s¾c thÓ tÕ bμo b×nh th-êng. C¸c giao because animal cells are much more tö thÓ lÖch béi cã sè l-îng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ fragile than bacterial ones, they cannot kh¸c víi sè ®¬n béi b×nh th-êng. §iÒu kiÖn tolerate a commercial fermentation lμ hiÖn t-îng lÖch béi . process. angiogenesis The formation and cè ®Þnh tÕ bμo ®éng vËt §¸nh bÉy nh÷ng development of new blood vessels in the tÕ bμo ®éng vËt trong d¹ng vËt liÖu r¾n ®Ó body, stimulated by growth factors, such s¶n xuÊt mét sè s¶n phÈm tù nhiªn hoÆc as angiogenin. The process is required protein kü thuËt di truyÒn. TÕ bμo ®éng vËt for the spread of malignant tumours. cã lîi thÕ ë chç chóng ®· s¶n xuÊt nhiÒu t¹o m¹ch H×nh thμnh vμ ph¸t triÓn c¸c lo¹i protein ®-îc d-îc häc quan t©m, vμ m¹ch m¸u míi trong c¬ thÓ, ®-îc kÝch thÝch c¸c protein kü thuËt di truyÒn nμy ®-îc s¶n bëi c¸c nh©n tè sinh tr-ëng, nh- xuÊt do chóng cã nhiÒu biÕn ®æi sau dÞch angiogenin. Qu¸ tr×nh nμy cÇn thiÕt ®Ó ph¸t m· mét c¸ch b×nh th-êng víi ®éng vËt. Tuy huy c¸c khèi u ®éc. nhiªn, v× tÕ bμo ®éng vËt dÔ vì nhiÒu h¬n so víi vi khuÈn, nªn chóng kh«ng ®ù¬c sö angiogenin One of the human angiogenic dông trong qu¸ tr×nh lªn men th-¬ng m¹i. growth factors. In addition to stimulating (normal) blood vessel formation, animal cloning nh©n dßng ®éng vËt angiogenin levels are correlated with xem: cloning placenta formation and tumour growth. anneal The pairing of complementary angiogenin Mét trong c¸c nh©n tè sinh DNA or RNA sequences, via hydrogen tr-ëng t¹o m¹ch ë ng-êi. Ngoμi kÝch thÝch bonding, to form a double-stranded h×nh thμnh m¹ch m¸u (b×nh th-êng), c¸c polynucleotide. Opposite: denature. møc angiogenin cã t-¬ng quan víi h×nh ghÐp CÆp ®«i tr×nh tù RNA hoÆc DNA bæ thμnh rau thai vμ sinh tr-ëng khèi u. sung, qua liªn kÕt hy-®r«, ®Ó h×nh thμnh angiosperm A division of the plant polinucleotit sîi kÐp. Ng-îc víi: denature. kingdom that includes all flowering plants, annual 1. (adj:) Taking one year, or i.e. vascular plants in which double occurring at intervals of one year. 2. A plant fertilization occurs resulting in that completes its life cycle within one year. development of fruit containing seeds. See biennial, perennial. Divided into two major groups, hμng n¨m 1. (tÝnh tõ) MÊt mét n¨m, hoÆc monocotyledons and dicotyledons. xuÊt hiÖn ë kho¶ng thêi gian mét n¨m. 2. See: gymnosperm Thùc vËt hoμn thμnh chu tr×nh sèng trong c©y h¹t kÝn Mét bé phËn cña giíi thùc vËt vßng mét n¨m. Xem: biennial, perennial. bao gåm tÊt c¶ c¸c loμi thùc vËt ra hoa, anonymous DNA marker A DNA marker nghÜa lμ c¸c c©y m¹ch gç trong ®ã thô tinh detectable by virtue of variation in its kÐp t¹o ra ph¸t triÓn qu¶ cã chøa h¹t. §-îc sequence. The function (if any) of the chia thμnh hai nhãm chÝnh, nhãm c©y ®¬n sequence is unknown. Microsatellites tö diÖp vμ nhãm c©y song tö ®iÖp. xem: and AFLPs are typical anonymous DNA gymnosperm markers. animal cell immobilization Entrapment dÊu chuÈn DNA bÊt ®Þnh DÊu chuÈn of animal cells in some solid material in DNA cã thÓ t×m ra do hiÖu qu¶ biÕn dÞ trong order to produce some natural product or tr×nh tù. Chøc n¨ng (nÕu cã) cña tr×nh tù genetically engineered protein. Animal ch-a ®-îc biÕt. Nh÷ng vÖ tinh nhá vμ AFLP cells have the advantage that they already lμ nh÷ng dÊu chuÈn DNA tiªu biÓu. produce many proteins of antagonism An interaction between two pharmacological interest, and that organisms (e.g. moulds or bacteria) in genetically engineered proteins are antagonist 13 which the growth of one is inhibited by the T)) and are therefore used to stimulate the other. Opposite: synergism. growth of some cultures. ®èi kh¸ng T-¬ng t¸c gi÷a hai lo¹i sinh vËt chÊt kh¸ng auxin ChÊt hãa häc h¹n chÕ (vÝ dô nÊm mèc hoÆc vi khuÈn) trong ®ã vai trß auxin, ®«i khi lμ do ng¨n ngõa sù sinh tr-ëng cña sinh vËt nμy bÞ ng¨n chuyÓn vËn auxin. Mét sè chÊt kh¸ng auxin chÆn bëi sinh vËt kh¸c. Ng-îc víi: cã thÓ ®Èy m¹nh sù t¹o h×nh trong èng synergism. nghiÖm (vÝ dô 2,3,5- tri- Iodobenzoate antagonist A compound that inhibits the (TIBA) vμ 2,4,5- trichlorophenoxyacetate effect of an agonist in such a way that the (2,4,5-T)) vμ do vËy ®-îc sö dông ®Ó kÝch combined biological effect of the two thÝch sinh tr-ëng mét sè nu«i cÊy. becomes smaller than the sum of their antibiosis The prevention of growth or individual effects. development of an organism by a chÊt ®èi kh¸ng Hîp chÊt ng¨n chÆn ¶nh substance or another organism. h-ëng cña chÊt kh¸ng b»ng c¸ch nh- vËy tÝnh kh¸ng sinh Sù ng¨n ngõa sinh tr-ëng ¶nh h-ëng sinh häc kÕt hîp cña hai trë hoÆc ph¸t triÓn mét sinh vËt do mét chÊt thμnh nhá h¬n tæng sè c¸c ¶nh h-ëng riªng hoÆc mét sinh vËt kh¸c. rÏ. antibiotic A class of natural and synthetic anther The upper part of a stamen, compounds that inhibit the growth of, or containing pollen sacs within which the kill some micro-organisms. Antibiotics are pollen develops and matures. widely used medicinally to control bacterial bao phÊn PhÇn trªn cña nhÞ hoa, chøa tói pathogens, but resistance in bacteria to phÊn trong ®ã phÊn hoa ph¸t triÓn vμ particular antibiotics is often rapidly tr-ëng thμnh. acquired through mutation. anther culture The aseptic culture of chÊt kh¸ng sinh Líp c¸c hîp chÊt tù immature anthers to generate haploid nhiªn vμ tæng hîp øc chÕ sinh tr-ëng hoÆc plants from microspores via tiªu diÖt mét sè vi sinh vËt. ChÊt kh¸ng androgenesis. sinh ®-îc sö dông réng r·i vÒ mÆt y häc ®Ó ®iÒu khiÓn c¸c vËt g©y bÖnh vi khuÈn, nu«i cÊy bao phÊn Nu«i cÊy v« trïng c¸c nh-ng tÝnh kh¸ng cña vi khuÈn víi chÊt bao phÊn ch-a chÝn ®Ó t¹o ra c©y ®¬n béi kh¸ng sinh ®Æc hiÖu th-êng bÞ nhanh tõ tiÓu bμo tö nhê sinh s¶n ®¬n tÝnh ®ùc. chãng lμm quen th«ng qua ®ét biÕn. anthesis The period during which anthers antibiotic resistance The ability of a bear mature and functional pollen. micro-organism to disable an antibiotic or sù në hoa Thêi kú bao phÊn mang phÊn prevent its transport into the cell. hoa tr-ëng thμnh vμ ho¹t ®éng. tÝnh kh¸ng chÊt kh¸ng sinh Kh¶ n¨ng anthocyanin A water-soluble blue, purple cña vi sinh vËt ®Ó v« hiÖu hãa chÊt kh¸ng or red flavonoid pigments found in sinh hoÆc ng¨n ngõa chuyÓn vËn vμo tÕ vacuoles of cells of certain plants. bμo. ant«xian Lo¹i chÊt mμu nhãm flavonoid antibiotic resistance marker gene cã mμu xanh, tÝa hoÆc ®á hoμ tan trong (Abbreviation: ARMG). Genes (usually of n-íc chøa trong kh«ng bμo cña c¸c tÕ bμo bacterial origin) used as selection markers thùc vËt nhÊt ®Þnh. in transgenesis, because their presence antiauxin A chemical that interferes with allows cell survival in the presence of the auxin response, sometimes by the normally toxic antibiotic agents. These prevention of auxin transport. Some genes were commonly used in the antiauxins may promote morphogenesis development and release of first in vitro (e.g. 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoate (TIBA) generation transgenic organisms and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4,5- (particularly crop plants), but are no longer antibody 14 favoured because of perceived risks antibody class The class to which an associated with the unintentional transfer antibody belongs, depending on the type of antibiotic resistance to other organisms. of heavy chain present. In mammals, there See kanr, neor. are five classes of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, gen ®¸nh dÊu tÝnh kh¸ng chÊt kh¸ng IgG, and IgM. sinh (viÕt t¾t: ARMG ). Gen (th-êng cã líp kh¸ng thÓ Líp mμ kh¸ng thÓ phô nguån gèc vi khuÈn) ®-îc dïng nh- dÊu thuéc vμo, tuú theo cã mÆt kiÓu chuçi nÆng. chÈn chän läc trong ho¹t ®éng chuyÓn gen, Trong ®éng vËt cã vó, cã n¨m líp kh¸ng bëi v× sù hiÖn diÖn cña chóng cho phÐp tÕ thÓ: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. bμo tån t¹i khi cã t¸c nh©n kh¸ng sinh ®éc antibody structure Describes the b×nh th-êng. C¸c gen nμy th-êng ®-îc molecular architecture of an antibody, dïng ®Ó ph¸t triÓn vμ gi¶i phãng sinh vËt which consists of two identical “light” chains chuyÓn gen thÕ hÖ ®Çu (®Æc biÖt c©y trång), and two identical “heavy” chains and has nh-ng kh«ng cßn ®-îc -u tiªn do cã nhiÒu two antigen-binding sites. Each chain rñi ro kÕt hîp víi chuyÓn ngÉu nhiªn tÝnh consists of a constant region which is the kh¸ng chÊt kh¸ng sinh cho sinh vËt kh¸c. same between antibodies of the same xem: kanr, Neor. class and sub-class, and a variable region antibody (Abbreviation: Ab). An that is antibody-specific. immunological protein produced by the cÊu tróc kh¸ng thÓ M« t¶ cÊu tróc ph©n lymphocytes in response to contact with tö kh¸ng thÓ, gåm cã hai chuçi “nhÑ” vμ an antigen. Each antibody recognizes just hai chuçi “nÆng” ®ång nhÊt vμ cã hai ®iÓm one antigenic determinant of one antigen g¾n kh¸ng nguyªn. Mçi chuçi gåm cã mét and acts by specifically binding to it, thus vïng æn ®Þnh gièng nhau gi÷a nh÷ng kh¸ng rendering it harmless. Those from the IgG thÓ cïng líp vμ líp phô, vμ mét vïng biÕn antibody class are found in the ®æi ®Æc tr-ng kh¸ng thÓ. bloodstream and used in immunoassay. antibody-mediated immune response Synonym: immunoglobulin. See: The synthesis of antibodies by B cells in monoclonal antibody, polyclonal response to an encounter of the cells of antibody. the immune system with a foreign antigen. kh¸ng thÓ (viÕt t¾t: A ). Protein miÔn dÞch Synonym: humoral immune response. ®-îc s¶n sinh bëi limph« bμo trong ph¶n ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch qua trung gian øng tiÕp xóc kh¸ng nguyªn. Mçi kh¸ng thÓ kh¸ng thÓ Sù tæng hîp kh¸ng thÓ do c¸c chØ nhËn biÕt mét nh©n tè quyÕt ®Þnh kh¸ng tÕ bμo B ®Ó ph¶n øng l¹i mét b¾t cÆp tÕ nguyªn cña mét kh¸ng nguyªn vμ t¸c dông bμo cña hÖ thèng miÔn dÞch cã kh¸ng do liªn kÕt ®Æc biÖt víi nã, nh- vËy biÕn nã nguyªn ngo¹i. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: humoral thμnh v« h¹i. Kh¸ng thÓ tõ líp lgG cã trong immune response. m¸u vμ ®-îc dïng trong thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: immunoglobulin. anticlinal The orientation of cell wall or Xem: monoclonal antibody, polyclonal plane of cell division perpendicular to the antibody. surface. Opposite: periclinal. antibody binding site The part of an nÕp låi §Þnh h-íng v¸ch tÕ bμo hoÆc mÆt antibody that binds to the antigenic ph¼ng ph©n chia tÕ bμo th¼ng gãc víi bÒ determinant. See: complementarity- mÆt. ng-îc víi: periclinal . determining regions. Synonym: anticoding strand The DNA strand used paratope. as template for transcription. The vÞ trÝ g¾n kh¸ng thÓ PhÇn kh¸ng thÓ liªn resulting mRNA is complementary in sequence to that of the anticoding strand. kÕt víi nh©n tè quyÕt ®Þnh kh¸ng nguyªn. Synonym: template strand. Xem: complementarity-determining regions. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: paratope. sîi ®èi m· Sîi DNA sö dông nh- khung anticodon 15 mÉu ®Ó dÞch m·. Tõ ®ã bæ sung RNA th«ng thÞ mét sè kh¸ng thÓ. Xem: monoclonal tin cho tr×nh tù sîi ®èi m·. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: antibody, polyclonal antibody.Tõ ®ång template strand nghÜa: epitope . anticodon A triplet of tRNA nucleotides antigenic switching The altering of a that corresponds to a complementary micro-organism’s surface antigens through codon in an mRNA molecule during genetic re-arrangement, to elude detection translation. by the host’s immune system. ®¬n vÞ ®èi m· Bé ba nuleotit tRNA mμ chuyÓn ®æi kh¸ng nguyªn BiÕn ®æi t-¬ng øng víi bé ba bæ sung cña ph©n tö kh¸ng nguyªn bÒ mÆt vi sinh vËt qua s¾p RNA th«ng tin khi dÞch m·. xÕp di truyÒn, ®Ó tr¸nh bÞ hÖ thèng miÔn antigen (Abbreviation: Ag). A dÞch cña vËt chñ ph¸t hiÖn. macromolecule (usually a protein foreign antihaemophilic factor VIII to the organism), which elicits an immune t¸c nh©n kh¸ng xuÊt huyÕt VIII xem: response on first exposure to the immune antihaemophilic globulin. system by stimulating the production of antihaemophilic globulin (Abbreviation antibodies specific to its various AHG). One of the blood clotting factors, a antigenic determinants. During soluble protein that causes the fibrin subsequent exposures, the antigen is matrix of a blood clot to form. Used as a bound and inactivated by these antibodies. treatment for haemophilia, AHG is usually Synonym: immunogen. obtained from genetically engineered cell kh¸ng nguyªn (viÕt t¾t: Ag). Mét ®¹i ph©n cultures. Synonym: antihaemophilic factor tö (th-êng mét protein l¹ ®èi víi sinh vËt), VIII. kh¬i mμo ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch khi tiÕp xóc globulin kh¸ng xuÊt huyÕt (viÕt t¾t AHG). lÇn ®Çu víi hÖ thèng miÔn dÞch do kÝch thÝch Mét trong sè t¸c nh©n lμm ®«ng m¸u, s¶n xuÊt kh¸ng thÓ ®Æc hiÖu víi c¸c nh©n protein hoμ tan t¹o thμnh nÒn fibrin ®«ng tè quyÕt ®Þnh kh¸ng nguyªn kh¸c nhau. m¸u. §-îc sö dông ®iÒu trÞ chøng dÔ xuÊt Trong thêi gian tiÕp xóc kÕ tiÕp, kh¸ng huyÕt, AHG th-êng thu ®-îc tõ nu«i cÊy tÕ nguyªn ®-îc liªn kÕt vμ bÞ khö ho¹t tÝnh bμo kü thuËt di truyÒn. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: bëi kh¸ng thÓ nμy.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: antihaemophilic factor VIII. immunogen. anti-idiotype antibody An antibody, antigenic determinant The individual produced by an organism, which surface feature of an antigen, that elicits specifically binds to the binding site of an the production of a specific antibody in antibody developed by that organism the course of the immune response. Each against a foreign antigen. Involved with antigenic determinant, typically a few the regulation of the immune response. amino acids in size, causes the synthesis Some allergic responses are in part due of a different antibody and thus exposure to the breakdown of this sort of regulation. to a single antigen may result in the expression of a number of antibodies. See: kh¸ng thÓ kh¸ng liªn kÕt ®Æc hiÖu Mét monoclonal antibody, polyclonal lo¹i kh¸ng thÓ, s¶n xuÊt bëi sinh vËt, liªn antibody. Synonym: epitope. kÕt ®Æc hiÖu víi ®iÓm b¸m cña kh¸ng thÓ ®-îc ph¸t triÓn do sinh vËt chèng l¹i mét yÕu tè quyÕt ®Þnh kh¸ng nguyªn §Æc kh¸ng nguyªn l¹. Liªn quan ®iÒu hoμ ph¶n tÝnh bÒ mÆt riªng cña mét kh¸ng nguyªn, øng miÔn dÞch. Mét sè ph¶n øng dÞ øng kh¬i mμo s¶n xuÊt mét kh¸ng thÓ riªng biÖt mét phÇn do ph¸ vì sù chän läc ®iÒu hoμ. trong qu¸ tr×nh ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch. Mçi yÕu tè quyÕt ®Þnh kh¸ng nguyªn, mang mét antimicrobial agent Any chemical or sè Ýt amino acid tiªu biÓu cïng cì, g©y ra biological agent that inhibits the growth tæng hîp kh¸ng thÓ kh¸c vμ do vËy khi tiÕp and/or survival of micro-organisms. See: sóc kh¸ng nguyªn ®¬n cã thÓ dÉn tíi biÓu antibiotic. antinutrient 16 t¸c nh©n kh¸ng khuÈn BÊt kú t¸c nh©n Tuy nhiªn, kh«ng cã sù thèng nhÊt chung sinh häc hoÆc hãa häc nμo ng¨n ngõa sinh vÒ quy -íc nμy, vμ c¸c tªn gäi phï hîp lμ tr-ëng vμ/ hoÆc tån t¹i cña vi sinh vËt. Xem: sîi m· ho¸ cho sîi cã tr×nh tù phï hîp antibiotic víi mRNA, vμ sîi kh«ng m· ho¸ hoÆc sîi antinutrient Compounds that inhibit the khung mÉu cho sîi bæ sung (nghÜa lμ: normal uptake or utilization of nutrients. khung mÉu phiªn m·). kh¸ng dinh d-ìng Hîp chÊt ng¨n chÆn antisense gene A gene that produces an sù hÊp thu b×nh th-êng hoÆc sö dông c¸c mRNA complementary to the transcript chÊt dinh d-ìng. of a normal gene (usually constructed by inverting the coding region relative to the anti-oncogene A gene whose product promoter). prevents the normal growth of tissue. gen ®èi nghÜa Gen s¶n xuÊt RNA th«ng gen chèng g©y ung th- Mét gen mμ s¶n tin bæ sung cho b¶n dÞch cña gen b×nh phÈm cña nã ng¨n ngõa sù sinh tr-ëng th-êng (th-êng cÊu tróc do viÖc ®¶o b×nh th-êng cña m«. ng-îc vïng m· ho¸ t-¬ng øng víi khëi antioxidant Compounds that slow the rate ®iÓm). of oxidation reactions. antisense RNA An RNA sequence that chÊt chèng oxi hãa ChÊt lμm chËm nhÞp is complementary to all or part of a ®é c¸c ph¶n øng «xi hãa. functional mRNA molecule, to which it antiparallel orientation The normal binds, blocking its translation. arrangement of the two strands of a RNA ®èi nghÜa Tr×nh tù RNA bæ sung double-stranded DNA molecule, and of cho tÊt c¶ hoÆc mét phÇn ph©n tö RNA other nucleic-acid duplexes (DNA-RNA, th«ng tin chøc n¨ng, ®Ó liªn kÕt, ng¨n b¶n RNA-RNA), in which the two strands are dÞch cña nã. oriented in opposite directions so that the antisense therapy The in vivo treatment 5'-phosphate end of one strand is aligned of a genetic disease by blocking with the 3'-hydroxyl end of the translation of a protein with a DNA or an complementary strand. RNA sequence that is complementary to h-íng ®èi song song S¾p xÕp b×nh a specific mRNA. th-êng hai sîi cña ph©n tö DNA sîi kÐp, liÖu ph¸p ®èi nghÜa §iÒu trÞ trong c¬ thÓ vμ cña cÆp nucleic-acid kh¸c (DNA- RNA, mét bÖnh di truyÒn nhê kho¸ chÆn phiªn RNA- RNA), trong ®ã hai sîi ®-îc h-íng m· protein b»ng DNA hoÆc tr×nh tù RNA ng-îc nhau ®Ó mót 5'-phèt ph¸t cña mét bæ sung cho mRNA ®Æc hiÖu. sîi ®-îc liªn kÕt víi mót 3'- hidroxyl cña sîi bæ sung. antiseptic Any substance that kills or inhibits the growth of disease-causing antisense DNA One of the two strands of micro-organism (a micro-organism double-stranded DNA, usually that which capable of causing sepsis), but is is complementary (hence “anti”) to the essentially non-toxic to cells of the body. mRNA, i.e. the non-transcribed strand. However, there is not universal agreement s¸t khuÈn ChÊt bÊt kú tiªu diÖt hoÆc øc on this convention, and the preferred chÕ sinh tr-ëng vi sinh vËt g©y bÖnh (vi designations are coding strand for the sinh vËt cã kh¶ n¨ng g©y nhiÔm), nh-ng strand whose sequence matches that of b¶n chÊt kh«ng ®éc cho tÕ bμo c¬ thÓ. the mRNA, and non-coding strand or antiserum The fluid portion of the blood template strand for the complementary of an immunized animal (after coagulation strand (i.e. the transcription template). of the blood), which retains any DNA ®èi nghÜa Mét trong hai sîi DNA kÐp, antibodies. th«ng th-êng lμ bæ sung (do “anti”) cho kh¸ng huyÕt thanh PhÇn láng cña m¸u mRNA, nghÜa lμ sîi kh«ng ®-îc phiªn m·. ®éng vËt ®-îc g©y miÔn dÞch (sau khi lμm anti-terminator 17 ®«ng m¸u), chøa kh¸ng thÓ . apical dominance The phenomenon anti-terminator A protein which enables where growth of lateral (axillary) buds in a RNA polymerase to ignore certain plant is inhibited by the presence of the transcriptional stop or termination signals terminal (apical) bud on the branch. and thereby produce longer than normal Explained by the export of auxins from the transcripts. apical bud. chÊt kh¸ng kÕt thóc Mét lo¹i protein cho -u thÕ ngän HiÖn t-îng sinh tr-ëng mÇm phÐp RNA polymeraza kh«ng lμm dõng bªn (n¸ch) cña c©y bÞ øc chÕ do cã mÆt phiªn m· nhÊt ®Þnh hoÆc c¸c tÝn hiÖu kÕt chåi ®Ønh trªn c¸c nh¸nh. §-îc gi¶i thÝch thóc vμ do vËy s¶n xuÊt c¸c b¶n sao dμi do vËn chuyÓn chÊt kÝch thÝch t¨ng tr-ëng h¬n b×nh th-êng. b¾t ®Çu tõ mÇm ®Ønh. antitranspirant A compound designed to apical meristem A region of the tip of each reduce plant transpiration. Applied to the shoot and root of a plant in which cell leaves of newly transplanted trees, shrubs division is continually occurring to produce etc., or cuttings in lieu of misting. Can new stem and root tissue, respectively. interfere with photosynthesis and Two regions are visible in the apical respiration if the coating is too thick or is meristem: An outer 1-4-cell layered region unbroken. (the tunica), where cell divisions are anticlinal; and below the tunica, (ii) the chÊt chèng tho¸t n-íc ChÊt t¹o ra ®Ó corpus, where the cells divide in all gi¶m mÊt n-íc c©y trång. §-îc ¸p dông directions, and increase in volume. cho l¸ c©y, khãm c©y... míi trång, hoÆc nh÷ng l¸t c¾t bÞ lçi. Cã thÓ ¶nh h-ëng m« ph©n sinh ®Ønh Vïng chãp cña mçi quang hîp vμ h« hÊp nÕu phñ trªn lμ qu¸ mét chåi vμ rÔ c©y trong ®ã ph©n chia tÕ dμy hoÆc kh«ng bÞ ph©n huû. bμo xÈy ra liªn tôc ®Ó s¶n xuÊt m« th©n vμ rÔ míi, theo tõng c¸ch riªng. Hai vïng antixenosis The modification of the ph©n biÖt râ trong m« ph©n sinh ®Ønh: vïng behaviour of an organism by a substance (mμng) ®-îc xÕp líp 1- 4- tõ phÝa ngoμi or another organism. Particularly used in vμo, n¬i sù ph©n chia tÕ bμo lμ nÕp låi; vμ the context of a plant’s apparent resistance d-íi mμng, vïng (ii), n¬i tÕ bμo ph©n chia against insect feeding, when the insects theo tÊt c¶ c¸c h-íng, vμ lμm t¨ng thÓ tÝch. are presented with a choice of plant genotypes. apoenzyme Inactive enzyme that has to be associated with a co-enzyme in order kh¸ng thÓ l¹ Sù biÕn ®æi tËp tÝnh cña sinh to function. The apoenzyme/co-enzyme vËt bëi mét chÊt hoÆc sinh vËt kh¸c. §Æc complex is called a holoenzyme. biÖt ®-îc sö dông trong hoμn c¶nh tÝnh kh¸ng xuÊt hiÖn cña thùc vËt kh¸ng d-ìng apoenzim Enzim kh«ng ho¹t ®éng kÕt hîp c«n trïng, khi c«n trïng ®-îc chuyÓn cã víi ®ång enzim ®Ó ho¹t ®éng. Phøc hîp sù lùa chän c¸c kiÓu gen thùc vËt. apoenzim/®ång-enzim ®-îc gäi lμ enzim hoμn toμn (hai thμnh phÇn, nhÞ cÊu tö). apex The portion of a root or shoot containing the primary or apical meristem. apomixis The production of an embryo in the absence of meiosis. Apomictic ®Ønh, ngän PhÇn rÔ hoÆc chåi c©y cã m« higher plants produce asexual seeds, ph©n sinh s¬ cÊp hoÆc m« ph©n sinh ®Ønh. derived only from maternal tissue. See: apical cell A meristematic initial in the parthenogenesis. apical meristem of shoots or roots of sinh s¶n v« phèi Sinh s¶n ph«i khi thiÕu plants. gi¶m ph©n. Thùc vËt bËc cao sinh s¶n v« tÕ bμo ®Ønh TÕ bμo ®Çu tiªn ph©n sinh phèi s¶n xuÊt h¹t gièng v« tÝnh, chØ thu trong m« ph©n sinh ®Ønh cña chåi hoÆc rÔ ®-îc tõ m« mÑ. xem môc : c©y. parthenogenesis. apoptosis 18 apoptosis The process of programmed DNA. Kü thuËt sö dông måi tuú ý ®Ó cell death, which occurs naturally as a part khuyÕch ®¹i nh÷ng qu·ng che khuÊt cña of normal development, maintenance and DNA. Xem: DNA amplification renewal of tissue. Differs from necrosis, fingerprinting, random amplified in which cell death is caused by external polymorphic DNA factors (stress or toxin). arbitrary primer An oligonucleotide chøng chÕt dÇn Qu¸ tr×nh chÕt tÕ bμo primer whose sequence is chosen at ®-îc ch-¬ng tr×nh hãa, xÈy ra tù nhiªn nh- random, rather than one whose sequence mét bé phËn ph¸t triÓn b×nh th-êng, duy matches that of a known locus. These tr× vμ ®æi míi m«. Kh¸c víi ho¹i tö, chÕt tÕ primers therefore amplify DNA fragments bμo g©y ra bëi nh©n tè bªn ngoμi (sèc hoÆc which have not been pre-selected. ®éc tè). måi tuú ý Måi oligonucleotide cã tr×nh tù AP-PCR xem: arbitrarily primed ®-îc chän ngÉu nhiªn, thay v× tr×nh tù ®èi polymerase chain reaction. xøng thuéc æ gen ®· biÕt. Nh÷ng måi nμy aptamer A polynucleotide molecule that do vËy khuÕch ®¹i c¸c ®o¹n DNA mμ binds to a specific molecule, often a kh«ng ®-îc chän tr-íc. protein. Archaea Single-celled life forms adapted Ph©n tö polinucleotit liªn kÕt víi ph©n tö to existence in high pressure, anaerobic, ®Æc hiÖu, th-êng lμ protein. environments such as at extreme ocean depths. These organisms are seen as a aquaculture Farming of aquatic promising source of enzymes robust organisms, including fish, molluscs, enough for a number of demanding crustaceans and aquatic plants. industrial processes. nghÒ nu«i trång thñy s¶n Canh t¸c thuû Archaea C¸c d¹ng sèng ®¬n bμo thÝch sinh vËt, bao gåm c¸, nhuyÔn thÓ, san h« nghi ®Ó tån t¹i trong m«i tr-êng ¸p suÊt vμ thùc vËt thuû sinh. cao, yÕm khÝ, nh- cùc s©u ®¸y ®¹i d-¬ng. Arabidopsis A genus of flowering plants Nh÷ng sinh vËt nμy ®-îc nh×n nhËn nh- in the Cruciferae. A. thaliana is used in nguån enzim phong phó ®Çy høa hÑn ®ñ research as a model plant because it has ®¸p øng sè l-îng cho c¸c qu¸ tr×nh c«ng a small fully sequenced genome, can be nghiÖp ®ang ®ßi hái cao. cultured and transformed easily, and has ARMG viÕt t¾t cña antibiotic resistance a rapid generation time. marker gene. Arabidopsis Mét gièng thùc vËt ra hoa ARS viÕt t¾t cña autonomous(ly) thuéc hä thËp tù Cruciferae. A. thaliana replicating segment (or sequence). ®-îc dïng trong nghiªn cøu lμm c©y mÉu bëi nã mang hÖ gen tr×nh tù ®Çy ®ñ kh«ng artificial inembryonation Non-surgical lín, cã thÓ ®-îc nu«i cÊy vμ thay ®æi dÔ, transfer of embryo(s) to a recipient female. vμ thêi gian thÕ hÖ nhanh. As in vitro embryo technology develops, artificial inembryonation may replace arbitrarily primed polymerase chain artificial insemination. reaction (Abbreviation: AP-PCR) An application of the polymerase chain chuyÓn ghÐp ph«i nh©n t¹o ChuyÓn reaction to generate DNA fingerprints. ghÐp kh«ng phÉu thuËt ph«i cho mét sinh The technique uses arbitrary primers to vËt c¸i nhËn. Khi c«ng nghÖ ph«i trong amplify anonymous stretches of DNA. See: phßng thÝ nghiÖm ph¸t triÓn, chuyÓn ghÐp DNA amplification fingerprinting, ph«i nh©n t¹o cã thÓ thay thÕ thô tinh nh©n random amplified polymorphic DNA. t¹o. ph¶n øng chuçi enzim tæng hîp måi tuú artificial insemination (Abbreviation: AI). ý (viÕt t¾t: AP- PCR) øng dông ph¶n øng The deposition of semen, using a syringe, chuçi polymeraza ®Ó t¹o ra dÊu chuÈn at the mouth of the uterus to make artificial medium 19 conception possible. (Ascomycetes) in which ascospores are thô tinh nh©n t¹o (viÕt t¾t: AI). Sù truyÒn produced. tinh dÞch, cã sö dông èng tiªm, vμo cöa tö nang bμo (sè nhiÒu: asci) Tói sinh s¶n cung ®Ó lμm thô thai cã thÓ x¶y ra. trong giai ®o¹n h÷u tÝnh cña mét lo¹i nÊm artificial medium m«i tr-êng nh©n t¹o (nÊm tói: Ascomycetes) trong ®ã sinh ra xem: culture medium. bμo tö nang. artificial seed Encapsulated or coated aseptic Sterile, free of contaminating somatic embryos that are planted and organisms (bacteria, fungi, algae but not treated like seed. generally including viruses, and particularly not internal symbionts). gièng nh©n t¹o ThÓ ph«i x«ma ®-îc t¹o vá hoÆc bao bäc ®Ó trång vμ xö lý nh- h¹t v« trïng TiÖt trïng, phi truyÒn nhiÔm sinh gièng. vËt (vi khuÈn, nÊm, t¶o nh-ng th-êng kh«ng bao gåm virut, vμ ®Æc biÖt kh«ng artificial selection The practice of ph¶i lμ sinh vËt céng sinh bªn trong). choosing individuals from a population for reproduction, usually because these asexual Reproduction not involving individuals possess one or more desirable meiosis or the union of gametes. traits. v« tÝnh Sinh s¶n kh«ng kÐo theo gi¶m chän läc nh©n t¹o C¸ch chän c¸ thÓ tõ ph©n hoÆc kÕt hîp giao tö. quÇn thÓ ®Ó sinh s¶n, th-êng v× c¸c c¸ thÓ asexual embryogenesis sinh ph«i v« nμy cã mét hoÆc nhiÒu tÝnh tr¹ng quý. tÝnh. Xem: somatic cell embryogenesis ASA viÕt t¾t cña allele-specific asexual propagation Vegetative, somatic, amplification. non-sexual reproduction of a plant ascites Abnormal accumulation of fluid in without fertilization. the peritoneal cavity, occurring naturally as lan truyÒn v« tÝnh Sinh s¶n sinh d-ìng, a complication of cirrhosis of the liver, x«ma, v« tÝnh cña thùc vËt kh«ng thô phÊn. among other conditions. In the context of asexual reproduction Reproduction that monoclonal antibody production, does not involve the formation and union hybridoma cells are injected into mice to of gametes from the different sexes or induce their proliferation in the resulting mating types. It occurs mainly in lower ascites. This method has been largely animals, micro-organisms and plants. In superseded by in vitro culture of plants, asexual reproduction is by hybridomas. vegetative propagation (e.g. bulbs, tubers, bÖnh cæ tr-íng (trμn dÞch mμng bông ) corms) and by formation of spores. Sù tÝch tô kh«ng b×nh th-êng dÞch trong sinh s¶n v« tÝnh Sinh s¶n kh«ng kÐo theo xoang phóc m¹c, xÈy ra tù nhiªn lμ mét sù h×nh thμnh vμ kÕt hîp hoÆc kiÓu ghÐp biÕn chøng cña bÖnh x¬ gan, tuú theo c¸c ®«i c¸c giao tö tõ giíi tÝnh kh¸c nhau. XÈy ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c nhau.Trong quy tr×nh s¶n ra chñ yÕu trong ®éng vËt bËc thÊp, vi sinh xuÊt kh¸ng thÓ ®¬n, tÕ bμo lai ®-îc tiªm vËt vμ thùc vËt. Trong thùc vËt, sinh s¶n cho chuét lμm kÕt qu¶ t¨ng nhanh. Ph-¬ng v« tÝnh lμ do ph¸t t¸n sinh d-ìng (vÝ dô: ph¸p nμy phÇn lín ®· ®-îc thay b»ng nu«i hμnh, cñ, th©n ngÇm) vμ do h×nh thμnh c¸c trong èng nghiÖm c¸c tÕ bμo lai. bμo tö. ascospore One of the spores contained A-site vÞ trÝ A viÕt t¾t cña aminoacyl site in the ascus of certain fungi. assay 1. To test or evaluate. 2. The bμo tö nang Mét lo¹i bμo tö chøa trong procedure for measuring the quantity of a nang bμo cña mét loμi nÊm nhÊt ®Þnh. given substance in a sample (chemically ascus (pl.: asci) Reproductive sac in the or by other means). sexual stage of a type of fungi thö nghiÖm 1. KiÓm tra hoÆc ®¸nh gi¸. assortative mating 20 2. Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®o sè l-îng mét chÊt nμo ability to elicit antibodies against the ®ã trong mét mÉu (b»ng hãa häc hoÆc virulent form. See: inactivated agent. ph-¬ng ph¸p kh¸c). vacxin suy gi¶m Sinh thÓ ®éc ®-îc biÕn assortative mating Mating in which the ®æi sinh ra d¹ng Ýt ®éc h¬n, nh-ng vÉn gi÷ partners are chosen on the basis of kh¶ n¨ng kh¬i mμo kh¸ng thÓ chèng l¹i phenotypic similarity. d¹ng ®éc. xem: inactivated agent giao phèi t-¬ng hîp KÕt ®«i trong ®ã ®èi attenuation A mechanism for controlling t¸c ®-îc chän trªn c¬ së gièng nhau vÒ gene expression in prokaryotes that kiÓu h×nh. involves premature termination of assortment ph©n lo¹i xem: segregation. transcription. asymmetric hybrid A hybrid formed, suy gi¶m C¬ chÕ biÓu thÞ gen ®iÒu khiÓn usually via protoplast fusion, between ë sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n liªn quan ®Õn kÕt two donors, where the chromosome thóc phiªn m· sím. complement of one of the donors is attenuator A nucleotide sequence in the incomplete. This chromosome loss can be 5' region of a prokaryotic gene (or in its induced by irradiation or chemical RNA) that causes premature termination treatment, or can occur naturally. of transcription, possibly by forming a thÓ lai kh«ng ®èi xøng Sinh vËt lai h×nh secondary structure. thμnh, th-êng qua dung hîp tÕ bμo trÇn, vïng suy gi¶m Tr×nh tù nucleotit trong gi÷a hai sinh vËt cho, n¬i bé nhiÔm s¾c vïng 5' cña gen sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n (hoÆc thÓ cña mét trong hai sinh vËt cho lμ kh«ng trong RNA cña nã) g©y ra kÕt thóc phiªn ®Çy ®ñ. Sù mÊt m¸t nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nμy cã m· sím, Kh¶ n¨ng do t¹o thμnh mét cÊu thÓ lμ do chiÕu x¹, xö lý hãa chÊt, hoÆc tróc thø cÊp. còng cã thÓ xuÊt hiÖn tù nhiªn. aureofacin An antifungal antibiotic asynapsis The failure or partial failure in produced by a strain of Streptomyces the pairing of homologous chromosomes aureofaciens. A possible candidate for the during the first meiotic prophase. transgenic control of plant fungal disease. kh«ng tiÕp hîp ThiÕu hoÆc thiÕu mét aureofacin ChÊt kh¸ng sinh chèng nÊm phÇn trong cÆp ®«i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®-îc s¶n xuÊt tõ vi khuÈn Streptomyces ®ång trong k× ®Çu gi¶m ph©n lÇn mét. aureofaciens. Mét øng cö viªn cã kh¶ n¨ng ATP viÕt t¾t cña: adenosin triphotphat kiÓm so¸t chuyÓn gen chèng bÖnh nÊm (ATP). h¹i thùc vËt. ATP-ase An enzyme that brings about the authentic protein A recombinant protein hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate, by that has all the properties - including any the cleavage of either one phosphate post-translational modifications - of its groups with the formation of ADP and naturally occurring counterpart. inorganic phosphate, or of two phosphate protein nguyªn b¶n Protein t¸i tæ hîp cã groups, with the formation of AMP and tÊt c¶ c¸c thuéc tÝnh - bao gåm bÊt kú pyrophosphate. nh÷ng söa ®æi sau dÞch m· - cña b¶n sao enzim ATP Enzim dÉn ®Õn thuû ph©n ATP, xuÊt hiÖn mét c¸ch tù nhiªn. do ph©n c¾t mét gèc phèt ph¸t ®Ó h×nh autocatalysis Catalysis in which one of thμnh ADP vμ phèt ph¸t v« c¬, hoÆc cña the products of the reaction is a catalyst hai gèc phèt ph¸t, ®Ó h×nh thμnh AMP vμ for the reaction. phèt ph¸t cao n¨ng. tù xóc t¸c Sù xóc t¸c trong ®ã cã s¶n attenuated vaccine A virulent organism phÈm cña ph¶n øng lμm xóc t¸c cho ph¶n that has been modified to produce a less øng. virulent form, but nevertheless retains the autocatalytic reaction ph¶n øng tù xóc autoclave 21 t¸c xem: autocatalysis. the action of lysosomic enzymes. autoclave 1. An enclosed chamber in tù tiªu Qu¸ tr×nh tù ph¸ hñy cña tÕ bμo, which materials can be heated under bμo quan, hoÆc m«, th«ng qua ho¹t ®éng pressure to sterilize utensils, liquids, enzim ph©n huû. glassware, etc., using steam. autonomous A term applied to any nåi hÊp 1. Mét buång chøa (phßng, hép) biological unit that can function on its own, trong ®ã nguyªn liÖu cã thÓ ®-îc ®èt nãng i.e. without the help of another unit, such d-íi ¸p suÊt ®Ó khö trïng dông cô, chÊt as a transposable element that encodes láng, ®å thñy tinh, v.v..., b»ng h¬i n-íc. an enzyme for its own transposition. autogenous control The action of a gene tÝnh tù trÞ ThuËt ng÷ dïng chØ bÊt kú ®¬n product to inhibit (negative autogenous vÞ sinh häc nμo cã thÓ ho¹t ®éng trªn chÝnh control) or enhance (positive autogenous b¶n th©n, nghÜa lμ kh«ng cã sù gióp ®ì control) the expression of the gene that cña ®¬n vÞ kh¸c, nh- mét phÇn tö cã thÓ codes for it. ®æi chç ®Ó m· hãa mét enzim chuyÓn vÞ ®iÒu khiÓn tù ph¸t Ho¹t ®éng cña mét chÝnh nã. s¶n phÈm gen ®Ó ng¨n chÆn (®iÒu khiÓn autonomous(ly) replicating segment (or tù ph¸t ©m tÝnh) hoÆc t¨ng c-êng (®iÒu sequence) (Abbreviation: ARS). Any khiÓn tù ph¸t d-¬ng tÝnh) biÓu thÞ gen m· eukaryotic DNA sequence that initiates and ho¸ cho nã. supports chromosomal replication; they auto-immune disease Disorder in which have been isolated in yeast cells. the immune systems of affected individuals ®o¹n (hoÆc chuçi) tù sao chÐp (viÕt t¾t: produce antibodies against molecules that ARS). BÊt kú trËt tù DNA nh©n chuÈn nμo are normally produced by those individuals mμ kh¬i mμo vμ hç trî sao chÐp nhiÔm (called self antigens). s¾c thÓ; chóng ®-îc ph©n lËp trong c¸c tÕ bÖnh tù miÔn dÞch Sù rèi lo¹n mμ trong bμo nÊm men. ®ã c¸c hÖ thèng miÔn dÞch c¸ thÓ bÞ ¶nh autopolyploid A polyploid whose h-ëng sinh ra kh¸ng thÓ chèng l¹i ph©n tö constituent genomes are derived from the mμ b×nh th-êng vÉn ®-îc sinh ra bëi nh÷ng same or nearly the same progenitor. In an c¸ thÓ nμy (gäi lμ tù kh¸ng nguyªn). autotetraploid, each chromosome is auto-immunity A disorder in the body’s present in four copies, so meiotic defence mechanism in which an immune configurations may include many (or response is elicited against its own (self) exclusively) quadrivalents (four paired tissues. chromosomes), and the inheritance of alleles will be quadruplex. Quadrivalents tù miÔn dÞch Sù rèi lo¹n trong c¬ chÕ b¶o do not always segregate normaly at vÖ c¬ thÓ trong ®ã ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch meiosis, resulting in lowered fertility, so ®-îc kh¬i mμo chèng l¹i c¸c m« cña chÝnh some established autotetraploid species nã. that reproduce sexually have restricted autologous cells Cells taken from an quadrivalent formation. individual, cultured (or stored), and, thÓ tù ®a béi ThÓ ®a béi mμ c¸c hÖ gen possibly, genetically manipulated before thμnh phÇn cña nã ®Òu b¾t nguån tõ cïng being transferred back into the original mét hoÆc gÇn gièng tæ tiªn. Trong thÓ nhÞ donor. béi kÐp ®ång tÝnh, mçi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cã tÕ bμo tù th©n C¸c tÕ bμo lÊy ra tõ mét c¸ mÆt trong bèn b¶n sao, v× vËy cÊu h×nh thÓ, ®-îc nu«i cÊy (hoÆc cÊt gi÷), vμ cã gi¶m ph©n cã thÓ bao gåm nhiÒu (hoÆc thÓ ®-îc thao t¸c di truyÒn tr-íc khi chuyÓn chØ lμ) ho¸ trÞ bèn (bèn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cÆp l¹i vμo vËt cho gèc . ®«i), vμ di truyÒn alen sÏ lμ bé bèn. Hãa trÞ autolysis The process of self destruction bèn lu«n kh«ng t¸ch riªng mét c¸ch b×nh of a cell, cell organelle, or tissue, through th-êng t¹i gi¶m nhiÔm, do ®ã h¹ thÊp kh¶ autoradiograph 22 n¨ng thô tinh, nªn mét sè loμi tù ®a béi proportion of auxin to cytokinin present ®-îc thiÕt lËp ®Ó sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh h¹n in plant tissue culture media. Varying the chÕ h×nh thμnh hãa trÞ bèn. relative amounts of these two hormones autoradiograph A technique for affects the proportional growth of shoots visualizing the presence, location and and roots. intensity of radioactivity in histological tØ lÖ auxin-xitokinin TØ lÖ t-¬ng ®èi cña preparations, paper chromatograms or chÊt kÝch thÝch sinh tr-ëng auxin so víi electrophoretic gel separations, obtained cytokinin cã trong dung dÞch nu«i cÊy m« by overlaying the surface with X-ray film thùc vËt. Sù thay ®æi sè l-îng t-¬ng ®èi and allowing the radiation to form an image cña hai hãc m«n nμy cã ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn on the film. sinh tr-ëng c©n ®èi gi÷a chåi vμ rÔ. ¶nh phãng x¹ tù ghi Kü thuËt lμm cho auxotroph A mutant cell or micro- m¾t tr«ng thÊy ®-îc sù cã mÆt, vÞ trÝ vμ organism lacking one metabolic pathway c-êng ®é tÝnh phãng x¹ trong c¸c chÕ present in the parental strain, and that phÈm m« häc, biÓu ®å s¾c ký trªn giÊy consequently will not multiply on a minimal hoÆc t¸ch gel ®iÖn di, thu ®-îc b»ng xÕp medium, but requires for growth the chång lªn bÒ mÆt phim X-quang vμ cho addition of a specific compound, such as phÐp chiÕu x¹ ®Ó t¹o h×nh ¶nh trªn phim. an amino acid or a vitamin. autosome Any of the chromosomes thÓ khuyÕt d-ìng TÕ bμo ®ét biÕn hoÆc except the sex chromosomes. vi sinh vËt thiÕu ®-êng mßn chuyÓn hãa tõ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ th-êng BÊt kú nhiÔm s¾c nßi cha mÑ, do ®ã sÏ kh«ng ®-îc nh©n lªn thÓ nμo trõ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ giíi tÝnh. trong m«i tr-êng tèi thiÓu, nh-ng ®Ó sinh tr-ëng cÇn thªm hîp chÊt ®Æc biÖt, nh- autotroph Organism capable of self- amin« a xÝt hoÆc vitamin. nourishment utilizing carbon dioxide or carbonates as the sole source of carbon availability A reflection of the form and and obtaining energy from radiant energy location of nutritional elements and their or from the oxidation of inorganic elements, suitability for absorption. or compounds such as iron, sulphur, ®é ph× Ph¶n ¶nh d¹ng vμ vÞ trÝ cña c¸c hydrogen, ammonium and nitrites. phÇn tö dinh d-ìng vμ tÝnh phï hîp cña Opposite: heterotroph. chóng ®Ó hÊp thô. sinh vËt tù d-ìng C¸c sinh vËt cã n¨ng avidin A glycoprotein present in egg lùc tù d-ìng thøc ¨n sö dông khÝ c¸c b« white, which has a strong affinity to biotin. nÝch hoÆc c¸c b« n¸t lμm nguån c¸c bon Can lead to biotin deficiency if given in duy nhÊt vμ thu ®-îc n¨ng l-îng tõ n¨ng large quantities. Used as a biological l-îng bøc x¹ hoÆc tõ sù «xi hãa c¸c phÇn reagent in the same way as streptavidin. tö v« c¬, hoÆc nh÷ng hîp chÊt nh- s¾t, avidin Mét glycoprotein cã mÆt trong lßng l-u huúnh, hy-®r«, am«nium vμ nitrit. tr¾ng trøng, cã ¸i lùc m¹nh víi biotin. Cã Ng-îc víi: heterotroph. thÓ dÉn tíi thiÕu hôt biotin nÕu ®-a vμo autotrophic tù d-ìng xem autotroph mét l-îng lín. §-îc sö dông nh- chÊt ph¶n auxin A group of plant growth regulators øng sinh häc gièng nh- streptavidin. (natural or synthetic) which stimulate cell avidity A measure of the binding strength division, enlargement, apical dominance, of an antibody to its antigen. root initiation, and flowering. ¸i lùc Sè ®o lùc liªn kÕt cña mét kh¸ng Nhãm chÊt ®iÒu hoμ sinh tr-ëng thùc vËt thÓ víi kh¸ng nguyªn cña nã. (tù nhiªn hoÆc tæng hîp) kÝch thÝch ph©n avirulence gene (Abbreviation: avr gene). chia tÕ bμo, ph×nh to, tÝnh tréi ngän, bÐn rÔ Many plants contain R genes, which confer vμ ra hoa. simply-inherited resistance to a specific auxin-cytokinin ratio The relative pathogen race. The plants are able to avr gene 23 recognize the presence of the pathogen generally not possible with surface by an interaction between their R gene and sterilization alone, sometimes used the matching pathogen’s avirulence gene. incorrectly to indicate aseptic culture. Successful recognition triggers a cascade nu«i cÊy v« trïng Kh«ng cã chÊt g©y « of further genes, often leading to a nhiÔm bªn ngoμi vμ c¸c sinh vËt céng sinh hypersensitive response. bªn trong; th-êng kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng khö gen kh«ng ®éc tÝnh (viÕt t¾t: gen avr). trïng ®éc lËp, nhiÒu khi dïng kh«ng chÝnh NhiÒu thùc vËt cã chøa c¸c gen R ®Ó t¹o x¸c ®Ó chØ b¸o nu«i cÊy v« trïng. ra tÝnh chèng chÞu di truyÒn ®¬n víi c¸c axillary bud A bud found at the axil of a loμi g©y bÖnh riªng biÖt. Thùc vËt cã thÓ leaf. Synonym: lateral bud. nhËn ra sù cã mÆt cña vËt g©y bÖnh do mÇm n¸ch MÇm h×nh thμnh t¹i n¸ch l¸.Tõ t-¬ng t¸c gi÷a gen R cña chóng vμ gen ®ång nghÜa: lateral bud kh«ng ®éc tÝnh cña vËt g©y bÖnh t-¬ng øng. Sù nhËn biÕt hoμn thμnh thóc ®Èy mét axillary bud proliferation Propagation of lo¹t gen tiÕp theo, th-êng dÉn tíi ph¶n øng plant tissue in vitro to promote axillary growth, to generate large numbers of siªu nh¹y c¶m. plantlets in culture. avr gene viÕt t¾t cña avirulence gene t¨ng nhanh mÇm n¸ch Nh©n gièng m« axenic culture Free of external thùc vËt trong èng nghiÖm ®Ó thóc ®Èy sinh contaminants and internal symbionts; tr-ëng vμ nh©n sè l-îng lín c©y gièng. 24 BABS ViÕt t¾t cña biosynthetic antibody binding sites BAC ViÕt t¾t cña bacterial artificial chromosome bacillus A rod-shaped bacterium. trùc khuÈn Mét lo¹i vi khuÈn h×nh que Bb Bacillus thuringiensis (Abbreviation: Bt). A bacterium that produces a toxin against certain insects, particularly Coloeoptera and Lepidoptera; a major means of insecticide for organic farming. Some of the toxin genes are important for transgenic approaches to crop protection. B cell An important class of lymphocytes khuÈn que thuringiensis (viÕt t¾t: Bt) Lo¹i that mature in bone marrow (in mammals) vi khuÈn sinh ®éc tè chèng l¹i c¸c lo¹i c«n and the Bursa of Fabricius (in birds) and trïng nhÊt ®Þnh, ®Æc biÖt lμ bé c¸nh cøng produce antibodies. Largely responsible (Coloeoptera) vμ bé c¸nh v¶y for the antibody-mediated or humoral (Lepidoptera); ®ãng vai trß chÝnh cña thuèc immune response, giving rise to the trõ s©u trong canh t¸c h÷u c¬. Mét sè c¸c antibody-producing plasma cells and gen ®éc rÊt quan träng ®Ó nghiªn cøu some other cells of the immune system. chuyÓn gen b¶o vÖ mïa mμng. Synonym: B lymphocyte. back mutation A second mutation at the tÕ bμo B Líp chñ yÕu cña limph« bμo same site in a gene as the original tr-ëng thμnh trong tñy x-¬ng (cña ®éng mutation. The second mutation restores vËt cã vó) vμ Bursa cña loμi Fabricius the wild-type protein sequence. (thuéc líp chim) vμ s¶n xuÊt kh¸ng thÓ. ®ét biÕn ng-îc §ét biÕn thø cÊp t¹i cïng ChÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm phÇn lín vÒ ph¶n øng vÞ trÝ trong mét gen nh- ®ét biÕn gèc. §ét miÔn dÞch trung gian kh¸ng thÓ hoÆc thÓ biÕn thø cÊp kh«i phôc tr×nh tù protein kiÓu dÞch, sinh ra tÕ bμo huyÕt t-¬ng s¶n xuÊt d¹i. kh¸ng thÓ vμ mét sè tÕ bμo kh¸c cña hÖ backcross Crossing an individual with one thèng miÔn dÞch.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: B of its parents or with the genetically lymphocyte. equivalent organism. The offspring of B chromosome A supernumerary such a cross are referred to as the chromosome present in some individuals backcross generation or backcross (both plant and animal). They are smaller progeny. than the normal chromosomes, behave lai ng-îc Lai chÐo mét c¸ thÓ víi mét abnormally in both mitosis and meiosis, trong sè cha mÑ hoÆc víi sinh vËt t-¬ng can vary in number between somatic cells ®-¬ng di truyÒn. Con ch¸u lai chÐo ®-îc and are not thought to have any significant nh×n nhËn nh- thÕ hÖ lai ng-îc hoÆc con gene content. ch¸u lai ng-îc. nhiÔm s¾c thÓ B NhiÔm s¾c thÓ d- cã bacterial artificial chromosome A trong mét sè c¸ thÓ (c¶ thùc vμ ®éng vËt). plasmid vector that can be used to clone Chóng nhá h¬n nhiÔm s¾c thÓ b×nh th-êng, large inserts of DNA (up to 500 kb). See: diÔn ra bÊt th-êng trong c¶ nguyªn ph©n yeast artificial chromosome. vμ gi¶m ph©n, cã thÓ thay ®æi sè l-îng gi÷a c¸c tÕ bμo thÓ vμ kh«ng cã bÊt kú thμnh nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n t¹o vi khuÈn VÐc t¬ phÇn gen quan träng nμo. plasmit cã thÓ dïng t¹o dßng c¸c ®o¹n xen lín DNA (lªn tíi 500 kb). Xem: yeast B lymphocyte lymph« bμoB xem: B cell. artificial chromosome. bacterial toxin 25 bacterial toxin A toxin produced by a = phÈy khuÈn; h×nh xo¾n vßng = xo¾n bacterium, such as Bt toxin of Bacillus khuÈn; d©y khuÈn). thuringiensis. baculovirus A class of insect virus used ®éc tè vi khuÈn Lo¹i ®éc tè s¶n sinh do to make DNA cloning vectors for gene vi khuÈn, nh- ®éc tè Bt cña khuÈn que expression in eukaryotic cells. Production thuringiensis. of a target protein can be up to 50% of bacteriocide A chemical or drug that kills the cells’ protein content, and several bacterial cells. proteins can be made simultaneously, so that multi-sub-unit enzymes can be made thuèc diÖt khuÈn ChÊt hãa häc hoÆc by this system. thuèc ®Ó tiªu diÖt tÕ bμo vi khuÈn. vÝ rót g©y bÖnh Líp virut g©y bÖnh c«n bacteriocin A protein produced by trïng ®-îc sö dông lμm vect¬ t¹o dßng bacteria of one strain and active against DNA ®Ó biÓu thÞ gen trong tÕ bμo cã nh©n. those of a closely related strain. S¶n phÈm cña mét lo¹i protein ®Ých cã thÓ Lo¹i protein ®-îc s¶n sinh bëi c¸c vi khuÈn lªn tíi 50 % thμnh phÇn protein tÕ bμo, vμ cïng mét chñng vμ ho¹t ®éng chèng l¹i mét sè lo¹i protein cã thÓ ®ång thêi ®-îc c¸c vi khuÈn chñng cËn th©n. t¹o ra, do vËy nhiÒu ®¬n vÞ enzim phô ®a bacteriophage (Abbreviation: phage). A chøc n¨ng cã thÓ ®-îc t¹o ra b»ng hÖ virus that infects bacteria. Altered forms thèng nμy. are used as cloning vectors. See: lambda baculovirus expression vector phage, M13. (Abbreviation: BEV). A method for the in thùc khuÈn (viÕt t¾t: phage). Lo¹i virut vitro production of complex recombinant x©m nhiÔm vi khuÈn. D¹ng biÕn ®æi ®-îc eukaryotic proteins. A genetically dïng lμm vect¬ t¹o dßng. Xem: lambda engineered baculovirus (a virus that infects phage, M13. certain types of insects) is introduced into bacteriostat A substance that inhibits or appropriate cultured insect cells, which slows down growth and reproduction of then express the recombinant protein. bacteria. vect¬ biÓu thÞ vÝ rót g©y bÖnh (viÕt t¾t: chÊt k×m h·m khuÈn ChÊt ng¨n chÆn BEV). Ph-¬ng ph¸p s¶n xuÊt trong èng hoÆc lμm chËm sinh tr-ëng vμ sinh s¶n vi nghiÖm c¸c protein nh©n chuÈn t¸i tæ hîp khuÈn. phøc t¹p. Lo¹i vi rót g©y bÖnh ®-îc kü thuËt di truyÒn (vi rót nhiÔm bÖnh mét lo¹i c«n bacterium (pl.: bacteria) nicellular trïng nhÊt ®Þnh) ®-îc chuyÓn vμo tÕ bμo prokaryotic organisms, without a distinct c«n trïng nu«i d-ìng thÝch hîp, sau ®ã nucleus. Major distinctive groups are biÓu thÞ protein t¸i tæ hîp. defined by Gram staining. Also classified on the basis of oxygen requirement balanced lethal system A system for (aerobic vs anaerobic) and shape maintaining a recessive lethal allele at (spherical = coccus; rodlike = bacillus; each of two loci on the same pair of spiral = spirillum; comma-shaped = vibrio; chromosomes. In a closed population with corkscrew-shaped = spirochaete; no crossing-over between the loci, only the filamentous). double heterozygotes for the lethal mutations survive. vi khuÈn (sè nhiÒu: bacteria) C¸c sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n tÕ bμo rÊt nhá, kh«ng cã nh©n hÖ thèng g©y chÕt c©n b»ng HÖ thèng ph©n biÖt. C¸c nhãm ®Æc tr-ng chÝnh ph©n duy tr× alen g©y chÕt tho¸i hãa t¹i mçi mét biÖt b»ng nhuém mμu gram. Cßn ®-îc vÞ trÝ cña hai æ gen trªn cïng cÆp nhiÔm ph©n lo¹i trªn c¬ së nhu cÇu oxy (-a khÝ s¾c thÓ. Trong quÇn thÓ ®ãng kÝn kh«ng ®èi víi kþ khÝ) vμ h×nh d¹ng (h×nh cÇu = cã b¾t chÐo gi÷a c¸c æ gen, chØ nh÷ng dÞ CÇu khuÈn; h×nh que = khuÈn que; h×nh hîp tö kÐp liªn quan ®Õn c¸c ®ét biÕn g©y so¾n = xo¾n khuÈn; h×nh gièng dÊu phÈy chÕt sèng sãt. balanced polymorphism 26 balanced polymorphism Two or more c¬ së 1. §Þnh vÞ t¹i c¬ së cña thùc vËt hoÆc phenotypes maintained in the same c¬ quan thùc vËt. 2. C«ng thøc c¬ b¶n cña breeding population. m«i tr-êng cÊy m« cã chøa c¸c chÊt dinh tÝnh ®a h×nh c©n b»ng Hai hoÆc nhiÒu d-ìng nh-ng kh«ng cã t¸c nh©n thóc ®Èy kiÓu h×nh ®-îc duy tr× trong cïng quÇn thÓ sinh tr-ëng. sinh s¶n. base One of the components of bank ng©n hμng xem: gene bank nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. Four different bases are found in bar gene gen thanh xem: pat gene naturally occurring DNA - the purines A barnase A bacterial ribonuclease, which, (adenine) and G (guanine); and the when transformed into plants and pyrimidines C (cytosine) and T expressed in the anthers, generates a (thymine, the common name for 5- male sterile phenotype. Thus it is a methyluracil). In RNA, T is replaced by U technology applicable to F1 hybrid seed (uracil). See: base pair. production, which relies on the ability to ba z¬ Thμnh phÇn cña nulceosit, nuleotit genetically sterilize genotypes to ensure vμ axit nucleic. Bèn ba z¬ kh¸c nhau cã that all seed borne on the plant are the trong DNA xuÊt hiÖn tù nhiªn- c¸c purin A result of outcrossing. The sterility (Adenin); G (Guanin); c¸c pyrimi®in C phenotype is suppressed by the barstar (xytosin) vμ T (thimin, tªn chung cho 5 - protein, which can therefore be used to methyluracil). Trong RNA, T ®-îc thay thÕ reverse the sterility where this is necessary. bëi U (uracil). Xem: base pair barnaza Mét lo¹i ribonucleaza vi khuÈn, base analogue A non-natural purine or khi ®-îc chuyÓn vμo c©y vμ biÓu thÞ trong pyrimidine base that differs slightly in nhôy hoa, ph¸t sinh kiÓu h×nh bÊt thô ®ùc. structure from the normal bases, but can Do vËy nã lμ mét kü thuËt cã thÓ ¸p dông be incorporated into nucleic acids. They ®Ó s¶n xuÊt h¹t gièng lai F1, dùa trªn kh¶ are often mutagenic. n¨ng khö ®ùc di truyÒn ®Ó b¶o ®¶m r»ng tÊt c¶ h¹t gièng sinh ra trªn c©y nμy lμ kÕt t-¬ng tù ba z¬ Mét ba z¬ purin hoÆc qu¶ lai kh¸c loμi. KiÓu h×nh bÊt thô ®-îc pyrimi®in kh«ng tù nhiªn cã kh¸c biÖt ®«i t¹o ra do protein øc chÕ, do vËy cã thÓ chót víi cÊu tróc ba z¬ b×nh th-êng, nh-ng ®-îc dïng ®Ó huû bá bÊt thô khi cÇn thiÕt. cã thÓ ®-îc hîp nhÊt víi axit nucleic. Chóng th-êng lμ d¹ng ®ét biÕn. Barr body A condensed mass of chromatin found in the nuclei of female base pair (Abbreviation: bp). The two mammals. It is a late-replicating, inactive separate strands of a nucleic acid double X-chromosome. See: dosage helix are held together by specific compensation, sex linkage hydrogen bonding between a purine and a pyrimidine, one from each strand. The thÓ barr Khèi l-îng ®«ng ®Æc chÊt nhiÔm base A pairs with T in DNA (with U in RNA); s¾c cã trong nh©n cña ®éng vËt c¸i loμi cã while G pairs with C in both DNA and RNA. vó. Lμ mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓ X kh«ng ho¹t The length of a nucleic acid molecule is ®éng, sao chÐp chËm. Xem: dosage often given in terms of the number of base compensation, sex linkage pairs it contains. barstar protein A polypeptide inhibitor of cÆp baz¬ (viÕt t¾t: bp). Hai sîi riªng biÖt barnase. cña chuçi xo¾n kÐp axit nucleic ®-îc kÕt protein øc chÕ chÊt ng¨n chÆn polyeptit gi÷ víi nhau b»ng liªn kÕt hy-®r« ®Æc biÖt cña barnase. gi÷a purin vμ pyrimi®in riªng tõ mçi sîi. basal 1. Located at the base of a plant or Baz¬ A cÆp víi T cña DNA (víi U cña RNA); a plant organ. 2. A fundamental formulation trong khi ®ã G cÆp víi C cña c¶ DNA vμ of a tissue culture medium containing RNA. §é dμi mét ph©n tö axit nucleic nutrients but no growth promoting agents. th-êng ®-îc nªu ra d-íi d¹ng tû lÖ sè base substitution 27 l-îng c¸c cÆp baz¬ mμ nã chøa. that catalyses the cleavage of lactose into base substitution Replacement of one glucose and galactose, commonly used as base by another in a DNA molecule. See: a marker in DNA cloning. transition; transversion. beta-galactosidaza Enzim vi khuÈn xóc thay thÕ ba z¬ Thay ®æi cña mét ba z¬ t¸c ph©n gi¶i ®-êng lac t« thμnh glucoza bëi mét ba z¬ kh¸c trong ph©n tö DNA. vμ galactoza, th-êng dïng lμm dÊu chuÈn Xem: transition; transversion. trong t¹o dßng DNA. basic fibroblast growth factor nh©n tè beta-glucuronidase (Abbreviation: GUS). sinh tr-ëng m¹ch c¬ së (viÕt t¾t: BFGF). An enzyme produced by certain bacteria, xem: fibroblasts which catalyses the cleavage of a whole range of beta-glucuronides. Because this basipetal Developing, in sequence, from activity is largely absent in plants, the the apex towards the base. See: encoding bacterial gene has been widely acropetal. used as a reporter gene in plant h-íng gèc Ph¸t triÓn, theo tuÇn tù, tõ transgenesis. ®Ønh theo vÒ phÝa gèc. Xem: acropetal. beta-glucuronidaza Enzim ®-îc s¶n sinh basophil A type of leukocyte produced bëi c¸c vi khuÈn nhÊt ®Þnh, xóc t¸c ph©n by stem cells in the red bone marrow. nh¸nh hÇu nh- c¶ d·y bªta-glucuronides. b¹ch cÇu ¸i kiÒm KiÓu b¹ch cÇu ®-îc Do ho¹t ®éng nμy phÇn lín v¾ng mÆt trong sinh ra bëi tÕ bμo gèc trong tñy x-¬ng mμu thùc vËt, nªn gen vi khuÈn m· hãa ®-îc ®á. sö dông réng r·i lμm gen chØ huy trong batch culture A suspension culture in chuyÓn gen thùc vËt. which cells grow in a finite volume of liquid beta-lactamase An enzyme that detoxifies nutrient medium and follow a sigmoid penicillin group antibiotics, such as pattern of growth. All cells are harvested ampicillin. The ·-lactamase gene is at the same time. See: continuous commonly used as a marker for successful culture. Synonym: batch fermentation transformation, where only transformed nu«i cÊy theo l« Mét ®ît nu«i cÊy huyÒn cells are able to tolerate the presence of phï trong ®ã c¸c tÕ bμo sinh tr-ëng trong ampicillin. See: selectable marker. mét thÓ tÝch h÷u h¹n cña m«i tr-êng dinh beta-lactamaza Mét lo¹i enzim gi¶i ®éc d-ìng láng vμ theo cÊp sè mò sinh tr-ëng. kh¸ng sinh nhãm pªnixilin, nh- ampicillin. TÊt c¶ c¸c tÕ bμo ®Òu ®-îc thu ho¹ch Gen ·-lactamase th-êng ®-îc dïng lμm cïng lóc. Xem: continuous culture.Tõ dÊu chuÈn ®Ó biÕn n¹p hoμn toμn, n¬i chØ ®ång nghÜa: batch fermentation. c¸c tÕ bμo biÕn n¹p lμ cã kh¶ n¨ng chÊp batch fermentation lªn men theo l« nhËn cã mÆt ampicillin. Xem: selectable xem: batch culture. marker. bench-scale process A small- or beta-sitosterol Xem: phytosterosterol laboratory-scale process; commonly used BEV viÕt t¾t cña baculovirus expression in connection with fermentation. vector. sö lý cÊp ®é chuÈn Sö lý ph¹m vi phßng BFGF ViÕt t¾t cña basic fibroblast thÝ nghiÖm hoÆc nhá; th-êng dïng khi tiÕp growth factor. xóc víi lªn men. biennial A plant which completes its life beta-DNA The form of DNA generally cycle within two years and then dies. found in nature. A right-handed helix. c©y hai n¨m Thùc vËt hoμn thμnh chu tr×nh D¹ng DNA th-êng gÆp trong tù nhiªn. Mét sèng trong vßng hai n¨m råi chÕt. vßng xo¾n ph¶i. bifunctional vector vect¬ chøc n¨ng beta-galactosidase A bacterial enzyme kÐp xem: shuttle vector. binary vector system 28 binary vector system A two plasmid be employed beneficially for the removal system in Agrobacterium tumefaciens of toxic metals from wastewater, and for designed to transfer T-DNA into plant cells, bioremediation. See: biosorbents. while avoiding the formation of crown gall tÝch luü sinh häc VÊn ®Ò cã thÓ xuÊt hiÖn tumours. One plasmid contains the khi mét chÊt hãa häc æn ®Þnh nh- kim lo¹i virulence gene (responsible for transfer of nÆng hoÆc DDT ®-îc ®-a vμo m«i tr-êng the T-DNA), and the other the T-DNA tù nhiªn. N¬i kh«ng cã mÆt c¸c t¸c nh©n borders, the selectable marker and the cã kh¶ n¨ng ph©n r· sinh häc, nång ®é cã DNA to be transferred. thÓ t¨ng thªm khi qua chuçi thøc ¨n vμ hÖ vÐc t¬ nhÞ ph©n HÖ hai plasmid cña vi sinh vËt cã thÓ chÞu ®ùng hiÖu øng ®éc cao khuÈn Agrobacterium tumefaciens ®-îc h¬n. HiÖn t-îng nμy cã thÓ ®em l¹i lîi Ých thiÕt kÕ ®Ó chuyÓn T-DNA vμo tÕ bμo thùc ®Ó lo¹i bá c¸c kim lo¹i ®éc tõ n-íc th¶i, vμ vËt, tr¸nh h×nh thμnh khèi u crown gall. ®Ó söa ch÷a sinh häc. Xem: biosorbents. Plasmit cã chøa gen ®éc h¹i (cã tr¸ch bio-assay 1. The assessment of a nhiÖm chuyÓn T-DNA), vμ kh¸c víi T- DNA substance’s activity on living cells or on kÒ bªn, dÊu chuÈn chän läc vμ DNA ®-îc organisms. Animals have been used chuyÓn. extensively in drug research in bio-assays binding The ability of molecules to bind in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics each other non-covalently because of the industries. Current trends are to develop exact shape and chemical nature of parts bio-assays using bacteria or animal or of their surfaces. A common biological plant cells, as these are easier to handle phenomenon, as e.g. an enzyme to its than whole animals or plants, are cheaper substrate; an antibody to its antigen; a to make and keep, and avoid the ethical DNA strand to its complementary strand. problems associated with testing of See: ligand. animals. 2. An indirect method to detect kÕt nèi Kh¶ n¨ng ph©n tö liªn kÕt kh«ng sub-measurable amounts of a specific ®ång hãa trÞ víi nhau do ®Þnh d¹ng chÝnh substance by observing a sample’s x¸c vμ tù nhiªn hãa häc thuéc bÒ mÆt cña influence on the growth of live material. chóng. Mét hiÖn t-îng sinh häc nãi chung, thö nghiÖm sinh 1. §¸nh gi¸ ho¹t ®éng vÝ dô nh- enzim víi c¬ chÊt cña nã; kh¸ng cña mét chÊt trong tÕ bμo sèng hoÆc trong thÓ víi kh¸ng nguyªn cña nã; sîi DNA víi sinh vËt. §éng vËt ®-îc sö dông réng r·i sîi bæ sung cña nã. Xem: ligand trong nghiªn cøu thuèc thö nghiÖm sinh bio- A prefix used in scientific words to häc cña c¸c xÝ nghiÖp d-îc vμ mü phÈm. associate the concept of “living organisms.” Khuynh h-íng hiÖn nay lμ ph¸t triÓn thö Usually written with a hyphen before nghiÖm sinh häc cã sö dông tÕ bμo vi vowels, for emphasis or in neologisms. khuÈn hoÆc thùc vËt, v× chóng ®Ô ®iÒu khiÓn h¬n ®éng hoÆc thùc vËt hoμn chØnh, sinh TiÒn tè dïng trong c¸c tõ ng÷ khoa vμ lμ rÎ h¬n ®Ó thÝ nghiÖm vμ b¶o qu¶n, vμ häc kÕt hîp kh¸i niÖm “sinh vËt sèng”. tr¸nh nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò ®¹o ®øc liªn quan ®Õn Th-êng viÕt víi dÊu nèi tr-íc c¸c nguyªn thö nghiÖm ®éng vËt. 2. Ph-¬ng ph¸p gi¸n ©m, ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh hoÆc dïng trong c¸c tiÕp ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn sè l-îng ®o ®-îc ë møc tõ míi. rÊt nhá chÊt ®Æc biÖt do quan s¸t ¶nh bio-accumulation A problem that can h-ëng mÉu vÒ sinh tr-ëng vËt liÖu sèng. arise when a stable chemical such as a bio-augmentation Increasing the activity heavy metal or DDT is introduced into a of bacteria that decompose pollutants; a natural environment. Where there are no technique used in bioremediation. agents present able to biodegrade it, its concentration can increase as it passes up t¨ng c-êng sinh häc Lμm t¨ng ho¹t ®éng the food chain and higher organisms may vi khuÈn ®Ó ph©n hñy chÊt g©y « nhiÔm; suffer toxic effects. This phenomenon may kü thuËt dïng trong söa ch÷a sinh häc. bioavailability 29 bioavailability The proportion of a nutrient biodegraded. or administered drug etc. that can be taken kh¶ n¨ng ph©n r· sinh häc Cã kh¶ n¨ng up by an organism in a biologically effective diÔn ra ph©n r· sinh häc. form. For example, some soils high in biodegrade The breakdown by micro- phosphorus have a low level of P organisms of a compound to simpler availability because the pH of the soil chemicals. Materials that are easily renders much of the P insoluble. biodegraded are colloquially termed ®é ph× sinh TØ lÖ chÊt dinh d-ìng hoÆc biodegradable. thuèc ®-îc sö dông v.v.®Ó cã thÓ ®-îc lÊy ph©n r· sinh häc Ph©n huû do vi sinh vËt ra do sinh vËt theo h×nh thøc hiÖu øng sinh mét hîp chÊt thμnh c¸c chÊt hãa häc ®¬n häc. VÝ dô, mét sè ®Êt giμu phèt pho cã ®é gi¶n. C¸c chÊt dÔ bÞ ph©n huû sinh häc ph× P thÊp do ®é pH cña ®Êt lμm P kh«ng th-êng ®-îc gäi lμ chÊt ph©n r· sinh häc. tan. biodesulphurization The removal of biocatalysis The use of enzymes to organic and inorganic sulphur from coal by improve the efficiency of chemical bacterial and soil micro-organisms. Certain reactions. bacteria can oxidize insoluble sulphur xóc t¸c sinh häc Dïng enzim ®Ó n©ng compounds into soluble sulphates, which cao hiÖu qu¶ cña ph¶n øng hãa häc. can be washed away with the bacteria. biochip chÝp sinh häc xem: DNA chip See: bioleaching. biocontrol Pest control by biological khö l-u huúnh sinh Sù lo¹i bá l-u huúnh means. Any process using deliberately v« c¬ vμ h÷u c¬ tõ than ®¸ b»ng vi khuÈn introduced living organisms to restrain the vμ vi sinh vËt ®Êt. NhiÒu lo¹i vi khuÈn nhÊt growth and development of other ®Þnh cã thÓ «xy hãa hîp chÊt sun phua organisms, such as the introduction of kh«ng tan thμnh nh÷ng muèi sun ph¸t hoμ predatory insects to control an insect pest. tan, chóng cã thÓ ®-îc röa tr«i cïng víi vi Synonym: biological control. khuÈn xem: bioleaching. kiÓm so¸t sinh häc KiÓm so¸t dÞch h¹i biodiversity The variability among living b»ng biÖn ph¸p sinh häc. BÊt kú qu¸ tr×nh organisms from all sources, including, inter nμo sö dông cã chñ ý c¸c sinh vËt sèng alia, terrestrial, marine and other ®-a vμo ®Ó kiÒm chÕ sinh tr-ëng vμ ph¸t ecosystems and the ecological complexes triÓn mét sinh vËt kh¸c, nh- viÖc ®-a vμo of which they are part; this includes thiªn ®Þch ®Ó kiÓm so¸t s©u bä.Tõ ®ång diversity within species, between species nghÜa: biological control. and of ecosystems. Synonyms: biological bioconversion Conversion of one diversity, ecological diversity. chemical into another by living organisms, ®a d¹ng sinh häc TÝnh biÕn thiªn gi÷a c¸c as opposed to their conversion by isolated sinh vËt sèng tõ tÊt c¶ c¸c nguån, bao gåm, enzymes or fixed cells, or by chemical trong nhiÒu hÖ kh¸c nhau, hÖ sinh th¸i trªn processes. Particularly useful for mÆt ®Êt, biÓn vμ c¸c hÖ sinh th¸i kh¸c vμ introducing chemical changes at specific nh÷ng phøc hÖ sinh th¸i trong ®ã chóng lμ points in large and complex molecules. mét thμnh phÇn; ®a d¹ng sinh häc bao gåm chuyÓn ®æi sinh ChuyÓn ®æi chÊt hãa tÝnh ®a d¹ng trong c¸c loμi, gi÷a c¸c loμi häc thμnh chÊt kh¸c do sinh vËt sèng, nh- vμ cña c¸c hÖ sinh th¸i. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: ®¶o ng-îc ®Ó chuyÓn ®æi do enzim ph©n biological diversity, ecological diversity. lËp hoÆc c¸c tÕ bμo cè ®Þnh, hoÆc do xö lý bio-energetics The study of the flow and hãa häc. §Æc biÖt h÷u Ých ®Ó ®-a vμo c¸c the transformation of energy that occur in biÕn ®æi hãa häc t¹i c¸c ®iÓm ®Æc biÖt trong living organisms. c¸c ph©n tö phøc t¹p vμ lín. n¨ng l-îng sinh häc Nghiªn cøu dßng biodegradable Capable of being vμ sù biÕn ®æi n¨ng l-îng xuÊt hiÖn trong bio-engineering 30 sinh vËt sèng. phÕ liÖu nh- chÊt th¶i sinh ho¹t, c«ng bio-engineering The use of artificial nghiÖp vμ n«ng nghiÖp. tissues, organs and organ components to bio-informatics The use and organization replace parts of the body that are of information of biological interest. In damaged, lost or malfunctioning. particular, concerned with organizing bio- kü thuËt sinh Sö dông c¸c m« nh©n t¹o, molecular databases (particularly DNA c¬ quan vμ c¸c thμnh phÇn c¬ quan ®Ó sequences), utilizing computers for thay thÕ nh÷ng phÇn cña c¬ thÓ bÞ h- h¹i, analysing this information, and integrating hoÆc mÊt chøc n¨ng ho¹t ®éng. information from disparate biological sources. See: in silico. bio-enrichment Adding nutrients or oxygen to increase microbial breakdown tin sinh Sö dông vμ tæ chøc th«ng tin v× lîi of pollutants. Ých sinh häc. §Æc biÖt, liªn quan tíi viÖc tæ chøc c¬ së d÷ liÖu sinh häc ph©n tö (c¸c lμm giμu sinh Bæ sung thªm chÊt dinh chuçi DNA riªng biÖt), sö dông c¸c m¸y d-ìng hoÆc oxi ®Ó t¨ng c-êng ph©n huû tÝnh ®Ó ph©n tÝch th«ng tin, vμ t¹o ra toμn c¸c chÊt g©y « nhiÔm b»ng vi khuÈn. bé th«ng tin tõ nguån tμi nguyªn sinh vËt bio-ethics The branch of ethics that deals kh«ng gièng nhau. Xem: in silico. with the life sciences and their potential bioleaching The recovery of metals from impact on society. their ores, using the action of micro- ®¹o ®øc sinh Ngμnh lu©n lý häc cã quan organisms, rather than chemical or hÖ víi khoa häc sù sèng vμ ¶nh h-ëng tiÒm physical treatment. For example, tμng cña chóng ®Õn x· héi. Thiobacillus ferroxidans has been used to biofilms A layer of micro-organisms extract gold from refractory ores. See: growing on a surface, in a bed of polymeric biorecovery. material which they themselves have ®·i läc sinh Thu håi kim lo¹i tõ quÆng, sö made. Biofilms tend to form wherever a dông ho¹t ®éng cña vi sinh vËt, thay v× xö surface on which bacteria can grow is lý hãa häc hoÆc vËt lý. VÝ dô, c¸c exposed to some suitable medium and a Thiobacillus ferroxidans ®· ®-îc sö dông supply of bacteria. ®Ó thu håi vμng tõ quÆng khã nung ch¶y. mμng sinh häc Líp mμng vi sinh vËt sinh Xem: biorecovery. tr-ëng trªn bÒ mÆt, trong líp ®Öm cña vËt biolistics A technique to generate liÖu trïng hîp mμ chóng tù t¹o ra. Mμng transgenic cells, in which DNA-coated sinh häc h-íng tíi ®Ó h×nh thμnh bÊt kú small metal particles (tungsten or gold) are mét bÒ mÆt nμo mμ trªn ®ã vi khuÈn cã propelled by various means fast enough thÓ sinh tr-ëng ®Ó ®-îc ®Æt vμo mét sè to puncture target cells. Provided that the m«i tr-êng thÝch hîp vμ cung cÊp vi khuÈn. cell is not irretrievably damaged, the DNA biofuel A gaseous, liquid or solid fuel is frequently taken up by the cell. The derived from a biological source, e.g. technique has been successfully used to ethanol, rapeseed oil or fish liver oil. transform animal, plant and fungal cells, nhiªn liÖu sinh Nhiªn liÖu thÓ khÝ, láng and even mitochondria inside cells. hoÆc ®Æc b¾t nguån tõ sinh vËt, vÝ dô nh- Synonym: microprojectile etanol, dÇu h¹t c¶i, hoÆc dÇu gan c¸. bombardment. biogas A mixture of methane and carbon b¾n gen Kü thuËt t¹o ra c¸c tÕ bμo gen dioxide resulting from the anaerobic chuyÓn, trong ®ã c¸c h¹t kim lo¹i nhá decomposition of waste such as domestic, (vonfam hoÆc vμng) phñ DNA ®-îc ®Èy industrial and agricultural sewage. tíi b»ng c¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p kh¸c nhau ®ñ nhanh ®Ó ®©m thñng tÕ bμo ®Ých. Víi ®iÒu khÝ sinh häc Hçn hîp cña khÝ metan vμ kiÖn tÕ bμo kh«ng bÞ h- h¹i tíi møc kh«ng c¸c b« nÝch b¾t nguån tõ ph©n r· kþ khÝ thÒ söa ch÷a, DNA th-êng ®-îc t¹o ra bëi biological ageing 31 tÕ bμo nμy. Kü thuËt ®· ®-îc sö dông thμnh nhu cÇu oxy sinh häc (viÕt t¾t: BOD). Oxy c«ng ®Ó biÕn ®æi c¸c tÕ bμo ®éng, thùc vËt hoμ tan cÇn thiÕt cho h« hÊp cña quÇn thÓ vμ nÊm, vμ thËm chÝ c¸c ty thÓ trong tÕ sinh vËt h¶o khÝ sèng trong n-íc. §-îc thÓ hiÖn d-íi d¹ng « xy tiªu thô trong n-íc bμo.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: microprojectile o bombardment. ë nhiÖt ®é lμ 20 C theo ®¬n vÞ thêi gian. BOD ®-îc dïng chØ ®Þnh møc ®é lμm mÉu biological ageing l·o ho¸ sinh häc xem: n-íc bÞ « nhiÔm, ®Æc biÖt do c¸c chÊt dinh senescence. d-ìng v« c¬ ®èi víi thùc vËt. biological containment Restricting the biologics Agents, such as vaccines, that movement of organisms from the give immunity to diseases or harmful biotic laboratory. Can take two forms: making the stresses. organism unable to survive in the outside environment, or making the outside nh©n tè sinh häc Nh÷ng t¸c nh©n, nh- environment inhospitable to the organism. c¸c vacxin, ®Ó t¹o miÔn dÞch cho c¸c bÖnh For micro-organisms, the favoured h¹i hoÆc c¨ng th¼ng sinh häc ®e do¹. approach is to engineer organisms to bioluminescence The enzyme-catalyzed require a supply of a specific nutrient that production of light by a number of diverse is usually available only in the laboratory. organisms (e.g. fireflies and many deep For higher organisms (plants and animals), ocean marine organisms). Utilized as a it is more possible to ensure that the reporter gene in plant transgenesis, and outside environment is unsuited to growth, for the detection of food-borne pathogenic spread and reproduction. bacteria. chÕ ngù sinh Ng¨n ngõa vËn ®éng cña quang sinh S¶n phÈm ¸nh s¸ng ®-îc xóc sinh vËt tõ phßng thÝ nghiÖm. Cã thÓ lμm t¸c enzim do mét sè loμi sinh vËt kh¸c nhau theo hai c¸ch: t¹o cho sinh vËt bÊt ho¹t (vÝ dô ®om ®ãm vμ nhiÒu lo¹i sinh vËt sèng víi m«i tr-êng bªn ngoμi, hoÆc lμm cho trong lßng ®¹i d-¬ng). §-îc sö dông lμm m«i tr-êng bªn ngoμi kh«ng ph¶i lμ n¬i tró gen chØ huy trong chuyÓn gen thùc vËt, vμ ngô cho sinh vËt. Víi vi sinh vËt, h-íng ®Ó dß t×m c¸c loμi vi khuÈn g©y bÖnh ¨n tiÕp cËn -u tiªn lμ xö lý c¸c sinh vËt theo mßn x-¬ng. yªu cÇu cung cÊp chÊt dinh d-ìng ®Æc biÖt biomagnification tÝch luü sinh xem: bio- mμ chØ th-êng s½n cã trong phßng thÝ ccumulation. nghiÖm. Víi sinh vËt bËc cao (thùc vμ ®éng biomass 1. The cell mass produced by a vËt) cã nhiÒu kh¶ n¨ng ®Ó b¶o ®¶m r»ng population of living organisms. 2. The m«i tr-êng bªn ngoμi kh«ng thÝch hîp ®Ó organic matter that can be used either as sinh tr-ëng, lan réng vμ sinh s¶n. a source of energy or for its chemical biological control kiÓm tra sinh häc components. 3. All the organic matter that xem: biocontrol. derives from the photosynthetic biological diversity ®a d¹ng sinh häc conversion of solar energy. xem: biodiversity. sinh khèi 1. Khèi l-îng tÕ bμo ®-îc t¹o biological oxygen demand ra do mét quÇn thÓ sinh vËt sèng. 2. ChÊt (Abbreviation: BOD). The dissolved h÷u c¬ mμ cã thÓ ®-îc sö dông lμm nguån oxygen required for the respiration of a n¨ng l-îng hoÆc cña thμnh phÇn hãa häc population of aerobic organisms present cña chóng. 3. Toμn bé c¸c chÊt h÷u c¬ t¹o in water. Expressed in terms of the oxygen ra tõ chuyÓn ®æi quang hîp tõ n¨ng l-îng consumed in water at a temperature of 20 mÆt trêi. o C per unit time. The BOD is used as an biomass concentration The amount of indication of the degree to which the biological material in a specific volume. sample of water is polluted, particularly by mËt ®é sinh khèi Tæng sè vËt chÊt sinh inorganic nutrients for plants. vËt trong mét thÓ tÝch riªng. biome 32 biome A major ecological community or thuèc trõ s©u sinh häc Hîp chÊt tiªu diÖt complex of communities, extending over ®-îc sinh vËt do t¸c dông hiÖu øng sinh a large geographical area and häc ®Æc hiÖu thay v× ®Çu ®éc hãa häc trμn characterized by a dominant type of lan. §iÓm kh¸c biÖt cña t¸c nh©n kiÓm so¸t vegetation. sinh häc so víi sù diÔn ra t¸c nh©n bÞ ®éng, quÇn x· sinh vËt Céng ®ång sinh th¸i ë chç t¸c nh©n kiÓm so¸t sinh häc t×m kiÕm chÝnh hoÆc phøc hÖ cña c¸c céng ®ång, tÝch cùc s©u h¹i. Lý do c¨n b¶n ®-a ®Õn më réng trªn mét vïng ®Þa lý réng lín vμ thay thÕ c¸c hãa chÊt diÖt c«n trïng truyÒn ®-îc m« t¶ ®Æc ®iÓm bëi mét lo¹i h×nh tréi thèng b»ng thuèc trõ s©u sinh häc ë chç cña c©y cèi. thuèc trõ s©u sinh häc gièng hÖt víi chän läc vμ ph©n hñy sinh häc. biometry The application of statistical methods to the analysis of continuous biopharming The use of genetically variation in biological systems. Synonym: transformed crop plants and livestock biometrics. animals to produce valuable compounds, especially pharmaceuticals. Synonym: phÐp tr¾c ®Þnh sinh häc øng dông c¸c molecular pharming. ph-¬ng ph¸p thèng kª ®Ó ph©n tÝch sù biÕn ®æi liªn tôc trong hÖ sinh häc. Tõ ®ång canh t¸c sinh häc Sö dông thùc vËt trång nghÜa: biometrics. trät vμ c¸c ®éng vËt nu«i biÕn ®æi di truyÒn ®Ó s¶n xuÊt hîp chÊt cã gi¸ trÞ, ®Æc biÖt biomimetic materials Employed to c¸c lo¹i thuèc. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: molecular describe synthetic analogues of natural pharming. materials with advantageous properties. For instance, some synthetic molecules act biopiracy The patenting of genetic stocks, chemically like natural proteins, but are and the subsequent privatization of genetic not as easily degraded by the digestive resources collections. The term implies a system. Other systems such as reverse lack of consent on the part of the originator. micelles and/or liposomes exhibit certain t- h÷u sinh häc CÊp b»ng s¸ng chÕ di properties that mimic certain aspects of truyÒn häc, vμ t- h÷u ho¸ tiÕp theo nh÷ng living systems. s-u tËp tμi nguyªn di truyÒn.ThuËt ng÷ chØ vËt liÖu pháng sinh §-îc dïng ®Ó m« t¶ sù thiÕu t¸n thμnh cña phÝa ng-êi ph¸t c¸c vËt liÖu tæng hîp t-¬ng ®ång víi c¸c minh. vËt liÖu tù nhiªn mang thuéc tÝnh hoμn toμn biopolymer Any large polymer (protein, cã lîi. VÝ dô, mét sè ph©n tö tæng hîp ho¹t nucleic acid, polysaccharide) produced by ®éng hãa häc gièng hÖt protein tù nhiªn, a living organism. Includes some materials Nh-ng kh«ng bÞ tiªu gi¶m dÔ dμng bëi hÖ (such as polyhydroxybutyrate) suitable thèng tiªu hãa. HÖ thèng kh¸c nh- c¸c for use as plastics. Synonym: biological mixen ®¶o ng-îc vμ/hoÆc nh÷ng Liposom polymer. biÓu hiÖn nh÷ng thuéc tÝnh nhÊt ®Þnh b¾t chÊt dÎo sinh häc BÊt kú p«lime lín nμo ch-íc nh÷ng khÝa c¹nh nhÊt ®Þnh cña hÖ (protein, axit nucleic, polisacarit) ®-îc s¶n thèng sèng. xuÊt bëi sinh vËt sèng. Bao gåm mét sè biopesticide A compound that kills lo¹i vËt liÖu (nh- polyhydroxybutyrate) organisms by virtue of specific biological thÝch hîp ®Ó sö dông lμm chÊt dÎo. Tõ effects rather than as a broader chemical ®ång nghÜa: biological polymer. poison. Differ from biocontrol agents in bioprocess Any process that uses being passive agents, whereas biocontrol complete living cells or their components agents actively seek the pest. The rationale (e.g. enzymes, chloroplasts) to effect behind replacing conventional pesticides desired physical or chemical changes. with biopesticides is that the latter are more qu¸ tr×nh sinh häc BÊt kú qu¸ tr×nh nμo likely to be selective and biodegradable. sö dông tÕ bμo sèng hoμn chØnh hoÆc c¸c bioreactor 33 thμnh phÇn cña chóng (vÝ dô men, diÖp ensuring that countries are provided with lôc) ®Ó t¹o ra sù thay ®æi vËt lý hoÆc hãa the information necessary to make häc theo yªu cÇu. informed decisions before agreeing to the bioreactor A tank in which cells, cell import of such organisms into their territory. extracts or enzymes carry out a biological Synonym: Cartagena protocol. See: reaction. Often refers to a fermentation Convention on biological diversity. vessel for cells or micro-organisms. quy -íc an toμn sinh häc NghÞ ®Þnh th- thïng sinh häc Thïng chøa tÕ bμo, chiÕt ®-îc tho¶ thuËn mang tÝnh toμn cÇu ®Æt xuÊt tÕ bμo hoÆc enzim t¹o ra ph¶n øng ra ®Ó b¶o vÖ ®a d¹ng sinh vËt tr¸nh nh÷ng sinh häc. Th-êng ®Ó chØ b×nh lªn men tÕ m¹o hiÓm tiÒm tμng ®· t¹o ra bëi phiªn bμo hoÆc vi sinh vËt. b¶n sinh vËt biÕn ®æi gen. Nã thμnh lËp thñ tôc ®Ó b¶o ®¶m r»ng c¸c n-íc ®-îc biorecovery The use of micro-organisms cung cÊp th«ng tin cÇn thiÕt ®Ó ban hμnh for the recovery of valuable materials quyÕt ®Þnh ®-îc th«ng b¸o tr-íc khi tho¶ (metals or particular organic compounds) thuËn cho nhËp khÈu nh÷ng sinh vËt nh- from complex mixtures. See: vËy vμo l·nh thæ cña hä. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: biodesulphurization, bioleaching. Cartagena protocol. Xem: Convention on phôc håi sinh häc Sö dông vi sinh vËt ®Ó biological diversity kh«i phôc c¸c vËt liÖu cã gi¸ trÞ (kim lo¹i biosensor A device that uses an hoÆc hîp chÊt h÷u c¬ ®Æc biÖt) tõ hçn hîp immobilized biologically-related agent chÊt phøc t¹p. Xem: biodesulphurization, (such as an enzyme, antibiotic, organelle Bioleaching. or whole cell) to detect or measure a bioremediation A process that uses living chemical compound. Reactions between organisms to remove contaminants, the immobilized agent and the molecule pollutants or unwanted substances from being analysed are converted into an soil or water. See: remediation, bio- electric signal. accumulation, bio-augmentation. thô c¶m sinh ThiÕt bÞ cã sö dông mét t¸c söa ch÷a sinh häc Qu¸ tr×nh sö dông nh©n liªn quan sinh vËt cè ®Þnh (nh- men, sinh vËt sèng ®Ó lo¹i bá c¸c nhiÔm bÈn, chÊt kh¸ng sinh, bμo quan hoÆc toμn bé chÊt g©y « nhiÔm hoÆc kh«ng mong muèn tÕ bμo) ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn hoÆc ®o ®¹c mét hîp tõ ®Êt hoÆc n-íc. Xem: remediation, bio- chÊt hãa häc. C¸c ph¶n øng gi÷a t¸c nh©n accumulation, bio-augmentation. cè ®Þnh vμ ph©n tö ®ang ph©n tÝch ®-îc biosafety Referring to the avoidance of chuyÓn thμnh tÝn hiÖu ®iÖn. risk to human health and safety, and to the biosilk A biomimetic fibre produced by conservation of the environment, as a the expression of the relevant orb-weaving result of the use for research and spider genes in yeast or bacteria, followed commerce of infectious or genetically by the spinning of the expressed protein modified organisms. into a fibre. an toμn sinh häc §Ò cËp tíi sù tr¸nh khái t¬ sinh häc Sîi t¬ pháng sinh häc ®-îc rñi ro cho søc kháe vμ an toμn con ng-êi, s¶n xuÊt do sù biÓu thÞ cña c¸c gen nhÖn vμ cho b¶o tån m«i tr-êng, lμ hËu qu¶ cña dÖt h×nh cÇu thÝch hîp cña nÊm men hoÆc viÖc sö dông ®Ó nghiªn cøu vμ th-¬ng m¹i vi khuÈn, ®-îc tiÕp theo b»ng viÖc nh¶ c¸c sinh vËt chuyÓn nhiÔm hoÆc biÕn ®æi protein biÓu thÞ thμnh sîi. di truyÒn. biosorbents Micro-organisms which, biosafety protocol An internationally either by themselves or in conjunction with agreed protocol set up to protect biological a substrate are able to extract and/or diversity from the potential risks posed by concentrate a desired molecule by means the release of genetically modified of its selective retention. See: bio- organisms. It establishes a procedure for accumulation. biosphere 34 thu hót sinh häc Vi sinh vËt ®Ó, do tù m×nh vËt, vμ h×nh thμnh m«i tr-êng sèng, ¶nh hoÆc phèi hîp víi mét c¬ chÊt mμ cã kh¶ h-ëng ®Õn sinh vËt theo nhiÒu c¸ch. n¨ng chiÕt suÊt vμ/ hoÆc tËp trung c¸c biotic stress Stress resulting from attack ph©n tö mong muèn b»ng c¸c ph-¬ng tiÖn by pathogenic organisms. duy tr× chän läc cña nã. Xem: bio- sèc sinh häc C¨ng th¼ng b¾t nguån tõ sù accumulation. tÊn c«ng bëi sinh vËt g©y bÖnh. biosphere The part of the earth and its biotin A vitamin of the B complex, it acts atmosphere that is inhabited by living as a co-enzyme for various enzymes that organisms. catalyse the incorporation of carbon sinh quyÓn PhÇn tr¸i ®Êt vμ khÝ quyÓn dioxide into various compounds, and is xung quanh cã sinh vËt sèng c- tró. essential for the metabolism of fats. biosynthesis Synthesis of compounds by Adequate amounts are normally produced living cells, which is the essential feature by the intestinal bacteria in animals. of anabolism. Significant as a molecular biology reagent sinh tæng hîp Tæng hîp c¸c hîp chÊt do due to its high affinity with avidin and tÕ bμo sèng, lμ ®Æc ®iÓm quan träng cña streptavidin. Synonym: vitamin H. ®ång hãa. biotin Mét vitamin cña phøc hîp B, lμm biosynthetic antibody binding sites mét ®ång enzim cho c¸c enzim kh¸c nhau ®iÓm liªn kÕt kh¸ng thÓ sinh tæng hîp ®Ó xóc t¸c viÖc kÕt hîp khÝ c¸c b« nÝch (viÕt t¾t: BABS), xem: dAb. vμo c¸c hîp chÊt kh¸c, vμ lμ thiÕt yÕu ®Ó chuyÓn ho¸ c¸c chÊt bÐo. Sè l-îng ®ñ b×nh biotechnology 1. “Any technological th-êng ®-îc s¶n xuÊt do vi khuÈn ®-êng application that uses biological systems, ruét trong ®éng vËt. Quan träng nh- chÊt living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to thö sinh häc ph©n tö nhê ¸i lùc cao víi make or modify products or processes for avidin vμ streptavidin. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: specific use” (Convention on Biological vitamin H. Diversity). 2. “ Interpreted in a narrow sense, ..... a range of different molecular biotin labelling The attachment of biotin technologies such as gene manipulation to another molecule, especially DNA. and gene transfer, DNA typing and cloning ®¸nh dÊu biotin §Ýnh kÌm biotin vμo ph©n of plants and animals” (FAO’s statement tö kh¸c, ®Æc biÖt lμ DNA. on biotechnology) biotinylated-DNA A DNA molecule c«ng nghÖ sinh häc 1. “BÊt kú sù ¸p dông labelled with biotin by incorporation of a c«ng nghÖ cã sö dông c¸c hÖ sinh häc, c¬ biotinylated nucleotide (usually uracil) thÓ sèng, hoÆc dÉn xuÊt cña nã, ®Ó t¹o ra into a DNA molecule. The detection of the s¶n phÈm biÕn ®æi hoÆc c¸c qu¸ tr×nh sö labelled DNA is achieved by complexing it dông chuyªn biÖt” (C«ng -íc §a d¹ng Sinh with streptavidin to which is attached a häc). 2. “HiÓu theo nghÜa hÑp,...mét ph¹m colour-generating agent such as trï c«ng nghÖ ph©n tö kh¸c nhau nh- thao horseradish peroxidase that gives a t¸c gen vμ chuyÓn gen, gi¸m ®Þnh DNA vμ fluorescent green colour upon reaction with t¹o dßng thùc vËt vμ ®éng vËt” (ph¸t biÓu various organic reagents. cña FAO vÒ c«ng nghÖ sinh häc) DNA ®¸nh dÊu biotin Ph©n tö DNA ®¸nh biotic factor Other living organisms that dÊu biotin do hîp nhÊt nuleotit ®-îc biotin are a component of an organism’s ho¸ (th«ng th-êng lμ uracil) vμo ph©n tö environment, and form the biotic DNA. Sù dß t×m DNA ®-îc ®¸nh dÊu ®¹t environment, affecting the organism in ®-îc do kÕt hîp víi streptavidin ®Ó ®-îc many ways. g¾n thªm mét t¸c nh©n ph¸t sinh mμu nh- nh©n tè sèng C¸c sinh vËt sèng kh¸c peroxidaza horseradish ph¸t sinh mμu nhau mμ lμ thμnh phÇn m«i tr-êng cña sinh huúnh quang xanh lôc nhê ph¶n øng víi c¸c chÊt thö h÷u c¬ kh¸c nhau. biotope 35 biotope A small habitat in a large lan réng ph¸t triÓn tõ tÕ bμo B ®Ó ph¶n community. øng víi kÝch thÝch kh¸ng nguyªn. TÕ bμo sinh c¶nh N¬i c- tró nhá trong céng ®ång bïng næ sau ®ã trë thμnh tÕ bμo huyÕt lín. t-¬ng s¶n xuÊt kh¸ng thÓ. biotoxin A naturally produced compound blastocyst A mammalian embryo which shows pronounced biological (fertilized ovum) in the early stages of activity, toxic to some or many organisms. development, approximately up to the time of implantation. It consists of a hollow ball chÊt ®éc sinh häc Hîp chÊt ®-îc s¶n xuÊt of cells. tù nhiªn mμ chØ ra ho¹t ®éng sinh häc dÔ nhËn thÊy, ®éc víi mét sè hoÆc nhiÒu sinh tói ph«i Ph«i loμi cã vó (no·n ®-îc thô vËt. tinh) trong giai ®o¹n sím ph¸t triÓn, xÊp xØ gÇn ®Õn thêi gian cÊy ghÐp. Bao gåm mét biotransformation The conversion of one tói cÇu rçng cña nhiÒu tÕ bμo. chemical or material into another using a biological catalyst: a near synonym is blastomere Any one of the cells formed biocatalysis, and hence the catalyst used from the first few cleavages in animal is called a biocatalyst. Usually the catalyst embryology. The embryo usually divides is an enzyme, or a fixed whole, dead into two, then four, then eight blastomeres, micro-organism that contains an enzyme and so on. or several enzymes. nguyªn bμo BÊt kú tÕ bμo h×nh thμnh tõ biÕn ®æi sinh häc ChuyÓn ®æi mét chÊt mét sè Ýt m¹ch ®Çu tiªn trong ph«i ®éng hãa häc hoÆc vËt liÖu thμnh chÊt kh¸c cã vËt. Ph«i th-êng ph©n chia lμm hai, råi bèn, sö dông chÊt xóc t¸c sinh häc: gÇn nh- sau ®ã t¸m bμo ph«i, v©n v©n... ®ång nghÜa víi xóc t¸c sinh häc, vμ bëi blastula In animals, an early embryo form vËy chÊt xóc t¸c th-êng ®-îc gäi lμ chÊt that follows the morula stage; typically, a xóc t¸c sinh häc. Th-êng chÊt xóc t¸c lμ single-layered sheet (blastoderm) or ball enzim, hoÆc vi sinh vËt chÕt, hÇu nh- of cells (blastocyst). kh«ng thay ®æi mμ cã chøa mét lo¹i enzim ph«i nang Trong ®éng vËt, d¹ng ph«i sím hoÆc mét sè enzim. tiÕp theo giai ®o¹n ph«i d©u; tiªu biÓu, mét bivalent Two paired homologous d¹ng tÊm líp ®¬n (b× ph«i) hoÆc h×nh cÇu chromosomes (one of maternal origin; the cña nhiÒu tÕ bμo (tói ph«i). other of paternal origin) at prophase to bleeding 1. Collection of blood from anaphase of the first meiotic division. immunized animals. 2. Used to describe Because DNA is replicated in prophase, the occasional purplish-black colouration each duplicated chromosome comprises of media due to phenolic products given two chromatids, and thus a bivalent off by (usually fresh) transfers. comprises four chromatids. ch¶y m¸u 1. LÊy m¸u tõ ®éng vËt ®-îc hãa trÞ hai Hai nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®ång g©y miÔn dÞch. 2. §-îc dïng ®Ó m« t¶ cÆp ®«i (mét gèc tõ mÑ; mét gèc tõ bè) ë k× tr-êng hîp ho¸ mμu ®en tÝa cña m«i tr-êng ®Çu ®Õn k× sau gi¶m ph©n mét. V× DNA qua s¶n phÈm phenolic tho¸t ra do thuyªn ®-îc xo¾n l¹i trong k× ®Çu, mçi nhiÔm s¾c chuyÓn (th-êng s¹ch). thÓ nh©n ®«i gåm hai nhiÔm s¾c tö, vμ do blot As a verb, to transfer DNA, RNA or vËy hãa trÞ hai gåm cã bèn nhiÔm s¾c tö. protein to an immobilizing matrix. As a blast cell A large, rapidly dividing cell that noun, the immobilizing matrix carrying develops from a B cell in response to an DNA, RNA or protein. The various types antigenic stimulus. The blast cell then of blot are named according to the probe becomes an antibody-producing plasma and/or the probed molecules: Southern cell. blot (DNA/DNA), northern blot (DNA/ tÕ bμo bïng næ TÕ bμo ph©n chia nhanh, mRNA), western blot (antibody/protein), blunt end 36 southwestern blot (DNA/protein). Only bovine growth hormone hocmon sinh “Southern” is written with an initial capital, tr-ëng gia sóc. Xem: bovine as it is named after Ed Southern, the somatotrophin. inventor of the technique. bovine somatotrophin (Abbreviation: dÊu vÕt Nh- ®éng tõ, chuyÓn DNA, RNA BST) A natural protein in cattle. It has been hoÆc protein cho mét hçn hîp cè ®Þnh. Nh- cloned, using recombinant DNA danh tõ, hçn hîp cè ®Þnh mang DNA, RNA technology, expressed in large amounts hoÆc protein. NhiÒu kiÓu kh¸c nhau cña and marketed as an agricultural product dÊu vÕt cã tªn theo ®Çu dß vμ/ hoÆc c¸c to improve the growth rate and protein:fat ph©n tö th¨m dß nh-: DÊu vÕt Nam (DNA/ ratios in farm cattle, and to improve milk DNA), dÊu vÕt B¾c (DNA/mRNA), dÊu vÕt yield. Its use is banned in some countries. T©y (kh¸ng thÓ/protein), dÊu vÕt T©y-Nam Synonyms: bovine growth hormone. (DNA/protein). ChØ “Nam” ®-îc viÕt ®Çu somatotrophin gia sóc (viÕt t¾t: BST) Mét tiªn, v× nã mang tªn cña Ed Southern(Ed protein tù nhiªn cña gia cÇm. Nã ®-îc t¹o Nam), ng-êi ph¸t minh ra kü thuËt nμy. dßng, sö dông kü thuËt t¸i tæ hîp DNA, blunt end The end of a double-stranded biÓu thÞ sè l-îng lín vμ ®-îc tiÕp thÞ nh- DNA molecule in which neither strand mét s¶n phÈm n«ng nghiÖp ®Ó c¶i thiÖn extends beyond the other. Synonym: flush tèc ®é sinh tr-ëng vμ protein: vç bÐo trong end. kÕt thóc gän Mót ph©n tö DNA sîi ch¨n nu«i gia sóc, vμ ®Ó n©ng cao n¨ng kÐp kh«ng cã c¸c sîi kÐo dμi theo sîi kh¸c suÊt s÷a. ViÖc sö dông nã bÞ cÊm trong Tõ ®ång nghÜa: flush end. mét sè n-íc. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: bovine growth blunt-end cut To cut a double-stranded hormone. DNA with a restriction endonuclease bovine somatotropin somatotropin gia which generates blunt ends. Synonym: sóc. Xem: bovine somatotrophin. flush-end cut. bovine spongiform enecelophalopathy c¾t mót gän C¾t DNA sîi kÐp víi enzim (Abbreviation: BSE) Cattle disease giíi h¹n ®Ó ph¸t sinh c¸c kÕt thóc gän. Tõ (colloquially called mad cow disease) ®ång nghÜa: blunt-end cu. caused by proteinaceous infectious blunt-end ligation The joining of two particles. blunt-ended double-stranded DNA bÖnh n·o d¹ng bät biÓn gia sóc (viÕt t¾t: molecules. BSE) BÖnh h¹i gia sóc (th-êng ®-îc gäi lμ buéc mót gän Liªn kÕt hai ph©n tö DNA bÖnh bß c¸i ®iªn) g©y ra do nh÷ng h¹t sîi kÐp kÕt thóc gän. chuyÓn nhiÔm protein. BOD nhu cÇu oxy sinh häc viÕt t¾t bp cÆp baz¬ viÕt t¾t cña base pair boring platform Sterile bottom half of a bract A modified leaf that subtends flowers biological oxygen demand. or inflorescences and may appear to be a Petri dish used for preparing explants petal. with a cork borer. bÑ hoa L¸ biÕn th¸i ®Ó b¶o vÖ hoa hoÆc bôc cã lç khoan PhÇn nöa trªn v« trïng në hoa vμ cã thÓ xuÊt hiÖn nh- c¸nh hoa. cña ®Üa petri ®-îc sö dông ®Ó chuÈn bÞ breed 1.a sub-specific group of domestic c¸c m¶nh ghÐp cã lç khoan thñng. livestock with definable and identifiable bound water Cellular water not released external characteristics that enable it to be into the intercellular space upon freezing separated by visual appraisal from other and thawing. Opposite: free water. similarly defined groups within the same species. 2. a group of domestic livestock n-íc liªn kÕt N-íc tÕ bμo kh«ng gi¶i for which geographical and/or cultural phãng vμo kho¶ng gian bμo t¹i ®iÓm ®ãng separation from phenotypically similar b¨ng vμ b¨ng tan. Ng-îc víi: free water. groups has led to acceptance of its breed at risk 37 separate identity. used as a wick and support structure for a gièng 1. Nhãm loμi phô cña gia sóc cã plant tissue in culture when a liquid ®Æc tr-ng bÒ ngoμi cã thÓ nhËn biÕt vμ x¸c medium is used. ®Þnh ®Ó cho phÐp nã ®-îc ph©n ra b»ng b¾c cÇu GiÊy läc hoÆc chÊt ®Öm kh¸c ®¸nh gi¸ trùc quan tõ nh÷ng nhãm kh¸c dïng lμm cÊu tróc bÊc vμ hç trî cho m« ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh nghÜa t-¬ng tù trong cïng thùc vËt trong nu«i cÊy khi sö dông m«i loμi. 2. Nhãm gia sóc ®-îc t¸ch theo ®Þa lý tr-êng láng. vμ/hoÆc nu«i d-ìng tõ nh÷ng nhãm t-¬ng broad-host-range plasmid A plasmid tù kiÓu h×nh dÉn tíi chÊp thuËn nhËn biÕt that can replicate in a number of different riªng biÖt. bacterial species. breed at risk An animal breed that is in plasmit ph¹m vi ký chñ réng Plasmit cã danger of becoming extinct because its thÓ lÆp l¹i trong mét sè loμi vi khuÈn kh¸c population has fallen below a critical nhau. number. broad-sense heritability The proportion gièng ë møc rñi ro Gièng ®éng vËt ®ang of the total phenotypic variation which trong nguy c¬ trë thμnh tuyÖt chñng bëi v× results from genetic variation or sè l-îng c¸ thÓ ®· r¬i xuèng d-íi møc c¶nh interaction between the genotype and the b¸o. environment. breeding The process of sexual tÝnh di truyÒn cã nghÜa réng TØ lÖ tæng reproduction and production of offspring. sè biÕn dÞ kiÓu h×nh víi kÕt qu¶ do biÕn dÞ nh©n gièng Qu¸ tr×nh sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh di truyÒn hoÆc t-¬ng t¸c gi÷a kiÓu di truyÒn vμ s¶n xuÊt con c¸i. vμ m«i tr-êng. breeding value A quantitative genetics broodstock The group of males and term, describing that part of the deviation females from which fish are bred. of an individual phenotype from the tæ c¸ Nhãm cña c¸c con ®ùc vμ c¸i mμ tõ population mean that is due to the ®ã c¸ ®-îc sinh ra. additive effects of alleles. Thus, if an browning Discolouration of freshly cut individual is mated with a random sample surfaces of plant tissue due to phenolic of individuals from a population, its oxidation. In plant tissue culture, it may breeding value for a given trait is twice the indicate a nutritional or pathogenic average deviation of its offspring from the problem, generally leading to necrosis. population mean for that trait. hãa n©u Sù mÊt mμu bÒ mÆt c¾t míi cña gi¸ trÞ nh©n gièng ThuËt ng÷ di truyÒn m« thùc vËt do «xi hãa phenolic. Trong nu«i häc sè l-îng, m« t¶ ®é lÖch cña kiÓu h×nh cÊy m« thùc vËt, nã cã thÓ chØ b¸o vÊn ®Ò c¸ thÓ tõ trung b×nh quÇn thÓ do hiÖu øng t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh hoÆc dinh d-ìng, céng alen. Do vËy, nÕu c¶ thÓ ®-îc kÕt ®«i th-êng dÉn ®Õn ho¹i tö. víi mÉu ngÉu nhiªn c¸ thÓ tõ mét quÇn thÓ, gi¸ trÞ nh©n gièng cho mét tÝnh tr¹ng BSA viÕt t¾t cña: bovine serum albumin nhÊt ®Þnh lμ hai lÇn ®é lÖch trung b×nh cña BSE viÕt t¾t cña: bovine spongiform con c¸i tõ gi¸ trÞ trung b×nh quÇn thÓ cho encephalopathy. Xem: proteinaceous tÝnh tr¹ng nμy. infectious particle brewer’s yeast Strains of the yeast BST viÕt t¾t cña: bovine somatotrophin Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are used Bt viÕt t¾t cña: Bacillus thuringiensis. for the production of beer. bubble column fermenter A bioreactor nÊm men bia Chñng nÊm men in which the cells or micro-organisms are Saccharomyces cerevisiae ®-îc dïng ®Ó kept suspended in a tall cylinder by rising s¶n xuÊt bia. air, which is introduced at the base of the bridge A filter paper or other substrate vessel. bud 38 thïng men cét bät Thïng ph¶n øng sinh 3. Mét h×nh thøc ghÐp trong ®ã mÇm ®¬n häc trong ®ã tÕ bμo hoÆc vi sinh vËt gi÷ l¬ ®-îc t¸ch ra tõ mét c©y vμ chÌn vμo m« löng trong cét h×nh trô cao do kh«ng khÝ th©n cña c©y kh¸c nh- vËy chóng sÏ cïng ®-îc chuyÓn vμo t¹i ®¸y b×nh t¹o ra. lín lªn. MÇm ®-îc chÌn vμo ph¸t triÓn bud A region of meristematic tissue with thμnh c©y non míi. the potential for developing into leaves, bulked segregant analysis A method to shoots, flowers or combinations of these; obtain markers linked to a target trait, in generally protected by modified scale which DNA samples, prepared from a leaves. number of individuals of each of two mÇm Vïng m« ph©n sinh cã tiÒm n¨ng contrasting phenotypes, are separately ®Ó ph¸t triÓn thμnh l¸, chåi, hoa hoÆc mäi pooled and used to generate contrasting sù kÕt hîp cña chóng; th«ng th-êng ®-îc DNA fingerprints. DNA fragments unique b¶o vÖ bëi l¸ v¶y ®· biÕn ®æi. to one pool become candidates for a marker linked to the gene controlling the bud sport A somatic mutation arising in trait. a bud, generating a genetically different shoot. Includes changes due to gene ph©n tÝch chia rêi Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®Ó thu mutation, chromosomal mutation or ®ù¬c nh÷ng dÊu chuÈn liªn kÕt víi mét tÝnh polyploidy. tr¹ng ®Ých, trong ®ã c¸c mÉu DNA, ®-îc chuÈn bÞ tõ sè c¸ thÓ cña mét trong hai biÕn dÞ mÇm §ét biÕn x«ma xÈy ra trong kiÓu h×nh tr¸i ng-îc nhau, gãp chung phÇn mét mÇm, ph¸t sinh chåi non kh¸c biÖt di t¸ch riªng vμ dïng ®Ó t¹o ra in dÊu DNA truyÒn. Bao gåm nh÷ng thay ®æi do ®ét tr¸i ng-îc. C¸c ®o¹n DNA duy nhÊt cho biÕn gen, ®ét biÕn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ hoÆc t×nh mét bÓ trë thμnh c¸c øng cö viªn cho dÊu tr¹ng ®a béi. chuÈn liªn kÕt víi gen ®iÒu khiÓn tÝnh tr¹ng budding 1. A method of asexual nμy. reproduction in which a new individual is buoyant density The intrinsic density derived from an outgrowth (bud) that which a molecule, virus or sub-cellular becomes detached from the body of the particle has when suspended in an parent. 2. Among fungi, budding is aqueous solution of a salt, such as CsCl, characteristic of the brewers yeast or a sugar, such as sucrose. DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3. A form of different species has different graft in which a single vegetative bud is characteristic buoyant densities, taken from one plant and inserted into determined largely by the relative stem tissue of another plant so that the proportion of the base-pairs G+C, to A+T. two will grow together. The inserted bud develops into a new shoot. mËt ®é næi MËt ®é b¶n chÊt cña mét ph©n tö, virut hoÆc h¹t møc d-íi tÕ bμo cã khi bÞ n¶y mÇm 1. Ph-¬ng ph¸p sinh s¶n v« tÝnh treo trong dung dÞch n-íc muèi, nh- CsCl, trong ®ã c¸ thÓ míi ®-îc sinh ra tõ n¶y hoÆc mét ®-êng, nh- sucrose. DNA nguån (mÇm) ®Ó trë thμnh ®éc lËp víi c©y gèc. 2. gèc tõ c¸c loμi kh¸c nhau cã mËt ®é næi Trong nÊm, n¶y mÇm lμ mét ®Æc tÝnh cña ®iÓn h×nh kh¸c nhau, ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh b»ng nÊm men bia Saccharomyces cerevisiae . tØ lÖ t-¬ng ®èi cña c¸c cÆp ba z¬ G + C, víi A + T. 39 from injury (wounding) or in tissue culture in the presence of growth regulators. m« sÑo (sè nhiÒu: calli) M« b¶o vÖ, gåm cã c¸c tÕ bμo nhu m«, ph¸t triÓn kh¾p vÕt Cc c¾t hoÆc bÒ mÆt thùc vËt bÞ h- h¹i. 2. Khèi tÕ bμo nhu m« v¸ch dμy, kh«ng ph©n hãa g©y ra do xö lý hooc-m«n. 3. Khèi kh«ng cã tæ chøc ph©n ho¸ tÝch cùc cña c¸c tÕ bμo ®-îc biÖt ho¸ vμ kh«ng biÖt ho¸ th-êng ph¸t triÓn tõ vÕt th-¬ng (lμm bÞ th-¬ng) hoÆc trong nu«i cÊy m« khi cã mÆt C viÕt t¾t cña: cytosine. chÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng. CAAT box A conserved DNA sequence callus culture A technique of plant tissue found within the promoter region of the culture, usually on solidified medium and protein-encoding genes of many initiated by inoculation of small explants. eukaryotic organisms. So-called because Used as the basis for organogenic (shoot of its consensus sequence GGCCAATCT, or root forming) cultures, cell cultures or it occurs around 75 bases prior to the proliferation of embryoids. Callus cultures transcription initiation site; and is one of can be indefinitely maintained through several sites for the recognition and regular sub-culturing. binding of transcription factors. nu«i cÊy m« sÑo Kü thuËt nu«i cÊy m« Synonym: CAT box. thùc vËt, th-êng trªn m«i tr-êng lμm ®Æc hép CAAT Mét tr×nh tù DNA ®-îc b¶o tån vμ ®-îc b¾t ®Çu b»ng tiªm chñng c¸c cã trong vïng khëi ®iÓm gen m· ho¸ m¶nh ghÐp nhá. Lμm c¬ së nu«i cÊy bμo protein cña sinh vËt nh©n chuÈn. §-îc gäi quan (h×nh thμnh chåi hoÆc rÔ), nu«i cÊy nh- vËy bëi v× tr×nh tù liªn øng tÕ bμo hoÆc ph©n chia cña ph«i. Nu«i cÊy GGCCAATCT cña nã xuÊt hiÖn xung m« sÑo cã thÓ ®-îc duy tr× kh«ng giíi h¹n quanh 75 ba z¬ tr-íc vÞ trÝ khëi ®Çu phiªn th«ng qua nu«i cÊy phô ®Òu ®Æn. m·; vμ lμ mét trong mét sè vÞ trÝ ®o¸n nhËn cambial zone Region in stems and roots vμ kÕt nèi c¸c nh©n tè phiªn m·.Tõ ®ång consisting of the cambium and its recent nghÜa: CAT box. derivatives. cabinet phßng (buång, hép) xem: growth vïng ph¸t sinh Vïng trong th©n vμ rÔ bao cabinet. gåm t-îng tÇng vμ s¶n phÈm thø cÊp liÒn callipyge An inherited trait in livestock theo nã. (e.g. sheep) that results in thicker, meatier cambium (pl.: cambia) A one or two cells hind-quarters, and hence a higher meat thick layer of plant meristematic tissue, yield per animal. between the xylem and phloem tissues, TÝnh tr¹ng di truyÒn cña ®éng vËt nu«i (vÝ which gives rise to secondary tissues, thus dô cõu) dÉn ®Õn dμy thÞt vμ n¹c cuèi kú, resulting in an increase in the diameter of vμ bëi vËy t¨ng n¨ng suÊt thÞt t¨ng theo the stem or root. The two most important ®Çu con. cambia are the vascular (fascicular) callus (pl.: calli) A protective tissue, cambium and the cork cambium. consisting of parenchyma cells, that tÇng ph¸t sinh (sè nhiÒu: cambia) Mét develops over a cut or damaged plant hoÆc hai tÕ bμo dμy h¬n cña m« ph©n sinh surface. 2. Mass of undifferentiated, thin- thùc vËt, gi÷a c¸c m« gç vμ m« libe, ®Ó walled parenchyma cells induced by sinh ra m« thø cÊp, do vËy dÉn ®Õn t¨ng hormone treatment. 3. Actively dividing ®-êng kÝnh th©n hoÆc rÔ. Hai tÇng ph©n non-organized masses of undifferentiated sinh quan träng nhÊt lμ t-îng tÇng m¹ch and differentiated cells often developing (cña gç) vμ t-îng tÇng vá. cAMP 40 cAMP ViÕt t¾t cña: cyclic adenosine cap site The site on a DNA template monophosphate. where transcription begins. It corresponds CaMV ViÕt t¾t cña: cauliflower mosaic to the nucleotide at the 5' end of the RNA virus. transcript which accepts the G cap. CaMV 35S ViÕt t¾t cña cauliflower vÞ trÝ mò VÞ trÝ trªn khung DNA n¬i phiªn mosaic virus 35S ribosomal DNA m· b¾t ®Çu. Nã t-¬ng øng víi nuleotit t¹i promoter. Xem: cauliflower mosaic mót 5' cña b¶n sao RNA chÊp nhËn G cap. virus. capacitation The final stage, inside the candidate gene A gene whose deduced female genital tract, in the maturation function (on the basis of DNA sequence) process of a spermatozoon, as it suggests that it may be involved in the penetrates the ovum. genetic control of an aspect of phenotype. ©m ®¹o Mét ®o¹n cuèi, phÝa trong èng sinh gen øng cö viªn Gen cã chøc n¨ng suy dôc n÷, trong qu¸ tr×nh tr-ëng thμnh cña diÔn (dùa trªn tr×nh tù DNA) gîi ý r»ng nã tinh trïng, khi nã th©m nhËp no·n. cã thÓ ®-îc t¹o ra trong ®iÒu khiÓn di capillary electrophoresis A form of truyÒn cña mét biÓu hiÖn kiÓu h×nh. electrophoresis used widely in current candidate-gene strategy An large-scale DNA sequencing facilities, experimental approach in which where the sample is passed through a knowledge of the biochemistry and/or long, very-narrow-bore tube containing a physiology of a trait is used to identify re-usable matrix. candidate genes. Synonym: functional ®iÖn di mao m¹ch Mét d¹ng ®iÖn di sö gene cloning. dông phæ biÕn trong c¸c ph-¬ng tiÖn lμm chiÕn l-îc gen øng cö viªn Mét h-íng tr×nh tù DNA ph¹m vi lín hiÖn nay, n¬i mÉu thö nghiÖm trong ®ã tri thøc hãa sinh vμ/ ®-îc chuyÓn qua mét èng ngÇm rÊt hÑp, hoÆc lý sinh vÒ mét tÝnh tr¹ng ®-îc sö dμi cã chøa mét phøc hîp cã thÓ dïng l¹i. dông ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh c¸c gen øng cö viªn.Tõ CAPS Xem: cleaved amplified ®ång nghÜa: functional gene cloning. polymorphic sequence. canola A specific subgroup of oilseed capsid The protein coat of a virus. The rape cultivars; canola oil is the highly capsid often determines the shape of the mono-unsaturated fatty acid and low in virus. Synonym: coat protein. erucic acid product produced in the seed vá bäc ¸o protein phñ ngoμi vi rót. Vá bäc of these cultivars. th-êng quyÕt ®Þnh h×nh d¹ng cña virut. Tõ canola Mét nhãm phô ®Æc biÖt c©y trång ®ång nghÜa: coat protein. h¹t cã dÇu; dÇu canola lμ s¶n phÈm giμu capsule Carbohydrate coverings that have axit bÐo ®¬n- ch-a no vμ nghÌo s¶n pÈm antigenic specificity, present on some axÝt erucic ®-îc s¶n xuÊt tõ h¹t cña c¸c types of bacteria and other micro- c©y trång nμy. organisms. The capsule is usually cap The structure found on the 5´-end composed of polysaccharides, of eukaryotic mRNA, and consisting of an polypeptides, or polysaccharide-protein inverted, methylated guanosine residue. complexes. These materials are arranged See G cap, cap site. in a compact manner around the cell mò chôp CÊu tróc cã t¹i mót 5-cña mRNA surface. nh©n chuÈn, vμ gåm cã phÇn ®u«i bao cao su Sù bao phñ hydrat cacbon guanosine mªthyl ho¸, ®¶o ng-îc. Xem: mang tÝnh ®Æc thï kh¸ng nguyªn, cã mÆt G cap, cap site. trªn mét sè lo¹i vi khuÈn vμ vi sinh vËt CAP ViÕt t¾t cña: catabolite activator kh¸c. Bao con nhéng th-êng bao gåm c¸c protein. polysaccharit, polyeptit, hoÆc phøc chÊt carbohydrate 41 polisacarit- protein. C¸c vËt liÖu ®-îc x¾p gióp ph©n tö hÊp thô ¸nh s¸ng trong c¸c xÕp chÆt chÏ xung quanh bÒ mÆt tÕ bμo. c«ng ®o¹n quang hîp vμ cßn ®ãng vai trß carbohydrate Xem: polysaccharide. b¶o vÖ sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n tr¸nh hiÖu øng ¸nh s¸ng. Xem: carotene carboxypeptidase A class of enzymes which catalyse the cleavage of peptide carpel Female reproductive organ of bonds, requiring a free carboxyl group in flowering plants, consisting of stigma, style the substrate. The peptide bond adjacent and ovary. to this group is cleaved and a free amino no·n C¬ quan sinh s¶n c¸i cña thùc vËt acid is released. Used for deriving the ra hoa, gåm cã ®Çu nhôy, vßi nhôy vμ no·n. amino acid sequence of peptides. carrier A heterozygous individual bearing cacboxipeptidaza Líp enzim xóc t¸c a recessive mutant allele for a defective nh¸nh liªn kÕt peptit, yªu cÇu cã nhãm c¸c- condition that is “masked” by the presence b«-xyn tù do trong c¬ chÊt. Liªn kÕt peptit of the dominant normal allele; the liÒn kÒ víi nhãm nμy ®-îc t¸ch vμ gi¶i phenotype is normal, but the individual phãng a xÝt a min tù do. §-îc dïng ®Ó truy passes the defective (recessive) allele to gèc tr×nh tù a mino a cid cña d·y peptit. half of its offspring. carcinogen A substance capable of thÓ mang C¸ thÓ dÞ hîp mang alen ®ét inducing cancer in an organism. biÕn lÆn cho tr¹ng th¸i kh«ng hoμn h¶o lμ ChÊt cã kh¶ n¨ng g©y ra ung th- trong sinh “mÆt n¹” do cã mÆt alen b×nh th-êng tréi; vËt. kiÓu h×nh lμ b×nh th-êng, nh-ng c¸ thÓ nμy sÏ chuyÓn alen cã sai sãt (lÆn) cho mét carcinoma A malignant tumour derived nöa con c¸i. from epithelial tissue, which forms the skin and the outer cell layers of internal organs. carrier DNA DNA of undefined sequence which is added to the transforming carcinoma BiÓu m« ®-îc b¾t nguån tõ (plasmid) DNA used in physical DNA- khèi u ®éc, h×nh thμnh c¸c líp da vμ tÕ transfer procedures. This additional DNA bμo ngoμi cña c¸c c¬ quan néi t¹ng. increases the efficiency of transformation carotene A reddish-orange plastid in electroporation and chemically- pigment involved in photosynthesis. A mediated DNA delivery systems. The carotenoid and precursor of vitamin A. mechanism responsible is not known. caroten ChÊt mμu l¹p thÓ ®á da cam ®-îc DNA thÓ mang DNA cña tr×nh tù kh«ng t¹o thμnh trong quang hîp. Mét carotenoid x¸c ®Þnh ®-îc bæ sung cho DNA (plasmit) vμ tiÒn chÊt vitamin A. biÕn n¹p ®-îc sö dông trong c¸c ph-¬ng carotenoid A group of chemically similar ph¸p di chuyÓn DNA vËt lý. DNA bæ sung red to yellow pigments responsible for the lμm t¨ng thªm hiÖu qu¶ biÕn n¹p trong c¶m characteristic colour of many plant organs øng ®iÖn vμ hÖ giao nhËn DNA trung gian or fruits, such as tomatoes, carrots, etc. hãa häc. C¬ chÕ chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm ch-a Oxygen-containing carotenoids are called ®-îc biÕt. xanthophylls. Carotenoids serve as light- carrier molecule 1. A molecule that plays harvesting molecules in photosynthetic a role in moving electrons through the assemblies and also play a role in electron transport chain. They are usually protecting prokaryotes from the deleterious proteins bound to non-protein groups and effects of light. See: carotene. able to undergo oxidation and reduction xanthophyl Nhãm chÊt mμu ho¸ häc relatively easily, thus allowing electrons to t-¬ng tù tõ ®á ®Õn vμng ®¸p øng mÇu ®Æc flow. 2. A lipid-soluble molecule that can tr-ng cña nhiÒu c¬ quan thùc vËt hoÆc c¸c bind to lipid-insoluble molecules and lo¹i qu¶, nh- cμ chua, cμ rèt, v©n v©n. transport them across membranes. Carrier Carotenoit cã chøa oxy ®-îc gäi lμ molecules have specific sites that interact xanthophyll (s¾c tè mμu xanh). Carotenoit with the molecules they transport. The Cartagena protocol 42 efficiency of carrier molecules may be transcription of the relevant operon. modified by changing the interacting sites Synonyms: catabolite regulator protein through genetic engineering. (CRP), cyclic AMP receptor protein. ph©n tö mang 1. Mét ph©n tö cã vai trß protein ho¹t ho¸ chÊt dÞ hãa (viÕt t¾t trong c¸c ®iÖn tö chuyÓn ®éng qua chuçi :CAP). Mét protein kÕt hîp víi AMP vßng. chuyÓn vËn ®iÖn tö. Chóng th-êng lμ Phøc hîp cAMP-CAP liªn kÕt víi vïng khëi protein liªn kÕt víi nhãm kh«ng ph¶i ®Çu cña E. coli vμ kÝch thÝch phiªn m· cña protein vμ cã kh¶ n¨ng chÞu ®-îc «xi hãa ®¬n vÞ ®iÒu hoμ thÝch hîp. Nh÷ng tõ ®ång vμ gi¶m cÊp t-¬ng ®èi dÔ, do vËy cho phÐp nghÜa: catabolite regulator protein (CRP), c¸c ®iÖn tö thμnh dßng ch¶y. 2. Mét ph©n cyclic AMP receptor protein. tö hoμ tan lipit cã thÓ liªn kÕt víi c¸c ph©n catabolite repression Glucose-mediated tö kh«ng tan lipit vμ chuyÓn chóng qua reduction in the rates of transcription of mμng tÕ bμo. C¸c ph©n tö mang cã vÞ trÝ genes that encode enzymes involved in ®Æc biÖt ®Ó t-¬ng t¸c víi ph©n tö chóng catabolic pathways (e.g. the lac operon). chuyªn chë. HiÖu qu¶ cña ph©n tö thÓ øc chÕ dÞ hãa Sù gi¶m trung gian glucoza mang cã thÓ ®-îc biÕn ®æi do thay ®æi ®iÓm trong nhÞp ®é phiªn m· cña c¸c gen ®Ó t-¬ng t¸c th«ng qua kü thuËt di truyÒn. emzim m· hãa tiÕp theo trong c¸c ®-êng Cartagena protocol nghÞ ®Þnh th- mßn dÞ hãa (vÝ dô ®¬n vÞ ®iÒu hoμ gen lac). Cartagena Xem: biosafety protocol. catalase A metalloenzyme, present in casein A group of milk proteins. both plants and animals, that catalyzes the Nhãm protein s÷a. decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to casein hydrolysate The mixture of amino water and oxygen. This activity is important acids and peptides produced by in the detoxification of reactive oxygen enzymatic or acid hydrolysis of casein. generated as part of the response to stress. s¶n phÈm thñy ph©n casein Hçn hîp cña catalaza Enzim chuyÓn ho¸, cã mÆt axÝt amin vμ peptit t¹o ra do sù thuû ph©n axit hoÆc enzim cña casein. trong c¶ thùc vËt vμ ®éng vËt, xóc t¸c ph©n hñy n-íc oxi giμ thμnh n-íc vμ oxi. cassette xem: construct. Ho¹t ®éng nμy quan träng trong sù gi¶i CAT box xem: CAAT box. ®éc cña oxi ph¶n øng ph¸t sinh nh- bé catabolic pathway A pathway by which phËn tr¶ lêi c¨ng th¼ng sinh häc. an organic molecule is degraded in order catalysis The process of increasing the to release energy for growth and other rate of a chemical reaction by the addition cellular processes. of a substance that is not itself changed ®-êng mßn dÞ hãa §-êng mßn theo ®ã by the reaction (the catalyst). ph©n tö h÷u c¬ ®-îc ph©n gi¶i víi môc ®Ých xóc t¸c Qu¸ tr×nh lμm t¨ng thªm nhÞp ®é gi¶i phãng n¨ng l-îng cho sinh tr-ëng vμ cña ph¶n øng hãa häc bëi cho thªm mét c¸c qu¸ tr×nh tÕ bμo kh¸c chÊt mμ nã kh«ng bÞ thay ®æi do ph¶n øng catabolism The breakdown of large (chÊt xóc t¸c). molecules in living organisms, with the catalyst A substance that promotes a accompanying release of energy. chemical reaction by lowering the dÞ ho¸ Sù ph©n gi¶i c¸c ph©n tö lín trong activation energy of a chemical reaction, sinh vËt sèng, cã gi¶i phãng n¨ng l-îng. without itself undergoing any permanent catabolite activator protein chemical change. (Abbreviation: CAP). A protein which chÊt xóc t¸c ChÊt thóc ®Èy ph¶n øng hãa combines with cyclic AMP. The cAMP- häc do h¹ thÊp n¨ng l-îng kÝch ho¹t mét CAP complex binds to the promoter ph¶n øng hãa häc, tù nã kh«ng chÞu bÊt kú regions of E. coli and stimulates mét thay ®æi hãa häc l©u dμi. catalytic antibody 43 catalytic antibody An antibody selected CBD ViÕt t¾t cña: Convention on for its ability to catalyse a chemical reaction Biological Diversity. by binding to and stabilizing the transition- ccc DNA viÕt t¾t cña: covalently-closed state intermediate. Synonym: abzyme. circle DNA. Xem: circularization. kh¸ng thÓ xóc t¸c Mét kh¸ng thÓ ®-îc CD molecules Abbreviation for: cluster of lùa chän kh¶ n¨ng ®Ó xóc t¸c mét ph¶n differentiation molecules. Any group of øng hãa häc do liªn kÕt vμ lμm æn ®Þnh surface antigens associated with a tr¹ng th¸i chuyÓn vÞ trung gian.Tõ ®ång specific sub-population of T cells. nghÜa: abzyme. côm ph©n tö CD viÕt t¾t cña cluster of catalytic RNA RNA xóc t¸c xem: differentiation molecules.BÊt kú nhãm ribozyme. kh¸ng nguyªn bÒ mÆt nμo hîp nhÊt víi catalytic site The part of the surface of mét quÇn thÓ phô riªng biÖt cña c¸c tÕ bμo an enzyme molecule (usually only a small T. portion of the total) necessary for the cDNA viÕt t¾t cña complementary DNA. catalytic process. cDNA clone A double-stranded cDNA vÞ trÝ xóc t¸c PhÇn bÒ mÆt ph©n tö enzim molecule propagated in a vector, and used (th-êng chØ mét phÇn nhá cña tæng sè) cÇn as a probe in RFLP analyses, as template thiÕt cho qu¸ tr×nh xóc t¸c. for the production of EST sequences, and cauliflower mosaic virus (Abbreviation for gene expression studies. CaMV). A DNA virus affecting cauliflower dßng DNA bæ sung Ph©n tö DNA bæ sung and many other dicot species. Its sîi kÐp ®-îc truyÒn lan trong vect¬, vμ sö importance is due to the promoter of its dông lμm ®Çu dß trong c¸c ph©n tÝch RFLP, 35S ribosomal DNA, which is lμm khung mÉu s¶n xuÊt c¸c tr×nh tù EST, constitutively active in most plant tissues, vμ ®Ó nghiªn cøu biÓu thÞ gen. and has therefore been widely used as a cDNA cloning A method of cloning the promoter for the expression of coding sequence of a gene, starting with transgenes. its mRNA transcript. virut kh¶m c¶i xóp l¬ (viÕt t¾t: CaMV). nh©n dßng ADN bæ sung Ph-¬ng ph¸p Mét virut DNA t¸c ®éng trªn c¶i xóp l¬ vμ nh©n dßng tr×nh tù m· ho¸ mét gen, khëi nhiÒu loμi c©y hai l¸ mÇn kh¸c. §iÓm quan ®Çu víi b¶n sao mRNA . träng cña nã lμ do vÞ trÝ khëi ®Çu DNA ribosom 35 S, lμ thÓ ho¹t ®éng chñ yÕu cDNA library An collection of cDNA trong hÇu hÕt c¸c m« thùc vËt, vμ v× thÕ clones. ®-îc sö dông réng r·i lμm ®iÓm khëi ®Çu th- viÖn DNA bæ sung TËp hîp c¸c dßng biÓu thÞ gen chuyÓn. DNA bæ sung. cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter CDR viÕt t¾t cña complementarity- (Abbreviation CaMV 35S). A promoter determining regions. sequence isolated from the ribosomal gene cell The fundamental level of structural of the cauliflower mosaic virus organization in complex organisms. khëi ®Çu 35s virut kh¶m c¶i xóp l¬ (viÕt Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus (with t¾t CaMV 35S). Mét tr×nh tù khëi ®Çu ph©n chromosomes) and cytoplasm with the lËp tõ gen ribosom cña virut kh¶m c¶i xóp protein synthesis machinery, bounded by l¬ a membrane. Prokaryotic cells have no caulogenesis Stem organogenesis; nucleus. induction of shoot development from tÕ bμo §¬n vÞ cÊu tróc c¬ së cña sinh vËt callus. phøc t¹p. TÕ bμo cã nh©n mang mét h¹t ph¸t sinh thÓ chai Ph¸t sinh c¬ quan th©n; nh©n (víi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ) vμ tÕ bμo chÊt kÝch thÝch ph¸t triÓn chåi c©y tõ thÓ chai. víi bé m¸y tæng hîp protein, ®-îc bao bäc cell culture 44 bëi mét mμng. C¸c tÕ bμo sinh vËt kh«ng ph©n chia tÕ bμo Sù h×nh thμnh cña hai nh©n kh«ng cã h¹t nh©n. hoÆc nhiÒu tÕ bμo con tõ mét tÕ bμo mÑ. cell culture The in vitro growth of cells H¹t nh©n ph©n chia tr-íc, sau ®ã h×nh isolated from multi-cellular organisms. thμnh mét mμng tÕ bμo gi÷a c¸c h¹t nh©n nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo Sinh tr-ëng trong èng con. Ph©n chia cña c¸c tÕ bμo x«ma ®-îc nghiÖm cña c¸c tÕ bμo ®-îc ph©n lËp tõ gäi lμ nguyªn ph©n; c¸c tiÒn chÊt trøng vμ sinh vËt ®a bμo. tinh trïng ®-îc h×nh thμnh tiÕp theo gi¶m cell cycle The sequence of stages that a ph©n. cell passes through between one division cell fusion Formation in vitro of a single and the next. The cell cycle oscillates hybrid cell from the coalescence of two between mitosis (M) and the interphase, cells of different species origin. In the which is divided into the G1 phase hybrid cell, the donor nuclei may remain (involving a high rate of biosynthesis and separate, or may fuse, but during growth), the S phase (in which the DNA subsequent cell divisions, a single spindle content is doubled as a consequence of is formed so that each daughter cell has a chromosome replication), and the G2 single nucleus containing complete or phase (preparatory for cell division). partial sets of chromosomes from each chu tr×nh tÕ bμo T×nh tù c¸c giai ®o¹n mμ parental line. Synonym: cell tÕ bμo tr¶i qua gi÷a mét lÇn ph©n chia vμ hybridization. lÇn tiÕp theo. Chu tr×nh tÕ bμo dao ®éng dung hîp tÕ bμo H×nh thμnh trong èng gi÷a nguyªn ph©n (M) vμ pha nghØ, ®-îc nghiÖm tÕ bμo lai ®¬n tõ sù ho¸ hîp hai tÕ ph©n lμm pha G1 (kÐo theo nhÞp ®é cao bμo cña c¸c loμi kh¸c nguån gèc. Trong sinh tæng hîp vμ sinh tr-ëng), pha S (trong tÕ bμo lai, nh©n cho cã thÓ gi÷ l¹i phÇn ®ã sè l-îng DNA ®-îc gÊp ®«i nh- kÕt qu¶ t¸ch rêi, hoÆc cã thÓ kÕt hîp, nh-ng trong sao chÐp nhiÔm s¾c thÓ), vμ pha G2 (chuÈn c¸c ph©n chia tÕ bμo kÕ tiÕp, sîi thoi ®¬n bÞ ®Ó ph©n chia tÕ bμo). ®-îc thμnh h×nh v× thÕ mçi tÕ bμo con cã cell differentiation The transition of cells mét nh©n ®¬n mang ®Çy ®ñ hoÆc bé phËn (by the programmed activation and de- cña nhiÔm s¾c thÓ tõ mçi dßng cha mÑ. activation of the necessary genes) from an Tõ ®ång nghÜa: cell hybridization. tissue-unspecific type, in which daughter cell generation time The interval between cells are similarly undifferentiated, to a the beginning of consecutive divisions of committed type in which the cell line a cell, equivalent to the time that it takes specializes to become a recognizable for a population of single-celled organisms tissue or organ. to double its cell number. ph©n hãa tÕ bμo, biÖt ho¸ tÕ bμo Sù thêi gian thÕ hÖ tÕ bμo Kho¶ng thêi gian chuyÓn tiÕp cña c¸c tÕ bμo (do kÝch ho¹t gi÷a b¾t ®Çu c¸c ph©n chia liªn tiÕp cña vμ kh«ng kÝch ho¹t cña c¸c gen cÇn thiÕt mét tÕ bμo, t-¬ng ®-¬ng víi thêi gian t¹o ®-îc ch-¬ng tr×nh hãa) b¾t nguån tõ mét ra mét quÇn thÓ sinh vËt tÕ bμo ®¬n thμnh kiÓu m« kh«ng ®Æc biÖt, trong ®ã c¸c tÕ gÊp ®«i sè tÕ bμo cña nã. bμo con kh«ng ph©n hãa gièng nhau, cell hybridization lai tÕ bμo xem: cell thμnh mét kiÓu ghi nhí nhËn râ dßng tÕ fusion. baß biÖt ho¸ thμnh m« hoÆc c¬ quan. cell line 1. A cell lineage that can be cell division Formation of two or more maintained in vitro. Significant genetic daughter cells from a single parent cell. changes can occur during lengthy periods The nucleus divides first, followed by the in culture, so that the genotype of long- formation of a cell membrane between the term cell lines may not be the same as that daughter nuclei. Division of somatic cells of the starter cell. 2. A cell lineage that can is termed mitosis; egg and sperm be recognized in vivo. precursors are formed following meiosis. cell membrane 45 dßng tÕ bμo 1. Mét dßng tÕ bμo ®-îc b¶o cell strain An in vitro culture initiated by qu¶n trong èng nghiÖm. Nh÷ng thay ®æi di asexual reproduction from a single cell. truyÒn quan träng cã thÓ x¶y ra suèt thêi Such cell lines should represent a kú dμi nu«i cÊy, do vËy kiÓu di truyÒn cña population of genetically homogenous c¸c dßng tÕ bμo sau nμy cã thÓ kh«ng cells. Strains are defined by specific gièng nh- cña tÕ bμo xuÊt ph¸t. 2. Mét properties or markers used for their dßng tÕ bμo mμ cã thÓ ®· ®-îc ghi nhËn selection. Synonym: single-cell line. trong c¬ thÓ. chñng tÕ bμo Nu«i cÊy trong èng nghiÖm cell membrane mμng tÕ bμo xem: ®-îc b¾t ®Çu do sinh s¶n v« tÝnh tõ mét tÕ plasmalemma. bμo ®¬n. Nh- vËy dßng tÕ bμo ph¶i ®¹i cell number The number of cells per unit diÖn mét quÇn thÓ cña c¸c tÕ bμo ®ång volume of a culture. nhÊt di truyÒn. C¸c chñng ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh bëi nh÷ng thuéc tÝnh riªng biÖt hoÆc c¸c sè tÕ bμo Sè l-îng c¸c tÕ bμo theo ®¬n vÞ dÊu chuÈn ®-îc dïng chän läc.Tõ ®ång ®iÒu chØnh nu«i cÊy. nghÜa: single-cell line. cell plate The precursor of the cell wall, cell suspension Cells in culture in moving formed at the beginning of cell division. The or shaking liquid medium, often used to cell plate develops in the region of the describe suspension cultures of single equatorial plate and arises from cells and cell aggregates. membranes in the cytoplasm. ng-ng tô tÕ bμo C¸c tÕ bμo khi nu«i cÊy ®Üa tÕ bμo TiÒn chÊt v¸ch tÕ bμo, ®-îc trong m«i tr-êng láng chuyÓn ®éng hoÆc thμnh h×nh khi b¾t ®Çu ph©n chia tÕ bμo. rung, th-êng sö dông ®Ó m« t¶ c¸c nu«i §Üa tÕ bμo ph¸t triÓn trong vïng cña ®Üa cÊy huyÒn phï tÕ bμo ®¬n vμ khèi tËp hîp xÝch ®¹o vμ xuÊt hiÖn tõ mμng cña chÊt tÕ tÕ bμo. bμo. cell wall A rigid external structure which cell sap Water and dissolved substances, surrounds plant cells. It is formed outside sugar, amino acids, waste substances, the plasmalemma and consists primarily etc., in the plant cell vacuole. of cellulose. nhùa tÕ bμo N-íc vμ c¸c chÊt hoμ tan, v¸ch tÕ bμo CÊu tróc bªn ngoμi cøng ch¾c ®-êng, amino axÝt, c¸c chÊt th¶i,v.v., trong bao quanh tÕ bμo thùc vËt. Nã ®-îc h×nh kh«ng bμo tÕ bμo thùc vËt. thμnh bªn ngoμi mμng chÊt nguyªn sinh cell selection The process of selecting vμ bao gåm chñ yÕu lμ xen-lu-l«. cells exhibiting specific traits within a group cell-free protein synthesis tæng hîp of genetically different cells. Selected cells protein phi tÕ bμo xem: in vitro are often sub-cultured onto fresh medium translation. for continued selection and exposed to an increased level of the selection agent to cell-free transcription phiªn m· phi tÕ eliminate false positives. bμo xem: in vitro transcription. chän läc tÕ bμo Xö lý tÕ bμo chän läc thÓ cell-free translation dÞch m· phi tÕ bμo hiÖn nh÷ng tÝnh tr¹ng riªng biÖt trong nhãm xem: in vitro translation. tÕ bμo kh¸c nhau di truyÒn. C¸c tÕ bμo cell-mediated (cellular) immune ®-îc lùa chän th-êng ®-îc nu«i cÊy bæ response ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch trung sung trªn m«i tr-êng míi ®Ó chän läc tiÕp gian tÕ bμo xem: T-cell-mediated tôc vμ thÓ hiÖn møc ®é n©ng cao cña t¸c (cellular) immune response. nh©n chän läc nh»m lo¹i trõ c¸c thÓ sai cellular oncogene gen g©y ung th- tÕ lÖch. bμo xem: proto-oncogene. cell sorter Ph©n lo¹i tÕ bμo xem: cellulase Enzyme catalysing the fluorescence-activated cell sorting, breakdown of cellulose. flow cytometry. cellulose 46 Enzim xóc t¸c ph©n gi¶i xen-lu-l«. centre of origin The geographic locations cellulose A complex polysaccharide where a particular domesticated plant composed of long linear chains of glucose species originated. These areas are the residues. It comprises 40% to 55% by likeliest source of natural genetic variation, weight of the plant cell wall. and represent ideal targets for in situ conservation. xen-lu-l« Mét polisacarit phøc t¹p bao gåm c¸c chuçi th¼ng dμi gèc glucoza. ChiÕm trung t©m nguån C¸c khu vùc ®Þa lý n¬i tõ 40 % ®Õn 55 % träng l-îng v¸ch tÕ bμo b¾t nguån c¸c loμi thùc vËt thuÇn ho¸ phæ thùc vËt. biÕn. Nh÷ng vïng nμy hÇu nh- lμ nguån tμi nguyªn cña biÕn dÞ di truyÒn tù nhiªn, cellulose nitrate nitrat xen-lu-l« xem: vμ ®¹i diÖn c¸c môc tiªu lý t-ëng cho b¶o nitrocellulose. tån t¹i chç. cellulosome A multi-protein aggregate centrifugation Separating molecules by present in some micro-organisms which size or density using centrifugal forces degrade cellulose. It contains multiple generated by a spinning rotor. G-forces of copies of the enzymes necessary for this several hundred thousand times gravity process, and is often found on the outer are generated in ultracentrifugation. See: surface of the micro-organism cell. density gradient centrifugation. cellulosom Mét tËp hîp protein ®a hÖ cã ly t©m Ph©n t¸ch c¸c ph©n tö theo kÝch mÆt trong mét sè vi sinh vËt ph©n huû xen- th-íc hoÆc mËt ®é cã sö dông lùc li t©m lu-l«. Mang nhiÒu b¶n sao cña c¸c enzim ph¸t sinh do mét r« to quay. C¸c lùc G lín cÇn thiÕt cho qu¸ tr×nh nμy, vμ th-êng h×nh hμng tr¨m ngh×n lÇn lùc hÊp dÉn ®-îc sinh thμnh trªn bÒ mÆt ngoμi tÕ bμo vi sinh vËt. ra trong siªu ly t©m. Xem: density gradient centiMorgan (Abbreviation: cM). Unit of centrifugation. map distance. For small recombination centrifuge A mechanical device which fractions, cM and % recombination delivers the centrifugal forces necessary frequency are equivalent. for centrifugation. ®¬n vÞ morgan (viÕt t¾t: cM). §¬n vÞ m¸y ly t©m Mét thiÕt bÞ c¬ khÝ sinh ra lùc kho¶ng c¸ch trªn b¶n ®å. Cho nh÷ng phÇn ly t©m cÇn thiÕt cho ly t©m. t¸i tæ hîp nhá, cM vμ % tÇn sè t¸i hîp lμ t-¬ng ®-¬ng. centriole An organelle in many animal cells that appears to be involved in the central dogma The basic concept that, in formation of the spindle during mitosis. nature, genetic information generally flows During cell division, the two centrioles from DNA to RNA to protein. However, move to opposite sides of the nucleus to information contained in the RNA form the ends of the spindle. molecules of retroviruses can also flow back to DNA. trung tö Bμo quan nhá trong nhiÒu tÕ bμo ®éng vËt mμ xuÊt hiÖn liªn quan ®Õn h×nh truyÒn thèng trung t©m Kh¸i niÖm c¬ b¶n thμnh sîi thoi khi nguyªn ph©n. Trong ph©n mμ, trong thiªn nhiªn, th«ng tin di truyÒn chia tÕ bμo, hai trung tö di chuyÓn tíi phÝa th-êng ch¶y tõ DNA ®Õn RNA råi ®Õn ®èi diÖn cña nh©n ®Ó h×nh thμnh c¸c mót protein. Tuy nhiªn, th«ng tin mang trong sîi thoi. ph©n tö RNA cña virut lÆn cã thÓ cßn ch¶y ng-îc tíi DNA. centromere The eukaryotic chromosome structure, which appears as a constriction central mother cell A subsurface cell in karyotype analysis, to which the located in a plant apical meristem and spindle fibres attach during mitotic and characterized by a large vacuole. meiotic division. Composed of highly tÕ bμo mÑ trung t©m Mét tÕ bμo bÒ xÕp repetitive DNA. nghiªng m»m trong m« ph©n sinh ®Ønh vμ t©m ®éng CÊu tróc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ sinh vËt ®Æc tr-ng bëi mét kh«ng bμo lín. centromere 47 cã nh©n, xuÊt hiÖn khi thu nhá trong ph©n chaperone A family of proteins that chia nh©n, tíi ®ã nh÷ng sîi thoi gia nhËp ensure the correct assembly and qu¸ tr×nh ph©n chia nguyªn ph©n vμ gi¶m conformation of other polypeptides in vivo ph©n. Bao gåm DNA lÆp ë møc cao. as they emerge from the ribosome, but centrosome A specialized region of a are not themselves components of the living cell, situated next to the nucleus, functional assembled structures. The where microtubules are assembled and prokaryotic equivalents are known as broken down during cell division. The chaperonins. See: heat shock protein. centrosome of most animal cells contains chÊt kÌm Mét hä protein mμ b¶o ®¶m tËp a pair of centrioles. hîp vμ h×nh d¹ng kh«ng gian chuÈn x¸c trung thÓ Mét vïng ®Æc tr-ng cña tÕ bμo cña c¸c polyeptit kh¸c trong c¬ thÓ v× sèng, n»m kÒ s¸t nh©n, n¬i cã c¸c vi èng chóng n¶y sinh tõ ribosom, nh-ng kh«ng ®-îc tËp hîp vμ ph©n ra khi ph©n chia tÕ ph¶i tù chóng cã nh÷ng thμnh phÇn c¸c bμo. Trung thÓ cña hÇu hÕt c¸c tÕ bμo ®éng cÊu tróc ®-îc tËp hîp chøc n¨ng. C¸c vËt cã chøa mét cÆp trung tö. t-¬ng ®-¬ng sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n ®-îc biÕt nh- c¸c chÊt kÌm. Xem: heat shock cephem-type antibiotic An antibiotic that protein. shares the basic chemical structure of cephalosporin. chaperonin xem: chaperone. kh¸ng sinh kiÓu cephem Kh¸ng sinh character ®Æc tÝnh xem: trait. tham gia vμo cÊu t¹o hãa häc c¬ b¶n cña characterization Description of the cephalosporin. essential properties of an organism or chain terminator 1. See: stop codon. 2. system. In the Sanger method of DNA sequencing, ®Æc tr-ng Sù m« t¶ nh÷ng thuéc tÝnh quan refers to the labelled di-deoxynucleotide träng cña mét sinh vËt hoÆc hÖ thèng. triphosphates which are added to disrupt charcoal The black porous residue of DNA polymerase extension. partly burnt wood, bones, etc; a form of ®Çu chuçi 1. Xem: stop codon. 2. Trong carbon. See: activated charcoal ph-¬ng ph¸p Sanger lμm tr×nh tù DNA, liªn than ch× PhÇn cßn l¹i xèp ®en cña gç, quan víi di- deoxynucleotide triphosphates x-¬ng v.v., phÇn ®-îc ®èt ch¸y; mét d¹ng ®¸nh dÊu ®-îc g¾n thªm ®Ó ph¸ vì sù c¸c bon. Xem: activated charcoal më réng enzim trïng hîp DNA. chelate A cation bound to an organic Chakrabarty decision A landmark legal molecule through electron pair donation case in the U.S.A., in which it was held from nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms in its that the inventor of a new micro-organism structure. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic whose invention otherwise met the legal acid is a typical and frequently employed requirements for obtaining a patent, could chelating agent. Soluble chelates can not be denied a patent solely because the supply plants with micronutrients which invention was alive. This has set the would otherwise be unavailable because precedent for the patenting of life forms. of precipitation. quyÕt ®Þnh Chakrabarty Mét khung ph¸p cation ho¸ Mét cation g¾n víi mét ph©n lý quan träng cña Hoa Kú, trong ®ã cã nªu tö h÷u c¬ do cho cÆp ®iÖn tö tõ nit¬ vμ/ râ r»ng ng-êi ph¸t minh mét vi sinh vËt hoÆc c¸c nguyªn tö oxi trong cÊu tróc cña míi mμ sù ph¸t minh cña hä ng-îc l¹i gÆp nã. A-xÝt Ethylenediamine tetraacetic lμ mét nh÷ng yªu cÇu ph¸p lý ®Ó nhËn b»ng s¸ng t¸c nh©n cation ho¸ tiªu biÓu vμ ®-îc sö chÕ, kh«ng thÓ tõ chèi mét b»ng s¸ng chÕ dông nhiÒu lÇn. Nh÷ng cation ho¸ hoμ tan ®éc quyÒn v× ph¸t minh nμy ®· tån t¹i. §iÒu cã thÓ cung cÊp cho thùc vËt c¸c chÊt dinh nμy ®· ®Æt tiÒn lÖ cho viÖc cÊp b»ng s¸ng d-ìng vi l-îng mμ kh«ng cã s½n do kÕt chÕ c¸c d¹ng sèng . tña. chemical mutagen 48 chemical mutagen A chemical capable of nghÜa: cross-over. inducing mutations in living organisms. chimera (or chimaera) 1. An organism ®ét biÕn hãa häc ChÊt hãa häc cã kh¶ whose cells are not all genotypically n¨ng t¹o ra ®ét biÕn trong sinh vËt sèng. identical. This can occur as a result of: chemically-defined medium When all of somatic mutation; grafting (see: graft the chemical components of a culture chimera); or because the individual is medium are fully known and defined. derived from two or more embryos or zygotes. 2. A recombinant DNA molecule m«i tr-êng x¸c ®Þnh hãa häc Khi tÊt c¶ that contains sequences from different c¸c thμnh phÇn hãa häc cña mét m«i organisms. tr-êng nu«i cÊy ®-îc biÕt ®Çy ®ñ vμ ®-îc quy ®Þnh. qu¸i dÞ (hoÆc qu¸i thai) 1. Mét sinh vËt mμ cã c¸c tÕ bμo kh«ng ph¶i tÊt c¶ lμ ®ång chemiluminescence The emission of light nhÊt kiÓu gen. Nã cã xÈy ra do hËu qu¶ during the course of a chemical reaction. cña: §ét biÕn x«ma; cÊy ghÐp (xem: thÓ ph¸t quang hãa häc Sù ph¸t x¹ cña ¸nh qu¸i ghÐp); hoÆc do c¸ thÓ ®-îc t¹o thμnh s¸ng trong thêi gian ph¶n øng hãa häc. tõ hai hoÆc nhiÒu ph«i hoÆc hîp tö. 2. Mét chemostat A continuous and open culture ph©n tö DNA t¸i tæ hîp mμ cã c¸c tr×nh tù in which growth rate and cell density are b¾t nguån tõ c¸c sinh vËt kh¸c nhau. maintained constant by a fixed rate of input chimeraplasty A method designed to of a growth-limiting nutrient. create defined alterations in DNA æn ®Þnh hãa d-ìng Mét nu«i cÊy më vμ sequence at a target locus, with potential liªn tôc trong ®ã tèc ®é sinh tr-ëng vμ mËt both for gene therapy and for investigating ®é tÕ bμo ®-îc duy tr× kh«ng thay ®æi do tû gene function. A synthetic nucleic acid that lÖ cè ®Þnh cña ®Çu vμo chÊt dinh d-ìng contains DNA interspersed with small h¹n chÕ sinh tr-ëng. amounts of RNA is introduced into the chemotaxis The movement of a cell, or target cell, where it pairs with its target the whole or part of an organism, towards gene sequence and then triggers the cell’s or away from an increasing concentration DNA repair machinery, resulting in the of a particular substance. replacement of the native sequence by the synthetic one. ph¶n øng h-íng ho¸ Sù chuyÓn ®éng cña tÕ bμo, toμn bé hoÆc bé phËn cña mét m¹ thÓ qu¸i Ph-¬ng ph¸p thiÕt kÕ ®Ó t¹o sinh vËt, vÒ phÝa hoÆc ra khái tõ mét nång ra nh÷ng thay ®æi x¸c ®Þnh cña tr×nh tù DNA ®é gia t¨ng cña mét chÊt riªng biÖt. t¹i æ gen ®Ých, víi kh¶ n¨ng võa cho phÐp ch÷a bÖnh gen võa ®iÒu tra chøc n¨ng gen. chemotherapy The treatment of disease, Mét axit nucleic tæng hîp cã DNA xen kÏ especially infections or cancer, by means víi phÇn thiÓu sè RNA ®-îc ®-a vμo tÕ of chemicals. bμo ®Ých, n¬i nã cÆp ®«i víi tr×nh tù gen liÖu ph¸p hãa häc Sù nghiªn cøu bÖnh ®Ých vμ sau ®ã thóc ®Èy bé m¸y söa ch÷a h¹i, ®Æc biÖt lμ bÖnh truyÒn nhiÔm hoÆc DNA tÕ bμo, dÉn ®Õn thay thÕ tr×nh tù tù ung th-, do t¸c ®éng hãa chÊt. nhiªn b»ng mét tr×nh tù tæng hîp. chiasma (pl.: chiasmata) A visible point of chimeric DNA DNA qu¸i dÞ xem: chimera junction between two non-sister (2). chromatids of homologous chimeric gene An engineered gene, chromosomes during the first meiotic where a coding sequence is fused to prophase. Synonym: cross-over. promoter and/or other sequences derived v¾t chÐo (sè nhiÒu: chiasmata), Mét ®iÓm from a different gene. Most genes used in nèi râ rμng gi÷a hai nhiÔm s¾c tö kh«ng transformation are chimeric. Synonym: chÞ em cña c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®ång fusion gene. trong k× ®Çu gi¶m ph©n lÇn mét.Tõ ®ång chimeric protein 49 gen qu¸i dÞ Mét gen ®-îc kü thuËt, n¬i chloroplast Specialized plastid that mét tr×nh tù m· ho¸ ®-îc dung hîp víi khëi contains chlorophyll. Lens-shaped and ®Çu vμ/hoÆc tr×nh tù b¾t nguån tõ mét gen bounded by a double membrane, kh¸c biÖt. HÇu hÕt c¸c gen dïng cho biÕn chloroplasts contain membranous n¹p lμ gen qu¸i dÞ. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: fusion structures (thylakoids) piled up into stacks, gene. surrounded by a gel-like matrix (stroma). chimeric protein protein qu¸i dÞ Xem: They are the site of solar energy transfer fusion protein. and some important reactions involved in starch or sugar synthesis. Chloroplasts chimeric selectable marker gene A gene have their own DNA; these genes are that is constructed from parts of two or inherited only through the female parent, more different genes and allows the host and are independent of nuclear genes. cell to survive under conditions where it would otherwise die. h¹t diÖp lôc H¹t t¹p s¾c ®Æc biÖt chøa chÊt diÖp lôc. TiÕp gi¸p vμ g¾n bëi mμng gen ®¸nh dÊu chän läc thÓ qu¸i Mét kÐp, c¸c h¹t diÖp lôc cã cÊu tróc mμng gen mμ ®-îc cÊu t¹o tõ c¸c phÇn cña hai máng (thylakoids) xÕp líp dån l¹i, ®-îc bao hoÆc nhiÒu gen kh¸c nhau vμ cho phÐp tÕ quanh b»ng mét hçn hîp (stroma) gièng bμo vËt chñ tån t¹i d-íi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn mμ nh- chÊt gel. Chóng lμ ®Þa chØ ®Ó chuyÓn ë n¬i ng-îc l¹i sÏ bÞ chÕt. giao n¨ng l-îng mÆt trêi vμ mét sè ph¶n chip vËt máng xem: micro-array. øng quan träng liªn quan tæng hîp tinh bét chitin A nitrogenous polysaccharide that hoÆc ®-êng. C¸c h¹t diÖp lôc cã DNA cña gives structural strength to the exoskeleton riªng chóng; C¸c gen nμy ®-îc di truyÒn of insects and the cell walls of fungi. chØ th«ng qua thÓ c¸i, vμ ®éc lËp víi gen chÊt ki tin Mét polisacarit ni-t¬ t¹o ®é cøng h¹t nh©n. cho cÊu tróc bé x-¬ng ngoμi c«n trïng vμ chloroplast DNA The DNA present in the v¸ch tÕ bμo nÊm. chloroplast. Although the chloroplast has chitinase An enzyme which breaks down a small genome, the large number of chitin. chloroplasts per cell ensures that chloroplast DNA is a significant proportion chitinaza Enzim ph©n huû chÊt ki tin. of the total DNA in a plant cell. chloramphenicol An antibiotic that DNA lôc l¹p DNA cã trong h¹t diÖp lôc. interferes with protein synthesis. MÆc dÇu h¹t diÖp lôc cã mét hÖ gen nhá, Mét chÊt kh¸ng sinh can thiÖp tæng hîp nh-ng sè l-îng lín h¹t diÖp lôc theo tÕ protein. bμo chøng tá r»ng DNA lôc l¹p cã mét tØ lÖ chlorenchyma Plant tissue (leaf ®¸ng kÓ cña DNA tæng sè trong tÕ bμo thùc mesophyll and other parenchyma cells) vËt. containing chloroplasts. chloroplast transit peptide m« diÖp lôc M« thùc vËt (tÕ bμo thÞt l¸ c©y (Abbreviation: CTP). A transit peptide that, vμ tÕ bμo nhu m« kh¸c) mang h¹t diÖp lôc. when fused to a protein, acts to transport chlorophyll One of the two pigments that protein into plant chloroplasts. Once responsible for the green colour of most inside the chloroplast, the transit peptide plants. It is an essential component of the is cleaved off the protein. Used to target machinery to absorb light energy for transgene expression to the chloroplast, photosynthesis. See: chloroplast. where this is appropriate. chÊt diÖp lôc Mét trong hai lo¹i s¾c tè cã peptit qua diÖp lôc (viÕt t¾t: CTP). Mét vai trß t¹o mμu xanh lôc cña hÇu hÕt thùc peptit chuyÓn qua ®Ó, khi kÕt hîp víi vËt. Mét thμnh phÇn quan träng cña bé protein, t¸c ®éng vËn chuyÓn protein vμo m¸y hÊp thu n¨ng l-îng ¸nh s¸ng ®Ó c¸c h¹t diÖp lôc thùc vËt. Mét phÝa bªn quang hîp. Xem: chloroplast. trong h¹t diÖp lôc, peptit qu¸ c¶nh t¸ch khái chlorosis 50 protein. §-îc sö dông ®Ó biÓu thÞ gen the components of mixtures of molecules chuyÓn môc tiªu cho h¹t diÖp lôc, ë n¬i by partitioning them between two phases, thÝch hîp. one stationary and the other mobile. chlorosis The appearance of yellow Appropriate selection of partitioning colour in plants, due to the failure of mechanism can produce separation of very development or the breakdown of closely-related molecules. chlorophyll. This is generally a symptom phÐp ghi s¾c ký Ph-¬ng ph¸p ph©n chia of either nutritional disturbance or of c¸c thμnh phÇn cña hçn hîp ph©n tö do pathogen infection. ph©n chia gi÷a hai k×, mét ®øng nguyªn vμ bÖnh óa vμng Sù xuÊt hiÖn mμu vμng mét di ®éng. Chän läc c¬ chÕ ph©n chia trong thùc vËt, do kÐm ph¸t triÓn hoÆc ph©n thÝch hîp cã thÓ t¸ch c¸c ph©n tö liªn quan huû diÖp lôc. Th-êng lμ mét triÖu chøng gÇn. rèi lo¹n dinh d-ìng hoÆc nhiÔm truyÒn t¸c chromocentre Body produced by fusion nh©n g©y bÖnh. of the heterochromatic regions of the chromatid Each of the two strands of chromosomes in the polytene tissues (e.g. chromatin comprising a duplicated the salivary glands) of certain Diptera. chromosome. The term is applied only trung t©m nhiÔm s¾c ThÓ t¹o ra do kÕt while the two chromatids are joined at the hîp c¸c vïng t¹p s¾c cña nhiÔm s¾c thÓ centromere. As soon as the centromere trong m« ®a sîi (vÝ dô tuyÕn n-íc bät) cña divides, setting the two chromatids adrift loμi c«n trïng hai c¸nh nhÊt ®Þnh. (during anaphase of mitosis; and during chromogenic substrate A compound or anaphase II of meiosis), they are called substance that contains a colour-forming chromosomes. group. nhiÔm s¾c tö Mçi mét trong hai sîi chÊt c¬ chÊt sinh mμu Hçn hîp hoÆc chÊt cã nhiÔm s¾c gåm cã mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n chøa mét nhãm h×nh thμnh mμu. ®«i. ThuËt ng÷ ®-îc ¸p dông chØ khi hai chromomeres Small dense bodies nhiÔm s¾c tö ®-îc nèi t¹i t©m ®éng. Ngay identified by their characteristic size and khi t©m ®éng ph©n chia, t¹o ra hai nhiÔm linear arrangement along a chromosome. s¾c tö tr«i d¹t (trong k× sau nguyªn ph©n; vμ k× sau II cña gi¶m ph©n), chóng ®-îc h¹t nhiÔm s¾c C¸c thÓ dÇy ®Æc nhá x¸c gäi lμ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. ®Þnh theo kÝch th-íc ®Æc tr-ng cña chóng vμ s¾p hμng th¼ng däc theo nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. chromatin Substance of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed. It consists chromonema (pl.: chromonemata) An of a complex of DNA, histone and non- optically single thread forming an axial histone chromosomal proteins (mainly structure within each chromosome. histones), and a small amount of RNA. sîi nhiÔm s¾c (sè nhiÒu: chromonemata) chÊt nhiÔm s¾c ChÊt mμ trong ®ã c¸c Mét chuçi ®¬n s¾c h×nh thμnh mét cÊu tróc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n chuÈn ®-îc kÕt hîp. trôc xoay trong tõng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. Bao gåm phøc hÖ cña DNA, protein nhiÔm chromoplast Plastid containing pigments s¾c thÓ histon vμ kh«ng histon (chñ yÕu other than chlorophyll. See: chloroplast. c¸c histon-protein kiÒm), vμ mét sè Ýt RNA. l¹p thÓ H¹t t¹p s¾c cã c¸c chÊt mμu thay chromatin fibre The standard structural v× chÊt diÖp lôc. Xem: chloroplast conformation of chromatin in strands of chromosomal aberration An abnormal 30 nm average diameter. change in chromosome structure or sîi chÊt nhiÔm s¾c H×nh th¸i cÊu tróc number, including deficiency, duplication, chuÈn cña chÊt nhiÔm s¾c trong c¸c sîi inversion, translocation, aneuploidy, cã ®-êng kÝnh trung b×nh lμ 30 nm. polyploidy, or any other change from the chromatography A method for separating normal pattern.. Although it can be a chromosomal integration site 51 mechanism for enhancing genetic characteristic number of chromosomes. diversity, most alterations are fatal or Bacterial and viral cells contain only one debilitating, especially in animals. See: chromosome, which consists of a single chromosome mutation. or double strand of DNA or, in some lÖch l¹c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Mét thay ®æi dÞ viruses, RNA, without histones. th-êng trong cÊu tróc hoÆc sè l-îng nhiÔm nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Trong c¸c tÕ bμo cã nh©n, s¾c thÓ, bao gåm sù thiÕu hôt, nh©n ®«i, nhiÔm s¾c thÓ lμ thÓ nh©n mang hÇu hÕt ®¶o ng-îc, chuyÓn vÞ, thÓ lÖch béi, thÓ ®a c¸c gen cã vai trß quyÕt ®Þnh ®Ó biÖt ho¸ béi, hoÆc bÊt kú thay ®æi nμo tõ mÉu b×nh vμ ho¹t ®éng tÕ bμo. NhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®a sè th-êng. MÆc dÇu nã cã thÓ lμ mét c¬ chÕ dÔ ®-îc nghiªn cøu trong tr¹ng th¸i tiÕp ®Ó t¨ng c-êng tÝnh ®a d¹ng di truyÒn, xóc, xuÊt hiÖn xung quanh k× gi÷a cña nh-ng hÇu hÕt nh÷ng thay ®æi sÏ ¶nh nguyªn ph©n hoÆc gi¶m ph©n; chóng h-ëng xÊu hoÆc suy yÕu, ®Æc biÖt trong mang hÇu hÕt DNA cña tÕ bμo trong d¹ng ®éng vËt. xem: chromosome mutation. chÊt nhiÔm s¾c. Mçi mét loμi cã nh©n mang chromosomal integration site A sè l-îng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®Æc tr-ng. TÕ bμo chromosomal location where foreign DNA virut vμ vi khuÈn chØ cã mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, can be integrated, often without impairing gåm cã mét sîi DNA ®¬n hoÆc kÐp hoÆc, any essential function in the host organism. trong mét sè loμi virut, RNA, kh«ng cã histon. vÞ trÝ hîp nhÊt nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Mét vïng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ n¬i DNA ngo¹i cã thÓ ®-îc chromosome aberration sai h×nh thÓ tÝch hîp, th«ng th-êng kh«ng lμm suy yÕu nhiÔm s¾c xem:: chromosomal bÊt kú chøc n¨ng quan träng nμo trong sinh aberration. vËt chñ. chromosome banding Differential chromosomal polymorphism The staining of chromosomes in such a way occurrence of one to several that light and dark areas occur along the chromosomes in two or more alteRNAtive length of the chromosomes in repeatable structural forms within a population; the patterns. Identical banding pattern implies structurally changed chromosomes are the chromosome homology. result of chromosome mutations (i.e. any nhuém b¨ng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Nhuém ph©n structural change involving the gain, loss biÖt nhiÔm s¾c thÓ theo c¸ch ®Ó nh÷ng or re-location of chromosome segments). vïng ¸nh s¸ng vμ bãng tèi xuÊt hiÖn däc tÝnh ®a h×nh nhiÔm s¾c thÓ BiÕn cè cña theo nhiÔm s¾c thÓ trong c¸c mÉu cã thÓ mét cho tíi vμi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ trong hai nh¾c l¹i. MÉu nhuém b¨ng ®ång nhÊt chØ hoÆc nhiÒu h×nh d¹ng cÊu tróc lùa chän sù t-¬ng hîp nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. trong mét quÇn thÓ; c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ thay chromosome jumping A technique that ®æi cÊu tróc lμ kÕt qu¶ ®ét biÕn nhiÔm s¾c allows two segments of duplex DNA that thÓ (nghÜa lμ bÊt kú thay ®æi nμo kÐo theo are separated by thousands of base pairs lîi Ých, mÊt m¸t hoÆc ®Þnh vÞ l¹i c¸c ®o¹n (about 200 kb) to be cloned together. After nhiÔm s¾c thÓ). sub-cloning, each segment can be used chromosome In eukaryotic cells, as a probe to identify cloned DNA chromosomes are the nuclear bodies sequences that, at the chromosome level, containing most of the genes largely are roughly 200 kb apart. See positional responsible for the differentiation and cloning. activity of the cell. Chromosomes are most b-íc nh¶y nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Mét kü thuËt easily studied in their contracted state, cho phÐp hai ®o¹n DNA xo¾n kÐp ®-îc which occurs around the metaphase of ph©n t¸ch do hμng ngh×n cÆp baz¬ (kho¶ng mitosis or meiosis; they contain most of 200 kb) cïng ®-îc nh©n dßng. Sau nh©n the cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin. dßng phô, mçi mét ®o¹n ®Òu cã thÓ ®-îc Each eukaryotic species has a dïng lμm ®Çu dß ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh tr×nh tù DNA chromosome landing 52 nh©n dßng, ë møc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, lμ Large restriction fragments (or BAC kho¶ng c¸ch riªng 200 kb. xem: positional clones) are generated and, after probing, cloning. a single starting point is identified. New chromosome landing An alteRNAtive to probes are synthesized complementary to chromosome walking for positional sequences of the same fragment (BAC cloning. Clones of genomic DNA are clone) that are adjacent to the starting fragmented so as to include both the target point, and these are then used to identify gene and a closely linked marker and are different restriction fragments (BAC clones) screened to select (‘land on’) those clones overlapping the one selected as the that contain the target gene. starting point. The procedure is used repetitively, working away from the starting Dõng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Thay thÕ cho kÐo point. dμi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®Ó t¹o dßng ®Þnh vÞ. C¸c dßng DNA hÖ gen ®-îc ph©n m¶nh nh- kÐo dμi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Mét chiÕn l-îc ®Ó vËy ®Ó bao gåm c¶ gen ®Ých vμ mét dÊu vÏ b¶n ®å hoÆc x¸c ®Þnh tr×nh tù mét ®o¹n chuÈn liªn kÕt chÆt vμ ®-îc che khuÊt ®Ó nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vμ ®Ó t¹o dßng ®Þnh vÞ. C¸c lùa chän (‘tiÕp ®Êt’) c¸c dßng mang gen ®o¹n giíi h¹n lín (hoÆc dßng BAC) ®-îc ®Ých. ph¸t sinh vμ, sau th¨m dß, mét ®iÓm khëi ®éng ®¬n ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh. §Çu dß míi ®-îc chromosome mutation A change in the tæng hîp bæ sung cho c¸c tr×nh tù cña cïng gross structure of a chromosome, usually ®o¹n (dßng BAC) liÒn kÒ víi vÞ trÝ ban ®Çu, causing severely deleterious effects in the vμ chóng sau khi x¸c ®Þnh c¸c ®o¹n giíi organism, but can be maintained in a h¹n kh¸c (c¸c dßng BAC) ®-îc xÕp chång population (See: chromosomal lªn mét ®iÓm ®· lùa chän nh- ®iÓm khëi polymorphism). They are often due to ®éng. Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®-îc lÆp l¹i, thùc hiÖn meiotic errors. The main types of liªn tôc tõ ®iÓm khëi ®éng. chromosome mutation are translocation, duplication, s and inversion. chymosin An enzyme that clots milk, used in the manufacture of cheese. ®ét biÕn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Thay ®æi trong cÊu tróc b¾t chÐo cña thÓ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, Enzim ®ãng côc s÷a, ®-îc sö dông ®Ó th-êng g©y ra c¸c hiÖu øng ®éc trÇm träng s¶n xuÊt phã m¸t. trong sinh vËt, nh-ng cã thÓ ®-îc duy tr× ciliate (adj.) (tÝnh tõ) cã l«ng rung xem: trong mét quÇn thÓ (xem: chromosomal cilium. polymorphism). Chóng th-êng do c¸c lçi cilium (pl.: cilia) Hairlike locomotor gi¶m ph©n. C¸c kiÓu chÝnh cña ®ét biÕn structure on certain cells; a locomotor nhiÔm s¾c thÓ lμ chuyÕn ®o¹n, nh©n ®«i structure on a ciliate protozoan. vμ ®¶o ®o¹n. l«ng rung (sè nhiÒu: cilium) D¹ng l«ng cÊu chromosome theory of inheritance The tróc di ®éng trªn nh÷ng tÕ bμo nhÊt ®Þnh; theory that chromosomes carry the genetic cÊu tróc di ®éng trªn nguyªn sinh ®éng information and that their behaviour during vËt cã l«ng. meiosis provides the physical basis for circadian Of physiological activity, etc.: segregation and independent assortment. recurring at approximately 24-hour thuyÕt di truyÒn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Lý thuyÕt intervals. vÒ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ mang th«ng tin di truyÒn chu kú ngμy ®ªm Cña ho¹t ®éng vËt lý, vμ tËp tÝnh cña chóng trong gi¶m ph©n ®Ó nh-: quay vßng l¹i xÊp xØ kho¶ng thêi gian cung cÊp c¬ së vËt chÊt cho viÖc t¸ch riªng 24 giê. vμ ph©n bè ®éc lËp. circularization The self-ligation of a linear chromosome walking A strategy for DNA fragment having complementary mapping or sequencing a chromosome ends, generally generated by digestion segment and for positional cloning. with a restriction endonuclease. cis configuration 53 Successful ligation produces a molecule II restriction endonuclease. Synonyms: in the form of a covalently-closed circle. cut; digest. Plastid DNA and plasmids are examples ph©n c¾t Ph¸ vì liªn kÕt phosphodiester of naturally circularized DNA. cña DNA sîi kÐp, th-êng víi mét enzim xo¾n vßng Tù kÕt buéc ®o¹n DNA m¹ch giíi h¹n kiÓu II. Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: cut; th¼ng cã c¸c mót bæ sung, th-êng ph¸t digest. sinh do tiªu hãa víi enzim giíi h¹n. Nèi cleaved amplified polymorphic ghÐp ®Çy ®ñ t¹o ph©n tö cã h×nh d¹ng vßng sequence A segment of DNA that can be trßn khÐp kÝn ®ång hãa trÞ. DNA thÓ h¹t vμ amplified by polymerase chain reaction plasmit lμ mÉu DNA vßng xo¾n tù nhiªn. (PCR) and which contains a DNA cis configuration cÊu h×nh cis xem: sequence polymorphism. Following PCR coupling. amplification of a locus, the amplicon is cis heterozygote A double heterozygote treated with a restriction endonuclease. that contains two mutations arranged in a If the recognition site for this enzyme is cis configuration (e.g. a+ b+ / a b). present in the amplicon, two or more restriction fragments are generated. Thus dÞ hîp tö cis DÞ hîp tö kÐp mang hai ®ét sequence variation between individuals at biÕn ®-îc x¾p xÕp trong cÊu h×nh cis (vÝ the recognition site(s) can be detected by dô: a+b+/a b). electrophoresis. See also: restriction cis-acting protein A protein with the fragment length polymorphism. particular property of acting only on the tr×nh tù ®a h×nh khuÕch ®¹i ph©n c¾t molecule of DNA from which it was §o¹n DNA cã thÓ ®-îc khuyÕch ®¹i bëi expressed. ph¶n øng chuçi enzim tæng hîp (PCR) vμ protein ho¹t ®éng cis Protein cã thuéc mang tÝnh ®a h×nh tr×nh tù DNA. TiÕp theo tÝnh riªng biÖt ho¹t ®éng chØ trªn ph©n tö khuÕch ®¹i PCR cña æ gen, ®¬n vÞ siªu DNA tõ ®ã nã ®-îc biÓu thÞ. sao chÐp ®-îc xö lý víi endonucleaza giíi cis-acting sequence A nucleotide h¹n. NÕu vÞ trÝ nhËn biÕt enzim nμy cã mÆt sequence that only affects the expression trong ®¬n vÞ siªu sao chÐp, hai hoÆc nhiÒu of genes located on the same ®o¹n giíi h¹n ®-îc ph¸t sinh. Nh- vËy sù chromosome. biÕn ®æi tr×nh tù gi÷a c¸c c¸ thÓ ë mét hoÆc tr×nh tù ho¹t ®éng cis Tr×nh tù nucleotit nhiÒu vÞ trÝ nhËn biÕt cã thÓ ph¸t hiÖn do chØ ¶nh h-ëng biÓu thÞ cña c¸c gen ®Þnh vÞ hiÖn t-îng ®iÖn chuyÓn. Xem: restriction trªn cïng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. fragment length polymorphism. cistron A DNA sequence that codes for a cline Variation in one or more phenotypic specific polypeptide; a gene. characters or allele frequencies across a geographical gradient. ®¬n vÞ di truyÒn Mét tr×nh tù DNA m· ho¸ cho mét polyeptit riªng biÖt; t-¬ng ®-¬ng dÞ biÖt BiÕn dÞ cña mét hoÆc nhiÒu ®Æc mét gen. tÝnh kiÓu h×nh hoÆc c¸c tÇn sè alen chuyÓn qua gra®ien ®Þa lý. class switching The process during which a plasma cell stops producing antibodies clonal propagation Asexual propagation of one class and begins producing of many new plants (ramets) from an antibodies of another class. individual (ortet); all have the same genotype. chuyÓn líp Qu¸ tr×nh trong ®ã chÊt tÕ bμo ngõng s¶n xuÊt kh¸ng thÓ cña líp nμy vμ sinh s¶n dßng v« tÝnh Sinh s¶n v« tÝnh b¾t ®Çu s¶n xuÊt kh¸ng thÓ cña líp kh¸c. cña nhiÒu thùc vËt míi (c¸c c¸ thÓ dßng v« tÝnh) tõ mét c¸ thÓ (thñy tæ); hoμn toμn cleave To break phosphodiester bonds of cã cïng mét kiÓu di truyÒn. double-stranded DNA, usually with a type clonal selection 54 clonal selection The production of a DNA chromosome - into which foreign population of plasma cells all producing DNA is inserted in the process of cloning the same antibody in response to the genes or other DNA sequences of interest. interaction between a B lymphocyte It can carry inserted DNA and be producing that specific antibody and the perpetuated in a host cell. Synonym: antigen bound by that antibody. See: cloning vehicle. primary immune response, secondary vect¬ t¹o dßng Ph©n tö DNA nhá, tù sao immune response. chÐp -th-êng plasmit hoÆc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ chän läc dßng v« tÝnh S¶n phÈm mét DNA virut- trong ®ã DNA l¹ ®-îc chÌn trong quÇn thÓ chÊt tÕ bμo ®Òu t¹o ra cïng mét qu¸ tr×nh t¹o dßng gen hoÆc c¸c chuçi DNA lo¹i kh¸ng thÓ trong ph¶n øng t-¬ng t¸c quan t©m kh¸c. Nã cã thÓ mang DNA ®-îc gi÷a lynph« bμo B t¹o kh¸ng thÓ riªng biÖt chÌn vμ duy tr× trong tÕ bμo ký chñ.Tõ ®ång vμ kh¸ng nguyªn liªn kÕt bëi kh¸ng thÓ nghÜa: cloning vehicle. nμy. xem: primary immune response, cloning vehicle ph-¬ng tiÖn t¹o dßng secondary immune response. Xem: cloning vector. clone 1. A group of cells or individuals that closed continuous culture A culture are genetically identical as a result of system, in which the inflow of fresh medium asexual reproduction, breeding of is balanced by the outflow of completely inbred organisms, or forming corresponding volumes of spent medium. genetically identical organisms by nuclear Cells are separated mechanically from transplantation. 2. Group of plants outflowing medium and added back to the genetically identical in which all are derived culture. from one selected individual by vegetative nu«i cÊy liªn tôc dãng HÖ thèng nu«i cÊy, propagation. 3. Verb: to clone. To insert a trong ®ã dßng ch¶y vμo cña m«i tr-êng DNA segment into a vector or host míi ®-îc c©n b»ng do dßng ch¶y ra cña chromosome. thÓ tÝch m«i tr-êng tiªu thô t-¬ng øng. C¸c dßng v« tÝnh 1. Mét nhãm tÕ bμo hoÆc c¸ tÕ bμo ®-îc ph©n t¸ch mét c¸ch m¸y mãc thÓ ®ång nhÊt di truyÒn do sinh s¶n v« tÝnh, tõ m«i tr-êng dßng ch¶y ra vμ bï l¹i sau nh©n gièng sinh vËt néi phèi hoμn toμn, nu«i cÊy. hoÆc h×nh thμnh sinh vËt ®ång nhÊt di cluster of differentiation côm biÖt ho¸ truyÒn do ghÐp nh©n. 2. Nhãm thùc vËt Xem: CD molecules. ®ång nhÊt di truyÒn tÊt c¶ ®Òu cã nguån gèc tõ mét c¸ thÓ ®-îc lùa chän do nh©n cM viÕt t¾t cña: centiMorgan. gièng sinh d-ìng. 3. §éng tõ: t¹o dßng. CMP viÕt t¾t cña cytidine ChÌn ®o¹n DNA vμo vect¬ hoÆc nhiÔm s¾c monophosphate. xem: cytidylic acid. thÓ vËt chñ. coat protein protein bäc vá xem: capsit. clone bank ng©n hμng dßng v« tÝnh coccus A spherical bacterium. xem: gene bank. cÇu khuÈn Mét lo¹i vi khuÈn cã h×nh cÇu. cloned strain or line A strain or line co-cloning The unintentional cloning of descended directly from a clone. DNA fragments, along with the desired chñng hoÆc dßng v« tÝnh Chñng hoÆc one, that can occur when the source of dßng b¾t nguån trùc tiÕp tõ mét dßng v« DNA being cloned is not sufficiently tÝnh. purified. cloning t¹o dßng xem: gene cloning. t¹o dßng ®ång thêi T¹o dßng c¸c ®o¹n cloning site vÞ trÝ t¹o dßng xem: DNA kh«ng cã ý ®å tr-íc, theo ®ã dßng insertion site. mong muèn, cã thÓ xuÊt hiÖn khi nguån cloning vector A small, self-replicating DNA ®ang ®-îc t¹o dßng ch-a ®-îc lμm DNA molecule - usually a plasmid or viral s¹ch ®Çy ®ñ. coconut milk 55 coconut milk Liquid endosperm of the tr×nh tù m· ho¸ PhÇn gen trùc tiÕp chØ râ coconut, often used to supply organic tr×nh tù amono axÝt s¶n phÈm cña nã. C¸c nutrients to in vitro cultures of plant cells tr×nh tù kh«ng m· ho¸ cña gen bao gåm and tissues. introns vμ c¸c vïng ®iÒu khiÓn, nh- lμ khëi n-íc dõa ChÊt néi ph«i nhò láng cña dõa, ®Çu, chØ huy, vμ kÕt thóc. th-êng sö dông ®Ó cung cÊp chÊt dinh coding strand The strand of a DNA d-ìng h÷u c¬ cho nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo vμ m« double helix that contains the same base thùc vËt trong èng nghiÖm. sequence (after substituting U for T) found co-culture The joint culture of two or more in the mRNA molecule resulting from types of cells, such as a plant cell and a transcription of that segment of DNA. micro-organism, or two types of plant cells. Sometimes called the sense strand. The Used in various dual-culture systems or in mRNA molecule is transcribed from the nurse culture. other strand, known as the template or antisense strand. See: antisense DNA. nu«i cÊy ®ång thêi Nu«i cÊy cã tham gia cña hai hoÆc nhiÒu lo¹i tÕ bμo, nh- mét sîi m· ho¸ Sîi xo¾n kÐp DNA mang cïng lo¹i tÕ bμo thùc vËt vμ mét lo¹i vi sinh vËt, mét tr×nh tù ba z¬ (sau khi thay thÕ U cho hoÆc hai lo¹i tÕ bμo thùc vËt. Sö dông trong T) ®-îc h×nh thμnh trong ph©n tö mRNA nhiÒu hÖ thèng nu«i trång kÐp kh¸c nhau do phiªn m· ®o¹n DNA. §«i khi ®-îc gäi hoÆc trong nu«i trång nu«i d-ìng. lμ sîi cã nghÜa. Ph©n tö mRNA ®-îc phiªn m· tõ mét sîi kh¸c, ®-îc biÕt nh- mét Codex Alimentarius Commission An khung mÉu hoÆc sîi ®èi nghÜa. xem: international regulatory body (part of FAO) antisense DNA. responsible for the definition of a set of international food standards. The co-dominance Where both alleles are Commission periodically determines, then expressed in the heterozygous state, so publishes a list of food ingredients and that the phenotype reflects a contribution maximum allowable levels (the Codex from both alleles. For example, roan coat Alimentarius) deemed to be safe for human colour in cattle results from a mixture of consumption. red hairs and white hairs, caused by heterozygosity for the red allele and the Héi §ång LuËt Thùc PhÈm C¬ quan ®iÒu white allele. hμnh quèc tÕ (mét bé phËn cña FAO) cã tr¸ch nhiÖm x¸c ®Þnh mét bé tiªu chuÈn ®ång tréi N¬i c¶ hai alen ®-îc biÓu thÞ thùc phÈm quèc tÕ. Héi ®ång x¸c ®Þnh theo trong tr¹ng th¸i dÞ hîp, do vËy kiÓu h×nh ®Þnh kú, sau ®ã xuÊt b¶n mét danh s¸ch ph¶n chiÕu mét ®ãng gãp tõ c¶ hai alen. nh÷ng thμnh phÇn thùc phÈm vμ møc ®é VÝ dô, mμu l«ng khoang cña thó nu«i kÕt cho phÐp tèi ®a (luËt thùc phÈm) ®-îc coi qu¶ tõ pha trén l«ng ®á vμ tr¾ng, ®-îc g©y lμ an toμn víi tiªu thô cña ng-êi. ra do tÝnh dÞ hîp tö gi÷a alen ®á vμ alen tr¾ng. coding The specification of a peptide sequence, by the code contained in DNA co-dominant alleles alen ®ång tréi xem: molecules. See: genetic code. co-dominance. m· hãa ThuyÕt minh mét tr×nh tù peptit, codon One of the groups of three do m· cã chøa trong ph©n tö DNA. xem: consecutive nucleotides in mRNA, which genetic code. represent the unit of genetic coding by specifying a particular amino acid during coding sequence That portion of a gene the synthesis of polypeptides in a cell. Each which directly specifies the amino acid codon is recognized by a tRNA carrying a sequence of its product. Non-coding specific amino acid, which is incorporated sequences of genes include introns and into a polypeptide chain during protein control regions, such as promoters, synthesis. In DNA, any informative triplet operators, and terminators. of bases, including both coding and control codon optimization 56 sequences. See: genetic code, start ion v« c¬ cÇn thiÕt ®Ó enzim ho¹t ®éng xóc codon, stop codon. Synonym: triplet. t¸c b×nh th-êng. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: co-e See: annex 3. nzyme. côm m·, bé ba Mét trong c¸c nhãm ba co-fermentation The simultaneous nuleotit liªn tiÕp cña mRNA, ®¹i diÖn cho growth of two micro-organisms in one ®¬n vÞ m· ho¸ di truyÒn do ghi râ mét bioreactor. amino axÝt riªng biÖt khi tæng hîp polyeptit lªn men ®ång thêi Sinh tr-ëng ®ång thêi trong tÕ bμo. Mçi côm m· ®-îc nhËn biÕt cña hai vi sinh vËt trong cïng mét b×nh do mét tRNA cã mang mét amino axÝt riªng ph¶n øng sinh häc. biÖt, ®-îc hîp nhÊt vμo chuçi polyeptit khi cohesive end mót dÝnh xem: extension. tæng hîp protein. Trong DNA, bÊt kú bé ba th«ng tin nμo cña c¸c baz¬, gåm cã c¶ tr×nh coincidence The ratio of the observed to tù m· hãa vμ ®iÒu khiÓn. xem: genetic the expected frequency of double cross- code, start codon, stop codon. Tõ ®ång overs, where the expected frequency is nghÜa: triplet xem: annex 3. calculated by assuming that the two cross- over events occur independently of one codon optimization An experimental another. strategy in which codons within a cloned gene - ones not generally used by the host trïng khíp Tû lÖ quan s¸t tÇn sè mong cell translation system - are changed by muèn cña c¸c b¾t chÐo ngoμi nh©n ®«i, in vitro mutagenesis to the preferred n¬i tÇn sè mong muèn ®-îc tÝnh to¸n víi codons, without changing the amino acids gi¶ thiÕt hai sù kiÖn b¾t chÐo ngoμi x¶y ra of the synthesized protein. ®éc lËp víi nhau. tèi -u hãa bé ba Mét chiÕn l-îc thö co-integrate A chimeric DNA molecule nghiÖm trong ®ã c¸c côm m· bªn trong formed by the incorporation at a single site mét gen ®-îc t¹o dßng- mét lo¹i th-êng of two different DNA molecules. kh«ng ®-îc sö dông do hÖ thèng dÞch m· ®ång hîp nhÊt Ph©n tö DNA thÓ qu¸i h×nh tÕ bμo vËt chñ - bÞ thay ®æi do trong èng thμnh do hîp nhÊt hai ph©n tö DNA kh¸c nghiÖm phÊt sinh ®ét biÕn víi c¸c côm m· nhau t¹i mét vÞ trÝ ®¬n. thÝch hîp, kh«ng cã thay ®æi c¸c amino co-integrate vector system A two axÝt cña protein ®-îc tæng hîp. plasmid system for plant transgenesis. co-enzyme ®ång enzim Tõ ®ång nghÜa One plasmid is engineered to carry a T- co-factor. DNA segment incorporating the gene(s) to co-evolution The evolution of be introduced. After introduction into complementary adaptations in two species Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the plasmid brought about by the selection pressure undergoes homologous recombination that each exerts on the other. Common in with a resident disarmed Ti plasmid to symbiotic associations, in insect-pollinated form a single plasmid carrying the genetic plants, etc. information for transferring the genetically engineered T-DNA region to plant cells. ®ång tiÕn ho¸ TiÕn hãa thÝch nghi bæ sung cña hai loμi dÉn ®Õn do søc Ðp chän läc hÖ vÐc t¬ ®ång hîp nhÊt HÖ hai plasmit mμ loμi nμy thóc Ðp loμi kh¸c. Phæ biÕn ®Ó chuyÓn gen thùc vËt. Mét plasmit ®-îc trong x· héi céng sinh, trong c©y thô phÊn sö lý ®Ó mang ®o¹n T- DNA hîp nhÊt mét nhê s©u bä, v©n v©n. hoÆc nhiÒu gen ®Ó ®-îc chuyÓn. Sau khi chuyÓn vμo vi khuÈn Agrobacterium co-factor An organic molecule or inorganic tumefaciens, plasmit tr¶i qua t¸i tæ hîp ion necessary for the normal catalytic ®ång hîp tö víi Ti plasmit ®· rêi khái vÞ trÝ activity of an enzyme. Synonym: co- ®Ó h×nh thμnh plasmit ®¬n cã mang th«ng enzyme. tin di truyÒn ®Ó chuyÓn vïng T-DNA kü ®ång nh©n tè Mét ph©n tö h÷u c¬ hoÆc thuËt di truyÒn cho tÕ bμo thùc vËt. colchicine 57 colchicine An alkaloid, obtained from the functions as a mechanical support in autumn crocus Colchicum autumnale, young, short-lived or non-woody organs. which inhibits spindle formation. When m« dμy M« tÕ bμo sèng, ®-îc h×nh thμnh applied during mitosis, chromosomes ®Æc biÖt cña g©n gi÷a vμ cuèng l¸. §-îc are unable to separate during anaphase. m« t¶ ®Æc ®iÓm b»ng nh÷ng v¸ch tÕ bμo This property is used to achieve a doubling ®-îc lμm ®Æc kh«ng ®Òu b»ng xen-lu-l« of the chromosome number. A further use vμ hemicellulose, nh-ng kh«ng bao giê bÞ is to halt mitosis at metaphase, the stage li nhin hãa; nã dïng ®Ó hç trî c¬ häc trong at which karyotypes are best viewed. c¸c c¬ quan non, chÕt yÓu hoÆc kh«ng ho¸ colchicin Mét ancaloit, thu ®-îc tõ c©y b¶ gç. chã Colchicum autumnal, k×m h·m h×nh colony 1. An group of genetically identical thμnh sîi thoi. Khi ¸p dông trong gi¶m cells or individuals derived from a single ph©n, c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ sÏ kh«ng cã kh¶ progenitor. 2. A group of interdependent n¨ng ®Ó t¸ch ra ë k× sau. Thuéc tÝnh nμy cells or organisms. ®-îc dïng ®Ó ®¹t ®-îc nh©n ®«i sè nhiÔm khuÈn l¹c 1. Mét nhãm tÕ bμo ®ång nhÊt s¾c thÓ. Sö dông tiÕp theo lμ lμm dõng di truyÒn hoÆc nh÷ng c¸ thÓ b¾t nguån tõ nguyªn ph©n ë pha gi÷a, giai ®o¹n mμ c¸c mét tæ tiªn ®¬n. 2. Mét nhãm c¸c tÕ bμo h¹t nh©n dÔ dμng quan s¸t. hoÆc sinh vËt lÖ thuéc vμo nhau. coleoptile Protective sheath covering the colony hybridization A technique that shoot apex of the embryo in the grasses. uses a nucleic acid probe to identify a vá bao Mμng b¶o vÖ phñ ngoμi ®Ønh mÇm recombinant bacterial colony carrying a cña ph«i trong loμi c©y cá. particular inserted DNA. coleorhiza A protective sheath lai khuÈn l¹c Kü thuËt sö dông mét mÉu surrounding the radicle in the grasses. dß axit nucleic ®Ó nhËn ra mét khuÈm l¹c bao rÔ mÇm Mμng b¶o vÖ bao quanh rÔ vi khuÈn t¸i tæ hîp cã mang DNA ®-îc chÌn mÇm trong loμi c©y cá. riªng. co-linearity 1. A general relationship in combinatorial library The many novel which the units in one molecule occur in combinations (consisting of one heavy and the same sequence as the units in another one light immunoglobulin chain coding molecule which they specify; e.g. the region) that are generated when a heavy- nucleotides in a gene are co-linear with the chain library is combined by random amino acids in its encoded polypeptide. 2. pairing with a light-chain library. These The phenomenon whereby gene order is constructs are propagated in a vector, and preserved between distinct species. their gene products screened for novel ®ång tuyÕn tÝnh 1. Mèi quan hÖ phæ biÕn affinity properties. trong ®ã c¸c ®¬n vÞ trong mét ph©n tö xuÊt th- viÖn tæ hîp NhiÒu tæ hîp míi (gåm hiÖn cã tr×nh tù gièng nh- c¸c ®¬n vÞ cña vïng m· ho¸ mét chuçi globulin miÔn dÞch ph©n tö kh¸c mμ chóng ghi râ; vÝ dô c¸c nÆng vμ mét nhÑ) ph¸t sinh khi th- viÖn nuleotit trong mét gen lμ ®ång tuyÕn tÝnh chuçi nÆng ®-îc tæ hîp do cÆp ®«i ngÉu víi c¸c amono axÝt cã trong polyeptit ®-îc nhiªn víi th- viÖn chuçi nhÑ. C¸c cÊu tróc m· hãa cña nã. 2. HiÖn t-îng mμ b»ng nμy ®-îc truyÒn lan trong mét vect¬, vμ c¸ch nμo ®Ó trËt tù gen ®-îc b¶o qu¶n s¶n phÈm gen cña chóng thÓ hiÖn tÝnh chÊt gi÷a c¸c loμi t¸ch biÖt. hoμ hîp míi. collenchyma A tissue of living cells, found combining site vÞ trÝ kÕt hîp xem: particularly in midribs and leaf petioles. antibody binding site. Characterized by cell walls unevenly commensalism The interaction of two or thickened with cellulose and more dissimilar organisms where the hemicellulose, but never lignified; it association is advantageous to one without companion cell 58 affecting the other(s). become genetically transformed. Can be thuyÕt céng sinh Sù t-¬ng t¸c cña hai genetically determined, or induced by hoÆc nhiÒu sinh vËt kh«ng hoμn toμn gièng physical treatment. 2. A competent cell is nhau khi sù kÕt hîp lμ Ých lîi cho mét sinh capable of developing into a fully functional vËt nμy mμ kh«ng ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn sinh vËt embryo. kh¸c. cã n¨ng lùc 1. C¸c tÕ bμo vi khuÈn cã thÓ companion cell A living cell associated mang nh÷ng ph©n tö DNA ngo¹i vμ do ®ã with the sieve cell of phloem tissue in trë thμnh ®-îc biÕn n¹p di truyÒn. Cã thÓ vascular plants. ®-îc ®Þnh râ di truyÒn, hoÆc ®-îc c¶m øng do ®iÒu trÞ vËt lý . 2. TÕ bμo cã n¨ng lùc th× tÕ bμo kÌm Mét tÕ bμo sèng kÕt hîp víi tÕ cã kh¶ n¨ng ph¸t triÓn thμnh ph«i chøc bμo r©y cña m« libe trong thùc vËt cã m¹ch. n¨ng ®Çy ®ñ. comparative mapping The comparison of complement proteins Proteins that bind map locations of genes and markers to antibody-antigen complexes and help between species. In comparisons between degrade the complexes by proteolysis. closely related species, this will usually uncover a high degree of conservation protein bæ sung Protein liªn kÕt víi tæ hîp of synteny and co-linearity. In these kh¸ng nguyªn- kh¸ng thÓ vμ hç trî lμm cases, the likely location of many genes gi¶m hiÖu lùc c¸c tæ hîp do ph©n gi¶i can be predicted from model system data. protein. Comparisons across wider phylogenetic complementarity 1. See: distances reveal increasing loss of synteny. complementary. 2. The similar vÏ b¶n ®å so s¸nh So s¸nh c¸c khu vùc correspondence between DNA and the b¶n ®å cña gen vμ dÊu chuÈn gi÷a c¸c mRNA transcribed from it. loμi. Trong khi so s¸nh gi÷a c¸c loμi cËn bæ sung 1. xem: complementary. 2. Sù th©n, sÏ th-êng ®Ó lé ra mét møc ®é b¶o gièng nhau gi÷a DNA víi mRNA ®-îc tån cao hiÖn t-îng liªn kÕt vμ ®ång tuyÕn phiªn m· tõ nã. tÝnh. Trong tr-êng hîp nμy, khu vùc gièng complementarity-determining regions nhau cña nhiÒu gen cã thÓ ®-îc dù ®o¸n (Abbreviation: CDR). Regions of the light tõ d÷ liÖu hÖ mÉu. So s¸nh kho¶ng c¸ch and heavy subunits of the ph¸t sinh chñng lo¹i cμng réng biÓu lé hiÖn immunoglobulin molecules that interact t-îng mÊt liªn kÕt cμng t¨ng. with the antigen. The primary amino acid comparative positional candidate gene sequences of these regions are highly Relates to an indirect means of assigning variable between antibodies of the same function to a QTL. Where a QTL has been class. See: antibody binding site. linked to a marker in one species, and that vïng x¸c ®Þnh bæ sung (viÕt t¾t: CDR) same marker is linked to a known gene in C¸c vïng cã cÊu tróc d-íi ®¬n vÞ ph©n tö a model system, inferences may be drawn nÆng vμ nhÑ cña c¸c ph©n tö globulin miÔn as to the nature of the QTL. dÞch t-¬ng t¸c víi kh¸ng nguyªn. Tr×nh tù gen øng cö viªn vÞ trÝ so s¸nh Liªn quan amino axÝt gèc cña vïng nμy lμ mét biÕn ®Õn c¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p gi¸n tiÕp cña chøc cao gi÷a nh÷ng kh¸ng thÓ cïng líp. xem: n¨ng chØ ®Þnh cho mét QTL. N¬i mét QTL antibody binding site. ®-îc liªn kÕt víi dÊu chuÈn cña mét loμi, complementary Two DNA molecules are vμ chÝnh dÊu chuÈn gièng nhau ®-îc liªn complementary to one another when each kÕt víi mét gen ®· biÕt trong hÖ thèng mÉu, successive base position from the 5' end nh÷ng suy diÔn cã thÓ ®-îc vÏ nh- tù nhiªn in the first molecule is matched by the cña QTL. corresponding residue in the second, competent 1. Bacterial cells able to take starting at the 3' end, according to the up foreign DNA molecules and thereby normal base pair rules (i.e. A for T, C for complementary 59 G). In the appropriate conditions, two recessive complementarity, only double complementary single-stranded DNA homozygous recessive individuals show molecules will renature to form a double- the effect. stranded molecule. Complementary gen t-¬ng hîp Hai hoÆc nhiÒu gen phô nucleotides are members of the pairs thuéc lÉn nhau, sao cho (trong tr-êng hîp adenine-thymine, adenine-uracil, and t-¬ng hîp tréi) alen tréi tõ mçi gen chØ cã guanine-cytosine that have the ability to thÓ s¶n xuÊt mét kÕt qu¶ trªn mét khiÓu hydrogen bond to one another. h×nh cña sinh vËt nÕu alen tréi cã nguån t-¬ng hîp Hai ph©n tö DNA lμ t-¬ng hîp gèc tõ mét gen kh¸c còng cã mÆt; trong víi nhau khi mçi mét vÞ trÝ ba z¬ liªn tiÕp tõ tr-êng hîp t-¬ng hîp lÆn, chØ c¸c c¸ thÓ mót 5' cña ph©n tö ®Çu tiªn ®-îc phï hîp lÆn ®ång hîp tö nh©n ®«i lμ cho kÕt qu¶. do ®u«i t-¬ng øng cña ph©n tö thø hai, b¾t complementary homopolymeric tailing ®Çu t¹i mót 3', theo c¸c quy t¾c cÆp ®«i The process of adding complementary baz¬ b×nh th-êng (nh- A cho T, C cho G). nucleotide extensions to DNA molecules, Trong ®iÒu kiÖn thÝch hîp, hai ph©n tö DNA (e.g. deoxyguanosine) to the 3' end of one sîi ®¬n sÏ tù nhiªn h×nh thμnh mét ph©n DNA molecule and deoxycytidine to the tö sîi kÐp. C¸c nuleotit t-¬ng hîp lμ thμnh 5' end of another DNA molecule) to viªn cña c¸c cÆp adenin- thimin, adenin- facilitate the ligation of the two DNA uracil, vμ guanin- xytosin cã kh¶ n¨ng liªn molecules. Synonyms: dA - dT tailing, dG kÕt hidro víi nhau. - dC tailing. complementary DNA (Abbreviation: ®u«i homopolymeric t-¬ng hîp Qu¸ cDNA). A DNA strand synthesized in vitro tr×nh më réng nuleotit t-¬ng hîp cho c¸c from a mature RNA template using ph©n tö DNA, (vÝ dô nh- deoxyguanosine) reverse transcriptase. DNA polymerase cho mót 3' cña mét ph©n tö DNA vμ is then used to create a double-stranded deoxycytidine cho mót 5' cña ph©n tö DNA molecule. Differs from genomic DNA by the kh¸c) ®Ó lμm dÔ dμng viÖc ®Ýnh hai ph©n absence of introns. Synonym: copy DNA. tö DNA. Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: dA - dT DNA t-¬ng hîp (viÕt t¾t: cDNA). Sîi DNA tailing, dG- dC tailing. tæng hîp trong èng nghiÖm tõ khung mÉu complementation sù bæ trî xem: RNA tr-ëng thμnh sö dông enzim phiªn genetic complementation. m· ng-îc. Enzim tæng hîp DNA sau ®ã complementation test A genetic method dïng ®Ó t¹o ra mét ph©n tö sîi kÐp. Kh«ng to test whether or not independent hîp víi DNA hÖ gen do thiÕu intron. Tõ mutations are allelic. In a cross between ®ång nghÜa: copy DNA. the two mutant individuals, the genotype complementary entity 1. Synonym of will be m1m2 if the mutations are allelic and base pair. 2. One of a pair of segments or m1 +/+ m2 if non-allelic. The phenotype of strands of nucleic acid that will hybridize the former will be mutant, but that of the with one another. latter will be wild type (normal). Synonym: thÓ t-¬ng hîp 1. Tõ ®ång nghÜa cña cÆp trans test. baz¬. 2. Mét trong sè cÆp ®«i cña c¸c ®o¹n phÐp thö bæ trî Ph-¬ng ph¸p di truyÒn hoÆc c¸c sîi axit nucleic sÏ lai víi nhau. häc ®Ó kiÓm tra cã hoÆc kh«ng cã ®ét biÕn complementary genes Two or more ®éc lËp thuéc alen. Trong mét b¾t chÐo interdependent genes, such that (in the gi÷a hai c¸ thÓ ®ét biÕn, kiÓu di truyÒn sÏ case of dominant complementarity) the lμ m1m2 nÕu nh÷ng ®ét biÕn thuéc alen vμ dominant allele from either gene can only m1 +/+ m2 m1m2 nÕu kh«ng thuéc alen. KiÓu produce an effect on the phenotype of an h×nh cña thÓ sím sÏ lμ ®ét biÕn, nh-ng organism if the dominant allele from the thÓ muén sÏ lμ kiÓu h×nh d¹i (b×nh other gene is also present; in the case of th-êng).Tõ ®ång nghÜa: trans test. complete digest 60 complete digest The treatment of a DNA g©y chÕt d-íi mét tËp hîp ®iÒu kiÖn ngo¹i preparation with a restriction c¶nh (®iÒu kiÖn giíi h¹n, th-êng liªn quan endonuclease for sufficient time for all of ®Õn nhiÖt ®é cao) nh-ng l¹i cã thÓ sèng the potential target sites within that DNA sãt ®-îc d-íi mét tËp hîp ®iÒu kiÖn ngo¹i to have been cleaved. Opposite: partial c¶nh kh¸c (®iÒu kiÖn cho phÐp). digest. conditioning 1. The effects on phenotypic tiªu hãa hoμn chØnh Ph¶n øng cña mét characters of external agents during critical chÕ phÈm DNA víi mét enzim giíi h¹n ®Ó developmental stages. 2. The undefined cã ®ñ thêi gian cho tÊt c¶ c¸c vÞ trÝ ®Ých interaction between tissues and culture tiÒm tμng trong DNA ®-îc ph©n chia. medium resulting in the growth of single Ng-îc víi: partial digest. cells or small aggregates. Conditioning composite transposon A transposon may be accomplished by immersing cells formed when two identical or nearly or callus contained within a porous material identical transposons insert on either side (such as dialysis tubing) into fresh of a non-transposable segment of DNA. medium for a period dependent on cell density and a volume related to the amount gen nh¶y phøc Mét gen nh¶y ®-îc h×nh of fresh medium. thμnh khi hai gen nh¶y ®ång nhÊt hoÆc gÇn nh- ®ång nhÊt chÌn trªn mäi vÞ trÝ cña ®o¹n ®iÒu hoμ 1. ¶nh h-ëng ®Æc tÝnh kiÓu h×nh DNA kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng chuyÓn vÞ. cña t¸c nh©n bªn ngoμi khi giai ®o¹n ph¸t triÓn tíi h¹n. 2. T-¬ng t¸c kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh compound chromosome A chromosome gi÷a m« vμ m«i tr-êng nu«i cÊy dÉn ®Õn formed by the fusion of two separate sinh tr-ëng c¸c tÕ bμo ®¬n hoÆc tËp hîp chromosomes, as in attached-X nhá. Sù ®iÒu hoμ cã thÓ ®-îc thùc hiÖn do chromosomes or attached-X-Y ng©m tÕ bμo hoÆc m« sÑo cã s½n trong chromosomes. vËt chÊt xèp (nh- èng thÊm) vμo m«i tr-êng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ghÐp NhiÔm s¾c thÓ h×nh míi v× mét giai ®o¹n phô thuéc vμo mËt ®é thμnh do dung hîp hai nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t¸ch vμ thÓ tÝch tÕ bμo liªn quan víi tæng sè rêi, nh- trong nhiÔm s¾c thÓ X ®-îc g¾n m«i tr-êng míi. thªm hoÆc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ X-Y ®-îc g¾n conformation The various three thªm . dimensional shapes that can be adopted concatemer A DNA segment made up of by a given molecule. In particular, the repeated sequences linked head to tail. different ways in which the primary ®o¹n trïng lÆp Mét ®o¹n DNA ®-îc t¹o sequence of a biological polymer may be ra cña c¸c tr×nh tù lÆp liªn kÕt ®Çu víi ®u«i. folded. This is determined by intra- concordance Identity of matched pairs or molecular forces, including hydrogen groups for a given trait, such as sibs bonding and, in proteins, disulphide expressing the same trait. bridges. In proteins, conformation is often critical for biological activity, and the Sù ®iÒu hßa Sù nhËn biÕt nh÷ng cÆp hoÆc functions of some molecules are carried nhãm phï hîp víi mét tÝnh tr¹ng ®· cho, out by switching between two alternative nh- c¸c bμ con biÓu thÞ cïng mét tÝnh stable conformations. The native tr¹ng. conformation found in vivo may be conditional lethal mutation A mutation changed to typically less ordered, that is lethal under one set of uncharacterized, and usually biologically- environmental conditions (the restrictive inactive forms by denaturing. conditions, commonly associated with high h×nh th¸i D¹ng kh«ng gian ba chiÒu kh¸c temperature) but is viable under another nhau cã thÓ ®-îc chÊp nhËn do mét ph©n set of environmental conditions (the tö nhÊt ®Þnh. §Æc biÖt, c¸c c¸ch kh¸c nhau permissive conditions). trong ®ã tr×nh tù gèc p«lime sinh vËt cã ®ét biÕn g©y chÕt cã ®iÒu kiÖn §ét biÕn thÓ ®-îc nh©n lªn. §iÒu nμy ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh conidium 61 bëi lùc liªn kÕt gi÷a c¸c ph©n tö, bao gåm consensus sequence The part of a gene liªn kÕt hy-®r« vμ, trong c¸c protein, liªn or signal sequence that is shared over a kÕt disulphide. Trong protein, h×nh th¸i wide range of members of a gene family, th-êng lμ giíi h¹n ®èi víi ho¹t tÝnh sinh both within a given species, or in häc, vμ ho¹t ®éng cña mét sè ph©n tö ®-îc comparisons between species. t¹o ra do sù chuyÓn ®æi gi÷a hai h×nh th¸i tr×nh tù liªn øng Bé phËn gen hoÆc tr×nh æn ®Þnh thay thÕ. H×nh th¸i b¶n ®Þa cã trong tù tÝn hiÖu mμ ®-îc chia sÎ qua mét lo¹t c¬ thÓ cã thÓ ®-îc thay ®æi sang c¸c d¹ng thμnh viªn réng lín cña mét hä gen, c¶ ®-îc s¾p xÕp Ýt tiªu biÓu, kh«ng ®Æc tr-ng, trong c¸c loμi nhÊt ®Þnh, hoÆc trong c¸c vμ th«ng th-êng-kh«ng ho¹t ®éng sinh häc cÆp ®«i gi÷a c¸c loμi. do biÕn tÝnh. conservation b¶o tån xem: gene conidium (pl.: conidia) An asexual spore (resources) conservation, conserved produced by a specialized hypha in certain sequence fungi. conserved sequence An identical or bμo tö dÝnh (sè nhiÒu: conidia) Bμo tö v« highly similar sequence of nucleotides or tÝnh s¶n sinh do sîi nÊm ®Æc biÖt cña mét amino acids which occurs as part, or all loμi nÊm nhÊt ®Þnh. of a number of different genes or proteins, conjugation 1. Union of gametes or in either the same or different species. This unicellular organisms during fertilization. conservation can signify which part of the 2. The unidirectional transfer of plasmid full sequence is responsible for the DNA from one bacterium cell to another, functionality. involving cell-to-cell contact. The plasmid tr×nh tù b¶o tån Mét tr×nh tù ®ång nhÊt usually encodes the majority of the hoÆc rÊt gièng nhau cña nuleotit hoÆc functions necessary for its own transfer. amino acid xÈy ra nh- mét phÇn, hoÆc toμn 3. Attachment of sugar and other polar bé sè gen hoÆc protein kh¸c, trong cïng molecules to less polar compounds, thus loμi hoÆc kh¸c loμi. Sù b¶o tån nμy cã thÓ making them more water soluble. chØ ra tõng phÇn cña tr×nh tù ®Çy ®ñ chÞu tiÕp hîp1. Liªn hiÖp c¸c giao tö hoÆc sinh tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ chøc n¨ng ho¹t ®éng. vËt ®¬n bμo khi thô tinh. 2. Di chuyÓn v« constant domains Regions of antibody h-íng cña plasmit DNA tõ tÕ bμo vi khuÈn chains that have the same amino acid nμy sang tÕ bμo kh¸c, kÐo theo sù tiÕp xóc sequence in different members of a tÕ bμo víi tÕ bμo. Plasmit th-êng m· hãa particular class of antibody molecules. phÇn lín c¸c ho¹t ®éng cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tù di miÒn kh«ng thay ®æi Vïng c¸c chuçi chuyÓn. 3. §Ýnh kÌm ®-êng vμ ph©n tö kh¸ng thÓ cã cïng mét tr×nh tù amino acid ph©n cùc kh¸c, do vËy lμm chóng hoμ tan trong c¸c thμnh viªn kh¸c nhau cña líp n-íc nhiÒu h¬n. ph©n tö kh¸ng thÓ riªng biÖt. conjugative functions Plasmid-based constitutive The expression of a gene genes and their products that facilitate the without any requirement for induction. transfer of a plasmid from one bacterium to another via conjugation. cÊu t¹o BiÓu thÞ gen kh«ng cã bÊt kú yªu cÇu nμo ®Ó c¶m øng. chøc n¨ng kÕt hîp Gen dùa vμo plasmit vμ c¸c s¶n phÈm cña chóng ®Ó lμm dÔ constitutive gene A gene that is dμng di chuyÓn plasmit tõ vi khuÈn nμy continually expressed in all cells of an sang vi khuÈn kh¸c qua tiÕp hîp. organism. consanguinity Related by descent from gen cÊu t¹o Mét gen mμ liªn tôc ®-îc biÓu a common ancestor. thÞ trong tÊt c¶ c¸c tÕ bμo cña mét sinh vËt. quan hÖ ruét thÞt Cã quan hÖ do nguån gèc tõ cïng tæ tiªn. constitutive promoter An unregulated promoter that allows for continual constitutive synthesis 62 transcription of its associated gene. c¹nh tranh víi c¸c tÕ bμo mong muèn vμ khëi ®iÓm cÊu t¹o Khëi ®Çu kh«ng bÞ do vËy ng¨n chÆn chóng sinh tr-ëng, hoÆc kiÓm so¸t ®Ó cho phÐp phiªn m· liªn tôc thay thÕ toμn bé chóng. cña gen kÕt hîp. contig A set of overlapping cloned DNA constitutive synthesis Continual fragments that can be assembled to synthesis of a gene product by an represent a defined region of the organism. chromosome or genome from which they were obtained. Contig definition is a tæng hîp cÊu tróc Tæng hîp liªn tôc mét necessary step for assembling whole s¶n phÈm gen do mét sinh vËt. genome sequences. construct An engineered chimeric DNA ®o¹n tiÕp gi¸p Mét tËp hîp c¸c ®o¹n DNA designed to be transferred into a cell or t¹o dßng gèi líp cã thÓ ®-îc hîp thμnh ®Ó tissue. Typically, the construct comprises thÓ hiÖn mét vïng x¸c ®Þnh cña nhiÔm s¾c the gene or genes of interest, a marker thÓ hoÆc hÖ gen mμ tõ ®ã chóng ®-îc x¸c gene and appropriate control sequences ®Þnh. X¸c ®Þnh ®o¹n tiÕp gi¸p lμ mét b-íc as a single package. A repeatedly-used cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tËp hîp l¹i toμn bé tr×nh tù hÖ construct may be called a cassette. gen. cÊu tróc DNA thÓ qu¸i kü thuËt ®-îc sö lý continuous culture A suspension culture ®Ó chuyÓn vμo tÕ bμo hoÆc m«. Tiªu biÓu, continuously supplied with nutrients by the cÊu tróc gåm cã mét gen hoÆc nhiÒu gen inflow of fresh medium. The culture volume quan t©m, mét gen ®¸nh dÊu vμ c¸c chuçi is normally constant. ®iÒu khiÓn thÝch hîp nh- mét hép ®¬n. Mét cÊu tróc sö dông nhiÒu lÇn cã thÓ ®-îc gäi nu«i cÊy liªn tôc Nu«i cÊy huyÒn phï lμ b¨ng ghi. ®-îc cung cÊp liªn tôc chÊt dinh d-ìng do dßng ch¶y vμo cña m«i tr-êng míi. ThÓ contained use sö dông k×m chÕ xem: tÝch nu«i cÊy lμ mét h»ng sè kh«ng thay containment. ®æi. containment Measures and protocols continuous fermentation A process in applied to limit contact of genetically which cells or micro-organisms are modified organisms or pathogens with maintained in culture in the exponential the external environment. Synonym: growth phase by the continuous addition contained use. of fresh medium that is exactly balanced k×m chÕ Ph-¬ng ph¸p vμ c¸c b-íc ¸p by the removal of cell suspension from dông ®Ó h¹n chÕ tiÕp xóc sinh vËt biÕn the bioreactor. ®æi di truyÒn hoÆc t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh víi lªn men liªn tôc Qu¸ tr×nh mμ trong ®ã tÕ m«i tr-êng ngoμi. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: bμo hoÆc vi sinh vËt ®-îc duy tr× nu«i cÊy contained use. trong pha sinh tr-ëng sè mò do thªm liªn contaminant 1. An undesired chemical tôc m«i tr-êng míi ®Ó ®-îc c©n b»ng chÝnh present in a compound or mixture of x¸c do lo¹i bá huyÒn phï tÕ bμo tõ b×nh compounds. 2. Any micro-organism ph¶n øng. accidentally introduced into a culture or continuous variation Variation where culture medium. The contaminant may individuals cannot be classified as compete with the desired cells and belonging to one of a set of discrete consequently inhibit their growth, or totally classes. Characters showing continuous replace them. variation are referred to as quantitative. chÊt g©y « nhiÔm 1.ChÊt hãa häc kh«ng See: polygene, quantitative trait locus. thÝch hîp cã mÆt trong d¹ng hîp chÊt hoÆc Opposite: discontinuous variation. hçn hîp kÐp. 2. BÊt kú vi sinh vËt ®-îc biÕn dÞ liªn tôc BiÕn dÞ n¬i nh÷ng c¸ thÓ ®-a ngÉu nhiªn vμo nu«i cÊy hoÆc m«i kh«ng thÓ ph©n lo¹i ®-îc nh- thuéc vÒ mét tr-êng nu«i cÊy. ChÊt g©y « nhiÔm cã thÓ controlled environment 63 tËp hîp líp riªng biÖt. §Æc tÝnh cho thÊy chuyÓn ®æi Ph¸t triÓn cña ph«i x«ma biÕn dÞ liªn tôc ®-îc ®Ò cËp tíi nh- thuéc thμnh c©y. vÒ sè l-îng. xem: polygene, quantitative coordinate repression Correlated trait locus. Ng-îc víi: discontinuous regulation of a structural gene within an variation. operon by a molecule that interacts with controlled environment A closed the operator. environment in which parameters, such as øc chÕ phèi hîp §iÒu chØnh t-¬ng quan light, temperature, relative humidity and cña gen cÊu tróc trong vïng ®iÒu hoμ do sometimes the partial gas pressure (and mét ph©n tö t-¬ng t¸c víi thÓ ®iÒu hoμ. possibly its composition), are fully copy DNA b¶n sao DNA xem: controlled. complementary DNA. m«i tr-êng kiÓm so¸t M«i tr-êng kÝn trong copy number The number of a particular ®ã c¸c yÕu tè giíi h¹n, nh- ¸nh s¸ng, nhiÖt plasmid per bacterium cell, or gene per ®é, ®é Èm t-¬ng ®èi vμ ®«i khi mét phÇn genome. ¸p lùc h¬i (vμ kh¶ n¨ng hîp thμnh cña nã), ®-îc kiÓm so¸t hoμn toμn. sè b¶n sao Sè l-îng plasmit riªng biÖt tÝnh theo tÕ bμo vi khuÈn, hoÆc gen theo controlling element In eukaryotes, hÖ gen. transposons which affect the activity of known genes. This can occur as a result co-repressor An effector molecule that of the integration within, or close to a forms a complex with a repressor and gene, thereby disrupting its activity; or turns off the expression of a gene or set of following its excision from such a site, genes. thereby restoring activity. chÊt ®ång k×m h·m Ph©n tö khëi ®éng phÇn tö kiÓm so¸t Trong sinh vËt cã nh©n, ®Ó h×nh thμnh mét phøc hîp víi chÊt k×m gen nh¶y ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn ho¹t ®éng cña h·m vμ kho¸ kh«ng cho biÓu thÞ mét gen c¸c gen nhÊt ®Þnh. XÈy ra do kÕt qu¶ hîp hoÆc tËp hîp gen. nhÊt trong, hoÆc gÇn mét gen, do ®ã ph¸ corpus A part of the apical meristem vì ho¹t ®éng kiÓm so¸t; hoÆc tiÕp theo c¾t below the tunica. In the corpus, cells divide tõ mét vÞ trÝ kiÓm so¸t, do ®ã ho¹t ®éng håi in all directions, and increase in volume. phôc l¹i. thÓ ph©n sinh Bé phËn m« ph©n sinh ®Ønh Convention on Biological Diversity phÝa d-íi mμng. Trong thÓ ph©n sinh, tÕ (Abbreviation: CBD). The inteRNAtional bμo ph©n chia theo tÊt c¶ c¸c h-íng, vμ treaty governing the conservation and use t¨ng thÓ tÝch. of biological resources around the world, correlation A statistical association that has also called for the establishment between variables. of rules to govern the inteRNAtional t-¬ng quan Mét tËp hîp sè thèng kª gi÷a movement of non-indigenous living c¸c biÕn. organisms and genetically modified organisms. cortex Primary tissue of a stem or root, bounded externally by the epidermis and C«ng -íc §a d¹ng Sinh häc (viÕt t¾t: internally in the stem by the phloem, and CBD). C«ng -íc quèc tÕ ®iÒu khiÓn sù b¶o in the root by the pericycle. tån vμ sö dông tμi nguyªn sinh vËt trªn thÕ giíi, ®-îc ®Æt ra ®Ó thμnh lËp quy t¾c vá c©y M« s¬ cÊp cña th©n hoÆc rÔ, tiÕp ®iÒu khiÓn vËn chuyÓn quèc tÕ c¸c sinh gi¸p phÝa ngoμi bëi biÓu b× vμ phÝa trong vËt sèng kh«ng ph¶i lμ b¶n ®Þa vμ sinh vËt cña th©n bëi m« vá, vμ cña rÔ lμ trô b×. biÕn ®æi gen. cos ends The 12-base, single-strand, conversion The development of a complementary extensions of somatic embryo into a plant. bacteriophage lambda DNA. cos sites 64 mót cos C¸c møc më réng bæ sung, s¬i parameter indicating both the degree of ®¬n, ba z¬-12 cña DNA lamda thÓ thùc thÓ. heterogeneity in a complex mixture, and cos sites vÞ trÝ cos xem: cos ends. of the extent of complementarity in a mixture of two single-stranded DNA co-segregation The joint inheritance of molecules. two characters, usually the result of genetic linkage. ®-êng cong cot Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®¸nh gi¸ tÝnh kh«ng ®ång nhÊt vÒ tr×nh tù cña chÕ ®ång t¸ch riªng Di truyÒn liªn kÕt hai ®Æc phÈm DNA, dùa trªn quan s¸t tÝnh ®ång tÝnh, th-êng lμ kÕt qu¶ cña liªn kÕt gen. nhÊt DNA lín, lμm dÎo DNA sîi ®¬n sÏ x¶y cosmid A synthetic plasmid which ra dÔ h¬n (vμ do vËy nhanh h¬n). §-êng incorporates the cos ends, and one or cong cot ph¸c häa møc ®é lμm dÎo tõ mét more selectable markers such as an chÕ phÈm sîi ®¬n hoμn toμn vμo bÊt cø antibiotic resistance gene. Cosmids lóc nμo. Cot (s¶n phÈm cña nång ®é ban were designed as vectors able to ®Çu vμ thêi gian) t¹i ®ã mét nöa DNA ®-îc incorporate DNA fragments up to 40-50 kb håi tÝnh lμ b¸n cot, mét tham sè chØ dÉn c¶ in size. møc ®é tÝnh kh«ng ®ång nhÊt trong mét cosmid Plasmit tæng hîp ®Ó hîp nhÊt c¸c hçn hîp phøc t¹p, vμ ph¹m vi bæ sung mót cos, vμ mét hoÆc nhiÒu dÊu chuÈn cã trong mét hçn hîp cña hai ph©n tö DNA thÓ lùa chän nh- gen chèng thuèc kh¸ng sîi ®¬n. sinh. Nh÷ng cosmid ®· ®-îc thiÕt kÕ lμm co-transfection The procedure by which vect¬ cã kh¶ n¨ng hîp nhÊt c¸c ®o¹n DNA a baculovirus and a transfer vector are dμi trªn 40- 50 kb. simultaneously introduced into insect cells co-suppression A natural gene silencing in culture. phenomenon, which probably evolved as ®ång g©y nhiÔm Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®Ò cho vi part of plants’ defence against viral attack, rót g©y bÖnh vμ vect¬ vËn chuyÓn cïng but which has become important in the mét lóc ®-îc chuyÓn vμo tÕ bμo c«n trïng context of plant transgenesis. Operates trong nu«i cÊy. by inhibiting the expression of transgenes co-transformation A protocol for with homology to native DNA through the producing transgenesis, in which host interaction of native and transgenic mRNA. (plant or animal) cells are transformed ®ång ng¨n chÆn HiÖn t-îng gen lÆn tù simultaneously with two different nhiªn, cã kh¶ n¨ng tiÕn triÓn lμm bé phËn plasmids, one of which carries a b¶o vÖ cña c©y chèng l¹i tÊn c«ng vi rót, selectable marker, and the other the gene nh-ng rÊt quan träng trong néi dung to be transferred. Relies on the observation chuyÓn gen thùc vËt. §iÒu hoμ do ng¨n that given a sufficiently high concentration chÆn biÓu thÞ chuyÓn gen cã sù t-¬ng hîp of both plasmids, transformed cells will víi DNA b¶n ®Þa th«ng qua t-¬ng t¸c gi÷a have incorporated both plasmids, possibly mRNA tù nhiªn vμ gen chuyÓn. at different genomic loci. If the transgenes cot curve A method to estimate the are separable through normal meiotic heterogeneity of sequence of a DNA recombination, transgenic individuals preparation, based on the observation that without the selectable marker can be the more homogenous the DNA, the more selected in subsequent generations. easily (and therefore faster) the annealing ®ång biÕn n¹p Mét c¸ch s¶n xuÊt chuyÓn of single-stranded DNA will occur. The gen, trong ®ã tÕ bμo chñ (thùc vËt hoÆc Cot curve plots the extent of annealing ®éng vËt) ®-îc biÕn n¹p ®ång thêi víi hai from a fully single-stranded preparation plasmit kh¸c nhau, mét trong chóng mang over time. The cot (product of initial dÊu chuÈn chän läc, vμ mét cßn l¹i lμ gen concentration and time) at which half the ®-îc chuyÓn. Dùa vμo quan s¸t ®Ó t¹o ra DNA has re-natured is the half-cot, a mét nång ®é cao ®Çy ®ñ c¶ hai plasmit, tÕ cotyledon 65 bμo biÕn n¹p sÏ hîp nhÊt c¶ hai plasmit, con lai, b¾t chÐo KÕt ®«i cña hai c¸ thÓ cã thÓ t¹i c¸c æ thuéc hÖ gen kh¸c nhau. hoÆc quÇn thÓ. Xem: cross-breeding. NÕu c¸c gen chuyÓn cã thÓ t¸ch ra qua cross hybridization The annealing of a kÕt hîp gi¶m ph©n b×nh th-êng, c¸c c¸ thÓ single-stranded DNA sequence to a single- gen chuyÓn thiÕu dÊu chuÈn chän läc cã stranded target DNA to which it is only thÓ ®-îc lùa chän trong c¸c thÕ hÖ kÕ tiÕp. partially complementary. Often, this refers cotyledon Leaf-like structures at the first to the use of a DNA probe to detect node of the seedling stem. In some homologous sequences in species other dicotyledons, they represent a food than the origin of the probe. storage organ for the germinating seedling. lai chÐo Lμm dÎo mét tr×nh tù DNA sîi ®¬n l¸ mÇm CÊu tróc gièng nh- l¸ ë nót ®Çu thμnh mét DNA ®Ých sîi ®¬n ®Ó chØ bæ sung tiªn cña th©n c©y mÇm. Trong mét sè c©y tõng phÇn cho nã. Th-êng liªn quan tíi sö song tö ®iÖp, chóng ®¹i diÖn mét c¬ quan dông ®Çu dß DNA ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn tr×nh tù dù tr÷ thøc ¨n gióp c©y mÇm ®©m chåi. t-¬ng ®ång trong c¸c loμi thay v× gèc ®Çu coupling The phase state in which either dß. two dominant or two recessive alleles of cross pollination Application of pollen two different genes occur on the same from one plant to another to effect the chromosome. Synonym: cis latter’s fertilization. configuration. Opposite: repulsion; thô phÊn chÐo ChuyÓn phÊn hoa tõ c©y trans configuration. nμy sang c©y kh¸c ®Ó t¹o thô tinh sau ®ã. ghÐp nèi Tr¹ng th¸i pha mμ trong ®ã c¶ cross pollination efficiency The ease hai alen tréi hoÆc lÆn cña hai gen kh¸c biÖt with which cross pollination can be xuÊt hiÖn trªn cïng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. Tõ ®ång achieved. Generally measured by the nghÜa: cis configuration.Ng-îc víi: number of hybrid progeny generated per repulsion; trans configuration. flower pollinated. covalently-closed circular DNA hiÖu qu¶ thô phÊn chÐo Sù dÔ dμng víi (Abbreviation: ccc DNA). A DNA molecule thô phÊn chÐo cã thÓ ®-îc ®¹t ®-îc. §-îc in which the free ends have ligated to form ®o chung bëi sè l-îng cña con ch¸u lai a circle. The strands remain linked together sinh ra theo sè hoa ®· thô phÊn. even after denaturation. Plasmids exist in cross-breeding Mating between this form in their in vivo state. In its native members of different populations (lines, form, ccc DNA will adopt a supercoiled breeds, races or species). See: cross. configuration. See: circularization. nh©n gièng lai chÐo KÕt ®«i gi÷a nh÷ng DNA vßng kÝn ®ång hãa trÞ (viÕt t¾t: ccc thμnh viªn cña c¸c quÇn thÓ kh¸c nhau DNA). Ph©n tö DNA cã c¸c mót tù do ®-îc (hÖ, gièng, chñng hoÆc loμi),xem: cross. buéc th¾t ®Ó h×nh thμnh nót vßng. C¸c sîi cßn l¹i liªn kÕt víi nhau ngay sau khi biÕn crossing over The process by which tÝnh. C¸c plasmit tån t¹i thuéc d¹ng nμy homologous chromosomes exchange trong tr¹ng th¸i cña c¬ thÓ. Trong d¹ng tù material at meiosis through the breakage nhiªn, ccc DNA sÏ chÊp nhËn mét cÊu h×nh and reunion of non-sister chromatids. See: siªu xo¾n. xem: circularization. recombination, chiasma. CP4 EPSPS viÕt t¾t cña: CP4 5- giao thoa Qu¸ tr×nh ®Ó c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate t-¬ng ®ång trao ®æi vËt chÊt ë gi¶m ph©n synthase. Xem: enolpyruvyl-shikimate- qua bÎ g·y vμ hîp nhÊt c¸c nhiÔm s¾c tö 3-phosphate synthase. kh«ng chÞ em. Xem: recombination, chiasma. cpDNA viÕt t¾t cña chloroplast DNA. crossing-over unit ®¬n vÞ trao ®æi chÐo cross The mating of two individuals or xem: recombination fraction. populations. See: cross-breeding. cross-over trao ®æi chÐo xem: chiasma. crown 66 crown The base of the stem of cereals Currently applied to storage of plant seeds and forage species from which tillers or and pollen, micro-organisms, animal branches arise. In woody plants, the root- sperm, and tissue culture cell lines. stem junction. In forestry, the top portion Synonyms: cryopreservation, freeze of the tree. preservation. lãng, cæ, t¸n §¬n vÞ c¬ së cña th©n c©y b¶o tån nhiÖt ®é thÊp sinh häc B¶o tån cña c¸c loμi ngò cèc vμ c©y cá mμ tõ ®ã nguån ph«i mÇm trong tr¹ng th¸i kh«ng chåi rÔ hoÆc nh¸nh xuÊt hiÖn. Trong c©y ho¹t ®éng b»ng kho b¶o qu¶n nhiÖt ®é th©n gç, tiÕp nèi gi÷a rÔ - th©n. Trong rõng, cùc thÊp, th-êng trong nit¬ láng. HiÖn thêi phÇn ®Ønh c©y. ®-îc ¸p dông ®Ó b¶o qu¶n gièng thùc vËt crown gall A tumorous growth at the base vμ phÊn hoa, vi sinh vËt, ®éng vËt, vμ dßng of certain plants characteristic of infection tÕ bμo cÊy m«. Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The gall cryopreservation, freeze preservation. is induced by the transformation of the cryogenic At very low temperature. plant cell by portions of the Ti plasmid. ®«ng l¹nh T¹i nhiÖt ®é cùc thÊp. môn cæ rÔ T¨ng tr-ëng khèi u t¹i gèc cña cryopreservation b¶o tån ®«ng l¹nh c¸c c©y nhÊt ®Þnh ®iÓn h×nh cña l©y nhiÔm xem: cryobiological preservation. do Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Môn nμy cryoprotectant Compound preventing ®-îc ®-a vμo do biÕn n¹p tÕ bμo thùc vËt cell damage during successive freezing bëi c¸c phÇn Ti plasmit. and thawing processes. Cryoprotectants CRP viÕt t¾t cña: catabolite regulator are agents with high water solubility and protein. Xem: catabolite activator low toxicity. Two types commonly used: protein. permeating (glycerol and DMSO) and cry proteins A class of crystalline proteins non-permeating (sugars, dextran, produced by strains of Bacillus ethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone thuringiensis, and engineered into crop and hydroxyethyl starch). plants to give resistance against insect chÊt b¶o vÖ ®«ng l¹nh Hîp chÊt ng¨n pests. These proteins are toxic to certain ngõa tÕ bμo h- h¹i trong c¸c qu¸ tr×nh categories of insects (e.g. corn borers, corn lμm ®«ng l¹i vμ tan liªn tiÕp. C¸c chÊt b¶o rootworms, mosquitoes, black flies, vÖ ®«ng l¹nh lμ t¸c nh©n cã tÝnh hoμ tan armyworms, tobacco hornworms, some cao víi n-íc vμ tÝnh ®éc thÊp. Hai lo¹i types of beetles, etc.), but are harmless to dïng phæ biÕn: ThÊm qua (Glyxerol vμ mammals and most beneficial insects. DMSO) vμ kh«ng thÊm qua (c¸c lo¹i Synonym: delta endotoxins. ®-êng, dextran, glicol ª-ti-len, protein l¹nh Líp protein mμng máng s¶n polyvinylpyroli®on vμ hå hydroxyethyl). xuÊt bëi c¸c loμi Bacillus thuringiensis, vμ cryptic Anything hidden. 1. Structurally ®-îc sö lý chuyÓn cho c©y trång ®Ó t¹o ra heterozygous individuals that are not tÝnh chèng chÞu nh»m chèng s©u h¹i. C¸c identifiable as they do not show abnormal protein nμy lμ chÊt ®éc cã ph¹m vi nhÊt meiotic chromosome pairing ®Þnh víi c¸c loμi c«n trïng (vÝ dô s©u ®ôc configurations (‘cryptic structural hybrids’). th©n ng«, s©u c¾n rÔ ng«, muçi, ruåi ®en, 2. A form of polymorphism controlled by c¸c lo¹i Êu trïng, mét sè loμi cña bé c¸nh recessive genes (‘cryptic cøng, v.v.), nh-ng lμ chÊt v« h¹i ®èi víi polymorphism’). 3. Any mutation which ®éng vËt cã vó vμ hÇu hÕt c¸c c«n trïng is exposed by a sensitizing mutation and cã Ých. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: delta endotoxins. otherwise poorly detected (such cryobiological preservation The mutations probably escape detection preservation of germplasm resources in because of the plasticity of composition a dormant state by storage at ultra-low of the corresponding polypeptide). 4. temperatures, often in liquid nitrogen. Phenotypically very similar species CTP 67 (cryptic species) which do not hybridize tÝnh næi bËt cña chóng khi t¸i sinh s¶n d-íi under normal conditions. 5. Cryptic genetic nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn ®Æc biÖt. variation refers to the existence of, for culture A population of plant or animal example, alleles conferring high cells or micro-organisms grown under performance for a trait, in a breed that has controlled conditions. low performance for that trait. nu«i cÊy QuÇn thÓ tÕ bμo thùc vËt, ®éng thÓ Èn BÊt cø sù vËt nμo ®-îc che giÊu. 1. vËt hoÆc vi sinh vËt sinh tr-ëng d-íi c¸c C¸ thÓ dÞ hîp cÊu tróc mμ kh«ng thÓ nhËn ®iÒu kiÖn ®-îc kiÓm so¸t . biÕt khi chóng kh«ng chØ ra nh÷ng cÊu h×nh culture alteration A term used to indicate ghÐp ®«i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ gi¶m ph©n dÞ a persistent change in the properties of a th-êng (‘thÓ lai cÊu tróc Èn’). 2. Mét d¹ng culture’s behaviour (e.g. altered cña tÝnh ®a h×nh ®-îc kiÓm so¸t do gen morphology, chromosome constitution, lÆn (‘ HiÖn t-îng ®a h×nh Èn’). 3. BÊt kú ®ét virus susceptibility, nutritional biÕn nμo mμ ®-îc biÓu thÞ do ®ét biÕn mÉn requirements, proliferative capacity, etc.). c¶m vμ b»ng c¸ch kh¸c khã ®-îc ph¸t hiÖn The term should always be qualified by a (®ét biÕn nh- vËy cã thÓ tho¸t khái sù dß precise description of the change which t×m bëi tÝnh t¹o h×nh hîp thμnh polyeptit has occurred in the culture. t-¬ng øng). 4. C¸c loμi rÊt gièng nhau kiÓu h×nh (loμi Èn) mμ kh«ng thÓ lai ®-îc trong thay ®æi nu«i cÊy ThuËt ng÷ dïng ®Ó chØ ®iÒu kiÖn b×nh th-êng. 5. Sù biÕn dÞ gen mét sù thay ®æi l©u dμi vÒ nh÷ng thuéc tÝnh thÓ Èn liªn quan t×nh tr¹ng hiÖn cã, vÝ dô, thÓ hiÖn nu«i cÊy (vÝ dô h×nh th¸i häc biÕn nh÷ng alen t¹o ra thμnh tÝch cao cho mét ®æi, thÓ chÊt nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, ®é c¶m virut, tÝnh tr¹ng, trong mét gièng mμ thÓ hiÖn møc nhu cÇu dinh d-ìng, kh¶ n¨ng sinh s¶n, thÊp cho tÝnh tr¹ng ®ã. v.v.). ThuËt ng÷ nμy cÇn ph¶i ®-îc th-êng xuyªn phÈm ®Þnh b»ng m« t¶ chÝnh x¸c sù CTP Abbreviation for 1. cytidine 5'- thay ®æi xuÊt hiÖn trong nu«i cÊy. triphosphate, which is required for RNA synthesis since it is a direct precursor culture medium Any nutrient system for molecule; 2. Chloroplast transit peptide. the cultivation of cells, bacteria or other organisms; usually a complex mixture of CTP viÕt t¾t cña: 1. cytidine 5 ‘- organic and inorganic nutrients. triphosphate, §-îc yªu cÇu ®Ó tæng hîp RNA v× nã lμ mét ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt trùc m«i tr-êng nu«i cÊy BÊt kú mét hÖ thèng tiÕp; 2. Chloroplast transit peptide. chÊt dinh d-ìng nμo ®Ó nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo, vi khuÈn hoÆc sinh vËt kh¸c; th-êng xuyªn peptit qu¸ c¶nh diÖp lôc. lμ mét hçn hîp phøc t¹p cña c¸c chÊt dinh cultigen A cultivated plant species with d-ìng v« c¬ vμ h÷u c¬. no known wild progenitor. culture room A dedicated room for C©y trång Mét loμi thùc vËt canh t¸c cã maintaining cultures, often in a controlled nguån gèc hoang d¹i kh«ng ®-îc biÕt. environment. cultivar (Abbreviation: cv). An phßng nu«i cÊy Phßng ®-îc dμnh riªng inteRNAtionally accepted term denoting a ®Ó duy tr× nu«i cÊy, th-êng xuyªn trong mét variety of a cultivated plant. Must be m«i tr-êng ®-îc kiÓm so¸t. distinguishable from other varieties by curing The elimination of a plasmid from stated characteristics and must retain their its host cell. Many agents which interfere distinguishing characters when with DNA replication, e.g. ethidium reproduced under specific conditions. bromide, can cure plasmids from either c©y canh t¸c (viÕt t¾t: CV). Mét thuËt ng÷ bacterial or eukaryotic cells. ®-îc chÊp nhËn quèc tÕ biÓu thÞ thø c©y l-u ho¸ Sù lo¹i bá mét plasmit tõ tÕ bμo ®-îc canh t¸c. CÇn ph©n biÖt víi c¸c loμi chñ. NhiÒu t¸c nh©n can thiÖp sao chÐp kh¸c do ®Æc tr-ng ®-îc Ên ®Þnh vμ ®Æc DNA, vÝ dô thuèc an thÇn ethidium cut 68 bromide, cã thÓ l-u ho¸ c¸c plasmit tõ vi kh«ng cã trong sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n. Nã khuÈn hoÆc tÕ bμo cã nh©n. kÕt khèi h×nh thμnh liªn kÕt peptit do rμng cut c¾t xem: cleave. buéc cÊu tróc ®¬n vÞ phô ribosom. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: actidione. cuticle Layer of cutin or wax, formed on the outer surface of leaves and fruits, cytidine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting thought to have evolved to reduce from the combination of the base cytosine evaporative water loss. (C) and the sugar D-ribose. The corresponding deoxyribonucleoside is vá sõng Líp vá sõng hoÆc s¸p, h×nh thμnh called deoxycytidine. See: CTP (1), dCTP, ë bÒ mÆt ngoμi cña l¸ vμ qu¶, nhê ®ã gi¶m cytidylic acid. sù mÊt n-íc bay h¬i. citidin Mét (ribo) nucleoside b¾t nguån tõ cutting A detached plant part that, with kÕt hîp cña ba z¬ xytosin (C) vμ ®-êng D- appropriate treatment, can regenerate into riboza . Deoxyribonucleosit t-¬ng øng a complete plant. ®-îc gäi deoxycytidine. xem: CTP (1), d©m cμnh Mét phÇn c©y ®-îc chia ra ®Ó, dCTP, A-xÝt cytidylic. víi xö lý thÝch hîp, cã thÓ t¸i sinh thμnh cytidine triphosphate (cytidine 5'- mét c©y hoμn chØnh. triphosphate) Xem: CTP (1). cybrid A hybrid, originating from the fusion cytidylic acid Synonym for cytidine of a cytoplast (the cytoplasm without monophosphate (abbreviation: CMP), a nucleus) with a whole cell derived from a (ribo)nucleotide containing the different species. nucleoside cytidine. The corresponding vËt lai bμo chÊt Mét vËt lai, b¾t nguån tõ deoxyribonucleotide is called dung hîp chÊt tÕ bμo chÊt (chÊt tÕ bμo deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate or kh«ng h¹t nh©n) víi mét tÕ bμo hoμn toμn deoxycytidylic acid. cã nguån gèc tõ mét loμi kh¸c. axit cytidylicTõ ®ång nghÜa cytidine cyclic adenosine monophosphate monophosphate (viÕt t¾t: CMP), mét (ribo) (Abbreviations: cyclic AMP, cAMP). A nucleotide mang nulceosit cytidin. “messenger” molecule that regulates many Deoxyribonucleotit t-¬ng øng ®-îc gäi a- intracellular reactions by transducing xÝt monophosphate hoÆc deoxycytidylic signals from extracellular growth factors to deoxycytidine 5'-. cellular metabolic pathways. cytochrome A class of pigments in plant aden«sin vßng (viÕt t¾t: cyclic AMP, and animal cells, usually in the cAMP). Mét ph©n tö “®-a tin” ®Ó ®iÒu chØnh mitochondria. They function as electron nhiÒu ph¶n øng gi÷a tÕ bμo do chuyÓn dÊu carriers in respiration. hiÖu tõ t¸c nh©n sinh tr-ëng ngoμi tÕ bμo s¾c tè bμo Líp c¸c chÊt mμu trong tÕ bμo vμo ®-êng mßn chuyÓn ho¸ tÕ bμo. thùc vËt vμ ®éng vËt, b×nh th-êng trong ty cyclic AMP AMP vßng viÕt t¾t cña cyclic thÓ. Chóng ho¹t ®éng nh- nh÷ng thÓ mang adenosine monophosphate. ®iÖn tö trong h« hÊp. cyclodextrin Cyclic oligomer of glucose. cytochrome p450 A highly diversified set dextrin vßng ChÊt nghÌo vßng cña ®-êng (more than 1500 known sequences) of glucoza. heme-containing proteins. Frequently cycloheximide A molecule that inhibits called hydroxylases, although P450 protein synthesis in eukaryotes, but not proteins can perform a wide spectrum of in prokaryotes. It blocks peptide bond other reactions. In bacteria they are soluble formation by binding to the large ribosomal and approximately 400 amino acids long; subunits. Synonym: actidione. eukaryotic P450s are larger - about 500 amino acids. In mammals they are critical Hªcxamin vßng Ph©n tö k×m h·m tæng for drug metabolism, haemostasis, hîp protein cña sinh vËt cã nh©n, nh-ng cytogenetics 69 cholesterol biosynthesis and other changes exclusive of nuclear division steroidogenesis; in plants they are involved that are a part of mitosis or meiosis. in plant hormone synthesis, phytoalexin ph©n chia bμo chÊt Ph©n chia chÊt tÕ synthesis, flower petal pigment bμo vμ nh÷ng thay ®æi kh¸c ngo¹i trõ ph©n biosynthesis and many unknown functions. chia nh©n mμ lμ mét phÇn nguyªn ph©n In fungi they make ergosterol and they are hoÆc gi¶m ph©n. involved in pathogenesis. Bacterial P450s cytokinin Plant growth regulators are key elements in antibiotic synthesis. characterized as substances that induce s¾c tè bμo p450 Mét tËp hîp (h¬n1500 cell division and cell differentiation. In tr×nh tù ®-îc biÕt) cña c¸c protein bao xung tissue culture, these substances are quanh. Hay ®-îc gäi lμ c¸c hydroxylases, associated with enhanced callus and shoot MÆc dÇu c¸c protein P450 cã thÓ thùc hiÖn development. The compounds are trong ph¹m vi réng nhiÒu ph¶n øng kh¸c. derivatives of adenine. See: kinin. Trong vi khuÈn chóng hoμ tan vμ dμi xÊp cytokinin ChÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng thùc xØ 400 amino axÝt; c¸c P450 cã nh©n lμ vËt ®-îc m« t¶ ®Æc ®iÓm nh- nh÷ng chÊt kho¶ng 500 amino axÝt. Trong ®éng vËt cã mμ t¹o ra ph©n chia vμ ph©n hãa tÕ bμo. vó chóng lμ chÊt giíi h¹n chuyÓn ho¸ Trong nu«i cÊy m«, nh÷ng chÊt nμy ®-îc thuèc, haemostasis, sinh tæng hîp kÕt hîp ®Ó t¨ng c-êng m« sÑo vμ ph¸t colesteron vμ ph¸t sinh steroit; trong thùc triÓn mÇm. C¸c hîp chÊt nμy lμ dÉn xuÊt vËt chóng liªn quan tæng hîp hormon thùc cña adenin. xem: kinin. vËt, tæng hîp phytoalexin, sinh tæng hîp chÊt mμu c¸nh hoa hoa vμ nhiÒu chøc cytology The study of the structure and n¨ng ch-a ®-îc biÕt. Trong nÊm chóng t¹o function of cells. ra ecgosterol vμ liªn quan t¸c nh©n g©y tÕ bμo häc Nghiªn cøu cÊu tróc vμ chøc bÖnh. P450s vi khuÈn lμ nh÷ng phÇn tö n¨ng tÕ bμo. ch×a khãa cña tæng hîp kh¸ng sinh. cytolysis Cell disintegration. cytogenetics The biology of ph©n gi¶i tÕ bμo Sù ph©n huû tÕ bμo. chromosomes and their relation to the cytoplasm The living material of the cell, transmission and recombination of exclusive of the nucleus, consisting of a genes. complex protein matrix or gel, and where di truyÒn häc tÕ bμo Sinh vËt häc nhiÔm essential membranes and cellular s¾c thÓ vμ quan hÖ cña chóng víi sù truyÒn organelles (mitochondria, plastids, etc.) ®¹t vμ t¸i tæ hîp gen. reside. cytokine A generic name for a diverse chÊt tÕ bμo, tÕ bμo chÊt VËt liÖu sèng group of soluble proteins and peptides cña tÕ bμo, ngo¹i trõ nh©n, gåm cã mét which act as humoral regulators at hçn hîp dÞch hoÆc gel protein, vμ n¬i cã extremely small concentrations and which, c¸c mμng vμ c¸c bμo quan (ty thÓ, l¹p thÓ either under normal or pathological v.v.,) thiÕt yÕu c- tró. conditions, modulate the functional cytoplasmic genes Genes located on activities of individual cells and tissues. DNA outside the nucleus, i.e. on plastids. See: lymphokine, monokine. gen bμo chÊt Gen ®Þnh vÞ trªn DNA bªn cytokin Mét tªn chung chØ mét nhãm ®a ngoμi h¹t nh©n, nghÜa lμ trªn h¹t l¹p thÓ. d¹ng cña protein vμ peptit hoμ tan lμm nh©n tè ®iÒu chØnh thÓ dÞch ë nång ®é v« cytoplasmic inheritance Hereditary cïng thÊp vμ ®iÒu chØnh c¸c ho¹t ®éng transmission dependent on cytoplasmic chøc n¨ng cña tÕ bμo c¸ thÓ vμ m« d-íi genes. ®iÒu kiÖn b×nh th-êng hoÆc bÖnh lý. Xem: di truyÒn bμo chÊt Sù truyÒn tÝnh di truyÒn lymphokin, monokin. phô thuéc vμo c¸c gen bμo chÊt. cytokinesis Cytoplasmic division and cytoplasmic male sterility Genetic defect cytoplasmic organelles 70 due to faulty functioning of mitochondria found in DNA and RNA. See: cytidine. in pollen development, preventing the cytosin (viÕt t¾t: C). Mét ba z¬ cã trong formation of viable pollen. Commonly DNA vμ RNA. xem: cytidine. found or inducible in many plant species cytosol The fluid portion of the and exploited for some F hybrid seed 1 cytoplasm, i.e. the cytoplasm minus its programmes. organelles. bÊt thô ®ùc bμo chÊt KhuyÕt tËt di truyÒn t-¬ng bμo Thμnh phÇn láng cña chÊt tÕ do ho¹t ®éng sai cña ty thÓ khi ph¸t triÓn bμo, nghÜa lμ c¸c phÇn tö chÊt nguyªn sinh phÊn hoa, ng¨n ngõa sù h×nh thμnh phÊn trõ bμo quan. hoa sinh tån. Phæ biÕn h×nh thμnh hoÆc c¶m øng trong nhiÒu loμi thùc vËt vμ ®-îc cytotoxic T cell cell tÕ bμo ®éc T xem : khai th¸c trong mét sè ch-¬ng tr×nh h¹t killer T cell. gièng lai F1. cytotoxicity Poisoning of the cell. cytoplasmic organelles Discrete sub- g©y ®éc tÕ bμo Sù g©y ®éc tÕ bμo. cellular structures located in the cytoplasm cytotype A maternally inherited cellular of cells - mitochondria, plastids and condition in Drosophila that regulates the lysosomes. activity of transposable P elements. c¬ quan tö bμo chÊt Nh÷ng cÊu tróc møc kiÓu tÕ bμo T×nh tr¹ng tÕ bμo ®-îc di d-íi tÕ bμo t¸ch biÖt ®Þnh vÞ trong bμo chÊt truyÒn tÝnh mÑ trong ruåi giÊm ®Ó ®iÒu hoμ cña tÕ bμo- ty thÓ, l¹p thÓ vμ tiªu thÓ. ho¹t ®éng cña c¸c phÇn tö P cã kh¶ n¨ng cytosine (Abbreviation: C). One the bases chuyÓn vÞ. 71 DAF Xem: DNA amplification fingerprinting. Dalton (Abbreviation: Da). A unit of atomic mass roughly equivalent to the mass of a Dd hydrogen atom. Used as to express molecular weight, which for biological macromolecules is usually in the range kilo- (kDa) to megaDaltons (MDa). Dalton (viÕt t¾t: Da) §¬n vÞ khèi l-îng D loop Abbreviation for displacement loop. nguyªn tö kho¶ng xÊp xØ víi khèi l-îng cña Formed when a short stretch of RNA is nguyªn tö hy-®r«. Dïng ®Ó biÓu thÞ träng paired with one strand of DNA. This l-îng ph©n tö, cho ®¹i ph©n tö sinh vËt displaces the original partner DNA; also th-êng trong ph¹m vi Kil«- (KDa) ®Õn the displacement of a region of one strand megaDaltons (MDa). of duplex DNA by a single-stranded DAMD Xem: directed amplification of invader in the reaction catalyzed by recA. minisatellite DNA. vßng D viÕt t¾t cña: displacement loop. Darwinian cloning Selection of a clone H×nh thμnh khi mét ®o¹n ng¾n RNA ®-îc from a large number of essentially random cÆp ®«i víi mét sîi cña DNA. Nã chiÕm starting points, rather than isolating a chç DNA gÇn gèc; cßn thuyªn chuyÓn vïng natural gene or making a carefully cña sîi DNA xo¾n kÐp do sù to¶ sîi ®¬n designed artificial one. Molecules which trong ph¶n øng thuû ph©n bëi recA. are more similar to those needed are dA - dT tailing ®u«i dA - dT xem selected, mutated to generate new complementary homopolymeric tailing. variants, and re-selected. The cycle dAb (Full term: single domain antibody). proceeds until the required molecule is Antibodies with only one (instead of two) found. The advantage of the system is that protein chain derived from only one of the the selection is from a vast number of two domains of the normal antibody possibilities. structure. Exploits the finding that for some nh©n dßng theo Darwin Chän läc dßng antibodies, half of the molecule binds to v« tÝnh tõ sè lín ®iÓm ban ®Çu ngÉu nhiªn its target antigen almost as well as the cã thùc, thay v× ph©n lËp gen tù nhiªn hoÆc whole molecule. The major advantage of t¹o mét lo¹t gen nh©n t¹o ®-îc thiÕt kÕ dAbs over other antibodies is that they can cÈn thËn. Nh÷ng ph©n tö rÊt gièng víi be cloned and expressed into bacteria, so chóng cÇn thiÕt ®-îc lùa chän, ®ét biÕn that large numbers of antibodies can be ®Ó t¹o ra nh÷ng lo¹i h×nh míi, vμ chän läc generated and screened in parallel. l¹i. Chu tr×nh tiÕp tôc cho ®Õn khi t×m ®-îc kh¸ng thÓ miÒn ®¬n (thuËt ng÷ viÕt ®Çy ph©n tö cÇn thiÕt. Lîi thÕ cña hÖ thèng nμy ®ñ: single domain antibody). Kh¸ng thÓ chØ chÝnh lμ chän läc tõ nhiÒu kh¶ n¨ng. cã mét duy nhÊt (thay v× hai) chuçi protein dATP Abbreviation for deoxyadenosine 5'- b¾t nguån chØ tõ mét trong hai miÒn cÊu triphosphate. dATP is required for DNA tróc kh¸ng thÓ b×nh th-êng. Khai th¸c t×m synthesis since it is a direct precursor kiÕm mét sè kh¸ng thÓ, nöa ph©n tö liªn molecule. See: adenosine, adenylic acid. kÕt víi kh¸ng nguyªn ®Ých hÇu nh- gièng dATP viÕt t¾t cña deoxyadenosine 5'- toμn bé ph©n tö. Lîi thÕ chÝnh cña dAb so triphosphate. dATP cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng hîp víi c¸c kh¸ng thÓ kh¸c lμ chóng cã thÓ DNA v× nã lμ mét ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt trùc ®-îc t¹o dßng vμ biÓu thÞ trong nhiÒu vi tiÕp. Xem: adenosine, adenylic acid. khuÈn, do vËy mét sè l-îng lín kh¸ng thÓ dCTP Abbreviation for deoxycytidine 5'- cã thÓ ®-îc ph¸t sinh vμ ®-îc hiÓn thÞ ®ång triphosphate. dCTP is required for DNA thêi. ddNTP 72 synthesis since it is a direct precursor nã, kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng phôc håi khi nhiÔm molecule. See: cytidine, cytidylic acid. bÖnh tÕ bμo vËt chñ, nh-ng nã cã thÓ sinh dCTP ViÕt t¾t cña: deoxycytidin 5'- tr-ëng khi cã mÆt virut kh¸c. Virut nμy cung triphosphat. dCTP cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng hîp cÊp mét bé m¸y ph©n tö cÇn thiÕt mμ chÝnh DNA v× nã lμ mét ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt trùc virut ®Çu thiÕu. tiÕp. xem: cytidine, cytidylic acid. deficiency Lack of adequate supply of ddNTP ViÕt t¾t cña: di-deoxynucleotide. nutritional, enzymatic, or environmental requirements, so that development, growth death phase The final growth phase of or physiological functions are affected. cell culture, during which nutrients have been depleted and cell number ®o¹n khuyÕt Sù thiÕu hôt cung cÊp kh«ng decreases. ®ñ chÊt dinh d-ìng, enzim, hoÆc c¸c yªu cÇu vÒ m«i tr-êng, v× thÕ sù ph¸t triÓn, sinh pha chÕt Pha sinh tr-ëng kÕt thóc nu«i tr-ëng hoÆc c¸c chøc n¨ng sinh lý bÞ ¶nh cÊy tÕ bμo, qu¸ tr×nh mμ chÊt dinh d-ìng h-ëng. ®-îc rót hÕt vμ gi¶m sè l-îng tÕ bμo. defined 1. Fixed conditions of medium, deceleration phase The phase of environment and protocol for growth. 2. declining growth rate, following the linear Precisely known and stated elements of a phase and preceding the stationary tissue culture medium. phase in most batch-suspension cultures. See: growth phase. x¸c ®Þnh 1. C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn cè ®Þnh dung dÞch, m«i tr-êng vμ c¸ch thøc ®Ó sinh pha chËm Pha tèc ®é t¨ng tr-ëng gi¶m tr-ëng. 2. C¸c phÇn tö cña dung dÞch cÊy dÇn, tiÕp theo pha tuyÕn tÝnh vμ tr-íc pha m« nªu ra vμ ®-îc biÕt chÝnh x¸c. tÜnh trong hÇu hÕt c¸c nu«i cÊy l« huyÒn phï. Xem: growth phase. degeneracy The specification of one amino acid by more than one codon. It de-differentiation The process, in arises from the inevitable redundancy response to wounding and in tissue resulting from the 64 possible codons cultures, by which plant cells can become encoding only 20 amino acids. unspecialized and start to proliferate by cell division to form a mass of tho¸i hãa §Æc ®iÓm cña mét amino axit undifferentiated cells (or callus) which, do cã h¬n mét bé ba. Nã xuÊt hiÖn tõ d- in response to appropriate stimuli, may thõa kh«ng tr¸nh khái b¾t nguån tõ 64 later differentiate again to form either the co®on cã kh¶ n¨ng m· hãa chØ 20 amino same cell type or a different one. axit. V« biÖt ho¸ Qu¸ tr×nh, trong ph¶n øng degeneration 1. Changes in cells, tissues víi sù tæn th-¬ng vμ trong c¸c nu«i cÊy or organs due to disease. 2. The reduction m«, do ®ã tÕ bμo thùc vËt cã thÓ kh«ng in size or complete loss of organs during chuyªn biÖt vμ b¾t ®Çu t¨ng nhanh do ph©n evolution. chia tÕ bμo ®Ó h×nh thμnh mét khèi l-îng sù tho¸i hãa 1. Nh÷ng thay ®æi trong tÕ tÕ bμo ch-a ph©n hãa (hoÆc m« sÑo) ®Ó, bμo, m« hoÆc c¬ quan do bÖnh. 2. Sù gi¶m trong ph¶n øng cã sù thóc ®Èy thÝch hîp, kÝch th-íc hoÆc thiÕu hoμn thiÖn c¸c c¬ cã thÓ biÖt ho¸ chËm lÇn n÷a ®Ó h×nh thμnh quan trong qu¸ tr×nh tiÕn hãa. mét lo¹t tÕ bμo gièng hoÆc kh¸c nhau. dehalogenation The removal of halogen defective virus A virus that, by itself, is atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) unable to reproduce when infecting its from molecules, for example during host cell, but that can grow in the presence biodegradation. of another virus. This other virus provides khö halogen ViÖc lo¹i bá nguyªn tö the necessary molecular machinery that halogen (Flo, clo, br«m, Iot) trong ph©n tö, the first virus lacks. vÝ dô trong qu¸ tr×nh ph©n r· sinh häc. virut cã sai sãt Mét virut mμ, do chÝnh dehiscence 73 dehiscence The spontaneous and often especially water. Removal methods violent opening of a fruit, seed pod or include distillation, electrodialysis and ion anther to release and disperse the seeds exchange. See: de-ionized water. or pollen. khö kho¸ng Lo¹i bá dung l-îng chÊt nøt nÎ Lùc më tù ®éng vμ th«ng th-êng kho¸ng (muèi, ion) tõ m«i tr-êng, ®Æc biÖt cña qu¶, vá h¹t hoÆc nhôy hoa ®Ó gi¶i lμ n-íc. C¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p lo¹i bá gåm cã phãng vμ ph¸t t¸n h¹t hoÆc phÊn hoa. ch-ng cÊt, ®iÖn ph©n vμ trao ®æi ion. xem: dehydrogenase An enzyme that de-ionized water. catalyses the removal of hydrogen atoms denature To disrupt the normal in vivo in biological reactions. conformation of a nucleic acid or (more Enzim xóc t¸c viÖc lo¹i bá nguyªn tö hy- usually) a protein by physical or chemical ®r« trong ph¶n øng sinh häc. means, usually accompanied by the loss of activity. See: denatured DNA, ehydrogenation A chemical reaction in denatured protein. which hydrogen is removed from a compound. biÕn tÝnh Ph¸ vì h×nh d¸ng axit nucleic hoÆc (phæ biÕn h¬n) mét protein b×nh sù khö hy-®r« Ph¶n øng hãa häc trong th-êng trong c¬ thÓ b»ng ph-¬ng ph¸p vËt ®ã hy-®r« ®-îc lo¹i khái hîp chÊt. lý hoÆc hãa häc, th-êng kÌm theo mÊt ho¹t de-ionized water Water from which most ®éng. Xem: denatured DNA, denatured salts have been removed - with varying protein. degrees of efficiency - by ion exchange. denatured DNA Double-stranded DNA n-íc khö ion N-íc ®-îc lo¹i khái hÇu hÕt that has been converted to single strands c¸c muèi – lμm thay ®æi møc ¶nh h-ëng- by breaking the hydrogen bonds linking do trao ®æi ion. complementary nucleotide pairs. Often deletion A mutation involving the removal reversible. Usually achieved by heating. of one or more base pairs in a DNA DNA biÕn tÝnh DNA sîi kÐp ®· ®-îc sequence. Large deletions are sometimes chuyÓn ®æi sang sîi ®¬n do ph©n gi¶i liªn microscopically visible in karyotype kÕt hydro nèi víi cÆp nuleotit bæ sung. Lu«n analyses. cã thÓ ®¶o ng-îc. Th-êng ®¹t ®-îc b»ng ®øt ®o¹n, thiÕu hôt §ét biÕn kÐo theo thiÕt bÞ lμm nãng. lo¹i bá mét hoÆc nhiÒu cÆp ba z¬ trong denatured protein Altering the in vivo tr×nh tù DNA. Sù thiÕu hôt lín thØnh tho¶ng conformation of a protein by heat or salt cã thÓ quan s¸t ®-îc b»ng kÝnh hiÓn khi treatment, thereby destroying its biological ph©n tÝch kiÓu nh©n. activity. Unlike denatured DNA, denatured deliberate release In a biotechnology proteins are seldom able to be renatured. context, the intentional release of protein biÕn tÝnh Thay ®æi h×nh d¸ng genetically modified organisms. protein trong c¬ thÓ b»ng thiÕt bÞ lμm nãng phiªn b¶n chñ ®Þnh Trong ph¹m vi c«ng hoÆc -íp muèi, do ®ã ph¸ hñy ho¹t tÝnh nghÖ sinh häc, phiªn b¶n ®Þnh tr-íc cña sinh häc. Kh«ng gièng nh- DNA ®-îc biÕn sinh vËt biÕn ®æi di truyÒn. tÝnh, c¸c protein biÕn tÝnh Ýt khi cã kh¶ n¨ng delta endotoxins néi ®éc tè xem:: cry håi phôc. proteins. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis deme A group of organisms in the same (Abbreviation: DGGE). taxon. An electrophoresis method for separating nhãm Nhãm sinh vËt trong cïng ®¬n vÞ similar sized DNA fragments on the basis ph©n lo¹i. of their sequence, by applying across the gel a gradient of increasingly denaturing demineralize To remove the mineral conditions (usually by increasing the content (salts, ions) from a substance, dendrimer 74 concentration of a denaturing chemical, process of centrifugation itself (as in CsCl such as formamide or urea). As the double- and Cs2SO4 density gradients). stranded molecules denature into a ly t©m gradient mËt ®é Ly t©m siªu tèc partially and eventually a fully single- trong ®ã c¸c ph©n tö ®-îc ph©n t¸ch trªn stranded state, their electrophoretic c¬ së mËt ®é kh¸c nhau cã sö dông mobility changes. gradient nång ®é clo-rua can xi hoÆc chÊt ®iÖn di gel møc ®é biÕn tÝnh (viÕt t¾t: ®-êng. Gradient mËt ®é nμy cã thÓ h×nh DGGE). Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®iÖn di ®Ó ph©n ra thμnh tr-íc ly t©m nhê trén hai dung dÞch c¸c ®o¹n DNA kÝch th-íc t-¬ng ®-¬ng dùa mËt ®é kh¸c nhau (nh- trong gradient mËt vμo tr×nh tù cña chóng, b»ng ¸p dông ®é chÊt ®-êng) hoÆc còng cã thÓ h×nh chuyÓn qua chÊt gel mét møc ®é c¸c ®iÒu thμnh do qu¸ tr×nh cña b¶n th©n hiÖn t-îng kiÖn lμm biÕn tÝnh gia t¨ng (th-êng do t¨ng ly t©m (nh- trong CsCl vμ c¸c gradient mËt thªm nång ®é chÊt ho¸ häc biÕn tÝnh, nh- ®é Cs2SO4). lμ formamit hoÆc u-rª). Khi c¸c ph©n tö sîi deoxyadenosine xem: adenosin, dATP. kÐp biÕn tÝnh thμnh tõng phÇn vμ cuèi cïng deoxycytidine xem: cytidine, dCTP. thμnh mét tr¹ng th¸i sîi ®¬n hoμn toμn, tÝnh dÔ biÕn ®æi ®iÖn di thay ®æi. deoxyguanosine xem: guanosine, dGTP. dendrimer A polymer that repeatedly branches until stopped by the physical deoxyribonuclease xem: DNase. constraint of having formed a complete, deoxyribonucleic acid xem: DNA. hollow sphere. These structures possess deoxyribonucleoside xem: nucleoside. sites on their exterior surface to which DNA deoxyribonucleotide xem: nucleotide. fragments can be attached, and are thus useful as carriers of DNA for transgenesis. deoxyribose (2-deoxyribose) xem: ribose. dendrime Mét p«lime ph©n nh¸nh lÆp nhiÒu lÇn cho ®Õn khi dõng do rμng buéc deoxythymidine Strictly correct but rarely vËt lý ®· h×nh thμnh mét h×nh cÇu trän vÑn, used synonym for thymidine. rçng. C¸c cÊu tróc nμy chiÕm vÞ trÝ phÝa deoxythymidin Tõ ®ång nghÜa ®óng chÝnh mÆt ngoμi ®Ó c¸c ®o¹n DNA cã thÓ ®-îc x¸c nh-ng Ýt ®-îc dïng cho thymidin. g¾n, vμ h÷u Ých nh- thÓ mang cña DNA ®Ó derepression The process of “turning on” chuyÓn gen. the expression of a gene or set of genes denitrification A chemical process in whose expression has been repressed which nitrates in the soil are reduced to (turned off), usually by the displacement molecular nitrogen, which is released to of a repressor from a promoter, since, the atmosphere. when attached to the DNA, the repressor lo¹i nit¬ Qu¸ tr×nh hãa häc trong ®ã c¸c prevents transcription. muèi nitrat trong ®Êt ®-îc ph©n gi¶i cho gi¶i øc chÕ Qu¸ tr×nh “tiÕp tôc” biÓu thÞ tíi nit¬ ph©n tö, vμ ®-îc gi¶i phãng vμo mét gen hoÆc bé gen mμ biÓu thÞ cña nã khÝ quyÓn. ®· bÞ øc chÕ (ngõng), th-êng do thuyªn density gradient centrifugation High- chuyÓn mét chÊt k×m h·m tõ ®iÓm khëi ®Çu, speed centrifugation in which molecules v×, khi ®-îc g¾n víi DNA, chÊt k×m h·m are separated on the basis of their different ng¨n ngõa phiªn m·. densities using a concentration gradient of derivative 1. Resulting from or derived caesium chloride or sucrose. The density from. 2. Term used to identify a variant gradient may either be formed before during meristematic cell division. centrifugation by mixing two solutions of vËt dÉn xuÊt 1. kÕt qu¶ hoÆc b¾t nguån different density (as in sucrose density tõ. 2. ThuËt ng÷ dïng ®Ó x¸c nhËn mét gradients) or it can be formed by the lo¹t pha kh¸c nhau trong khi ph©n chia tÕ bμo m« ph©n sinh. desiccant 75 desiccant Any compound used to remove ph¸t triÓn Tæng sè sù kiÖn ®ãng gãp cho moisture or water. qu¸ tr×nh phøc t¹p cña mét sinh vËt. Hai chÊt hót Èm BÊt kú hîp chÊt nμo sö dông khÝa mÆt chÝnh cña ph¸t triÓn lμ sinh tr-ëng ®Ó lo¹i trõ h¬i Èm hoÆc n-íc. vμ biÖt ho¸. desoxyribonucleic acid Obsolete deviation 1. An alteration from the typical spelling of deoxyribonucleic acid. form, function or behaviour. Mutation or stress are the common reasons behind Tªn gäi theo c¸ch cò cña deoxyribonucleic deviation. 2. A statistical term describing acid. the difference between an actual desulphurization lo¹i trõ l-u huúnh observation and the mean of all Xem: biodesulphurization. observations. detergent Substance which lowers the sai lÖch 1. Thay ®æi h×nh d¹ng, chøc n¨ng surface tension of a solution, improving its hoÆc hμnh vi th«ng th-êng. §ét biÕn hoÆc cleaning properties. sèc lμ nguyªn nh©n chung sau sai lÖch. 2. thuèc tÈy ChÊt ®Ó h¹ thÊp søc c¨ng bÒ ThuËt ng÷ thèng kª m« t¶ sù kh¸c nhau mÆt dung dÞch, n©ng cao c¸c thuéc tÝnh gi÷a mét quan s¸t thùc tÕ víi trung b×nh lμm s¹ch. toμn bé quan s¸t. determinate growth Growth determined dextrin An intermediate polysaccharide and limited in time, with a bud or flower compound resulting from the hydrolysis terminating the growth of the main axis. of starch to maltose by amylase enzymes. Once established, it is usually irreversible. hå tinh bét Mét hîp chÊt polisacarit trung Opposite: indeterminate growth. gian kÕt qu¶ tõ thñy ph©n tinh bét thμnh sinh tr-ëng x¸c ®Þnh Sinh tr-ëng x¸c ®Þnh ®-êng m¹ch nha do enzim amylaza. vμ giíi h¹n thêi gian, víi mÇm hoÆc hoa dG - dC tailing tailing ®o¹n cuèi dG-dC x¸c ®Þnh sinh tr-ëng cña trôc chÝnh. Mét Xem: complementary homopolymeric khi ®· thiÕt lËp, nã th-êng kh«ng thÓ ®¶o tailing. ng-îc. Ng-îc víi: indeterminate growth. DGGE xem: denaturing gradient gel determination Process by which electrophoresis. undifferentiated cells in an embryo dGTP Abbreviation for deoxyguanosine 5'- become committed to develop into specific triphosphate. dGTP is required for DNA cell types, such as neurons, fibroblasts or synthesis since it is a direct precursor muscle cells. molecule. See: guanosine, guanylic x¸c ®Þnh Qu¸ tr×nh mμ bëi ®ã nh÷ng tÕ acid. bμo ch-a ph©n hãa trong ph«i ®-îc giao dGTP viÕt t¾t cña deoxyguanosine 5'- phã ®Ó ph¸t triÓn thμnh kiÓu tÕ bμo riªng triphosphate. dGTP cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng hîp biÖt, nh- n¬ ron, sîi nguyªn bμo hoÆc tÕ DNA v× nã lμ mét ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt trùc bμo c¬. tiÕp. xem: guanosine, guanylic acid. determined Describing embryonic tissue diagnostic procedure A test or assay at a stage when it can develop only as a used to determine the presence of a certain kind of tissue. specific substance, organism or nucleic ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh M« t¶ m« ph«i ë giai ®o¹n acid sequence alteration, etc. khi nã cã thÓ ph¸t triÓn chØ nh- mét lo¹i thñ tôc chÈn ®o¸n PhÐp thö hoÆc ph©n m« nhÊt ®Þnh. tÝch dïng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh sù cã mÆt cña mét development The sum total of events that chÊt, c¬ quan hoÆc sù thay ®æi tr×nh tù axit contribute to the progressive elaboration nucleic riªng biÖt, v©n v©n. of an organism. The two major aspects of diakinesis A stage of meiosis at the end development are growth and of prophase I, in which the contraction of differentiation. the chromosomes is almost at a maximum, diakinesis 76 pairing configurations are well defined, the classes of flowering plants (along with the nucleolus normally disappears and the monocotyledons). Examples include nuclear envelope is disrupted. many crop plants (potato, pea, beans), giai ®o¹n h-íng cùc Giai ®o¹n gi¶m ornamentals (rose, ivy) and timber trees ph©n ë cuèi k× ®Çu I, trong ®ã nhiÔm s¾c (oak, beech, lime). thÓ gi¶m gÇn nh- ë møc tèi ®a, c¸c cÊu c©y song tö ®iÖp (viÕt t¾t: dicot). Thùc h×nh cÆp ®«i ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh râ, h¹ch b×nh vËt cã hai l¸ mÇm. Mét trong hai líp chÝnh th-êng biÕn mÊt vμ mμng nh©n bÞ ph¸ vì. cña thùc vËt ra hoa (cïng víi c©y ®¬n tö dialysis A biochemical technique by which diÖp). C¸c mÉu gåm cã nhiÒu gièng c©y large molecules such as proteins in trång (khoai t©y, ®Ëu Hμ lan, ®Ëu t-¬ng), solution are separated from smaller c¸c loμi hoa (hoa hång, tr-êng xu©n) vμ species such as salts. The technique is c©y cã gç (såi, anh ®μo, ch×a v«i). based on the properties of certain di-deoxynucleotide (Abbreviations: membrane structures, which selectively ddNTP,didN). A synthetic only allow the passage of the smaller deoxynucleotide that lacks a 3'-hydroxyl molecules. A frequently used method for group, and is thus unable to form the 3'?5' the purification of proteins. phosphodiester bond necessary for thÈm t¸ch Mét kü thuËt hãa sinh ®Ó nh÷ng chain elongation. Used as strand ph©n tö lín nh- protein trong dung dÞch terminators in the Sanger DNA sequencing ®-îc ph©n t¸ch tõ c¸c lo¹i nhá h¬n nh- reaction and in the treatment of some viral muèi. Kü thuËt dùa vμo thuéc tÝnh c¸c cÊu diseases. tróc mμng nhÊt ®Þnh, vμ cho chØ phÐp chän di-deoxynucleotit (viÕt t¾t: ddNTP,didN). läc c¸c ph©n tö nhá h¬n ®i qua. Ph-¬ng ChÊt deoxynucleotide tæng hîp thiÕu gèc ph¸p ®-îc sö dông phæ biÕn ®Ó lμm s¹ch hidroxyl 3', vμ do vËy kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng protein. ®Ó h×nh thμnh liªn kÕt phosphodiester 3' ? diazotroph An organism that can fix 5' cÇn thiÕt ®Ó kÐo dμi d·y ph©n tö. §-îc atmospheric nitrogen. sö dông khi hoμn tÊt sîi trong ph¶n øng tr×nh tù ho¸ DNA Sanger vμ trong nghiªn tù d-ìng Sinh vËt cã kh¶ n¨ng hÊp thu cøu mét sè bÖnh virut. nit¬ khÝ quyÓn. didN Xem: di-deoxynucleotide. dicentric chromosome A chromosome having two active centromeres. differential centrifugation A method for separating sub-cellular particles according nhiÔm s¾c thÓ hai t©m Mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓ to their sedimentation coefficients, which cã hai t©m ho¹t ®éng . are roughly proportional to their size. Cell dichogamy The condition in which the extracts are subjected to a succession of male and the female reproductive organs centrifuge runs at progressively faster of a flower (or certain hermaphroditic rotation speeds. Large particles, such as animals) mature at different times, thereby nuclei or mitochondria, will be precipitated making self-fertilization improbable or at relatively slow speeds; higher G forces impossible. will be required to sediment small particles, dichogami T×nh tr¹ng cã c¸c c¬ quan sinh such as ribosomes. s¶n ®ùc vμ c¸i cña mét hoa (hoÆc ®éng ly t©m vi ph©n Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®Ó ph©n t¸ch vËt l-ìng tÝnh nhÊt ®Þnh) tr-ëng thμnh ë c¸c h¹t nhá møc d-íi tÕ bμo theo hÖ sè c¸c thêi ®iÓm kh¸c nhau, do ®ã t¹o ra Ýt l¾ng, t-¬ng xøng víi kÝch th-íc cña chóng. kh¶ n¨ng hoÆc kh«ng thÓ ®¹t ®-îc tù thô C¸c phÇn chiÕt xuÊt tÕ bμo ®-îc thùc hiÖn phÊn. víi mét lo¹t quay ly t©m tèc ®é nhanh dÇn. dicot Xem: dicotyledon. C¸c h¹t lín, nh- nh©n hoÆc c¸c ti l¹p thÓ, dicotyledon (Abbreviation: dicot). A plant sÏ ch×m xuèng khi tèc ®é chËm dÇn; lùc ly with two cotyledons. One of the two major t©m G cao h¬n cÇn thiÕt ®Ó h¹t nhá l¾ng differential display 77 xuèng, nh- ribosom. nμy nãi chung kh«ng thÓ ®¶o ng-îc trong differential display A method to identify c¬ thÓ sinh vËt bËc cao. Trong nu«i cÊy mRNAs which are present at different m«, thuËt ng÷ ®-îc dïng m« t¶ sù h×nh levels in different tissues, or in response thμnh c¸c kiÓu tÕ bμo kh¸c biÖt. to specific treatments. The mRNAs are diffusion The spontaneous movement of converted to cDNA, and a defined molecules from a region of higher proportion of these are amplified by the concentration to a region of lower polymerase chain reaction, and concentration. separated by electrophoresis. khuyÕch t¸n ChuyÓn ®éng ngÉu nhiªn hiÓn thÞ vi ph©n Ph-¬ng ph¸p x¸c ®Þnh cña c¸c ph©n tö tõ vïng mËt ®é cao ®Õn c¸c mRNA mμ biÓu hiÖn c¸c møc kh¸c vïng mËt ®é thÊp h¬n. nhau trong c¸c m« kh¸c nhau, hoÆc trong digest To treat DNA molecules with one sù ®¸p l¹i ph¶n øng ®Æc biÖt. C¸c mRNA or more restriction endonucleases in chuyÓn tíi DNA bæ sung, vμ mét tØ lÖ x¸c order to cleave them into smaller ®Þnh khuyÕch ®¹i b»ng ph¶n øng chuçi fragments. enzim trïng hîp, vμ ph©n t¸ch do hiÖn tiªu hãa ChÕ ho¸ c¸c ph©n tö DNA víi t-îng ®iÖn chuyÓn. mét hoÆc nhiÒu emzim giíi h¹n víi môc differentially permeable Referring to a ®Ých t¸ch chóng thμnh nh÷ng ®o¹n nhá membrane, through which different h¬n. substances diffuse at different rates. Some dihaploid An individual which arises from substances may be unable to diffuse a doubled haploid. through such a membrane, usually because they are too large to fit through ®¬n béi kÐp C¸ thÓ xuÊt hiÖn tõ mét ®¬n the pores of the membrane. béi kÐp. ®é ngÊm vi ph©n §Ò cËp ®Õn mμng tÕ dihybrid An individual that is heterozygous bμo, th«ng qua ®ã c¸c chÊt kh¸c nhau for two pairs of alleles; the progeny of a khuÕch t¸n víi tû lÖ kh¸c nhau. Mét sè chÊt cross between homozygous parents kh«ng thÓ khuÕch t¸n qua mét mμng nh- differing at two loci. vËy, th-êng bëi v× chóng qu¸ lín kh«ng l-ìng hîp tö Mét c¸ thÓ lμ dÞ hîp cña hai thÓ chui qua lç cña mμng. cÆp alen; con ch¸u cña mét cÆp lai chÐo differentiation A process as a result of gi÷a cha mÑ ®ång hîp tö ph©n biÖt kh¸c which unspecialized cells develop nhau t¹i hai æ gen. structures and functions characteristic of dimer 1. A molecule formed by the a particular type of cell, typically during the covalent combination of two monomers, process of development from one cell to generally accompanied by elimination of many cells, accompanied by a modification water. 2. The reversible association of two of the new cells for the performance of similar (or nearly similar) molecules. The particular functions. The process is active form of many enzymes is as a dimer generally irreversible in vivo in higher between two non-active monomeric organisms. In tissue culture, the term is subunits. used to describe the formation of different chÊt trïng ph©n 1. Mét ph©n tö ®-îc h×nh cell types. thμnh do kÕt hîp ®ång hãa trÞ hai ®¬n ph©n, biÖt ho¸ Qu¸ tr×nh lμm cho c¸c tÕ bμo th-êng kÐo theo sù lo¹i bá n-íc. 2. Sù kÕt kh«ng chuyªn biÖt ph¸t triÓn cÊu tróc vμ hîp cã thÓ ®¶o ng-îc cña hai ph©n tö chøc n¨ng ®iÓn h×nh cña mét kiÓu tÕ bμo t-¬ng ®-¬ng (hoÆc gÇn gièng nhau). D¹ng riªng biÖt, tiªu biÓu trong qu¸ tr×nh ph¸t ho¹t ®éng cña nhiÒu enzim lμ nh- mét chÊt triÓn tõ mét ®Õn nhiÒu tÕ bμo, ®-îc bæ sung trïng ph©n gi÷a hai cÊu tróc d-íi ®¬n ph©n do biÕn ®æi cña c¸c tÕ bμo míi ®Ó thùc kh«ng ho¹t ®éng. hiÖn c¸c chøc n¨ng riªng biÖt. Qu¸ tr×nh dimethyl sulphoxide 78 dimethyl sulphoxide (Abbreviation: meiosis following the pachytene stage, DMSO). A highly hygroscopic liquid and but preceding diakinesis, in which one powerful solvent with little odour, colour or pair of sister chromatids begin to separate toxicity when pure. It is employed in small from the other pair. quantities to dissolve organic substances sîi kÐp Giai ®o¹n trong k× ®Çu I cña gi¶m in tissue culture media preparation and ph©n tiÕp theo giai ®o¹n sîi dμy, nh-ng has uses as a cryoprotectant and in tr-íc giai ®o¹n h-íng cùc, trong ®ã mét promoting the passage of chemicals cÆp nhiÔm s¾c tö chÞ em b¾t ®Çu t¸ch ra tõ through skin. mét cÆp kh¸c. dimethyl sulphoxit (ViÕt t¾t: DMSO). Mét diplotene (adj.) kú song ty (tÝnh tõ)xem: chÊt láng hót Èm cao vμ dung m«i m¹nh diplonema. cã mïi h-¬ng, mμu hoÆc tÝnh ®éc thÊp khi direct embryogenesis The formation in thuÇn khiÕt. §-îc dïng víi sè l-îng nhá culture, on the surface of zygotic or ®Ó hoμ tan c¸c chÊt h÷u c¬ trong chÕ phÈm somatic embryos or on explant tissues dung dÞch nu«i cÊy m« vμ ®-îc dïng khi (leaf section, root tip, etc.), of embryoids b¶o qu¶n ®«ng l¹nh vμ trong viÖc xóc tiÕn without an intervening callus phase. chuyÓn c¸c ho¸ chÊt ngÊm qua da. Opposite: indirect embryogenesis. dimorphism The existence of two ph¸t sinh ph«i trùc tiÕp Sù h×nh thμnh distinctly different types of individuals trong nu«i cÊy m«, trªn bÒ mÆt hîp tö, c¸c within a species. An obvious example is ph«i x«ma hoÆc trªn c¸c m« ghÐp (phÇn sexual dimorphism in mammals. l¸, chãp rÔ, v.v.), cña ph«i kh«ng cã giai tÝnh l-ìng h×nh Sù tån t¹i hai kiÓu kh¸c ®o¹n m« sÑo xen vμo. Ng-îc víi: indirect nhau cña c¸c c¸ thÓ trong cïng mét loμi. embryogenesis. Mét vÝ dô ®iÓn h×mh lμ l-ìng h×nh giíi tÝnh direct organogenesis Formation of trong líp ®éng vËt cã vó. organs directly on the surface of cultured dinucleotide A nucleotide dimer. intact explants. The process does not Mét chÊt trïng ph©n nuleotit. involve callus formation. Opposite: dioecious A plant species in which male indirect organogenesis. and female flowers form on different plants. ph¸t sinh c¬ quan trùc tiÕp Sù h×nh thμnh kh¸c gèc C¸c loμi thùc vËt cã hoa c¸i vμ cña c¸c c¬ quan trùc tiÕp trªn bÒ mÆt m¶nh hoa ®ùc h×nh thμnh trªn tõng c©y kh¸c ghÐp kh«ng søt mÎ ®-îc nu«i cÊy. Qu¸ nhau. tr×nh kh«ng t¹o ra m« sÑo. Ng-îc víi: indirect embryogenesis. diplochromosome Xem: endoreduplication. direct repeat Two or more stretches of DNA within a single molecule which have diploid The status of having two complete the same nucleotide sequence in the sets of chromosomes, most commonly same orientation. Direct repeats may be one set of paternal origin and the other of either adjacent to one another or far apart maternal origin. Somatic tissues of higher on the same molecule. plants and animals are ordinarily diploid in chromosome constitution, in contrast with lÆp trùc tiÕp Hai hoÆc nhiÒu ®o¹n DNA the haploid gametes. trong mét ph©n tö ®¬n cïng tr×nh tù nucleotit cïng h-íng. C¸c ®o¹n lÆp trùc l-ìng béi T×nh tr¹ng cã hai bé nhiÔm s¾c tiÕp cã thÓ liÒn kÒ hoÆc t¸ch rêi trªn cïng thÓ hoμn chØnh, phæ biÕn nhÊt mét bé gèc ph©n tö. cha vμ bé kh¸c gèc mÑ. C¸c m« x«ma cña thùc vËt bËc cao vμ ®éng vËt lμ l-ìng béi directed amplification of minisatellite hoμn toμn trong cÊu tróc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, DNA (Abbreviation: DAMD). A polymerase tr¸i ng-îc víi giao tö ®¬n béi. chain reaction technique used for obtaining molecular markers in the region diplonema Stage in prophase I of directed mutagenesis 79 of minisatellites. To target these regions, ho¸ gi¶i Xãa bá mét plasmit hoÆc virut cña one of the primers is directed to a VNTR c¸c gen lμ t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh. core sequence. discontinuous variation Variation where khuÕch ®¹i ®Þnh h-íng DNA vÖ tinh nhá individuals can be classified as belonging (viÕt t¾t: DAMD) Kü thuËt ph¶n øng chuçi to one of a set of discrete, non-overlapping enzim trïng hîp ®-îc sö dông ®Ó thu classes. Generated by simple genetic nh÷ng dÊu chuÈn ph©n tö trong vïng c¸c control of a trait (one or a small number of vÖ tinh nhá. Tíi c¸c vïng ®Ých nμy, mét genes, each of large effect) and involving trong nh÷ng ®o¹n måi ®-îc tiÕp xóc víi minimal non-genetic effect. Characters tr×nh tù lâi lÆp tandem sè biÕn. showing discontinuous variation are directed mutagenesis The generation of referred to as qualitative. Opposite: changes in the nucleotide sequence of continuous variation. a cloned gene by one of several biÕn dÞ gi¸n ®o¹n BiÕn dÞ khi c¸ thÓ kh¶ procedures. Undertaken to explore the n¨ng ®-îc ph©n lo¹i thuéc vÒ mét trong relationship between nucleotide sequence tËp hîp c¸c líp riªng biÖt, kh«ng gèi nhau. and gene function, and to modify gene Ph¸t sinh do kiÓm so¸t di truyÒn ®¬n mét products. Synonym: in vitro tÝnh tr¹ng (mét hoÆc sè Ýt gen, mçi mét gen mutagenesis. cã hiÖu øng réng) vμ kÐo theo hiÖu øng ®ét biÕn ®Þnh h-íng Ph¸t sinh nh÷ng kh«ng di truyÒn cùc tiÓu. C¸c ®Æc ®iÓm cho thay ®æi trong tr×nh tù nucleotit cña gen thÊy r»ng biÕn dÞ kh«ng liªn tôc ®-îc xem ®-îc t¹o dßng b»ng mét sè ph-¬ng ph¸p. nh- ®Þnh tÝnh. Ng-îc víi: continuous B¶o ®¶m ®Ó th¨m dß mèi quan hÖ gi÷a variation. tr×nh tù nucleotit vμ chøc n¨ng gen, vμ ®Ó discordant Members of a pair showing söa ®æi s¶n phÈm gen. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: in different, rather than similar, vitro mutagenesis. characteristics. directional cloning The technique by tr¸i ng-îc nhau C¸c thμnh viªn cña mét which a vector and a DNA insert are both cÆp ®«i cho thÊy c¸c ®Æc tr-ng kh¸c nhau, digested with two different restriction thay v× t-¬ng tù. endonucleases to create non- disease resistance The genetically complementary sticky ends at either end determined ability to prevent the of both molecules, so favouring the insert reproduction of a pathogen, thereby to be ligated into the vector in a specific remaining healthy. Some resistances orientation, while also preventing the operate by pathogen exclusion, some by vector from re-circularizing. preventing pathogen spread, and some by t¹o dßng ®Þnh h-íng Kü thuËt theo ®ã tolerating pathogen toxin. mét vect¬ vμ ®o¹n chÌn DNA ®Òu ®-îc tÝnh kh¸ng bÖnh Kh¶ n¨ng ng¨n chÆn x¸c tiªu hãa víi hai enzim giíi h¹n kh¸c biÖt ®Þnh di truyÒn ®Ó øc chÕ sinh s¶n cña vËt ®Ó t¹o ra c¸c mót b¸m kh«ng bæ sung ë g©y bÖnh, do ®ã søc khoÎ ®-îc duy tr×. tõng mót cña c¶ hai ph©n tö, nh- vËy -u Mét sè kh¸ng ho¹t ®éng do lo¹i trõ vËt g©y tiªn chÌn ®Ó kÕt buéc vμo vect¬ theo bÖnh, mét sè do ng¨n ngõa lan truyÒn vËt h-íng riªng biÖt, vμ cßn ng¨n ngõa vect¬ g©y bÖnh, vμ mét sè kh¸c do chÊp nhËn tõ h-íng vßng l¹i. ®éc tè vËt g©y bÖnh. disaccharide A dimer consisting of two disease-free A plant or animal certified covalently linked monosaccharides. through specific tests as being free of ChÊt trïng ph©n gåm cã hai ®ång hãa trÞ specified pathogens. Should be liªn kÕt c¸c monosacarit. interpreted to mean “free from any known disarm The deletion from a plasmid or disease” as “new” diseases may yet be virus of genes that are pathogenic. discovered to be present. disease-indexing 80 s¹ch bÖnh Thùc vËt hoÆc ®éng vËt ®-îc dispense The transfer of a measured chøng nhËn qua c¸c phÐp thö ghi râ khi volume of a solution. kh«ng mang vËt g©y bÖnh ®Æc biÖt. CÇn ph©n phèi ChuyÓn giao dung dÞch víi mét thiÕt gi¶i thÝch ý nghÜa “s¹ch tõ mét sè bÖnh khèi l-îng ®-îc ®o. h¹i ®· biÕt” trong khi ®ã nh÷ng bÖnh h¹i disrupter gene Used to enforce the “míi” cã thÓ cßn ®ang ®-îc kh¸m ph¸. sterility of seed saved from a genetically disease-indexing Disease-indexed engineered crop. See: genetic use organisms have been assayed for the restriction technology. presence of known diseases according to gen g©y rèi Th-êng g©y ra bÊt thô cña standard testing procedures. h¹t gièng b¶o qu¶n tõ gièng kü thuËt di chØ sè bÖnh C¸c sinh vËt chØ sè hãa bÖnh truyÒn. Xem: genetic use restriction ®-îc thö nghiÖm ®Ó thÓ hiÖn nh÷ng bÖnh technology. ®· biÕt tu©n theo thñ tôc thö nghiÖm chuÈn. dissecting microscope A microscope disinfection Attempted elimination by with a magnifying power of about 50x, used chemical means of internal micro- as an aid in the manipulation of small organisms (particularly pathogens) from a objects, e.g. excision of embryos from culture or sample; rarely attained. See: young zygotes. sterilize (1). kÝnh hiÓn vi ph©n tÝch KÝnh hiÓn vi cã søc sù diÖt khu¶n B»ng c¸c ph-¬ng tiÖn hãa khuÕch ®¹i kho¶ng 50 x, ®-îc sö dông ®Ó häc ®Ó cè g¾ng lo¹i bá vi sinh vËt bªn trong trî gióp thao t¸c víi ®èi t-îng nhá, nh- lμ (®Æc biÖt lμ nh÷ng t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh) tõ c¾t ph«i tõ hîp tö non. mÉu nu«i cÊy m«; ®¹t ®-îc mét c¸ch khã dissection Separation of a tissue by kh¨n. xem: sterilize (1). cutting into components, for analysis or disinfestation The elimination or inhibition observation. of the activity of surface-adhering micro- gi¶i phÉu Ph©n t¸ch m« do c¾t thμnh c¸c organisms and removal of insects. phÇn, ®Ó ph©n tÝch hoÆc quan s¸t. sù khö trïng Lo¹i bá hoÆc k×m h·m ho¹t distillation The process of heating a ®éng cña nh÷ng vi sinh vËt dÝnh trªn bÒ mixture to separate the more volatile from mÆt vμ lo¹i bá s©u bä. the less volatile parts, and then condensing disjunction Separation of homologous fractions of the resulting vapour so as to chromosomes during anaphase I of produce a more nearly pure or refined meiosis, or of sister chromatids during substance. anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of ch-ng cÊt Qu¸ tr×nh ®èt nãng mét hçn meiosis. hîp ®Ó ph©n t¸ch phÇn dÒ bay h¬i tõ phÇn sù ph©n t¸ch Ph©n chia c¸c nhiÔm s¾c khã bay h¬i, vμ sau ®ã ng-ng tô c¸c phÇn thÓ t-¬ng ®ång trong k× sau I cña gi¶m kÕt qu¶ bay h¬i nh- vËy ®Ó s¶n xuÊt mét ph©n, hoÆc cña nhiÔm s¾c tö chÞ em trong chÊt ®-îc tinh läc hoÆc gÇn nh- thuÇn k× sau nguyªn ph©n vμ k× sau II cña gi¶m khiÕt. ph©n. disulphide bond liªn kÕt disulphid xem: disomic (adj.) l-ìng thÓ (tÝnh tõ) Xem disulphide bridge. disomy. disulphide bridge A chemical bond disomy The presence of a pair of a specific between pairs of sulphur atoms that homologous chromosomes. This is the stabilizes the three-dimensional structure norm for diploids. of proteins, and hence the protein’s hiÖn t-îng l-ìng thÓ Sù cã mÆt mét cÆp normal function. These form particularly ®«i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®ång riªng biÖt. readily between cysteine residues in the HiÖn t-îng l-ìng thÓ lμ tiªu chuÈn cho c¸c same or different peptide molecules. thÓ l-ìng béi. Synonym: disulphide bond. ditype 81 cÇu disunphit Mét liªn kÕt hãa häc gi÷a xo¾n kÐp, mÆc dÇu mét sè hÖ gen virut c¸c cÆp nguyªn tö l-u huúnh ®Ó lμm æn gåm cã mét sîi ®¬n DNA, vμ c¸c d¹ng ®Þnh cÊu tróc kh«ng gian ba chiÒu protein, kh¸c cña mét RNA sîi kÐp hoÆc ®¬n. xem: vμ do vËy protein ho¹t ®éng b×nh th-êng. base pair, genetic code. Chóng h×nh thμnh mét c¸ch riªng biÖt DNA amplification Many-fold nhanh chãng gi÷a c¸c gèc cystein trong multiplication of a particular DNA cïng mét ph©n tö hoÆc peptit kh¸c biÖt. sequence either in vivo in a plasmid, Tõ ®ång nghÜa: disulphide bond. phage or other vector; or in vitro using, ditype In fungi, a tetrad that contains two most commonly, the polymerase chain kinds of meiotic products (spores), e.g. reaction. 2AB and 2ab. khuÕch ®¹i DNA Nh©n gÊp mét t×nh tù thÓ ®«i Trong nÊm, mét bé bèn cã chøa DNA riªng biÖt trong c¬ thÓ c¶ trong hai lo¹i s¶n phÈm gi¶m ph©n (c¸c bμo tö), plasmit, thÓ thùc khuÈn hoÆc vect¬ kh¸c; vÝ dô 2 AB vμ 2ab. hoÆc trong èng nghiÖm phæ biÕn nhÊt lμ diurnal An event that occurs repetitively sö dông ph¶n øng chuçi enzim trïng hîp. on a daily basis, generally during daylight DNA amplification fingerprinting hours. (Abbreviation: DAF). A arbitrarily primed h»ng ngμy Sù kiÖn xÊy ra lÆp l¹i dùa vμo polymerase chain reaction technique for ngμy, th-êng lμ suèt c¸c giê chiÕu s¸ng obtaining molecular markers using very ban ngμy. short (5-8 bp) primers. dizygotic twins Two-egg twins, i.e. a pair in dÊu khuÕch ®¹i DNA (viÕt t¾t: DAF). of individuals that shared the same uterus Mét kü thuËt ph¶n øng chuçi enzim trïng at the same time, but which arose from hîp måi tuú ý ®Ó thu ®-îc dÊu chuÈn ph©n separate and independent fertilization of tö cã dïng måi cùc ng¾n (5 - 8 bp) . two ova. DNA chip xem: micro-array. sinh ®«i nhÞ hîp tö C¸c cÆp sinh ®«i kh¸c DNA cloning nh©n dßng DNA xem: gene trøng, nghÜa lμ mét cÆp ®«i c¸ thÓ mμ ph©n cloning. chia cïng no·n t¹i cïng mét thêi ®iÓm, DNA construct A chimeric DNA molecule, nh-ng xÈy ra do thô tinh ®éc lËp vμ riªng carrying all the genetic information biÖt cña hai no·n. necessary for its transgenic expression DMSO xem: dimethyl sulphoxide. in a host cell. DNA Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic kiÕn tróc DNA Ph©n tö DNA thÓ qu¸i, acid, former spelling desoxyribonucleic mang tÊt c¶ th«ng tin di truyÒn cÇn thiÕt acid. A long chain polymer of ®Ó biÓu thÞ chuyÓn gen trong mét tÕ bμo deoxyribonucleotides. DNA constitutes chñ. the genetic material of most known DNA delivery system A generic term for organisms and organelles, and usually is any procedure that transports DNA into a in the form of a double helix, although recipient cell. some viral genomes consist of a single hÖ thèng giao nhËn DNA ThuËt ng÷ strand of DNA, and others of a single- or a chung cho bÊt kú thñ tôc nμo mμ vËn double-stranded RNA. See: base pair, chuyÓn DNA cho tÕ bμo nhËn. genetic code. DNA diagnostics The use of DNA DNA viÕt t¾t cña deoxyribonucleic acid, polymorphisms to detect the presence of nguyªn ®¸nh vÇn lμ desoxyribonucleic a specific sequence, which could indicate acid. Chuçi p«lime dμi cña c¸c the presence of a contaminant, of a deoxyribonucleotit. DNA cÊu thμnh vËt liÖu pathogen, or of a particular allele at a target di truyÒn cña hÇu hÕt sinh vËt vμ bμo quan gene. Most commonly utilises the ®-îc biÕt, vμ th-êng lμ trong d¹ng chuçi polymerase chain reaction. DNA fingerprint 82 chÈn ®o¸n DNA Sö dông tÝnh ®a h×nh DNA khai th¸c ®Ó kiÓm tra sù cã mÆt cña mét ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn cã mÆt mét tr×nh tù riªng biÖt, tr×nh tù nuclªotid riªng biÖt trong mÉu DNA. cã thÓ chØ b¸o cã mÆt mét chÊt g©y « DNA ligase An enzyme that catalyses a nhiÔm, mét t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh, hoÆc mét reaction to link two separate DNA alen riªng biÖt t¹i gen ®Ých. Phæ biÕn nhÊt molecules via the formation of a sö dông ph¶n øng chuçi enzim trïng hîp. phosphodiester bond between the 3'- DNA fingerprint A description of the hydroxyl end of one and the 5'-phosphate genotype of an individual from the pattern of the other. Its natural role lies in DNA of DNA fragments obtained from DNA repair and replication. An essential tool in fingerprinting. Synonym: DNA profile. recombinant DNA technology, as it enables dÊu DNA M« t¶ kiÓu di truyÒn cña mét c¸ the incorporation of foreign DNA into thÓ tõ khung mÉu ®o¹n DNA thu ®-îc tõ in vectors. dÊu DNA.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: DNA profile. DNA ligaza Mét lo¹i enzim xóc t¸c ph¶n DNA fingerprinting The derivation of øng liªn kÕt hai ph©n tö DNA t¸ch biÖt do unique patterns of DNA fragments h×nh thμnh mét liªn kÕt phosphodiester obtained using a number of marker gi÷a mót 3'- hidroxyl vμ 5'- phèt ph¸t cña techniques; historically these were RFLPs, sîi kh¸c. Vai trß tù nhiªn cña nã n»m trong but latterly they are generally polymerase sù söa ch÷a DNA vμ sao chÐp. Mét c«ng chain reaction based. Synonym: genetic cô quan träng trong kü thuËt DNA t¸i tæ fingerprinting. hîp, v× nã cho phÐp hîp nhÊt DNA ngo¹i vμo c¸c vect¬. in dÊu DNA XuÊt xø c¸c mÉu duy nhÊt c¸c ®o¹n DNA thu ®-îc cã sö dông mét DNA micro-array m¶ng vi m« DNA Xem: sè kü thuËt ®¸nh dÊu; tr-íc ®©y chóng lμ micro-array, somatic cell hybrid panel, c¸c RFLP, nh-ng gÇn ®©y nhÊt chóng radiation hybrid cell panel th-êng ®ùa vμo ph¶n øng chuçi enzim DNA polymerase enzym trïng hîp DNA trïng hîp.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: genetic xem: polymerase. fingerprinting. DNA polymorphism The existence of two DNA helicase An enzyme that catalyses or more alteRNAtive alleles at a DNA- the unwinding of the complementary based marker locus. strands of a DNA double helix. Synonym: tÝnh ®a h×nh DNA Sù tån t¹i cña hai hoÆc gyrase. nhiÒu alen thay thÕ t¹i mét æ gen ®¸nh dÊu DNA helicaza Mét lo¹i enzim xóc t¸c th¸o dùa vμo DNA. ra c¸c sîi bæ sung cña mét vßng xo¾n kÐp DNA primase An enzyme that catalyses DNA. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: gyrase. the synthesis of the short strands of RNA DNA hybridization The annealing of two that initiate the synthesis of DNA strands. single-stranded DNA molecules, possibly DNA primaza Mét lo¹i enzym xóc t¸c tæng of different origin, to form a partial or hîp c¸c sîi ng¾n RNA ®Ó b¾t ®Çu tæng hîp complete double helix. The degree of c¸c sîi DNA. hybridization varies with the extent of DNA probe ®Çu dß DNA xem: probe. complementarity between the two molecules, and this is exploited to test for DNA profile mÆt c¾t DNA xem: DNA the presence of a specific nucleotide fingerprint. sequence in a DNA sample. DNA repair A variety of mechanisms that lai gièng DNA Lμm dÎo hai ph©n tö DNA repair errors (e.g. the incorporation of a sîi ®¬n, cã thÓ gèc kh¸c nhau, ®Ó h×nh non-complementary nucleotide) that occur thμnh mét vßng xo¾n kÐp tõng phÇn hoÆc naturally during DNA replication. ®Çy ®ñ. Møc ®é c¸c kiÓu lai cã quy m« bæ söa ch÷a DNA Sù ®a d¹ng c¬ chÕ söa sung gi÷a hai ph©n tö, vμ ®iÒu nμy ®-îc ch÷a lçi (vÝ dô hîp nhÊt mét nuleotit kh«ng DNA replication 83 bæ sung) xÊy ra tù nhiªn trong qu¸ tr×nh isomerase. sao chÐp DNA. men ®ång ph©n DNA Enzim xóc t¸c ®-a DNA replication The process whereby vμo hoÆc lo¹i bá c¸c ®o¹n siªu xo¾n trong DNA copies itself, under the action of and DNA. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: topo-isomerase. control of DNA polymerase. DNA transformation biÕn n¹p ADN xem: sao chÐp DNA Qu¸ tr×nh mμ b»ng c¸ch ransformation. nμo DNA tù sao chÐp, d-íi ho¹t ®éng vμ DNA vaccine A vaccine generated by the kiÓm tra cña enzim trïng hîp DNA. injection of specific DNA fragments to DNA sequencing Procedures for stimulate an immune response. determining the nucleotide sequence of a v¸c xin DNA Mét vacxin ph¸t sinh do b¬m DNA fragment. Two common methods thªm c¸c ®o¹n DNA ®Æc biÖt ®Ó t¨ng c-êng available: 1. The Maxam Gilbert technique, mét ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch. which uses chemicals to cleave DNA into DNAase xem: DNAse. fragments at specific bases; or, most commonly, 2. the Sanger technique (also DNAse Abbreviation for called the di-deoxy or chain-terminating deoxyribonuclease. Any enzyme that method) which uses DNA polymerase to catalyses the cleavage of DNA make new DNA chains, in the presence of phosphodiester bonds. DNAse I is a di-deoxynucleotides (chain terminators) digestive endonuclease secreted by the to stop the chain randomly as it grows. In pancreas, that degrades DNA into shorter both cases, the DNA fragments are fragments. Many other endonucleases and separated according to length by exonucleases are involved in DNA repair polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and replication. Synonym: DNAase. See: enabling the sequence to be read directly restriction endonuclease. from the gel. The procedure has become DNAza ViÕt t¾t cña deoxyribonuclease. BÊt increasingly automated and large-scale in kú enzim nμo xóc t¸c nh¸nh liªn kÕt ®i phèt recent years. ph¸t DNA. DNAse I lμ endonucleaza tiªu x¸c ®Þnh tr×nh tù DNA C¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p hãa ph©n tiÕt do tuyÕn tôy, nã ph©n t¸ch x¸c ®Þnh tr×nh tù nucleotit cña mét ®o¹n DNA thμnh nh÷ng ®o¹n ng¾n h¬n. NhiÒu DNA. Hai ph-¬ng ph¸p phæ biÕn ®ang tån endonucleaza vμ exonucleases kh¸c cã t¹i: 1. Kü thuËt Maxam Gilbert, kü thuËt nμy liªn quan trong viÖc söa ch÷a vμ sao chÐp sö dông hãa chÊt ®Ó g¾n DNA vμo c¸c DNA. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: ADNasa. Xem: ®o¹n t¹i baz¬ ®Æc biÖt; hoÆc, th«ng dông restriction endonuclease. h¬n, 2. kü thuËt Sanger (cßn ®-îc gäi lμ Dolly The first mammal (a sheep) to be ph-¬ng ph¸p di-deoxy hoÆc chain- created (via nuclear transfer) by the terminating) kü thuËt nμy sö dông enzim cloning of an adult cell (from the trïng hîp DNA ®Ó t¹o ra c¸c d·y DNA míi, mammary tissue of a ewe). This showed trong khi cã mÆt c¸c di-deoxynucleotid (cÊu that the process of differentiation into adult tróc ®Çu cuèi d·y) ®Ó lμm ngõng d·y ®ét tissue is not, as previously thought, ngét trong lóc ®ang sinh tr-ëng. Trong c¶ irreversible. hai tr-êng hîp, c¸c ®o¹n DNA ®-îc ph©n cõu Dolly §éng vËt cã vó ®Çu tiªn (cõu) t¸ch theo ®é dμi b»ng ®iÖn di gel ®-îc t¹o ra (nhê chuyÓn nh©n) do nh©n polycrylamit, cho phÐp tr×nh tù ®-îc ®äc dßng mét tÕ bμo tr-ëng thμnh (tõ m« vó trùc tiÕp tõ chÊt gel. Quy tr×nh trë thμnh cõu c¸i). §iÒu nμy ®· chØ ra r»ng qu¸ tr×nh quy m« lín vμ ®-îc tù ®éng hãa ngμy cμng biÖt ho¸ m« tr-ëng thμnh lμ kh«ng thÓ, nh- t¨ng trong vμi n¨m gÇn ®©y. suy nghÜ tr-íc ®©y, kh«ng ®¶o ng-îc. DNA topo-isomerase An enzyme that domain A portion of a protein or DNA catalyses the introduction or removal of molecule that has a discrete function or supercoils in DNA. Synonym: topo- conformation. At the protein level, can dominance 84 be as small as a few amino acid residues resistant to neomycin and analogous or as large as half of the entire protein. antibiotics, while cells that do not carry neor miÒn PhÇn protein hoÆc ph©n tö DNA cã are killed. See: positive selection. chøc n¨ng hoÆc h×nh th¸i riªng biÖt. T¹i chän dÊu chuÈn tréi Chän läc tÕ bμo qua møc protein, cã thÓ nhá nh- mét gèc amino gen m· hãa mét s¶n phÈm chØ cho phÐp acid hoÆc lín nh- mét nöa cña protein toμn tÕ bμo mang gen sinh tr-ëng d-íi c¸c ®iÒu phÇn. kiÖn riªng biÖt. VÝ dô, c¸c tÕ bμo thùc vËt r dominance The gene action exhibited by vμ tÕ bμo ®éng vËt biÓu thÞ gen neo ®-îc a dominant allele. chuyÓn lμ thÓ kh¸ng víi neomixin vμ c¸c kh¸ng sinh t-¬ng tù, trong khi nh÷ng tÕ -u thÕ T¸c ®éng gen ®-îc thÓ hiÖn do bμo kh«ng mang neor bÞ tiªu diÖt. Xem: mét alen tréi. positive selection. dominant 1. Of alleles, one whose effect dominant selectable marker A gene that with respect to a particular trait is the same allows the host cell to survive under in heterozygotes as in homozygotes. The conditions where it would otherwise die. opposite is recessive. 2. Of an individual Synonym: positive selectable marker. animal, one that is allowed priority in access to food, mates, etc., by others of dÊu chuÈn lùa chän tréi Gen cho phÐp its species because of its success in tÕ bμo chñ sèng sãt d-íi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ë previous aggressive encounters. 3. Of an n¬i mμ tr¸i ng-îc nã sÏ chÕt. Tõ ®ång animal or plant species, the most nghÜa: positive selectable marker. conspicuously abundant and characteristic donor junction site The junction between in a particular location or environment. the 5' end of an exon and the 3' end of an tÝnh tréi 1.Cña c¸c alen, mét hiÖu øng cña intron. See: acceptor junction site. chóng cã liªnquan víi mét tÝnh tr¹ng riªng vÞ trÝ nèi thÓ cho sù nèi liÒn gi÷a mót 5' biÖt lμ ®iÓm gièng nhau trong dÞ hîp tö cña mét exon vμ mót 3' mét intron. Xem: còng nh- ®ång hîp tö. Ng-îc l¹i lμ lÆn. 2. acceptor junction site. Cña mét c¸ thÓ ®éng vËt, mét c¸ thÓ cho donor plant c©y cho Xem: ortet. phÐp quyÒn -u tiªn sö dông thøc ¨n, dormancy A period in the life of an animal nguyªn liÖu, v.v., do sù kh¸c víi loμi cña (hibeRNAtion and aestivation) or plant nã v× nh÷ng thμnh c«ng trong c¹nh tranh during which growth slows or completely lÊn ¸t tr-íc ®©y. 3. Cña mét loμi ®éng vËt ceases. Evolved to allow survival of hoÆc thùc vËt, tÝnh phong phó næi bËt vμ adverse environmental conditions. Annual ®iÓn h×nh nhÊt trong mét vÞ trÝ hoÆc m«i plants survive the winter as dormant tr-êng ®Æc biÖt. seeds, while many perennial plants survive dominant (-acting) oncogene A gene that as dormant tubers, rhizomes, or bulbs. stimulates cell proliferation and Premature breaking of seed dormancy contributes to oncogenesis when present post harvest can be a major problem for in a single copy. maintaining nutritional and/or functional gen ung th- tréi (-ho¹t ®éng) Gen kÝch quality, while difficulties in breaking thÝch t¨ng tr-ëng tÕ bμo vμ gãp phÇn h×nh dormancy will lead to poor germination thμnh ung th- khi cã mÆt trong b¶n sao of the crop. See: quiescent. ®¬n. tr¹ng th¸i ngñ nghØ Mét giai ®o¹n sèng dominant marker selection Selection of cña ®éng vËt (ngñ ®«ng vμ ngñ hÌ) hoÆc cells via a gene encoding a product that thùc vËt trong k× sinh tr-ëng chËm l¹i hoÆc enables only the cells that carry the gene hoμn toμn ngõng. §-îc tiÕn ho¸ ®Ó cho to grow under particular conditions. For phÐp tån t¹i d-íi nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn m«i example, plant and animal cells that tr-êng ®èi lËp. C©y mét n¨m tån t¹i mïa express the introduced neor gene are ®«ng nh- c¸c h¹t gièng ngñ nghØ, trong dosage compensation 85 khi nhiÒu c©y l©u n¨m tån t¹i nh- th©n cñ, double helix Describes the coiling of the th©n rÔ, hoÆc loμi th©n èng. Ph¸ vì sím two strands of the double-stranded DNA h¹t gièng ngñ nghØ sau thu ho¹ch cã thÓ molecule, resembling a spiral staircase in lμ vÊn ®Ò chÝnh ®Ó duy tr× chÊt l-îng dinh which the base pairs form the steps and d-ìng vμ/ hoÆc chøc n¨ng, hÇu hÕt khã the sugar-phosphate backbones form the kh¨n trong ph¸ vì ngñ sÏ dÉn tíi h¹t gièng rails on each side. One strand runs 3'?5', kÐm n¶y mÇm. Xem: quiescent. while the complementary one runs 5'?3' dosage compensation A regulatory xo¾n kÐp M« t¶ sù xo¾n l¹i cña hai sîi mechanism for sex-linked genes, to allow ph©n tö DNA sîi kÐp, gièng cÇu thang xo¾n equivalent levels of gene expression from èc trong ®ã cÆp baz¬ h×nh thμnh bËc vμ (in mammals) XY or XX genotypes, even trôc phèt ph¸t- ®-êng h×nh thμnh ®-êng though the gene copy number in XX is tay vÞn ë mçi bªn. Mét sîi ch¹y 3 ‘? 5 ‘, double that in XY. See: sex linkage, Barr trong khi mét bæ sung ch¹y 5 ‘? 3 ‘ body. double recessive An organism bï liÒu l-îng C¬ chÕ ®iÒu chØnh c¸c gen homozygous for a recessive allele at each liªn kÕt giíi tÝnh, ®Ó cho phÐp c¸c møc of two loci. t-¬ng ®-¬ng biÓu thÞ gen tõ (trong ®éng lÆn kÐp Mét sinh vËt ®ång hîp tö v× alen vËt cã vó) c¸c kiÓu di truyÒn XY hoÆc XX, lÆn t¹i mçi mét vÞ trÝ cña hai æ gen. mÆc dï sè b¶n sao gen trong XX gÊp hai double-stranded complementary DNA trong XY. Xem: sex linkage, Barr body. (Abbreviation: dscDNA). A double- double crossing-over The formation of stranded DNA molecule created from a two chiasmata within a chromosome arm, cDNA template. leading to the generation of a double DNA bæ sung sîi kÐp (viÕt t¾t: dscDNA). recombinant gamete with respect to Mét ph©n tö DNA sîi kÐp ®-îc t¹o ra tõ genes located within the segment defined mét khung mÉu cDNA by the two genes concerned. double-stranded DNA (Abbreviation: b¾t chÐo ngoμi kÐp Sù h×nh thμnh hai chç dsDNA). Two complementary strands of b¾t chÐo trong mét nh¸nh nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, DNA annealed in the form of a double dÉn tíi ph¸t sinh mét giao tö t¸i tæ hîp kÐp helix. Synonym: duplex DNA. liªn quan c¸c gen ®Þnh vÞ bªn trong ®o¹n ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh do hai gen liªn quan. DNA sîi kÐp (viÕt t¾t: dscDNA). Hai sîi bæ sung cña DNA ®-îc ng©m trong h×nh double fertilization A process, unique to d¹ng cña mét chuçi xo¾n kÐp.Tõ ®ång flowering plants, in which two male nuclei, nghÜa: duplex DNA. which have travelled down the pollen tube, separately fuse with different female nuclei doubling time thêi gian nh©n ®«i xem : in the embryo sac. The first male nucleus cell generation time. fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote; down promoter mutation A mutation that the second male nucleus fuses with the decreases the frequency of initiation of two polar nuclei to form a triploid nucleus transcription. This leads to a fall in the that develops into the endosperm. level of mRNA compared to the wild type thô tinh kÐp Mét qu¸ tr×nh, duy nhÊt ®èi state. víi loμi c©y ra hoa, trong ®ã hai nh©n ®ùc, ®ét biÕn khëi ®Çu thuËn §ét biÕn lμm ®-îc chuyÓn xuèng èng phÊn, kÕt hîp gi¶m tÇn sè b¾t ®Çu phiªn m·. §iÒu nμy riªng víi nh©n c¸i trong tói ph«i. Sù dung dÉn tíi gi¶m møc mRNA so víi tr¹ng th¸i hîp nh©n ®ùc thø nhÊt víi tÕ bμo trøng ®Ó kiÓu d¹i. h×nh thμnh hîp tö; sù dung hîp nh©n ®ùc down-regulate To induce genetically a thø hai víi hai nh©n cùc ®Ó h×nh thμnh mét reduction in the level of a gene’s h¹t nh©n thÓ tam béi ph¸t triÓn thμnh néi expression. ph«i nhò. downstream 86 ®iÒu chØnh xuèng Lμm gi¶m møc biÓu disease-causing genes in the human thÞ gen di truyÒn. genome, more than half have an downstream 1. With respect to DNA, the analogous gene in the Drosophila genome. nucleotides that lie in the 3' direction from ruåi dÊm bông ®en Lo¹i ruåi dÊm, ®-îc the point of reference, which is frequently dïng trong nhiÒu n¨m lμm m« h×nh di the site at which transcription is initiated. truyÒn häc nh©n chuÈn. Cña gÇn 300 gen This is generally designated +1, with g©y bÖnh trong hÖ gen ng-êi, h¬n mét nöa downstream nucleotides numbered +2, cã gen t-¬ng tù víi hÖ gen ruåi giÊm. +10 etc. 2. In chemical engineering, those drug thuèc xem: therapeutic agent phases of a manufacturing process that drug delivery Method by which a drug is follow the biotransformation stage. delivered to its site of action. For traditional Usually refers to the recovery and drugs this is another name for formulation. purification of the product of a However, biotechnology has allowed the fermentation process. See: downstream development of a range of new processing. therapeutic-agent delivery systems, such xu«i dßng 1. Cã liªn quan víi DNA, nh÷ng as liposomes and other encapsulation nuleotit n»m theo h-íng 3' tõ ®iÓm liªn hÖ, techniques, and a range of mechanisms th-êng lμ vÞ trÝ mμ t¹i ®ã phiªn m· b¾t ®Çu. that target a therapeutic agent to a ë ®©y th-êng ®-îc chØ +1, víi nuleotit xu«i particular cell or tissue. dßng ghi sè +2, +10 v©n v©n. 2. Trong kü chuyÓn nhËn thuèc Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®Ó mét thuËt hãa häc, c¸c giai ®o¹n cña qu¸ tr×nh lo¹i thuèc ®-îc ph©n ph¸t tíi vÞ trÝ ho¹t s¶n xuÊt tiÕp theo giai ®o¹n biÕn ®æi sinh ®éng. Víi c¸c thuèc truyÒn thèng ®©y lμ häc. Th-êng ®Ò cËp tíi kh«i phôc vμ lμm tªn chÝnh thøc ho¸ kh¸c. Tuy nhiªn, ngμnh s¹ch s¶n phÈm cña qu¸ tr×nh lªn men. c«ng nghÖ sinh häc ®· cho phÐp ph¸t triÓn Xem: downstream processing. mét lo¹t c¸c hÖ thèng chuyÓn nhËn t¸c downstream processing A general term nh©n-liÖu ph¸p ch÷a bÖnh míi, nh- for biotechnological processes which liposomes vμ c¸c kü thuËt bäc nang kh¸c follow the biology, i.e. fermentation of a nhau, vμ mét lo¹t c¸c c¬ chÕ cïng nh»m micro-organism or growth of a plant. ®Ých mét t¸c nh©n ch÷a bÖnh cho tÕ bμo Particularly relevant to fermentation hoÆc m« riªng biÖt. processes, which produce a large quantity dry weight The weight of tissue obtained of a dilute mixture of substances, products following sufficiently prolonged oven-drying and micro-organisms. These must be at high temperature to remove all water. separated, and the product concentrated, Freeze-drying may also be employed but purified and converted into a useful form. generates a slightly different result xö lý xu«i dßng Mét thuËt ng÷ chung chØ because bound water is not removed. c¸c qu¸ tr×nh c«ng nghÖ sinh häc kÕ tiÕp See: free water. sinh häc, nh- lªn men vi sinh vËt hoÆc sinh träng l-îng kh« Träng l-îng m« thu ®-îc tr-ëng thùc vËt. Liªn quan ®Æc biÖt víi c¸c sau khi sÊy kÐo dμi ®Çy ®ñ ë nhiÖt ®é cao qu¸ tr×nh lªn men, ®Ó s¶n xuÊt mét sè ®Ó lo¹i bá toμn bé n-íc. §«ng kh« cã thÓ l-îng lín hçn hîp nhiÒu lo¹i chÊt, s¶n còng ®-îc sö dông nh-ng ph¸t sinh kÕt phÈm vμ vi sinh vËt. Chóng cÇn ph¶i ®-îc qu¶ kh¸c nhau v× n-íc liªn kÕt ch-a ®-îc ph©n t¸ch, vμ s¶n phÈm ®-îc tËp trung, lo¹i bá. Xem: free water. lμm s¹ch vμ chuyÓn ®æi thμnh d¹ng h÷u Ých. dscDNA xem: double-stranded complementary DNA. drift xu thÕ xem: genetic drift. dsDNA DNA sîi kÐp xem: dsDNA. Drosophila melanogaster The fruit fly, used for many years as a model for dTTP Rarely used but strictly correct eukaryotic genetics. Of the nearly 300 abbreviation for deoxythymidine 5'- dual culture 87 triphosphate. Required for DNA synthesis lo¹i m« thùc vËt vμ mét lo¹i sinh vËt (nh- since it is a direct precursor molecule. See: lμ giun trßn) hoÆc mét hiÖn t-îng ký sinh/ TTP. vi sinh vËt (nh- mét lo¹i nÊm) mang tÝnh dTTP RÊt Ýt khi ®-îc dïng nh-ng ch÷ viÕt b¾t buéc. Kü thuËt nu«i cÊy kÐp ®-îc sö t¾t ®óng chÝnh x¸c cña deoxythymidin 5' dông v× liªn quan nhiÒu môc ®Ých, bao gåm triphosphat. CÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng hîp DNA v× ®¸nh gi¸ c¸c mèi t-¬ng t¸c ký sinh vËt chñ nã lμ mét ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt trùc tiÕp. xem: vμ s¶n phÈm nu«i cÊy v« trïng. TTP. duplex DNA Xem: double-stranded dual culture A culture made of a plant DNA. tissue and one organism (such as a duplication Multiple occurrence of: 1. A nematode) or an obligate parasite/micro- DNA sequence within a defined length of organism (such as a fungus). Dual culture DNA; or 2. A specific segment in the same techniques are used for a variety of chromosome or genome. purposes, including assessing host- parasite interactions and the production of lÆp ®o¹n BiÕn cè phøc t¹p cña: 1. Mét tr×nh axenic cultures. tù DNA trong mét ®o¹n DNA ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh; nu«i cÊy kÐp Nu«i cÊy ®-îc t¹o ra do mét hoÆc 2. Mét ®o¹n ®Æc biÖt trong cïng mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓ hoÆc hÖ gen. 88 ectopic Anomalous situation or relation, particularly with respect to pregnancy, where the foetus is implanted outside the uterus. l¹c vÞ T×nh tr¹ng hoÆc mèi liªn quan kh¸c Ee th-êng, ®Æc biÖt cã mang thai, khi bμo thai ®-îc g¾n ngoμi tö cung. edible vaccine Edible antigen-containing material, that activates the immune system E site vÞ trÝ E xem: exit site. via gut-associated lymphoid tissues. A E. coli xem: Escherichia coli. preferred route for vaccine administration, EBV xem: estimated breeding value. particularly in areas where the EC xem: Enzyme Commission number. technological infrastructure needed for maintenance of vaccines is absent. The ecdysone A steroid hormone in insects vaccine is synthesized in vivo in the edible stimulating the synthesis of proteins parts of transgenic plants (e.g. grains, involved in moulting and metamorphosis. tubers, fruits, etc.) or eggs. Mét hãc m«n steriod cña c«n trïng kÝch vacxin thùc phÈm VËt chÊt chøa kh¸ng thÝch tæng hîp protein g©y rông l«ng vμ nguyªn ¨n ®-îc, ®Ó kÝch ho¹t hÖ thèng gióp c«n trïng vò hãa. miÔn dÞch nhê c¸c m« b¹ch huyÕt kÕt hîp eclosion 1. Emergence of an adult insect víi ruét non. Mét con ®-êng thÝch hîp ®Ó from the pupal stage. 2. Initial phase of qu¶n lý vacxin, ®Æc biÖt trong c¸c vïng n¬i germination of fungal spores. cßn thiÕu c¬ së h¹ tÇng c«ng nghÖ cÇn sù në 1. Vò ho¸ cña c«n trïng tr-ëng thiÕt ®Ó duy tr× vacxin. Vacxin ®-îc tæng thμnh chuyÓn tõ giai ®o¹n nhéng. 2. K× ®Çu hîp trong c¬ thÓ ë trong thμnh phÇn ¨n n¶y mÇm cña bμo tö nÊm. ®-îc cña thùc vËt chuyÓn gen (vÝ dô nh- ecological diversity ®a d¹ng sinh th¸i lμ h¹t, th©n cñ, qu¶, v.v.,) hoÆc trøng. häc xem: biodiversity. editing so¹n th¶o xem: splicing (1). economic trait locus (Abbreviation: ETL). EDTA xem: splicing (1). A locus influencing a trait that contributes EDV viÕt t¾t cña essential derivation of to producer’s income. varieties. æ gen tÝnh tr¹ng kinh tÕ (viÕt t¾t: ETL) VÞ effector cells Cells of the immune system trÝ gen cã ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn mét tÝnh tr¹ng that are responsible for the production of gãp phÇn t¨ng thu nhËp cho ng-êi s¶n cell-mediated cytotoxicity. xuÊt. tÕ bμo t¸c ®éng TÕ bμo cña hÖ thèng miÔn ecosystem The complex of a living dÞch cã tr¸ch nhiÖm s¶n xuÊt cytotoxicity community and its environment, ®iÒu chØnh tÕ bμo. functioning as an ecological unit in nature. effector molecule A molecule that See: abiotic; biotic factors. influences the behaviour of a regulatory hÖ sinh th¸i Phøc hÖ céng ®ång sèng vμ molecule, such as a repressor protein, m«i tr-êng cña nã, chøc n¨ng nh- mét ®¬n thereby influencing gene expression. vÞ sinh th¸i trong tù nhiªn. Xem: abiotic; ph©n tö t¸c ®éng Ph©n tö cã ¶nh h-ëng biotic factors. ®Õn sù thÓ hiÖn ph©n tö ®iÒu hoμ, nh- ecotype A population or a strain of an protein k×m h·m, do vËy lμm ¶nh h-ëng organism that is adapted to a particular biÓu thÞ gen. habitat. egg 1. The fertilized zygote in egg-laying kiÓu sinh th¸i QuÇn thÓ hoÆc chñng sinh animals. 2. The mature female vËt thÝch nghi víi n¬i c- tró riªng biÖt. reproductive cell in animals and plants. EGS 89 trøng 1. Hîp tö ®-îc thô tinh cña ®éng used to resolve complex mixtures of vËt ®Î trøng. 2.TÕ bμo sinh s¶n c¸i tr-ëng macromolecules into their components. Its thμnh cña ®éng vËt vμ thùc vËt. principle is to subject samples to an electric EGS xem: external guide sequence. field applied across a porous matrix. Molecules will migrate under these EIA xem: enzyme immunoassay, ELISA. conditions at a rate dependent on their net elastin A fibrous protein that is the major electric charge and/or their molecular constituent of the yellow elastic fibres of weight. See: agarose gel animal connective tissue. electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel Mét protein sîi lμ phÇn tö chÝnh cña sîi electrophoresis, denaturing gradient ®μn håi mμu vμng cña m« liªn hîp ®éng gel electrophoresis, capillary vËt. electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl electro-blotting The electrophoretic sulphate polyacrylamide gel transfer of DNA, RNA or protein from a electrophoresis, thermal gel gradient gel, in which they have been separated, electrophoresis pulsed-field gel to a support matrix, such as electrophoresis, and iso-electric nitrocellulose. A transfer technique focusing gel employed in Southern and northern ®iÖn di Kü thuËt sinh häc ph©n tö ®-îc blotting. dïng phæ biÕn, víi nhiÒu ph-¬ng ¸n, thÈm t¸ch ®iÖn ChuyÓn giao hiÖn t-îng th-êng ®Ó ph©n t¸ch hçn hîp phøc t¹p cña ®iÖn chuyÓn cña DNA, RNA hoÆc protein ®¹i ph©n tö thμnh nh÷ng phÇn nhá h¬n. tõ mét chÊt gel, trong ®ã chóng ®-îc ph©n Nguyªn lý cña nã lμ ®-a mÉu thö tíi mét t¸ch, thμnh hçn hîp hç trî, nh- tr-êng ®iÖn ®-îc ¸p dông qua m«i tr-êng nitroxeluloza. kü thuËt di chuyÓn ®-îc sö xèp. Ph©n tö sÏ di chuyÓn d-íi ®iÒu kiÖn dông trong lai m¹ch ®¬n Southern vμ nμy víi nhÞp ®é tïy thuéc vμo tÝch n¹p ®iÖn Northern. vμ/hoÆc träng l-îng ph©n tö. Xem: (nh- trªn) electrochemical sensor Biosensors, such as an enzyme electrode, in which a electroporation The induction of transient biological process is harnessed to an pores in bacterial cells or protoplasts by electrical sensor system. Other types the application of a pulse of electricity. couple a biological event to an electrical These pores allow the entry of exogenous one via a range of mechanisms, including DNA into the cell. Widely used for the the reduction of oxygen or pH change. transformation of bacteria. c¶m øng ®iÖn ho¸ §Çu thô c¶m sinh häc, c¶m ®iÖn C¶m øng cña lç thë t¹m thêi nh- ®iÖn cùc men, trong ®ã qu¸ tr×nh sinh trong tÕ bμo vi khuÈn hoÆc thÓ nguyªn sinh häc ®-îc khai th¸c cña hÖ thèng c¶m øng do sö dông xung ®iÖn. C¸c lç thë cho phÐp ®iÖn. C¸c kiÓu cÆp ®«i tr-êng hîp sinh häc DNA ngo¹i sinh x©m nhËp vμo tÕ bμo. kh¸c víi mét ®iÖn cùc nhê mét lo¹t c¬ chÕ, §-îc sö dông réng r·i ®Ó biÕn n¹p vi bao gåm gi¶m oxi hoÆc thay ®æi pH. khuÈn. electron microscope (Abbreviation: EM). ELISA Abbreviation for enzyme-linked A microscope that uses an electron beam immunosorbent assay. An immunoassay, focussed by magnetic ‘lenses’. See: i.e. an antibody-based technique for the scanning electron microscope. diagnosis of the presence and quantity of specific molecules in a mixed sample. It kÝnh hiÓn vi ®iÖn tö (viÕt t¾t: EM). KÝnh combines the specificity of an hiÓn vi cã sö dông mét chïm tia ®iÖn tö immunoglobulin with the detectability of ®-îc tËp trung b»ng nh÷ng thÊu kÝnh an enzyme-generated coloured product. In m¹nh. xem: scanning electron microscope. one form, the primary antibody (specific electrophoresis A ubiquitous molecular to the test protein) is adsorbed onto a solid biology technique, with many variants, substrate, and a known amount of the elite tree 90 sample is added; all the antigen in the cÊy tÕ bμo thùc vËt trong èng nghiÖm. sample is bound by the antibody. A second embryo cloning The creation of identical antibody (conjugated with an enzyme) copies of an embryo by embryo splitting specific for a second site on the test protein or by nuclear transfer from is added; and the enzyme generates a undifferentiated embryonic cells. colour change in the presence of a nh©n dßng ph«i T¹o thμnh c¸c b¶n sao substrate reagent. ®ång nhÊt cña ph«i do t¸ch ph«i hoÆc ELISA ViÕt t¾t cña: thö nghiÖm chuÈn ®o¸n chuyÓn nh©n tõ tÕ bμo ph«i kh«ng ph©n miÔn dÞch liªn kÕt enzim. Thö nghiÖm miÔn hãa. dÞch, nghÜa lμ mét kü thuËt dùa vμo kh¸ng embryo culture The culture of embryos thÓ ®Ó chÈn ®o¸n sù cã mÆt vμ sè l-îng on nutrient media. cña c¸c ph©n tö trong mÉu hçn hîp. KÕt hîp tÝnh chÊt ®Æc thï cña huyÕt thanh miÔn nu«i cÊy ph«i Nu«i cÊy ph«i trªn m«i dÞch víi tÝnh chÊt cã thÓ nhËn biÕt cña s¶n tr-êng chÊt dinh d-ìng. phÈm ®-îc t« mμu ph¸t sinh enzim. Trong embryo multiplication and transfer mét d¹ng, kh¸ng thÓ ®Çu (®Æc hiÖu víi (Abbreviation: EMT). The cloning of animal protein thö) ®-îc hót b¸m trªn dung dÞch embryos and their subsequent transfer to ®Æc, vμ thªm vμo mét l-îng mÉu nhÊt ®Þnh; recipients via artificial inembryonation. tÊt c¶ kh¸ng nguyªn trong mÉu ®Òu ®-îc The cloned embryos can be derived from kh¸ng thÓ bã chÆt. Kh¸ng thÓ thø hai (liªn embryonic or adult tissue. hîp víi enzim) ®Æc hiÖu cho vÞ trÝ thø hai nh©n vμ chuyÓn ph«i (viÕt t¾t: EMT). T¹o trªn protein thö ®-îc thªm vμo; vμ enzim dßng ph«i ®éng vËt vμ chuyÓn tiÕp theo ph¸t sinh thay ®æi mμu khi cã mÆt mét chÊt cho thÓ nhËn qua ghÐp ph«i nh©n t¹o. Ph«i t¹o ph¶n øng thuèc thö. ®-îc t¹o dßng cã thÓ b¾t nguån tõ ph«i elite tree A phenotypically superior tree in hoÆc tõ m« tr-ëng thμnh. a tree breeding programme. embryo rescue A sequence of tissue c©y ®¼ng cÊp C©y tèt nhÊt vÒ kiÓu h×nh culture techniques utilized to enable a trong ch-¬ng tr×nh nh©n gièng c©y trång. fertilized immature embryo resulting from elongation factors Soluble proteins an interspecific cross to continue growth required for the elongation of polypeptide and development, until it can be chains on ribosomes. regenerated into an adult plant. nh©n tè kÐo dμi Protein hoμ tan cÇn thiÕt cøu ph«i Tr×nh tù kü thuËt nu«i cÊy m« ®Ó kÐo dμi chuçi polyeptit trªn ribosom. ®-îc dïng gióp cho ph«i ch-a tr-ëng thμnh ®-îc thô tinh do lai kh¸c loμi ®Ó tiÕp tôc embryo An immature organism in the early sinh tr-ëng vμ ph¸t triÓn, cho ®Õn khi cã stages of development. In mammals, thÓ ®-îc t¸i sinh thμnh c©y tr-ëng thμnh. develops in the first months in the uterus. In plants, it is the structure that develops embryo sac The mature female in the megagametophyte, as result of the gametophyte in angiosperms. Generally fertilization of an egg cell, or occasionally a seven-celled structure - two synergids, without fertilization. Somatic embryos can one egg cell, three antipodal cells (each often be induced in in vitro plant cell with a single haploid nucleus) and one cultures. endosperm mother cell with two haploid nuclei. ph«i Sinh vËt non trong giai ®o¹n ph¸t triÓn sím. Trong ®éng vËt cã vó, sù ph¸t tói ph«i ThÓ giao tö c¸i tr-ëng thμnh trong triÓn trong c¸c th¸ng ®Çu trong tö cung. c©y h¹t kÝn. Th-êng cã cÊu tróc b¶y tÕ bμo Trong c©y trång, lμ cÊu tróc ph¸t triÓn trong - hai trî bμo, mét tÕ bμo trøng, ba tÕ bμo ®¹i giao tö, kÕt qu¶ cña thô tinh tÕ bμo ®èi cùc (mçi tÕ bμo ®Òu cã mét nh©n ®¬n trøng, hoÆc ®«i khi kh«ng thô tinh. Ph«i béi) vμ mét tÕ bμo mÑ néi ph«i nhò mang x«ma cã thÓ th-êng ®-îc t¹o ra khi nu«i hai nh©n ®¬n béi. embryo sexing 91 embryo sexing The determination of the transfer, multiple ovulation and embryo sex of an embryo prior to birth. Typically transfer. achieved by the polymerase chain embryogenesis 1. (General) reaction-mediated amplification of DNA Development of an embryo. 2. (In plants) extracted from a sample of embryonic In vitro formation of plants from plant tissue. Dependent on the availability of tissues, through a pathway closely reliable markers for the differential sex resembling normal embryogeny from the chromosome. zygote. Somatic cell embryogenesis is x¸c ®Þnh giíi tÝnh ph«i X¸c ®Þnh giíi tÝnh an alternative technique. The generation tr-íc ph«i sinh në. Sù gi¸m ®Þnh ®¹t ®-îc of embryos has two stages: initiation and do ph¶n øng chuçi enzim trïng hîp- maturation. Initiation needs a high level of khuÕch ®¹i trung gian cña DNA ®-îc rót the group of plant hormones called auxins; ra tõ mét mÉu m« ph«i. Dùa vμo tÝnh s½n maturation needs a lower level. cã cña c¸c dÊu chuÈn ®¸ng tin cËy vÒ ph¸t sinh ph«i 1. (Nãi chung) Ph¸t triÓn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ph©n biÖt giíi tÝnh. cña mét ph«i. 2. (ë thùc vËt) Trong èng embryo splitting The splitting of young nghiÖm sù h×nh thμnh c©y trång tõ m« thùc embryos into several sections, each of vËt, qua ®-êng mßn gièng hÖt sù h×nh which develops into an animal. A form of thμnh vμ ph¸t triÓn ph«i b×nh th-êng tõ hîp animal cloning, i.e. of producing animals tö. Ph¸t sinh tÕ bμo x«ma lμ kü thuËt ®-îc that are genetically identical. In practice, lùa chän. Ph¸t sinh ph«i gåm hai giai ®o¹n: the number of animals that can be Khëi ®Çu vμ tr-ëng thμnh. Khëi ®Çu cÇn produced from a single embryo is less than møc cao nhãm hormon thùc vËt gäi lμ 10. nh÷ng chÊt kÝch thÝch sinh tr-ëng; tr-ëng t¸ch ph«i T¸ch ph«i non ra nhiÒu phÇn, thμnh cÇn møc thÊp h¬n. mçi phÇn ph¸t triÓn thμnh mét c¸ thÓ ®éng embryoid Plant biotechnology term no vËt. Mét d¹ng t¹o dßng ®éng vËt, nghÜa lμ longer commonly used. An embryo-like cña c¸c ®éng vËt ®ang s¶n xuÊt lμ ®ång body developing in vitro, forming a nhÊt di truyÒn. Trong thùc tÕ, sè ®éng vËt complete, self-contained plantlet with no cã thÓ s¶n xuÊt tõ mét ph«i ®¬n lμ thÊp vascular connection with the callus. d-íi 10. d¹ng ph«i ThuËt ng÷ c«ng nghÖ sinh häc embryo storage Cryogenic preservation thùc vËt míi ®-îc dïng phæ biÕn. Mét thÓ of animal embryos, allowing gièng hÖt ph«i ph¸t triÓn trong èng nghiÖm, inembryonation or other manipulations h×nh thμnh c©y con hoμn chØnh, ®éc lËp, long after embryo formation. mμ kh«ng nèi m¹ch víi m« sÑo. b¶o qu¶n ph«i B¶o qu¶n nhiÖt ®é thÊp embryonic stem cells (Abbreviation: ES ph«i ®éng vËt, cho phÐp chuyÓn ghÐp ph«i cells). Cells of the early embryo that can hoÆc thao t¸c kh¸c sau h×nh thμnh ph«i. give rise to all differentiated cells, including embryo technology Generic name for germ line cells. any modification of mammalian embryos. tÕ bμo cuèng ph«i (viÕt t¾t: ES cells). It encompasses embryo cloning, embryo C¸c tÕ bμo cña ph«i sím cã thÓ sinh ra tÊt splitting, embryo storage, and in vitro c¶ tÕ bμo biÖt ho¸, bao gåm tÕ bμo dßng fertilization. mÇm. c«ng nghÖ ph«i Tªn chung chØ bÊt kú biÕn emission wavelength The specific ®æi ph«i cña loμi cã vó. Liªn quan ®Õn t¹o wavelength of light emitted by a fluorescent dßng ph«i, t¸ch ph«i, b¶o qu¶n ph«i, vμ molecule, such as a labelled probe, upon thô tinh trong èng nghiÖm. absorption of light at the (higher) embryo transfer chuyÓn ghÐp ph«i (viÕt excitation wavelength. t¾t: ET) Xem: embryo multiplication and b-íc sãng ph¸t x¹ B-íc sãng ®Æc biÖt EMT 92 cña ¸nh s¸ng ph¸t ra bëi ph©n tö huúnh reached a critical level, or its habitat has quang, nh- lμ ®Çu dß ®-îc ®¸nh dÊu, nhê been drastically reduced. hÊp thô ¸nh s¸ng t¹i b-íc sãng kÝch thÝch loμi cã nguy c¬ Loμi thùc vËt hoÆc ®éng (cao h¬n). vËt cã mèi nguy c¬ cÊp b¸ch tiÖt chñng EMT xem: embryo multiplication and bëi v× sè l-îng quÇn thÓ ®· ®¹t tíi møc transfer. b¸o ®éng, hoÆc d©n c- bÞ gi¶m qu¸ nhanh. encapsidation The process by which the endemic Describing an organism, often a nucleic acid of a virus is enclosed in a disease or pest, that is always present in capsid. a stated area. nang ho¸ Qu¸ tr×nh ®Ó axit nucleic cña bÖnh ®Þa ph-¬ng M« t¶ mét lo¹i sinh vËt, virut ®-îc bao chÆt trong vá bäc. th-êng lμ bÖnh hoÆc s©u h¹i c©y mμ lu«n encapsulating agents Anything which cã mÆt trong mét vïng ®-îc nãi tíi. forms a shell around an enzyme or end-labelling The introduction of a readily- bacterium, common agents being visualized tag at the end of a DNA or RNA polysaccharides such as alginate or molecule. A commonly used method is to agar. The agents are inert and allow introduce a 32P atom onto the end of a DNA nutrients and oxygen to diffuse readily into molecule by means of the enzyme T4 and out of the sphere, and are easy to polynucleotide kinase. convert from gel (solid) to sol (liquid) or ®¸nh dÊu mót ChuyÓn mét nh·n dÔ quan solution form by altering the temperature s¸t vμo mót ph©n tö DNA hoÆc RNA. or the concentration of ions. Ph-¬ng ph¸p dïng phæ biÕn lμ chuyÓn t¸c nh©n ®ãng gãi BÊt kú chÊt nμo h×nh nguyªn tö 32P lªn mót ph©n tö DNA b»ng thμnh vá bäc xung quanh enzim hoÆc vi ph-¬ng tiÖn enzim ph©n c¾t polinucleotit khuÈn, C¸c t¸c nh©n phæ biÕn hiÖn nay lμ T4. polisacarit nh- anginat hoÆc th¹ch. C¸c t¸c endocrine gland Any gland in an animal nh©n kh«ng ho¹t ®éng vμ cho phÐp c¸c that manufactures hormones and secretes chÊt dinh d-ìng vμ oxi ®Ô dμng khuÕch them directly into the bloodstream to act t¸n vμo vμ ra ngoμi kho¶ng trèng, vμ dÔ at distant sites in the body, known as target chuyÓn ®æi tõ chÊt gel (chÊt r¾n) thμnh organs or cells. d¹ng keo (chÊt láng) hoÆc dung dÞch do tuyÕn néi tiÕt BÊt kú tuyÕn nμo trong ®éng thay ®æi nhiÖt ®é hoÆc nång ®é ion. vËt s¶n xuÊt ra hãc m«n vμ ph©n tiÕt trùc encapsulation Any method packaging an tiÕp vμo trong m¸u ®Ó t¸c ®éng ®Õn nhiÒu enzyme or bacterium and maintaining its vÞ trÝ trong c¬ thÓ, ®-îc biÕt nh- c¬ quan normal functions. Used to immobilize cells hoÆc tÕ bμo ®Ých. in a bioreactor. endocrine interference Interference with bäc nang BÊt kú ph-¬ng ph¸p nμo ®ãng the normal balance of hormones. gãi mét enzim hoÆc vi khuÈn vμ duy tr× c¸c giao thoa néi tiÕt Giao thoa cã sù c©n chøc n¨ng b×nh th-êng. §-îc dïng gi÷ cè b»ng b×nh th-êng cña c¸c hooc-m«n. ®Þnh c¸c tÕ bμo trong b×nh ph¶n øng. endocytosis The process by which encode The gene product specified by a materials enter a cell without passing particular nucleic acid sequence. See: through the cell membrane. The genetic code. membrane folds around material outside m· hãa S¶n phÈm gen biÖt ho¸ do mét the cell, resulting in the formation of a sac- tr×nh tù axÝt nuclªÝc riªng biÖt, xem: genetic like vesicle inside which the material is code. entrapped. This vesicle is then pinched off endangered species A plant or animal from the cell surface so that it lies within species in immediate danger of extinction the cell. See: phagocytosis, pinocytosis. because its population number has endoderm 93 nhËp bμo Qu¸ tr×nh vËt chÊt ®i vμo tÕ bμo exonuclease, restriction endonuclease. mμ kh«ng qua mμng tÕ bμo. Nh÷ng nÕp endonucleaza Enzim ph©n c¾t liªn kÕt gÊp mμng v©y xung quanh vËt chÊt ë bªn phosphodieste trong mét sîi DNA, h×nh ngoμi tÕ bμo, kÕt qu¶ h×nh thμnh mét môn thμnh hai sîi nhá h¬n. Xem: exonuclease, n-íc gièng nh- tói x¾c bªn trong ®ã vËt restriction endonuclease. chÊt bÞ ®¸nh bÉy. Sau ®ã môn n-íc ®-îc endophyte An organism that lives inside kÑp l¹i tõ bÒ mÆt tÕ bμo ®Ó tù n»m trong tÕ a plant. bμo. Xem: phagocytosis, pinocytosis. néi ký sinh thùc vËt Sinh vËt sèng bªn endoderm The internal layer of cells of the trong thùc vËt. gastrula, which develops into the alimentary canal (gut) and digestive glands endoplasmic reticulum (Abbreviation: of the adult. ER). A cytoplasmic net of membranes, adjacent to the nucleus, visible under the néi b× Líp trong cña tÕ bμo mÇm ph«i, electron microscope. The sites of protein ph¸t triÓn thμnh èng tiªu hãa (ruét) vμ synthesis. nh÷ng tuyÕn phèi hîp cña sinh vËt tr-ëng thμnh. l-íi néi bμo (viÕt t¾t: ER). Mét m¹ng l-íi bμo chÊt cña mμng, tiÕp gi¸p h¹t nh©n, endodermis The layer of living cells, with quan s¸t ®-îc b»ng kÝnh hiÓn vi ®iÖn tö. various characteristically thickened walls C¸c vÞ trÝ tæng hîp protein. and no intercellular spaces, which surrounds the vascular tissue of certain endopolyploidy The net result of plants and occurs in nearly all roots and endomitoses. The somatic chromosome certain stems and leaves. It separates the number has doubled (or more), forming a cortical cells from cells of the pericycle. polyploid cell line. If these differentiate into a germ line, then the gametic number tÇng néi b× Líp c¸c tÕ bμo ho¹t ®éng, cã will have also increased proportionately, c¸c v¸ch ng¨n lμm dμy ®Æc tr-ng kh¸c giving rise to homogeneously polyploid nhau vμ kh«ng cã kho¶ng gian bμo, v©y individuals, termed endopolyploids. quanh m« m¹ch cña c¸c c©y trång nhÊt ®Þnh vμ xuÊt hiÖn trong gÇn tÊt c¶ gèc, th©n néi ®a b«Þ KÕt qu¶ cuèi cïng cña néi vμ l¸ x¸c ®Þnh. Ph©n t¸ch tÕ bμo vá víi tÕ nguyªn ph©n. Sè nhiÔm s¾c thÓ x«ma ®-îc bμo trô b×. nh©n gÊp ®«i (hoÆc nhiÒu h¬n), h×nh thμnh dßng tÕ bμo ®a béi. NÕu chóng biÖt ho¸ endogamy néi giao xem: inbreeding. thμnh mét dßng mÇm, th× sau ®ã sè giao endogenous Derived from within; from the tö còng sÏ t¨ng c©n ®èi, sinh ra c¸ thÓ ®a same cell type or organism. Opposite: béi ®ång tÝnh, gäi lμ c¸c thÓ néi ®a béi. exogenous. endoprotease An enzyme that cleaves néi sinh Cã nguån gèc tõ bªn trong; Tõ internal peptide bonds within a cïng kiÓu tÕ bμo hoÆc sinh vËt. Ng-îc víi: polypeptide molecule. Site of cleavage is exogenous. usually specific to certain amino acid endomitosis Duplication of chromosomes residues. without division of the nucleus, resulting endoproteaza Mét lo¹i enzim ph©n c¾t liªn in a doubling (or more) in the kÕt peptit ben trong mét ph©n tö polyeptit. chromosome number within a cell. VÞ trÝ ph©n c¾t th-êng ®Æc tr-ng víi nh÷ng néi nguyªn ph©n Nh©n ®«i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®u«i amino axÝt x¸c ®Þnh. kh«ng cã thμnh phÇn h¹t nh©n, kÕt qu¶ endoreduplication Chromosome t¹o ra gÊp ®«i (hoÆc h¬n) sè l-îng nhiÔm reproduction during interphase. Four- s¾c thÓ trong tÕ bμo. chromatid chromosomes endonuclease An enzyme that cleaves a (diplochromosomes) are seen during this phosphodiester bond within a DNA phase. strand, forming two smaller strands. See: néi nh©n ®«i Sao chÐp nhiÔm s¾c thÓ endosperm 94 trong k× nghØ. C¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cã bèn of a gene. Located up to several kbp, nhiÔm s¾c tö (diplochromosomes) ®-îc usually (but not exclusively) upstream of quan s¸t râ trong pha nμy. the gene in question. In some cases can endosperm The nutritive tissue that activate transcription of a gene with no develops in the seed of most angiosperms, (known) promoter. Synonyms: enhancer containing varying proportions of element; enhancer sequence. 3. A major carbohydrate (usually starch), protein or modifier gene that increases the rate of and lipid. In most diploid plants, the a physiological process. endosperm is triploid. nh©n tè khuÕch ®¹i 1. ChÊt hoÆc ®èi néi nhò M« dinh d-ìng ph¸t triÓn trong t-îng lμm t¨ng ho¹t ®éng hãa häc hoÆc h¹t cña hÇu hÕt c¸c c©y h¹t kÝn, cã chøa tû qu¸ tr×nh sinh lý. 2. Mét tr×nh tù DNA sinh lÖ hydrat cacbon kh¸c nhau (th-êng lμ tinh vËt cã nh©n (cßn h×nh thμnh trong mét sè bét), protein vμ lipit. Trong hÇu hÕt c¸c c©y virut cã nh©n) lμm t¨ng phiªn m· mét gen. l-ìng béi, néi ph«i nhò lμ thÓ tam béi. Ph¹m vi lªn tíi vμi kbp, th-êng (nh-ng kh«ng ph¶i duy nhÊt) xö lý ng-îc dßng cña endosperm mother cell One of the seven gen khi ch-a râ. Trong mét sè tr-êng hîp cells of the mature plant embryo sac, cã thÓ kÝch ho¹t phiªn m· gen mμ kh«ng containing the two polar nuclei and, (biÕt) khëi ®Çu. Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: which, following fertilization, gives rise to enhancer element; enhancer sequence. 3. the primary endosperm cell from which the Mét gen chÝnh hoÆc biÕn ®æi ®Ó lμm t¨ng endosperm develops. thªm nhÞp ®é cña mét qu¸ tr×nh sinh lý. tÕ bμo mÑ néi nhò Mét trong sè b¶y tÕ enhancer element phÇn tö khuÕch ®¹i bμo cña tói ph«i c©y tr-ëng thμnh, cã chøa Xem: enhancer. hai nh©n cùc vμ, sau khi thô tinh, sinh tÕ bμo néi nhò gèc tõ ®ã néi nhò ph¸t triÓn. enhancer sequence tr×nh tù khuÕch ®¹i Xem: enhancer. endotoxin A component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria that elicits, in enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate mammals, an inflammatory response and synthase (Abbreviation EPSP synthase or fever. EPSPS). An enzyme produced by virtually all plants, which is essential for normal néi ®éc tè Thμnh phÇn v¸ch tÕ bμo vi metabolism, and for the biosynthesis of khuÈn gram ©m kh¬i mμo ph¶n øng viªm aromatic amino acids. Glyphosate- and s-ng vμ sèt trong ®éng vËt cã vó. sulfosate-containing herbicides act by end-product inhibition The inhibition of inhibiting EPSP synthase activity, but an enzyme by a metabolite. Typically, the because strain CP4 of Agrobacterium sp. enzyme is the first enzyme in a biosynthetic is unaffected by glyphosate, the pathway, and the metabolite the product introduction of the CP4 EPSPS gene into of the last step in the pathway. See: crop plants generates a tolerance of feedback inhibition. glyphosate-containing herbicides. k×m h·m s¶n phÈm cuèi K×m h·m mét enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate enzim do s¶n phÈm trao ®æi chÊt. §Æc biÖt, synthaza (viÕt t¾t EPSP synthaza hoÆc enzim nμy lμ enzim ®Çu tiªn trong ®-êng EPSPS ). Enzim ®-îc s¶n sinh bëi hÇu nh- mßn tæng hîp sinh häc, vμ chuyÓn ho¸ s¶n tÊt c¶ thùc vËt, chóng lμ thiÕt yÕu ®Ó trao phÈm cña kh©u cuèi cïng trong ®-êng ®æi chÊt b×nh th-êng, vμ sinh tæng hîp axit mßn. Xem: feedback inhibition. amin th¬m. C¸c thuèc diÖt cá cã enhancer 1. A substance or object that glyphosate - vμ sulfosate t¸c ®éng b»ng increases a chemical activity or a c¸ch ng¨n chÆn ho¹t ®éng EPSP physiological process. 2. A eukaryotic DNA synthaza, nh-ng do chñng CP4 cña sequence (also found in some eukaryotic Agrobacterium sp. kh«ng bÞ ¶nh h-ëng bëi viruses) which increases the transcription glyphosate, nªn chuyÓn gen CP4 EPSPS enterotoxin 95 cho c©y trång sÏ ph¸t sinh tÝnh chèng chÞu label which identifies an enzyme in the thuèc diÖt cá cã chøa glyphosata. technical literature. Consists of four enterotoxin A bacterial protein that, numbers separated by dots: the first following release into the intestine, causes classifies the enzyme into one of the six cramps, diarrhoea and nausea. broad enzyme groups (see: enzymes); each group is subdivided into sub-groups, ®éc tè ruét non Mét protein vi khuÈn, sau each sub-group into sub-sub-groups, and khi x©m nhiÔm vμo ruét non, g©y ra nh÷ng the last number is specific for the enzyme, chøng chuét rót, bÖnh tiªu ch¶y vμ buån e.g. EC 3.1.21.1 is deoxyribonuclease I. n«n. sè ñy nhiÖm enzim (viÕt t¾t: EC number- enucleated ovum Egg cell from which the sè EC). Nh·n mang tÝnh hÖ thèng ®Ó x¸c nucleus has been removed, usually as a ®Þnh mét enzim trong tμi liÖu kü thuËt. Gåm preparatory step for nuclear transfer. cã bèn sè ph©n ra bëi c¸c sè hiÖu: Tr-íc trøng bãc nh©n TÕ bμo trøng mμ ®· ®-îc hÕt ph©n lo¹i enzim thμnh s¸u nhãm chÝnh lo¹i bá nh©n, th-êng lμ mét b-íc dù bÞ ®Ó (xem: enzymes); mçi nhãm ®-îc chia nhá chuyÓn nh©n. thμnh nhãm phô, mçi nhãm phô l¹i ph©n enzyme A protein which, even in very low thμnh d-íi- nhãm phô, vμ sè cuèi cïng chØ concentration, catalyses specific chemical riªng enzim, vÝ dô EC 3.1.21.1 lμ reactions but is not used up in the reaction. deoxyribonucleaza I. Enzymes are classified into six major enzyme electrode A type of biosensor, in groups (1-6), according to the type of which an enzyme is immobilized onto the reaction they catalyse: 1. oxidoreductases; surface of an electrode. When the enzyme 2. transferases; 3. hydrolases; 4. lyases; catalyses its reaction, electrons are 5. isomerases; 6. ligases. Generally transferred from the reactant to the enzymes are named by the addition of the electrode, and so a current is generated. suffix -ase to the name of their substrate, There are two types of enzyme electrodes: and are classified by a standard numerical 1. Ampometric (measuring current flow) system: the Enzyme Commission (EC) where the electrode is kept as near zero number. voltage as possible. When the enzyme enzim Mét lo¹i protein, thËm chÝ ë nång catalyses its reaction, electrons move into ®é rÊt thÊp, xóc t¸c c¸c ph¶n øng hãa häc the electrode, and so a current flows; 2. riªng biÖt nh-ng kh«ng bÞ sö dông vμo Potentiometric (measuring changes in ph¶n øng. Enzim ®-îc ph©n lo¹i thμnh s¸u electrical potential) when the electrode is nhãm chÝnh (1-6), theo kiÓu ph¶n øng held at a voltage which counteracts the chóng xóc t¸c: 1. enzim oxi hãa khö; 2. voltage determined by the enzyme’s enzim chuyÓn vÞ; 3. enzim thuû ph©n; 4. tendency to push electrons into it. Usually enzim ph©n c¾t; 5. Enzim ®ång ph©n ho¸; enzymes transfer their electrons 6. Enzim tæng hîp. Th-êng enzim ®-îc ®Æt inefficiently to the electrode, so a mediator tªn do thªm hËu tè - aza vμo tªn c¬ chÊt, compound is coated onto the electrode to vμ ®-îc ph©n lo¹i b»ng hÖ thèng sè chuÈn: help the transfer. sè ñy nhiÖm men (EC). ®iÖn cùc men Mét lo¹i c¶m biÕn c¶m sinh enzyme bioreactor A reactor in which a häc, trong ®ã enzim ®-îc gi÷ cè ®Þnh trªn chemical conversion reaction is catalysed bÒ mÆt ®iÖn cùc. Khi enzim xóc t¸c ph¶n by an enzyme. øng, c¸c ®iÖn tö ®-îc chuyÓn tõ chÊt ph¶n b×nh lªn men B×nh ph¶n øng trong ®ã øng ®Õn ®iÖn cùc, vμ nh- vËy dßng ®iÖn ph¶n øng chuyÓn ®æi hãa häc ®-îc xóc ®-îc ph¸t sinh. Cã hai lo¹i ®iÖn cùc enzim: t¸c do enzim. 1. C-êng ®é (®o c-êng ®é dßng ®iÖn) n¬i ®iÖn cùc gi÷ ë kh¶ n¨ng ®iÖn ¸p gÇn b¾ng Enzyme Commission number kh«ng. Khi enzim xóc t¸c ph¶n øng, c¸c (Abbreviation: EC number). Systematic ®iÖn tö di chuyÓn vμo ®iÖn cùc, vμ nh- vËy enzyme immunoassay 96 dßng ®iÖn ®-îc ph¸t sinh; 2. §iÖn thÕ (®o of the two layers of skin. 2. The outermost sù thay ®æi ®iÖn ¸p) khi ®iÖn cùc gi÷ t¹i layer of cells covering a plant. It is overlaid mét ®iÖn ¸p lμm mÊt t¸c dông ®iÖn ¸p x¸c by a cuticle and its functions are principally ®Þnh do xu h-íng cña enzim ®Èy ®iÖn tö to protect the plant from injury and to vμo trong nã. Th-êng c¸c enzim chuyÓn reduce water loss. Some epidermal cells ®iÖn tö cña chóng kh«ng tíi ®-îc ®iÖn cùc, are modified to form guard cells or hairs v× vËy mét hîp chÊt trung gian ®-îc phñ of various types. In woody plants the lªn trªn ®iÖn cùc ®Ó hç trî di chuyÓn. functions of the shoot epidermis are taken enzyme immunoassay A range of over by the periderm tissues and in mature immunoassay techniques employing roots the epidermis is sloughed off and enzymes, which includes ELISA. replaced by the hypodermis. thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch enzim Mét ph¹m biÓu b× 1. Líp tÕ bμo ngoμi cïng cña c¬ trï kü thuËt thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch cã dïng thÓ ®éng vËt. Trong ®éng vËt kh«ng x-¬ng enzim, bao gåm c¶ ELISA. sèng biÓu b× b×nh th-êng chØ lμ mét líp tÕ bμo dμy lªn vμ ®-îc bao trïm bëi mét líp enzyme kinetics The quantitative vá sõng kh«ng thÊm n-íc. Trong ®éng vËt characteristics of enzyme reactions. cã x-¬ng sèng biÓu b× máng h¬n hai líp ®éng häc enzim §Æc tr-ng ®Þnh l-îng cña da. 2. Líp tÕ bμo ngoμi cïng phñ kÝn thùc ph¶n øng enzim. vËt. Nã ®-îc phñ thªm bëi mét líp vá sõng enzyme stabilization Maintaining the vμ cã chøc n¨ng chñ yÕu ®Ó b¶o vÖ c©y active conformation of an enzyme. This khái bÞ th-¬ng vμ gi¶m mÊt n-íc. Mét sè can be achieved in vitro by providing the tÕ bμo biÓu b× biÕn ®æi thμnh tÕ bμo b¶o vÖ appropriate chemical environment and hoÆc kiÓu l«ng kh¸c nhau. Trong c©y gç cofactors. In some cases the criticality of c¸c chøc n¨ng cña biÓu b× chåi ®-îc thùc these factors can be reduced by binding hiÖn do m« chu b× vμ trong rÔ tr-ëng thμnh an antibody to the enzyme, in such a way biÓu b× bong ra vμ thay thÕ b»ng líp d-íi that the active site of the enzyme is left biÓu b×. unblocked. epigenesis Describes the developmental æn ®Þnh enzim Duy tr× h×nh th¸i ho¹t ®éng process whereby each successive stage cña enzim. Cã thÓ ®¹t ®-îc trong èng of normal development is built up on the nghiÖm do cung cÊp m«i tr-êng hãa häc foundations created by the preceding thÝch hîp vμ c¸c ®ång yÕu tè. Trong mét stages of development; an embryo is built sè tr-êng hîp møc tíi h¹n cña c¸c nh©n up from a zygote, a seedling from an tè nμy cã thÓ gi¶m bít do liªn kÕt kh¸ng embryo, and so on. thÓ víi enzim, b»ng c¸ch nμy ®Ó vÞ trÝ ho¹t thuyÕt biÓu sinh M« t¶ qu¸ tr×nh ph¸t triÓn ®éng cña enzim ®-îc gi¶i táa. theo ®ã tõng giai ®o¹n ph¸t triÓn b×nh enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay th-êng liªn tiÕp ®-îc x©y dùng trªn nÒn Xem: ELISA. t¶ng ®-îc t¹o ra tõ c¸c giai ®o¹n ph¸t triÓn EPD Xem: expected progeny difference. tr-íc; ph«i ®-îc t¹o thμnh tõ hîp tö, c©y gièng tõ mét ph«i, v©n v©n. epicotyl The upper portion of the axis of a plant embryo or seedling, above the epigenetic variation Non-hereditary and cotyledons. reversible variation; often the result of a change in gene expression due to trô trªn l¸ mÇm PhÇn trªn cña trôc ph«i methylation of DNA. thùc vËt hoÆc mÇm non, phÝa trªn l¸ mÇm. biÕn dÞ biÓu sinh BiÕn dÞ cã thÓ ®¶o ng-îc epidermis 1. The outmost layer of cells of vμ kh«ng di truyÒn; th-êng lμ kÕt qu¶ cña the body of an animal. In invertebrates the mét thay ®æi khi biÓu thÞ gen qua metyl ho¸ epidermis is normally only one cell thick DNA. and is covered by an impermeable cuticle. In vertebrates the epidermis is the thinner epinasty A process by which the growth epiphyte 97 of branches or petioles is abnormally øc chÕ t-¬ng hç T-¬ng t¸c gi÷a c¸c gen pointing downward. This phenomenon is t¹i c¸c æ gen kh¸c nhau, vÝ dô mét gen lÊn caused by the more rapid growth of the ¸t sù ¶nh h-ëng cña gen kh¸c mμ nã ®-îc upper side. Epinasty may result from either ®Æt t¹i mét æ gen kh¸c biÖt. TÝnh tréi ®-îc nutritional deficiencies or irregularities at kÕt hîp víi c¸c thμnh viªn cña cÆp alen, the plant growth regulator level. Not to trong khi sù ¸t chÕ m« t¶ mèi t-¬ng t¸c be confused with wilting, as epinastic gi÷a nh÷ng s¶n phÈm kh«ng alen. tissues are turgid. epitope Tõ ®ång nghÜa antigenic sinh tr-ëng cong Qu¸ tr×nh mμ bëi ®ã determinant. sinh tr-ëng cña nh¸nh hoÆc cuèng l¸ chØ epizootic A disease simultaneously xuèng phÝa d-íi mét c¸ch bÊt th-êng. HiÖn affecting a large number of animals. t-îng nμy g©y ra do phÇn trªn t¨ng tr-ëng bÖnh dÞch thó BÖnh cïng mét lóc ¶nh nhanh h¬n. Sinh tr-ëng cong cã thÓ lμ kÕt h-ëng ®Õn sè l-îng lín ®éng vËt. qu¶ thiÕu hôt dinh d-ìng hoÆc thay ®æi bÊt th-êng ë møc ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng thùc EPSP synthase viÕt t¾t cña enolpyruvyl- vËt. Kh«ng nªn lÉn lén víi hÐo, khi c¸c m« shikimate 3-phosphate synthase. sinh tr-ëng cong bÞ phång dép. EPSPS viÕt t¾t cña enolpyruvyl- epiphyte A plant that grows upon another shikimate 3-phosphate synthase. plant, but is neither parasitic on it nor equational division A chromosome rooted in the ground. division in which the two chromatids of thùc vËt biÓu sinh (c©y tÇm göi), Lo¹i each duplicated chromosome separate c©y mμ sinh tr-ëng b¸m vμo c©y kh¸c, longitudinally, prior to being incorporated nh-ng kh«ng ph¶i lμ ký sinh trªn c©y kh¸c into two daughter nuclei. Seen at the còng kh«ng bÐn rÔ trªn ®Êt. mitotic-type second division of meiosis; also in somatic mitosis and the non- episome A genetic extrachromosomal reductional division of meiosis. The element (e.g. the F factor in Escherichia number of chromosomes is the same at coli) which replicates within a cell the end of the division as at the beginning. independently of the chromosome and is able to integrate into the host ph©n chia ®ång ®Òu Sù ph©n chia nhiÔm chromosome. The step of integration may s¾c thÓ mμ trong ®ã hai nhiÔm s¾c tö cña be governed by a variety of factors and so mçi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n ®«i ph©n t¸ch theo the term episome has lost favour and been chiÒu däc, cÆp ®«i tr-íc ®-îc hîp nhÊt superseded by the wider term plasmid. thμnh hai nh©n con. §-îc quan s¸t râ ë ph©n chia lÇn hai kiÓu nguyªn ph©n cña thÓ ngoμi PhÇn tö ngoμi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ di gi¸n ph©n; còng nh- trong nguyªn ph©n truyÒn (vÝ dô nh- nh©n tè F trong trùc x«ma vμ ph©n chia kh«ng sinh s¶n cña khuÈn -Escherichia coli) gi÷ l¹i trong tÕ bμo gi¶m ph©n. Sè l-îng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ë cuèi mét c¸ch ®éc lËp cña nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vμ cã ph©n chia còng gièng nh- lóc b¾t ®Çu. thÓ hîp nhÊt víi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vËt chñ. B-íc hîp nhÊt nμy cã thÓ ®-îc ®iÒu khiÓn equilibrium density gradient do mét lo¹i t¸c nh©n vμ do vËy thuËt ng÷ centrifugation A procedure used to episome Ýt ®-îc sö dông vμ thay thÕ bëi separate macromolecules based on their thuËt ng÷ plasmit nghÜa réng h¬n . density (mass per unit volume). epistasis Interaction between genes at li t©m mËt ®é c©n b»ng C¸ch thøc tiÕn different loci, e.g. one gene suppresses hμnh ph©n t¸ch ®¹i ph©n tö dùa vμo mËt the effect of another gene that is situated ®é (khèi l-îng theo ®¬n vÞ thÓ tÝch). at a different locus. Dominance is ER xem: endoplasmic reticulum. associated with members of allelic pairs, Erlenmeyer flask A conical flat-bottomed whereas epistasis describes an interaction laboratory flask with a narrow neck, widely among products of non-alleles. used for culturing micro-organisms. ES cells 98 b×nh Erlenmeyer Mét lo¹i b×nh thÝ nghiÖm essential element Any of a number of ®¸y bÑt h×nh nãn cã cæ hÑp, dïng ®Ó nu«i elements required by living organisms to cÊy vi sinh vËt. ensure normal growth, development and ES cells tÕ bμo ES xem: embryonic stem maintenance. cells. phÇn tö thiÕt yÕu BÊt kú mét sè phÇn tö Escherichia coli A commensal bacterium nμo ®-îc yªu cÇu bëi sinh vËt sèng ®Ó b¶o inhabiting the colon of many animal ®¶m sinh tr-ëng b×nh th-êng, ph¸t triÓn species, including human. E. coli is widely vμ duy tr×. used as a model of cell biochemical essential nutrient Any substance required function, and as a host for cloning DNA. by living organisms to ensure normal In environmental studies, its presence is a growth, development and maintenance. key indicator of water pollution due to chÊt dinh d-ìng thiÕt yÕu Mét chÊt bÊt human sewage effluent. Some strains, kú ®-îc yªu cÇu bëi sinh vËt sèng ®Ó b¶o notably E. coli 0157:H7, are significant ®¶m sinh tr-ëng, ph¸t triÓn vμ duy tr× b×nh pathogens. th-êng. trùc khuÈn ®¹i trμng Vi khuÈn céng sinh essential requirement In plant cell tissue khu tró t¹i ruét cña nhiÒu loμi ®éng vËt, culture, comprises inorganic salts, bao gåm c¶ ng-êi. E. coli ®-îc dïng phæ including all of the elements necessary for biÕn lμm mét m« h×nh ho¹t ®éng ho¸ sinh plant metabolism; organic factors (amino tÕ bμo, vμ lμm vËt chñ ®Ó t¹o dßng DNA. acids, vitamins); usually also endogenous Trong nghiªn cøu m«i tr-êng, sù cã mÆt plant growth regulators (auxins, cytokinins cña nã lμ dÊu hiÖu chÝnh chØ « nhiÔm n-íc and often gibberellins); as well as a carbon do ¶nh h-ëng chÊt th¶i ng-êi. Mét sè source (sucrose or glucose). chñng, ®¸ng chó ý E. coli 0157:H7, lμ t¸c nhu cÇu thiÕt yÕu Trong nu«i cÊy m« tÕ nh©n g©y bÖnh quan träng. bμo thùc vËt, gåm cã c¸c muèi v« c¬, bao essential amino acid An amino acid gåm tÊt c¶ c¸c phÇn tö cÇn thiÕt cho required for normal metabolism, but which chuyÓn ho¸ thùc vËt; c¸c nh©n tè h÷u c¬ cannot be synthesized by an organism. It (axit amin, vitamin); b×nh th-êng cßn c¸c therefore has to be supplied via feed or chÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng thùc vËt néi sinh food. (auxin, cytokinin vμ gibberellin); còng nh- axit amin thiÕt yÕu Mét axit amin cÇn mét nguån c¸c bon (®-êng ®¬n hoÆc thiÕt ®Ó trao ®æi chÊt b×nh th-êng, nh-ng ®-êng kÐp). kh«ng thÓ ®-îc tæng hîp bëi sinh vËt. Bëi EST xem: expressed sequence tag. vËy nã ®-îc cung cÊp qua nu«i d-ìng established culture 1. An aseptic viable hoÆc thøc ¨n. explant (See: micropropagation). 2. A essential derivation of varieties suspension culture subjected to several (Abbreviation: EDV). Genotypes very passages with a constant cell number per similar to an originating cultivar, obtained, unit time. for example, by the selection of a mutant nu«i cÊy thiÕt lËp 1. MÉu nu«i cÊy cã thÓ or a variant individual from plants of the n¶y mÇm v« trïng (xem: initial variety, or by backcrossing or micropropagation). 2. Nu«i cÊy huyÒn phï transformation. tuú thuéc vμo mét sè chuyÓn tiÕp cã sè tÕ d¹ng thiÕt yÕu cña c©y trång (viÕt t¾t: bμo kh«ng thay ®æi theo ®¬n vÞ thêi gian. EDV) C¸c kiÓu di truyÒn rÊt gièng víi mét estimated breeding value (Abbreviation: lo¹i c©y trång nguån gèc, ®-îc tiÕp thu, vÝ EBV). Twice the expected progeny dô, do chän läc mét ®ét biÕn hoÆc mét c¸ difference. The difference is doubled thÓ kh¸c nhau chót Ýt b¾t nguån tõ thùc because breeding value is a reflection of vËt d¹ng ban ®Çu, do lai ng-îc hoÆc biÕn all the genes of an individual, in contrast n¹p. estrogen 99 to progeny difference, which is a reflection also possibly both a carcinogen and a of a sample half of an individual’s genes. teratogen. The predicted performance of the thuèc ethidium bromit Mét lo¹i thuèc offspring of the mating between any two nhuém huúnh quang cã thÓ xen vμo gi÷a parents is the average of their EBVs c¸c cÆp baz¬ cña DNA sîi kÐp, vμ do vËy (averaged because each parent makes an dïng ®Ó nhuém mμu DNA trong chÊt gel. equal contribution to each offspring). Mμu huúnh quang khi thÓ hiÖn cho ¸nh gi¸ trÞ nh©n gièng -íc tÝnh (viÕt t¾t: EBV). s¸ng UV. Nã ®-îc biÕt lμ mét chÊt g©y ®ét Hai lÇn kh¸c biÖt con ch¸u mong muèn. biÕn m¹nh vμ còng cã kh¶ n¨ng lμ chÊt Sù kh¸c nhau ®-îc nh©n ®«i v× gi¸ trÞ nh©n g©y bÖnh ung th- vμ qu¸i thai. gièng ph¶n ¸nh toμn bé gen cña mét c¸ ethyl alcohol r-îu etylic xem: ethanol thÓ, tr¸i ng-îc víi kh¸c nhau vÒ con ch¸u, ethylene A gaseous plant growth nã ph¶n ¸nh mét mÉu nöa sè gen cña c¸ regulator acting on various aspects of thÓ. Thùc hiÖn dù ®o¸n con c¸i cña viÖc vegetative growth, fruit ripening and kÕt ®«i gi÷a bÊt kú hai cha mÑ lμ sè trung abscission of plant parts. Synonym: b×nh EBVs cña chóng (trung b×nh bëi v× mçi ethene. mét cÆp cha mÑ ®Òu ®ãng gãp phÇn b»ng nhau cho con c¸i). ª-ti-len ChÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng thùc vËt thÓ khÝ t¸c ®éng ®Õn sinh tr-ëng thùc vËt estrogen Hãc m«n ®éng dôc xem: trªn nhiÒu mÆt kh¸c nhau, lμm chÝn qu¶ estrogen. vμ tÝch n-íc cña bé phËn c©y. Tõ ®ång ET ChuyÓn ghÐp ph«i viÕt t¾t cña nghÜa: ethene. embryo transfe, xem: multiple ovulation ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and embryo transfer. (Abbreviation: EDTA). A chelating thanol Commonly used to disinfect plant compound. Used to keep nutrients, such tissues, glassware utensils and working as iron, bound in a soluble form that leaves surfaces in tissue culture manipulations; them still available to the plant cells in vitro. to precipitate aqueous solutions of nucleic Also a potent inhibitor of DNase activity acids; and to dissolve water-insoluble and therefore used as an additive for long- components of culture media. Synonym: term storage of dissolved DNA. ethyl alcohol. axit ethylenediamine tetraacetic (viÕt t¾t: thanol Th-êng dïng ®Ó s¸t trïng c¸c m« EDTA). Mét hîp chÊt cation ho¸. Dïng ®Ó thùc vËt, dông cô b»ng thñy tinh vμ mÆt b¶o qu¶n chÊt dinh d-ìng, nh- kim lo¹i, ngoμi lμm viÖc trong thao t¸c cÊy m«; lμm giíi h¹n trong d¹ng hoμ tan ®Ó chuÈn bÞ kÕt tña c¸c dung dÞch n-íc axit nucleic; vμ s½n cho tÕ bμo thùc vËt trong èng nghiÖm. lμm tan thμnh phÇn kh«ng tan trong n-íc Còng lμ mét m¹ch øc chÕ (bé chÆn) tiÒm cña dung dÞch nu«i cÊy.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: tμng cña ho¹t ®éng DNase vμ do vËy ®-îc ethyl alcohol. dïng bæ sung cho b¶o qu¶n da× h¹n DNA ethephon A synthetic compound hoμ tan. commonly used as a source of ethylene, etiolation An abnormal increase in stem a gaseous plant growth regulator. elongation, accompanied by poor (if any) ethephon Hîp chÊt tæng hîp ®-îc dïng leaf development. Physiological etiolation phæ biÕn nh- nguån ª-ti-len, mét lo¹i ®iÒu is caused by a lack of chlorophyll, and is tiÕt sinh tr-ëng thùc vËt thÓ khÝ. typical of plants growing under low light ethidium bromide A fluorescent dye which intensity or in complete darkness. It can can intercalate between base pairs of also be induced by some fungal double-stranded DNA, and hence is pathogens. much used to stain DNA in gels. The dye vãng, óa vμng KÐo dμi th©n c©y mét c¸ch fluoresces when exposed to UV light. It is kh¸c th-êng, kÕt hîp ph¸t triÓn l¸ kh«ng a known to be a strong mutagen and is ®¸ng kÓ (nÕu cã). T×nh tr¹ng óa vμng sinh ETL 100 lý do thiÕu chÊt diÖp lôc g©y ra, vμ lμ kiÓu euploid An organism or cell having a thùc vËt sinh tr-ëng d-íi c-êng ®é ¸nh chromosome number that is an exact s¸ng yªó hoÆc trong bãng tèi hoμn toμn. multiple of the haploid number. Terms used Nã còng cã thÓ do mét sè t¸c nh©n g©y to identify different levels in an euploid bÖnh nÊm. series are diploid (2x), triploid (3x), ETL Xem: economic trait locus. tetraploid (4x) etc. Opposite: aneuploid. eucaryote sinh vËt cã nh©n, nh©n thËt, nguyªn béi Sinh vËt hoÆc tÕ bμo cã sè nh©n chuÈn xem: eukaryote. l-îng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ lμ mét béi sè chÝnh x¸c sè l-îng ®¬n béi. ThuËt ng÷ ®-îc dïng eucaryotic thuéc sinh vËt cã nh©n, x¸c ®Þnh møc ®é kh¸c nhau trong mét lo¹t nh©n thËt, nh©n chuÈn (tÝnh tõ) xem: c¸c nguyªn béi lμ l-ìng béi (2 X), tam béi eukaryote. (3 X), tø béi (4 X). Ng-îc víi: aneuploid. euchromatin Chromosomal material that evapotranspiration The net water loss (in is stained less intensely by certain dyes. vapour form) per unit area of land, both Thought to be the chromosomal domains directly from the land surface, and which are gene-rich, since the DNA in indirectly through transpiring leaves. these regions remains less contracted than those rich in repetitive DNA - the tho¸t h¬i n-íc Sù mÊt n-íc thuÇn (thuéc heterochromatin. d¹ng h¬i) theo ®¬n vÞ diÖn tÝch mÆt ®Êt, c¶ trùc tiÕp tõ bÒ mÆt ®Êt, vμ gi¸n tiÕp th«ng chÊt nhiÔm s¾c chuÈn ChÊt nhiÔm s¾c qua l¸ c©y bμi tiÕt. kÐm nhuém mμu b»ng c¸c thuèc nhuém mμu nhÊt ®Þnh. §-îc nghÜ lμ c¸c miÒn chÊt evolution The process by which the nhiÔm s¾c nμy giμu gen, v× DNA trong c¸c present diversity of plant and animal life vïng nμy cßn l¹i co ng¾n so víi miÒn giμu has arisen, and which continues to drive trong DNA lÆp- chÊt dÞ nhiÔm s¾c. changes in form and mode of existence of all living organisms. eugenics The application of the principles of genetics to the ‘improvement’ of tiÕn hãa Qu¸ tr×nh theo ®ã tÝnh ®a d¹ng humankind. Wholly discredited as a hiÖn nay cña ®êi sèng ®éng vμ thùc vËt scientific approach since the Nazi period. xuÊt hiÖn, vμ liªn tôc ®Ó ®iÒu khiÓn nh÷ng thay ®æi h×nh d¹ng vμ ph-¬ng thøc tån t¹i di truyÒn häc -u thÕ Sù ¸p dông nh÷ng cña tÊt c¶ sinh vËt sèng. nguyªn lý di truyÒn häc cho viÖc ‘c¶i tiÕn’ loμi ng-êi. HÇu nh- bÞ mÊt tÝn nhiÖm tõ ex-situ conservation The conservation of khuynh h-íng nghiªn cøu khoa häc thêi components of biological diversity outside Quèc x·. their natural habitats. eukaryote One of the two major b¶o tån ngo¹i chç B¶o tån c¸c thμnh evolutionary clades, characterized by phÇn cña tÝnh ®a d¹ng sinh vËt bªn ngoμi having the nucleus enclosed by a chç c- tró tù nhiªn cña chóng. membrane, and possessing chromosomes ex vitro Organisms removed from tissue that undergo mitosis and meiosis. culture and transplanted; generally plants Eukaryotic organisms include animals, to soil or potting mixture. plants, fungi and some algae. See: Ngoμi èng nghiÖm C¸c sinh vËt chuyÓn prokaryote khái nu«i cÊy m« vμ ®-îc trång chuyÓn; sinh vËt cã nh©n, nh©n thËt, nh©n chuÈn th-êng trång ra ®Êt hoÆc d©m trong chËu Mét trong sè hai nh¸nh tiÕn hãa chÝnh, ®Æc hçn hîp. tr-ng do cã nh©n ®-îc bao quanh bëi ex vivo gene therapy The delivery of a mμng máng, vμ cã qu¸ tr×nh xö lý nhiÔm gene or genes to the isolated cells of an s¾c thÓ tr¶i qua nguyªn ph©n vμ gi¶m individual, with the intention of alleviating ph©n. Sinh vËt cã nh©n bao gåm ®éng vËt, a genetic disorder. After culturing, the thùc vËt, nÊm vμ mét sè loμi t¶o. Xem: transformed cells are re-introduced into the prokaryote. excinuclease 101 individual by transfusion, infusion or ®-îc ®¸nh dÊu, ®Ó ph¸t ra ¸nh s¸ng t¹i injection. b-íc sãng ph¸t x¹ (thÊp h¬n). liÖu ph¸p gen ngoμi c¬ thÓ Sù ph©n ph¸t excrete To transport material out of a cell cña mét hoÆc nhiÒu gen tíi tÕ bμo ®-îc or organism. ph©n lËp cña mét c¸ thÓ, víi môc ®Ých lμm bμi tiÕt ChuyÓn vËt chÊt ra khái tÕ bμo gi¶m rèi lo¹n di truyÒn. Sau nu«i cÊy, c¸c hoÆc sinh vËt. tÕ bμo nμy ®-îc biÕn n¹p chuyÓn l¹i cho exit site (Abbreviation: E site). The c¸ thÓ b»ng sù truyÒn, h·m hoÆc b¬m ribosome binding site that contains the (tiªm). free tRNA prior to its release. excinuclease The endonuclease- vÞ trÝ ra (viÕt t¾t: E site). §iÓm b¸m ribosom containing protein complex that excises cã chøa tRNA tù do tr-íc khi ®-îc gi¶i a segment of damaged DNA during phãng. excision repair. exo III Xem: exonuclease III. excinucleaza Mét lo¹i enzim giíi h¹n cã chøa phøc hîp protein ®Ó c¾t bá mét ®o¹n exocrine gland An animal gland that DNA bÞ háng trong khi c¾t söa ch÷a. secretes through a duct. excision 1. The natural or in vitro tuyÕn ngo¹i tiÕt Mét tuyÕn ®éng vËt bμi enzymatic removal of a DNA segment from tiÕt qua èng. a chromosome or cloning vector. 2. The exodeoxyribonuclease III xem: cutting out and preparation of a tissue, exonuclease III. organ, etc., for culture. 3. The removal of exogamy chÕ ®é ngo¹i h«n xem: adventitious shoots from callus tissue. outbreeding. c¾t läc, lo¹i 1. Lo¹i b»ng enzim tù nhiªn exogenous Produced outside of; hoÆc trong èng nghiÖm mét ®o¹n DNA cã originating from, or due to, external causes. nguån gèc tõ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ hoÆc vect¬ Opposite: endogenous. t¹o dßng. 2. C¾t vμ chuÈn bÞ mét m«, c¬ ngo¹i sinh Sinh s¶n ngoμi; b¾t nguån, quan, v.v., ®Ó nu«i cÊy. 3. Lo¹i bá c¸c chåi hoÆc do, c¸c nguyªn nh©n bªn ngoμi. phô tõ m« sÑo. Ng-îc víi: endogenous. excision repair DNA repair processes that exogenous DNA DNA that has been involve the removal of a damaged or derived from one organism, and is to be incorrect segment of one strand of double- introduced into a cell a different species. stranded DNA and its replacement by the Also referred to as foreign DNA or synthesis of a new segment using the heterologous DNA. complementary strand of DNA as template. DNA ngo¹i sinh DNA cã nguån gèc tõ mét sinh vËt, vμ ®-îc chuyÓn vμo tÕ bμo mét c¾t söa ch÷a DNA Qu¸ tr×nh söa ch÷a kÐo loμi kh¸c. Cßn ®-îc dÉn nh- DNA l¹ hoÆc theo viÖc lo¹i bá ®o¹n bÞ háng hoÆc sai DNA dÞ hîp . lÖch cña sîi kÐp DNA vμ thay thÕ do tæng hîp ®o¹n c¾t míi cã dïng sîi DNA bæ sung exon A segment of a eukaryotic gene that lμm khung mÉu. is transcribed as part of the primary transcript and is retained, after excitation wavelength The specific processing, with other exons to form a wavelength of light required to stimulate a functional mRNA molecule. Many fluorescent molecule, such as a labelled eukaryotic genes are composed of a probe, to emit light at the (lower) emission mosaic of exons and introns. wavelength. exon §o¹n gen nh©n chuÈn mμ ®-îc sao b-íc sãng kÝch thÝch B-íc sãng riªng chÐp l¹i nh- phÇn cña b¶n sao gèc vμ ®-îc biÖt cña ¸nh s¸ng cÇn thiÕt ®Ó kÝch thÝch gi÷ l¹i, sau xö lý, víi exon kh¸c ®Ó h×nh ph©n tö huúnh quang, nh- mét ®Çu dß thμnh ph©n tö mRNAn ho¹t ®éng. NhiÒu exon amplification 102 gen nh©n chuÈn bao gåm mét thÓ kh¶m correlated traits. Typically, the prediction cña exon vμ intron . is expressed as a deviation from a well- exon amplification A procedure that is defined base population, assuming the used to amplify exons. individual in question is mated to a sample of individuals whose average genetic merit khuÕch ®¹i exon Ph-¬ng ph¸p dïng ®Ó equals that of the base population. The khuyÕch ®¹i exon. predicted performance of the offspring of exonuclease An enzyme that digests DNA the mating between any two individuals is or RNA, beginning at the end of a strand. the sum of their EPDs. It therefore requires a free end in order to kh¸c nhau con c¸i mong muèn (viÕt t¾t: begin the degradation. 5'-exonucleases EPD). Thùc hiÖn dù ®o¸n vÒ con c¸i t-¬ng require a free 5' end and degrade the lai cña mét c¸ thÓ vÒ mét tÝnh tr¹ng riªng molecule in the 5'?3' direction. 3'- biÖt, ®-îc tÝnh to¸n tõ sù ®o ®Õm thμnh exonucleases require a free 3' end and tÝch cña chÝnh c¸ thÓ vμ/hoÆc thμnh tÝch degrade in the opposite direction. cña mét hoÆc nhiÒu bμ con th©n thuéc, cho exonucleaza Enzim ®Ó tiªu hãa DNA hoÆc tÝnh tr¹ng cßn nghi vÊn vμ/hoÆc cho mét RNA, b¾t ®Çu t¹i mót cña sîi. Do vËy yªu hoÆc nhiÒu tÝnh tr¹ng t-¬ng quan. Tiªu cÇu mét mót tù do ®Ó b¾t ®Çu ph©n huû. biÓu, dù ®o¸n ®-îc biÓu thÞ khi mét sù sai 5'-exonucleases yªu cÇu mót 5 ‘ tù do vμ lÖch tõ mét quÇn thÓ c¬ së ®· x¸c ®Þnh ph©n huû ph©n tö theo h-íng 5 ‘? 3 ‘. 3 ‘- ®óng, gi¶ thiÕt r»ng c¸ thÓ nghi vÊn ®-îc exonucleases yªu cÇu mót 3 ‘ tù do vμ kÕt hîp víi mét mÉu cña c¸c c¸ thÓ mμ sè ph©n chia theo h-íng ng-îc l¹i. trung b×nh di truyÒn cña chóng c©n b»ng exonuclease III (Abbreviation: exo III). An t-¬ng xøng víi quÇn thÓ c¬ së. Thùc hiÖn Escherichia coli enzyme that removes dù ®o¸n con c¸i cña kÕt ®«i gi÷a bÊt kú hai nucleotides from the 3' hydroxyl ends of c¸ thÓ lμ tæng sè EPDs cña chóng. double-stranded DNA. Synonym: explant A portion of a plant aseptically exodeoxyribonuclease III. excised and prepared for culture in a exonucleaza III (viÕt t¾t: exo III). Enzim nutrient medium. Escherichia coli mμ lo¹i bá c¸c nuleotit tõ mÉu nu«i cÊy, m¶nh ghÐp PhÇn thùc vËt c¸c mót 3' hidroxyl cña DNA sîi kÐp. Tõ ®-îc c¾t v« trïng vμ chuÈn bÞ cho nu«i cÊy ®ång nghÜa: exodeoxyribonuclease III. trong m«i tr-êng dinh d-ìng. exopolysaccharide A polysaccharide explant donor The plant from which an that is secreted by a micro-organism into explant has been taken. the surrounding environment. c©y cho mÉu C©y trång mμ tõ ®ã mét mÉu Mét lo¹i polisacarit do vi sinh vËt ph©n tiÕt nu«i cÊy ®-îc lÊy ra. vμo m«i tr-êng xung quanh. explantation The removal of cells, tissues exotoxin A toxin released by a bacterium or organs of animals and plants for into the medium in which it grows. observation of their growth and ngo¹i ®éc tè Mét ®éc tè do vi khuÈn gi¶i development in appropriate culture media. phãng vμo m«i tr-êng mμ nã ®ang sinh lÊy mÉu Dêi c¸c tÕ bμo, m« hoÆc c¸c c¬ sèng. quan cña ®éng vμ thùc vËt cho ®Ó quan expected progeny difference s¸t sinh tr-ëng vμ ph¸t triÓn trong dung (Abbreviation: EPD). The predicted dÞch nu«i cÊy thÝch hîp. performance of the future offspring of an explosion method A technique for the individual for a particular trait, calculated genetic transformation of cells, in which from measurement(s) of the individual’s the transgene is driven into the target own performance and/or the performance (plant) cells by the sudden vaporization of one or more of its relatives, for the trait (effected by the application of a pulse of in question and/or for one or more exponential phase 103 high voltage) of a water droplet containing th- viÖn biÓu thÞ Th- viÖn DNA bæ sung the DNA and gold particles. ®· ®-îc chÌn vμo tÕ bμo chñ vi khuÈn kü ph-¬ng ph¸p bïng næ Kü thuËt biÕn n¹p thuËt ®Ó biÓu thÞ gen chuyÓn. Xem: library. di truyÒn tÕ bμo, trong ®ã gen chuyÓn ®-îc expression system Combination of host ®iÒu khiÓn vμo tÕ bμo ®Ých (thùc vËt) b»ng and vector which provides a genetic bay h¬i ®ét ngét (kÕt qu¶ do øng dông xung context for making a cloned gene ®iÖn ¸p cao) cña giät n-íc nhá cã chøa functional, i.e. produce peptide, in the host DNA vμ c¸c h¹t vμng. cell. exponential phase pha sè mò xem: hÖ thèng biÓu thÞ KÕt hîp vËt chñ vμ logarithmic phase. vect¬ cung cÊp mét ®o¹n gen ®Ó t¹o ra export The removal of a compound from mét chøc n¨ng gen ®-îc t¹o dßng, nh- a cell by active transport. viÖc s¶n xuÊt peptit, trong tÕ bμo vËt chñ. xuÊt khÈu Dêi chuyÓn hîp chÊt tõ tÕ bμo expression vector A cloning vector that do vËn chuyÓn tÝch cùc. has been constructed in such a way that, after insertion of a DNA molecule, its express To transcribe and translate a coding sequence is properly transcribed gene. and the mRNA is translated. The cloned biÓu thÞ Phiªn m· vμ dÞch m· mét gen. gene is put under the control of a promoter expressed sequence tag (Abbreviation: sequence for the initiation of transcription, EST). Partially sequenced cDNA clone. and often also has a transcription Because the read length of a standard termination sequence at its end. DNA sequencing reaction is shorter than vÐc t¬ biÓu thÞ Vect¬ nh©n dßng ®-îc the majority of cDNA clones, full length x©y dùng theo mét c¸ch lμ, sau khi xen sequence can only be obtained by further vμo ph©n tö DNA, tr×nh tù m· ho¸ ®-îc manipulations. For the purposes of (1) phiªn m· ®óng møc vμ mARN ®-îc dÞch assigning putative function to a cDNA and m·. Gen nh©n dßng ®Æt d-íi sù ®iÒu khiÓn (2) designing PCR primers to extract the cña tr×nh tù khëi ®Çu ®Ó b¾t ®Çu phiªn m·, genomic DNA equivalent to the cDNA, full vμ còng lu«n cã tr×nh tù ®iÓm cuèi phiªn length sequence is usually unnecessary. m· t¹i mót. By restricting sequencing to a single run, expressivity Degree of expression of a large numbers of cDNAs can be trait controlled by a particular gene. The characterized at the EST level. gene may show different degrees of Nh·n tr×nh tù biÓu thÞ (viÕt t¾t: E). Dßng expression in different individuals. See: DNA bæ sung ®-îc tr×nh tù ho¸ tõng phÇn. variable expressivity. Bëi v× ®o¹n dμi ®-îc ®äc cña ph¶n øng møc biÓu thÞ §é biÓu thÞ mét tÝnh tr¹ng tr×nh tù DNA chuÈn lμ ng¾n h¬n phÇn chÝnh kiÓm so¸t do mét gen riªng biÖt. Gen nμy c¸c dßng DNA bæ sung, tr×nh tù ®o¹n dμi cã thÓ cho thÊy møc ®é biÓu thÞ kh¸c nhau ®Çy ®ñ cã thÓ chØ thu ®-îc b»ng nh÷ng trong c¸c c¸ thÓ kh¸c nhau. Xem: variable thao t¸c tiÕp theo. V× c¸c môc ®Ých (1) g¸n expressivity. chøc n¨ng gi¶ ®Þnh cho DNA bæ sung vμ (2) thiÕt kÕ c¸c khëi ®Çu PCR ®Ó rót ra extension The short single-stranded DNA hÖ gen t-¬ng ®-¬ng víi DNA bæ sung, stretch of nucleotides remaining on a tr×nh tù ®o¹n dμi ®Çy ®ñ th-êng kh«ng cÇn double-stranded DNA molecule, following thiÕt. Do tr×nh tù gi¶m bít víi h-íng ®¬n, treatment with a restriction sè l-îng lín DNA bæ sung cã thÓ ®-îc m« endonuclease which makes a staggered t¶ ®Æc ®iÓm ë møc EST. cut. The presence of these unpaired regions make the molecule more easily expression library A cDNA library that ligatable, and are thus important in gene has been inserted into a bacterial host cell cloning. Synonyms: protruding end; engineered to express transgenes. See: sticky end; overhang; cohesive end. library. external guide sequence 104 më réng D·y sîi ®¬n ng¾n nuleotit cßn l¹i DNA kh«ng thuéc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, gièng nh- trªn mét ph©n tö DNA sîi kÐp, tiÕp theo nh÷ng plasmit. tiÕn hμnh víi endonucleaza giíi h¹n thùc extrachromosomal inheritance di hiÖn c¾t ch÷ chi. Sù cã mÆt cña nh÷ng vïng truyÒn ngoμi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ xem: kh«ng cÆp ®«i nμy lμm ph©n tö ghÐp nèi cytoplasmic inheritance. dÔ dμng h¬n, vμ rÊt quan träng trong t¹o extranuclear genes Genes residing dßng gen. Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: protruding elsewhere than in the nucleus (e.g. in end; sticky end; overhang; cohesive end. mitochondria, chloroplasts or plastids). external guide sequence tr×nh tù h-íng gen ngoμi nh©n Nh÷ng gen tËp trung l¹i dÉn ngoμi (viÕt t¾t: EGS). Xem: guide ë n¬i kh«ng ph¶i lμ trong h¹t nh©n (vÝ dô sequence. trong ty thÓ, h¹t diÖp lôc hoÆc nh÷ng thÓ extrachromosomal In eukaryotes, non- h¹t). nuclear DNA, present in cytoplasm exude Slowly discharge liquid material organelles such as mitochondria and (such as tannins or oxidized polyphenols chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, non- from plant material) through pores or cuts, chromosomal DNA, i.e. plasmids. or by diffusion into the medium. ngoμi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Trong sinh vËt cã rØ øa Sù ch¶y chËm chÊt láng (nh- nh÷ng nh©n, DNA thuéc kh«ng nh©n, cã mÆt trong chÊt ta-nin hoÆc c¸c polyphenol «xy hãa c¸c phÇn tö chÊt nguyªn sinh nh- ty thÓ tõ vËt liÖu thùc vËt) th«ng qua lç thë, l¸t vμ h¹t diÖp lôc. Trong sÞnh vËt kh«ng nh©n, c¾t, hoÆc do khuyÕch t¸n vμo m«i tr-êng. 105 kÕt ®«i giai thõa S¬ ®å kÕt ®«i trong ®ã mçi mét gèc cha ®-îc kÕt ®«i víi tõng gèc mÑ. T¹o kh¶ n¨ng cña ®éng vËt b»ng ph-¬ng ph¸p s¶n xuÊt ph«i trong èng nghiÖm. Nh- vËy mét s¬ ®å kÕt ®«i lμm Ff gi¶m ®¸ng kÓ tû lÖ néi phèi trong ch-¬ng tr×nh chän läc. facultative anaerobe An organism that will grow under either aerobic or anaerobic F factor Abbreviation for fertility factor. A conditions. bacterial plasmid that confers the ability vi khuÈn kþ khÝ tuú nghi Sinh vËt sinh to function as a genetic donor in tr-ëng ®-îc d-íi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn hiÕu khÝ conjugation. See: Hfr. hoÆc kþ khÝ. nh©n tè F viÕt t¾t cña: fertility factor. FAD xem: dinucleotit adenin flavin. Plasmit vi khuÈn cã kh¶ n¨ng ho¹t ®éng nh- thÓ cho gen trong tiÕp hîp. xem: Hfr. false fruit qu¶ gi¶ xem: pseudocarp. false negative A negative assay result that F1 Abbreviation for filial generation 1. The initial hybrid generation resulting from a should have been positive. cross between two parents. See Fn. ©m tÝnh gi¶ KÕt qu¶ thö nghiÖm ©m tÝnh con lai F1 viÕt t¾t cho filial generation 1. mμ cÇn cã d-¬ng tÝnh. ThÕ hÖ lai ®Çu b¾t nguån tõ lai chÐo gi÷a false positive A positive assay result that hai cha mÑ. xem: Fn. should have been negative. F The second hybrid generation, 2 d-¬ng tÝnh gi¶ KÕt qu¶ thö nghiÖm d-¬ng produced either by intercrossing two F1 tÝnh mμ cÇn cã ©m tÝnh. individuals, or by self-fertilizing an F1 individual. See Fn. farm animal genetic resources Those animal species that are used, or may be thÕ hÖ lai F2 ThÕ hÖ lai thø hai, ®-îc s¶n sinh bëi lai chÐo hai c¸ thÓ F1, hoÆc mét used, for the production of food and c¸ thÓ F1 tù thô tinh. xem Fn. agriculture, and the populations within each of them. Within each species, these Fab A product of hydrolysis of an IgG antibody, consisting of the variable region populations can be classified as wild and with some of the constant region of a heavy feral populations, landraces and primary chain, and an entire light chain. Contains populations, standardized breeds, selected a single antigen-binding site. lines, and any conserved genetic material. tμi nguyªn di truyÒn ®éng vËt nu«i C¸c Fab S¶n phÈm thñy ph©n kh¸ng thÓ lg G, gåm cã vïng biÕn ®æi víi mét sè vïng æn loμi ®éng vËt ®ang sö dông, hoÆc cã thÓ ®Þnh cña chuçi nÆng, vμ mét chuçi nhÑ ®-îc sö dông, ®Ó s¶n xuÊt thùc phÈm vμ hoμn toμn. Chøa vÞ trÝ liªn kÕt kh¸ng n«ng nghiÖp, vμ c¸c quÇn thÓ trong mçi nguyªn ®¬n. loμi. Trong mçi mét loμi, c¸c quÇn thÓ nμy FACS Xem: fluorescence-activated cell cã thÓ ph©n thμnh quÇn thÓ hoang d· vμ sorting. d¹i, gièng truyÒn thèng vμ quÇn thÓ nguyªn thuû, gièng tiªu chuÈn, dßng chän läc, vμ factorial mating A mating scheme in which bÊt kú vËt liÖu di truyÒn ®-îc b¶o tån. each male parent is mated with each female parent. Made possible in animals farmers’ privilege Rights to hold by means of in vitro embryo production. germplasm, covered by plant variety Such a mating scheme substantially protection, as a seed source for reduces the rate of inbreeding in a subsequent seasons. Considered as selection programme. optional for governments to include in their legislation. Synonym: farmer-saved seed. farmers’ rights 106 ®Æc quyÒn cña n«ng d©n C¸c quyÒn lîi fed-batch fermentation Culture of cells gi÷ ph«i mÇm, bao gåm sù b¶o vÖ ®a d¹ng or micro-organisms where nutrients are thùc vËt, nh- lμ nguån h¹t gièng cho c¸c added periodically to the bioreactor. mïa kÕ tiÕp. §-îc xem xÐt khi lùa chän lªn men theo l« Nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo hoÆc sinh tuú theo c¸c quèc gia bao gåm trong luËt vËt n¬i c¸c chÊt dinh d-ìng ®-îc thªm vμo ph¸p cña hä.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: farmer-saved b×nh ph¶n øng theo ®Þnh kú. seed. feedback inhibition The process by which farmers’ rights Rights first recognized by the accumulated end product of a Resolution 5 of the 1989 FAO Conference biochemical pathway stops synthesis of as “rights arising from the past, present and that product. The effect is that a late future contributions of farmers in the metabolite of a synthetic pathway conservation, improvement and the regulates the synthesis of an earlier step making available of plant genetic of the pathway. See: end-product resources”; this item became an inhibition. attachment to the ‘International Undertaking on Plant Genetic øc chÕ ph¶n håi Qu¸ tr×nh ®Ó s¶n phÈm Resources’. The binding ‘International cuèi cïng ®-îc tÝch lòy cña ®-êng mßn Treaty of Plant Genetic Resources for hãa sinh lμm ngõng tæng hîp s¶n phÈm Food and Agriculture’ that resulted from ®ã. KÕt qu¶ lμ do chÊt chuyÓn hãa cuèi the renegotiations of the Undertaking cïng cña ®-êng mßn tæng hîp ®iÒu chØnh makes provision for the Farmers’ Rights sù tæng hîp b-íc ®Çu cña ®-êng mßn. in Article 9. Xem: end-product inhibition. quyÒn lîi cña n«ng ®©n C¸c quyÒn lîi fermentation The anaerobic breakdown ®-îc ghi nhËn ®Çu tiªn theo quyÕt ®Þnh sè of complex organic substances, especially 5 cña Héi nghÞ FAO 1989 nh- “QuyÒn lîi carbohydrates, by micro-organisms, xuÊt hiÖn tõ nh÷ng ®ãng gãp thuéc qu¸ yielding energy. Often misused to describe khø, hiÖn t¹i vμ t-¬ng lai cña n«ng d©n large-scale aerobic cell culture in trong b¶o tån, c¶i tiÕn vμ dù tr÷ tμi nguyªn specialized vessels (fermenters, di truyÒn thùc vËt”; ®iÒu nμy trë thμnh mét bioreactors) for secondary product phÇn cña b¶n ‘Cam kÕt Quèc tÕ vÒ Tμi synthesis. nguyªn Di truyÒn Thùc vËt’. Sù rμng buéc sù lªn men Sù ph©n huû yÕm khÝ c¸c chÊt ‘HiÖp -íc Quèc tÕ vÒ Tμi nguyªn Di truyÒn h÷u c¬ phøc t¹p, ®Æc biÖt c¸c hydrat Thùc vËt cho L-¬ng thùc vμ N«ng nghiÖp’ cacbon, do vi sinh vËt, gi¶i phãng n¨ng b¾t nguån tõ nh÷ng ®iÒu kho¶n cam kÕt l-îng. Lu«n ®-îc dïng sai ®Ó m« t¶ nu«i thùc hiÖn cung cÊp c¸c quyÒn lîi cña n«ng cÊy tÕ bμo h¶o khÝ quy m« lín trong bÓ d©n trong môc 9. chuyªn dông (fermenters, bioreactors) ®Ó fasccle bã xem: vascular bundle. tæng hîp s¶n phÈm thø cÊp. fermentation substrates Materials used Fc A product of hydrolysis of an IgG antibody, consisting of parts of the as food for growing micro-organisms. The constant regions of two heavy chains held fermentation substrates and the trace together by a disulphide bridge, but materials needed, together with chemicals excluding the antigen-binding regions, added to make the fermentation easier, and also excluding the light chains. form the culture medium. S¶n phÈm thñy ph©n kh¸ng thÓ lgG, bao chÊt nÒn lªn men C¸c nguyªn liÖu dïng gåm c¸c phÇn cña vïng æn ®Þnh cña hai lμm thøc ¨n cho vi sinh vËt sinh tr-ëng. chuçi nÆng kÕt chÆt víi nhau b»ng cÇu Nh÷ng vËt chÊt nÒn lªn men vμ nguyªn disulphid, nh-ng lo¹i trõ c¸c vïng liªn kÕt liÖu vÖt (rÊt nhá) cÇn thiÕt, cïng víi hãa kh¸ng nguyªn, vμ còng lo¹i trõ c¸c chuçi chÊt thªm vμo lμm cho lªn men dÔ h¬n, nhÑ. h×nh thμnh m«i tr-êng cÊy. fermenter 107 fermenter chÊt g¾n men xem: vËt (vÝ dô ph©n h÷u c¬), hoÆc chóng cã bioreactor. thÓ lμ tæng hîp (ph©n bãn nh©n t¹o). fertile Capable of breeding and fetus thai (nhi) xem: foetus. reproduction. Feulgen staining A histochemical stain by thô tinh Kh¶ n¨ng nh©n gièng vμ sinh s¶n. which the distribution of DNA in the fertility factor nh©n tè h÷u thô xem: F chromosomes of dividing cell nuclei can factor. be observed. ertilization The union of two gametes from nhuém mμu Feulgen ChÊt nhuém mμu opposite sexes to form a zygote. Typically, ho¸ häc m« bëi ®ã viÖc ph©n phèi DNA each gamete contains a haploid set of trong c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cña nh©n tÕ bμo chromosomes. Hence the zygotic nucleus ph©n chia cã thÓ quan s¸t ®-îc. contains a diploid set of chromosomes. FIA ViÕt t¾t cña fluorescence Several categories can be distinguished: immunoassay. 1. Self-fertilization (selfing): fusion of male fibril A microscopic to sub-microscopic and female gametes from the same cellulose thread that is part of the cellulose individual. 2. Cross-fertilization (crossing): matrix of plant cell walls. fusion of male and female gametes from sîi nhá Sîi xen-lu-l« nhá ë møc hiÓn vi different individuals. 3. Double fertilization; tíi møc d-íi hiÓn vi lμ phÇn khu«n xen-lu- restricted to flowering plants, in which the l« cña v¸ch tÕ bμo thùc vËt. fusion of one male gamete with the ovum occurs at about the same time as the fibroblasts Irregularly shaped, branching second male gamete nucleus fuses with cells distributed throughout vertebrate the female polar nuclei (or secondary connective tissue. A cell type which is nucleus) to form the endosperm. readily cultured in vitro. thô tinh KÕt hîp hai giao tö cã nguån gèc sîi nguyªn bμo C¸c tÕ bμo ph©n nh¸nh, tõ giíi tÝnh ng-îc nhau ®Ó h×nh thμnh mét ®Þnh d¹ng bÊt th-êng ph©n t¸n trong c¸c giao tö. §Æc ®iÓm, mçi giao tö cã chøa mét m« liªn hîp ®éng vËt cã x-¬ng sèng. Mét bé thÓ nhiÔm s¾c ®¬n béi. Bëi vËy h¹t nh©n kiÓu tÕ bμo ®-îc nu«i cÊy dÔ dμng trong hîp tö sÏ cã chøa mét bé thÓ nhiÔm s¾c èng nghiÖm. l-ìng béi. Mét sè lo¹i cã thÓ ®-îc ph©n fibrous root Root system in which both biÖt: 1. Tù thô tinh (tù phèi): dung hîp c¸c primary and lateral roots have phèi tö c¸i vμ ®ùc tõ cïng mét c¸ thÓ. 2. approximately equal diameters. Opposite: Thô tinh chÐo (lai chÐo): dung hîp c¸c phèi tap root. tö c¸i vμ ®ùc tõ c¸c c¸ thÓ kh¸c nhau. 3. rÔ chïm HÖ rÔ mμ c¶ rÔ chÝnh vμ rÔ bªn Thô tinh kÐp; giíi h¹n víi thùc vËt ra hoa, ®Òu cã ®-êng kÝnh xÊp xØ b»ng nhau. trong ®ã dung hîp cña mét giao tö ®ùc víi Ng-îc víi: tap root. no·n xuÊt hiÖn vμo kho¶ng cïng thêi gian field gene bank ng©n hμng gen ®ång nh©n giao tö ®ùc thø hai dung hîp víi nh©n ruång xem: gene bank (2). cùc gièng c¸i (hoÆc nh©n thø hai) h×nh thμnh néi nhò. filial generation thÕ hÖ ®Çu xem: F1, F2, Fn. fertilizer Any substance that is added to soil in order to increase its productivity. filter bioreactor A cell culture system, in Fertilizers can be of biological origin (e.g. which cells are grown on a fine mesh of composts), or they can be synthetic an inert material, which allows the culture (artificial fertilizer). medium to flow past it but retains the cells. This is similar in idea to membrane and ph©n bãn BÊt kú chÊt nμo ®-îc thªm vμo hollow fibre reactors, but can be much ®Êt víi môc ®Ých lμm t¨ng n¨ng suÊt. C¸c easier to set up, being similar to lo¹i ph©n bãn cã thÓ lμ nguyªn gèc sinh conventional tower bioreactors, but with filter sterilization 108 the mesh replacing the central reactor fitness The survival value and the space. Synonym: mesh bioreactor. reproductive capability of an individual, bÓ ph¶n øng sinh häc l-íi HÖ thèng nu«i compared to that of competitor individuals cÊy tÕ bμo, trong ®ã c¸c tÕ bμo sinh tr-ëng of the same or other species within a trªn mét l-íi nhá vËt liÖu mÞn, cho phÐp population or an environment. m«i tr-êng nu«i cÊy ch¶y qua vμ gi÷ l¹i tÕ thÝch hîp Gi¸ trÞ thÝch nghi vμ kh¶ n¨ng bμo. Nã gièng nh- mμng tÕ bμo vμ c¸c lß sinh s¶n cña mét c¸ thÓ, ®-îc so s¸nh víi ph¶n øng sîi rçng, nh-ng cã thÓ rÊt dÔ c¸c c¸ thÓ c¹nh tranh cña cïng loμi vμ thiÕt lËp, t-¬ng tù nh- lß ph¶n øng sinh kh¸c loμi trong mét quÇn thÓ hoÆc trong häc th¸p truyÒn thèng, Nh-ng cã m¾t l-íi cïng m«i tr-êng. thay thÕ kho¶ng trèng lß ph¶n øng trung fixation The situation in which only one t©m. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: mesh bioreactor. allele for a given gene/locus is present in filter sterilization Process of removing a population. This can occur as a result of microbial contaminants from a liquid by direct selection where the allele delivers a passing through a filter with pores too small greater level of fitness; because of indirect to allow the passage of micro-organisms selection, where the locus is linked to a and spores. gene that is subject to direct selection; or tiÖt trïng l-íi Qu¸ tr×nh lo¹i bá c¸c chÊt because of genetic drift. g©y « nhiÔm vi trïng tõ mét chÊt láng b»ng cè ®Þnh T×nh tr¹ng trong ®ã chØ mét alen viÖc chuyÓn qua mét bé läc víi nhiÒu lç ®Ó mét gen/ æ gen t¹o ra cã mÆt trong mét rÊt nhá cho phÐp c¸c vi sinh vËt vμ bμo tö quÇn thÓ. Cã thÓ xÈy ra lμ kÕt qu¶ cña chän chuyÓn qua. läc trùc tiÕp khi alen chuyÓn giao mét møc filtration 1. Separation of solids from thÝch hîp cao; v× chän läc gi¸n tiÕp, khi æ liquids by using a porous material that only gen ®-îc liªn kÕt víi mét gen tïy thuéc allows passage of the liquid or of solids vμo chän läc trùc tiÕp; hoÆc v× l¹c dßng di smaller than the pore size of the filter. The truyÒn. material passing the filter forms the filtrate. FLAG xem: affinity tag. 2. Removal of cell aggregates to obtain a flaming A technique for sterilizing filtrate of single cells that can be utilized instruments, to remove live micro- as plating inocula. organism contaminants. The instrument läc 1. T¸ch chÊt r¾n tõ chÊt láng do sö is dipped in alcohol, and the alcohol dông vËt liÖu xèp mμ chØ cho phÐp ®i qua remaining on the instrument is ignited, chÊt láng hoÆc c¸c chÊt r¾n nhá h¬n kÝch thereby heat-sterilizing the surface. th-íc lç läc. VËt chÊt qua läc thμnh n-íc khö nhiÖt Kü thuËt khö trïng dông cô, läc. 2. Lo¹i bá khèi tÕ bμo ®Ó thu n-íc läc lo¹i bá c¸c chÊt « nhiÔm vi sinh vËt sèng. tÕ bμo ®¬n mμ cã thÓ ®-îc dïng lμm chÊt Dông cô nhóng trong r-îu cån, vμ r-îu truyÒn bäc kim lo¹i. cån dÝnh l¹i trªn dông cô ®-îc ®èt ch¸y, fingerprinting in dÊu xem: DNA nhê ®ã khö trïng nhiÖt bÒ mÆt. fingerprinting. flanking region The DNA sequences FISH xem: fluorescence in situ extending either side of a specific hybridization. sequence. fission Asexual reproduction involving the vïng bªn s-ên C¸c tr×nh tù DNA tr¶i dμi division of a single-celled individual into two ra c¸c bªn cña mét tr×nh tù ®Æc biÖt. daughter single-celled individuals of flavin adenine dinucleotide approximately equal size. (Abbreviation: FAD). A co-enzyme ph©n h¹ch Sinh s¶n v« tÝnh kÐo theo ph©n important in various biochemical reactions. It comprises a phosphorylated vitamin B chia c¸ thÓ tÕ bμo ®¬n thμnh hai c¸ thÓ tÕ 2 bμo ®¬n con cã sè l-îng xÊp xØ b»ng nhau. (riboflavin) molecule linked to AMP, and flocculant 109 functions as a hydrogen acceptor in based on the use of fluorescence- dehydrogenation reactions. The reduced labelled antibody. form is oxidized back to FAD by the thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch huúnh quang (viÕt electron transport chain, generating two t¾t: FIA). Mét thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch dùa molecules of ATP per molecule of reduced vμo viÖc sö dông kh¸ng thÓ ®¸nh dÊu FADH. huúnh quang. flavin adenin dinucleotit (viÕt t¾t: FAD). fluorescence in situ hybridization Mét ®ång enzim quan träng trong nhiÒu (Abbreviation: FISH). Hybridization of ph¶n øng hãa sinh. Nã chøa mét ph©n tö cloned, fluorescently labelled DNA or RNA, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) phosphoryl ho¸ kÕt to intact biological materials, notably hîp víi AMP, vμ ho¹t ®éng nh- chÊt nhËn chromosome spreads and thin tissue hydr« trong c¸c ph¶n øng khö hy-®r«. sections. The technique allows the D¹ng biÕn ®æi ®-îc «xy hãa ng-îc l¹i cho visualization of the physical location of tíi FAD do mét d·y chuyÓn ®iÖn tö gi¶i nucleic acid sequences homologous to phãng hai ph©n tö ATP theo ph©n tö FADH the probe, and is used for the placement biÕn ®æi. of genes on chromosomes and for the flocculant A chemical agent that causes spatial and temporal pattern of gene small particles to aggregate (flocculate). expression of specific mRNA molecules. kÕt b«ng T¸c nh©n hãa häc g©y ra nh÷ng lai ph©n tö huúnh quang (viÕt t¾t: FISH). h¹t nhá kÕt vãn (b«ng,côm). Lai gièng DNA hoÆc RNA ®-îc t¹o dßng, floccule A micro-organism aggregate or d¸nh dÊu huúnh quang, víi nguyªn liÖu colloidal particle floating in or on a liquid. sinh vËt nguyªn vÑn, chó ý l-íi nhiÔm s¾c The cloudy appearance of micro- thÓ vμ líp m« máng. Kü thuËt nμy cho phÐp organism contaminated liquid media quan s¸t vÞ trÝ vËt lý tr×nh tù axit nucleic illustrates the flocculation phenomenon. t-¬ng ®ång víi ®Çu dß, vμ ®-îc dïng ®Ó xÕp ®Æt c¸c gen trªn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vμ ®Ó b«ng H¹t vi sinh vËt kÕt vãn hoÆc gom l¹i mÉu thêi gian vμ kh«ng gian biÓu thÞ gen næi trong hoÆc trªn bÒ mÆt chÊt láng. Sù cña c¸c ph©n tö RNA th«ng tin riªng biÖt. xuÊt hiÖn dμy ®Æc vi sinh vËt g©y « nhiÔm dung dÞch láng ph¶n ¸nh hiÖn t-îng kÕt fluorescence-activated cell sorting b«ng. (Abbreviation: FACS). A flow cytometry method in which targets (cells, individual flow cytometry Automated chromosomes etc.) are labelled with a measurements on large numbers of fluorescent dye, which is excited by a laser individual cells or other small biological beam. Differences in the fluorescence materials, made as the cells flow one by signal emitted are used as a criterion for one in a fluid stream past optical and/or sorting the material. A specific application electronic sensors. A similar approach may is in sperm sexing. be used for sorting cells - see fluorescence-activated cell sorting. ph©n lo¹i tÕ bμo kÝch ho¹t huúnh quang (viÕt t¾t: FACS). Mét ph-¬ng ph¸p luång luång cytometry C¸c phÐp ®o tù ®éng cytometry trong ®ã c¸c ®Ých (tÕ bμo, nhiÔm trªn sè lín tÕ bμo c¸ thÓ hoÆc nguyªn liÖu s¾c thÓ riªng lÎ v.v.,) ®¸nh dÊu víi thuèc sinh vËt nhá kh¸c, ®-îc thùc hiÖn khi c¸c nhuém huúnh quang, ®-îc kÝch ho¹t do tÕ bμo ch¶y theo nhau trong mét dßng chÊt mét chïm tia laze. Sù kh¸c nhau trong tÝn láng ®· qua c¶m øng quang häc vμ/ hoÆc hiÖu huúnh quang ph¸t ra ®-îc dïng lμm c¶m øng ®iÖn. Mét h-íng t-¬ng tù cã thÓ tiªu chuÈn ph©n lo¹i vËt chÊt. Mét øng dïng ®Ó ph©n lo¹i tÕ bμo, xem: dông ®Æc biÖt trong x¸c ®Þnh giíi tÝnh tinh fluorescence-activated cell sorting. dÞch. fluorescence immunoassay fluorescent probe A probe which is (Abbreviation: FIA). An immunoassay labelled with a fluorescent dye, so that the flush end 110 signal emitted can be captured by phÐp lμm dÎo trë l¹i t¹i nång ®é DNA thÊp. photometric methods. D-íi ®iÒu kiÖn nμy, tr×nh tù lÆp tù lμm dÎo ®Çu dß huúnh quang §Çu dß ®-îc ®¸nh ®Ó h×nh thμnh vïng sîi kÐp trong tõng sîi dÊu b»ng thuèc nhuém huúnh quang, ®Ó ph©n t¸ch cña ph©n tö gèc. tÝn hiÖu ph¸t ra cã thÓ nhËn ®-îc b»ng c¸c folded genome The condensed state of ph-¬ng ph¸p ®o s¸ng. the chromosomal DNA of a bacterium. The flush end kÕt thóc gän xem: blunt end. DNA is segregated into domains, and each domain is independently negatively flush-end cut c¾t kÕt thóc gän xem: supercoiled. blunt-end cut. hÖ gen gÊp Tr¹ng th¸i dμy ®Æc DNA nhiÔm F , F , F Subsequent hybrid generations, 1 2 n s¾c thÓ cña vi khuÈn. DNA ®-îc t¸ch riªng counting from the F . Thus, for example, 1 thμnh c¸c miÒn, vμ mçi miÒn ®-îc siªu F describes the progeny of the F , which 4 3 xo¾n tiªu cùc ®éc lËp. is the progeny of the F2 generation, where all progeny are derived from intercrossing follicle An enclosing cluster of cells that or self-fertilization. protects and nourishes a cell or structure within. Thus a follicle in the ovary contains ThÕ hÖ F , F , F Nh÷ng thÕ hÖ lai kÕ tiÕp, 1 2 n a developing egg cell, while a hair follicle ®-îc kÓ tõ F . Nh- vËy, vÝ dô F m« t¶ con 1 4 envelops the root of hair. cña F3, nã lμ ch¸u cña thÕ hÖ F2, khi tÊt c¶ con ch¸u ®Òu cã nguån gèc tõ lai chÐo nang Mét bao tÕ bμo ®ãng kÝn ®Ó b¶o vÖ kh¸c loμi hoÆc tù thô tinh. vμ nu«i d-ìng tÕ bμo hoÆc cÊu tróc bªn trong. Nh- vËy nang trong buång trøng foetus Pre-natal stage of a viviparous mang tÕ bμo trøng ph¸t triÓn, trong khi animal, between the embryonic stage and nang l«ng bao bäc rÔ t¬. birth. AlteRNAtive spelling: fetus. See: embryo. ollicle stimulating hormone (Abbreviation: FSH). A hormone, secreted thai nhi Giai ®o¹n tiÒn sinh cña ®éng vËt by the anterior pituitary gland in mammals, sinh con, gi÷a giai ®o¹n ph«i thai vμ sinh that stimulates the ripening of the në. xem: embryo. specialized structures in the ovary fog Fine particles of liquid suspended in (Graafian follicles) that produce ova in the air, such as of water in a fog chamber female mammals; and in males, the used for acclimatizing recent ex vitro formation of sperm in the testis. FSH is a transplants. See: mist propagation. major constituent of fertility drugs. s-¬ng H¹t mÞn chÊt láng ng-ng tô trong hãc m«n kÝch thÝch nang (viÕt t¾t: FSH). kh«ng khÝ, nh- lμ cña n-íc trong phßng Mét hooc-m«n, tiÕt ra bëi thïy tr-íc tuyÕn s-¬ng mï dïng ®Ó t¹o ra sù thÝch nghi yªn cña ®éng vËt cã vó, kÝch thÝch lμm chÝn trång chuyÓn ngoμi èng nghiÖm. xem: mist c¸c cÊu tróc chuyªn biÖt trong buång trøng propagation (Graafian follicles) ®Ó s¶n sinh no·n cña fold-back The structure of a double- ®éng vËt c¸i; vμ cña ®ùc, h×nh thμnh tinh stranded DNA molecule formed when a dÞch trong tinh hoμn. FSH lμ mét thμnh molecule containing an inverted repeat phÇn chÝnh cña c¸c lo¹i thuèc lμm thô tinh. sequence is denatured and then allowed food processing enzyme Enzyme used to re-anneal at low DNA concentrations. to control food texture, flavour, Under these conditions, the repeated appearance, or nutritional value. Amylases sequence self-anneals to form a double- break down complex polysaccharides to stranded region within each of the simpler sugars; proteases tenderize meat separated strands of the original molecule. proteins. A prominent target of food nÕp gÊp ng-îc CÊu tróc ph©n tö DNA sîi biotechnology is to develop novel food kÐp h×nh thμnh khi ph©n tö chøa tr×nh tù enzymes which can improve the quality of lÆp ®¶o ng-îc bÞ biÕn chÊt vμ sau ®ã cho processed foods. forced cloning 111 enzim xö lý thùc phÈm Enzim dïng ®iÒu toμn ng¨n nã tr¸nh ho¹t ®éng. khiÓn tû lÖ hçn hîp thùc phÈm, vÞ ngon, founder animal An organism that carries h×nh d¸ng, hoÆc gi¸ trÞ dinh d-ìng. a transgene in its germ line and can be Amylaza ph¸ vì phøc hîp polisacarit thμnh used in matings to establish a pure- ®-êng ®¬n; proteaza lμm mÒm protein thÞt. breeding transgenic line, or one that acts Môc ®Ých chÝnh cña ngμnh c«ng nghÖ sinh as a breeding stock for transgenic animals. häc thùc phÈm lμ ph¸t triÓn nh÷ng enzim ®éng vËt s¸ng lËp Sinh vËt mang mét gen thùc phÈm lý t-ëng cã thÓ c¶i thiÖn chÊt chuyÓn trong dßng ph«i vμ cã thÓ dïng l-îng thùc phÈm qua xö lý. trong nh÷ng kÕt ®«i ®Ó thiÕt lËp dßng forced cloning The insertion of foreign chuyÓn gen nh©n gièng thuÇn chñng, hoÆc DNA into a cloning vector in a mét dßng ®Ó t¸c ®éng lμm vèn g©y gièng predetermined orientation. cho c¸c ®éng vËt chuyÓn gen. t¹o dßng b¾t buéc Xen DNA ngo¹i vμo founder principle The possibility that a vect¬ t¸ch dßng theo h-íng x¸c ®Þnh tr-íc. new, isolated population, initiated by a foreign DNA Exogenous DNA that is small number of individuals taken from a incorporated into a host genome. parent population, may be genetically DNA ngo¹i DNA ngo¹i sinh ®-îc hîp nhÊt different from the parent population, vμo trong mét hÖ gen vËt chñ. because the founding individuals might not be typical of the parent population. See: formulation c«ng thøc ho¸ xem: genetic drift. medium formulation nguyªn t¾c s¸ng lËp Kh¶ n¨ng mμ mét forskolin A medicinal, diterpenoid, quÇn thÓ míi, ®-îc ph©n lËp, khëi ®Çu bëi compound exclusive to plant roots and mét sè Ýt c¸ thÓ lÊy ra tõ quÇn thÓ bè mÑ, used in the preparation of drugs for the nã cã thÓ kh¸c nhau vÒ di truyÒn tõ quÇn treatment of cardiomyopathy, glaucoma thÓ bè mÑ, v× nh÷ng c¸ thÓ s¸ng lËp cã thÓ and certain cancers. kh«ng tiªu biÓu cho quÇn thÓ bè mÑ. xem: forskolin Mét hîp chÊt thuèc, diterpenoid, genetic drift. dμnh riªng cho rÔ thùc vËt vμ dïng trong four-base cutter A type II restriction chÕ phÈm thuèc ®Ó ®iÒu trÞ bÖnh c¬ tim, endonuclease with a four-nucleotide bÖnh t¨ng huyÕt ¸p vμ mét sè bÖnh ung recognition site. Because any particular th- nhÊt ®Þnh. sequence of four bases occurs more fortify To add strengthening components frequently by chance than one of six bases, or beneficial ingredients to a nutrient four-base cutters cleave more frequently medium. than six-base cutters, and therefore cñng cè Gia cè c¸c thμnh phÇn trî gióp generate, on average, smaller restriction hoÆc thμnh phÇn cã lîi cho m«i tr-êng nu«i fragments. Synonyms: four-base-pair- cÊy. cutter, four-cutter. forward mutation A mutation from the c¾t bèn ba z¬ Mét endonucleaza giíi h¹n wild type to the mutant type. Opposite: kiÓu II víi vÞ trÝ ®o¸n nhËn bèn nuleotit. Bëi reverse mutation. v× bÊt kú tr×nh tù riªng cña bèn ba z¬ ®Òu ®ét biÕn thuËn §ét biÕn tõ kiÓu d¹i thμnh th-êng xÈy ra ngÉu nhiªn h¬n cña s¸u ba kiÓu ®ét biÕn. Ng-îc víi: reverse mutation. z¬, c¾t bèn ba z¬ ph©n c¾t nhiÒu lÇn h¬n s¸u ba z¬, vμ do vËy ph¸t sinh, theo b×nh fouling The coating or plugging (by qu©n, c¸c m¶nh vì giíi h¹n nhá h¬n. materials or micro-organisms) of Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: four-base-pair- equipment, thus preventing it from cutter, four-cutter. functioning properly. fractionation The separation in lμm nghÑt Phñ bäc hoÆc nót thiÕt bÞ (do components of a complex mixture of c¸c vËt liÖu hoÆc vi sinh vËt), do vËy hoμn molecules. fragment 112 ph©n ®o¹n Sù ph©n chia ra c¸c thμnh with the specimen. Synonym: lyophilize. phÇn cña hçn hîp ph©n tö phøc t¹p. kh« ®«ng l¹nh Lo¹i bá n-íc khi h¬i n-íc fragment Partial structure. See: tõ vËt liÖu lμm l¹nh d-íi ch©n kh«ng. Dïng restriction fragment. ®Ó ®o hμm l-îng n-íc vμ gi÷ g×n mÉu vËt, m¶nh CÊu tróc tõng phμn. xem: bμo tö riªng biÖt. Kh«ng gièng nh- sÊy kh«, restriction fragment. n-íc liªn kÕt gi÷ l¹i kÕt hîp víi mÉu. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: lyophilize. rameshift mutation A mutation that changes the reading frame of a DNA, fresh weight The weight, including the either by the insertion or the deletion of water content, of a specimen. Synonym: nucleotides. Because of the triplet nature wet weight. of codons, this occurs if the number of träng l-îng t-¬i Träng l-îng t-¬i, bao nucleotides involved is not a multiple of gåm hμm l-îng n-íc, cña mét mÉu.Tõ three. ®ång nghÜa: wet weight. ®ét biÕn dÞch khung §ét biÕn thay ®æi friable A term commonly used to describe khung ®äc DNA, do lång xen hoÆc xãa a crumb-like callus. In this state, the callus nuleotit. Do bé ba tù nhiªn cña côm m·, is easily dissected and readily dispersed nªn nã xÈy ra nÕu sè l-îng nuleotit kÐo into single cells or clumps of cells in theo kh«ng ph¶i béi sè cña ba. solution. free water The cellular water released into Bë, rêi ThuËt ng÷ phæ biÕn dïng ®Ó m« t¶ the intercellular spaces when tissue is m« sÑo gièng nh- vôn b¸nh mú. Trong frozen and thawed. Opposite: bound tr¹ng th¸i nμy, m« sÑo dÔ dμng t¸ch rêi vμ water. s½n sμng ph©n t¸n thμnh c¸c tÕ bμo ®¬n n-íc tù do N-íc tÕ bμo chuyÓn vμo trong hoÆc c¸c lïm tÕ bμo trong dung dÞch. c¸c khoang gian bμo khi m« lμm ®«ng l¹nh FSH xem: follicle stimulating hormone. vμ tan ra. Tõ tr¸i nghÜa: bound water. functional food A foodstuff that provides free-living conditions Natural or a health benefit beyond basic nutrition, greenhouse conditions experienced by demonstrating specific health or medical plantlets upon transfer from in vitro benefits, including the prevention and conditions to soil. Prior to transfer, nutrients treatment of disease. were supplied by the culture medium, but thùc phÈm chøc n¨ng Thùc phÈm lμm following transfer, plantlets must take up t¨ng lîi Ých søc kháe ngoμi dinh d-ìng c¬ nutrients from soil and synthesize their own b¶n, chØ ®Þnh søc kháe hoÆc lîi Ých y häc food supply. riªng biÖt, bao gåm phßng ngõa vμ ®iÒu trÞ ®iÒu kiÖn sèng tù do §iÒu kiÖn tù nhiªn bÖnh. hoÆc nhμ xanh ®-îc thùc nghiÖm theo c©y functional gene cloning t¹o dßng gen non khi chuyÓn tõ ®iÒu kiÖn èng nghiÖm chøc n¨ng xem: candidate-gene ra ®Êt. Tr-íc khi di chuyÓn, chÊt dinh strategy. d-ìng ®-îc cung cÊp do m«i tr-êng cÊy, nh-ng sau khi chuyÓn, nh÷ng c©y non cÇn unctional genomics The field of research, ph¶i lÊy chÊt dinh d-ìng tõ ®Êt vμ tæng that aims to determine patterns of gene hîp tù cung cÊp thøc ¨n. expression and interaction in the genome, based on the knowledge of extensive or freeze preservation b¶o tån ®«ng l¹nh complete genomic sequence of an xem: cryobiological preservation. organism. freeze-dry The removal of water as vapour hÖ gen chøc n¨ng Mét lÜnh vùc nghiªn from frozen material under vacuum. Used cøu, môc ®Ých x¸c ®Þnh c¸c mÉu biÓu thÞ to measure water content and to preserve gen vμ t-¬ng t¸c trong hÖ gen, dùa vμo samples, particularly spores. Unlike oven- kiÕn thøc tr×nh tù hÖ gen më réng hoÆc ®Çy drying, bound water remains associated ®ñ cña mét sinh vËt. fungicide 113 fungicide A chemical agent toxic to fungi. more than one function simultaneously; 2. thuèc diÖt nÊm Mét t¸c nh©n hãa häc ®éc An adverse effect or poor stability of one ®èi víi nÊm. part of the molecule may be offset by the properties of the other; and 3. One part of fungus (pl.: fungi) Multinucleate single- the molecule can act as a targeting celled or multicellular heterotrophic micro- mechanism for the active protein. See: organisms, including yeasts, moulds, and immunotoxin, fusion toxin. mushrooms. They live as parasites, symbionts, or saprophytes. Lacking any d-îc phÈm sinh häc dung hîp C¸c vascular tissues (unlike plants), their cell protein dung hîp cã nh÷ng thuéc tÝnh d-îc walls are made of chitin or other non- häc. Lîi thÕ cña chóng lμ: 1. C¸c ho¹t ®éng cellulose compounds. ®iÒu phèi trong mét ph©n tö, nghÜa lμ khi ph©n tö liªn kÕt víi ®Ých cña nã, cã thÓ nÊm (sè nhiÒu: fungi) C¸c vi sinh vËt dÞ ®ång thêi thùc hiÖn nhiÒu chøc n¨ng; 2. d-ìng ®a bμo hoÆc tÕ bμo ®¬n ®a nh©n, HiÖu øng ®èi lËp hoÆc kÐm æn ®Þnh cña bao gåm c¶ nÊm men, mèc vμ nÊm r¬m. mét phÇn ph©n tö cã thÓ ®-îc bï l¹i do Chóng sèng nh- c¸c loμi ký sinh, sinh vËt thuéc tÝnh cña phÇn tö kh¸c; vμ 3. Mét bé céng sinh, hoÆc thùc vËt ho¹i sinh. kh«ng phËn cña ph©n tö cã thÓ lμm c¬ chÕ chän cã m« m¹ch (kh«ng gièng thùc vËt), c¸c ®Ých cho protein ho¹t ®éng. Xem: v¸ch tÕ bμo cña chóng ®-îc lμm b»ng ki immunotoxin, fusion toxin. tin hoÆc c¸c hçn hîp kh«ng ph¶i lμ xen- lu-l«. fusion gene gen dung hîp xem: chimeric gene. Fusarium spp. A group of fungal pathogens of many economic crop fusion protein A polypeptide translated species, particularly cereals, where severe from a chimeric gene. The different genes infestation leads to losses in both grain are joined so that their coding sequences yield and quality. The latter can be a are in the same reading frame, and the particularly serious problem as many of resulting construct is transcribed and these fungi produce mycotoxins, some of translated as a single gene, producing a which are dangerous to both livestock and single protein. These are used for a human health (See: aflatoxin). Specific number of purposes, including: 1. To add strains are also employed on an industrial an affinity tag to a protein; 2. To produce scale to produce protein for human a protein with the combined characteristics consumption. of two natural proteins; 3. To produce a protein where two different activities are loμi Fusarium Mét nhãm t¸c nh©n g©y physically linked. See: fusion bÖnh nÊm h¹i nhiÒu loμi hoa mμu kinh tÕ, biopharmaceuticals. ®Æc biÖt c¸c gièng ngò cèc, khi bÞ huû ho¹i nghiªm träng dÉn tíi tæn thÊt c¶ n¨ng suÊt protein dung hîp Mét polyeptit dÞch m· vμ chÊt l-îng. Cuèi cïng cã thÓ lμ mét vÊn tõ mét gen qu¸i. C¸c gen kh¸c biÖt ®-îc ®Ò nghiªm träng ®Æc biÖt khi nhiÒu lo¹i nÊm tham gia do vËy tr×nh tù m· ho¸ cña chóng s¶n xuÊt c¸c ®éc tè nÊm, mét sè trong ®ã lμ trong cïng mét khung ®äc, vμ kÕt qu¶ g©y nguy hiÓm cho søc khoÎ c¶ con ng-êi cÊu tróc ®-îc phiªn m· vμ dÞch m· nh- vμ ®éng vËt (xem: aflatoxin). C¸c chñng mét gen ®¬n, s¶n xuÊt protein ®¬n. Chóng ®Æc biÖt còng ®-îc tuyÓn dïng trªn mét ®-îc sö dông v× mét sè môc ®Ých, bao gåm: quy m« c«ng nghiÖp ®Ó s¶n xuÊt protein 1. Thªm ®Çu ¸i lùc cho protein; 2. S¶n xuÊt cung cÊp cho con ng-êi. protein víi ®Æc tr-ng kÕt hîp cña hai protein tù nhiªn; 3. S¶n xuÊt protein khi fusion biopharmaceuticals Fusion hai ho¹t ®éng kh¸c nhau ®-îc liªn kÕt vËt proteins with pharmaceutical properties. chÊt. Xem: fusion biopharmaceuticals. Their advantages are: 1. Synergistic activities in one molecule, i.e. when the fusion toxin A fusion protein that consists molecule binds to its target, it can perform of a toxic protein domain plus a cell fusogenic agent 114 receptor binding domain. The latter kiÖm ®-îc c¸c m« khoÎ m¹nh kh¸c tr¸nh delivers the toxin directly to the target cell, khái ¶nh h-ëng cña ®éc tè. thus sparing other healthy tissues from the fusogenic agent Any chemical or virus, effect of the toxin. etc., that causes cells to fuse together. ®éc tè dung hîp Protein dung hîp gåm t¸c nh©n dung hîp BÊt kú mét chÊt hãa cã mét miÒn protein ®éc céng víi mét miÒn häc hoÆc virut, v.v., mμ g©y ra c¸c tÕ bμo kÕt nèi thÓ nhËn tÕ bμo. Cuèi cïng giao dung hîp víi nhau. ®éc tè trùc tiÕp tíi tÕ bμo ®Ých, do vËy tiÕt 115 gall A tumorous growth in plants. See: crown gall. môn c©y Sinh tr-ëng u b-íu trong thùc vËt. xem: crown gall. gamete A mature reproductive cell which is capable of fusing with a cell of similar origin but of opposite sex to form a zygote Gg from which a new organism can develop. Gametes normally have a haploid chromosome content. In animals, a gamete is a sperm or egg; in plants, it is pollen, spermatic nucleus, or ovum. G ViÕt t¾t cña guanine giao tö TÕ bμo sinh s¶n tr-ëng thμnh cã G cap The 5'-terminal methylated guanine kh¶ n¨ng dung hîp víi tÕ bμo cïng gèc nucleoside that is present on many nh-ng ng-îc giíi tÝnh ®Ó h×nh thμnh hîp eukaryotic mRNAs. It is joined to the tö mμ tõ ®ã sinh vËt míi cã thÓ ph¸t triÓn. mRNA, via a 5'?5' phosphodiester bond, C¸c giao tö b×nh th-êng mang nhiÔm s¾c after transcription. See: cap site. thÓ ®¬n béi. Trong ®éng vËt, giao tö lμ tinh trïng hoÆc trøng; trong thùc vËt, lμ phÊn mò G Nulceosit guanin methyl ho¸ mót 5' hoa, h¹t phÊn hoÆc no·n. cã mÆt trªn nhiÒu RNA th«ng tin nh©n chuÈn. §-îc nèi víi RNA th«ng tin, nhê gamete and embryo storage Storage of liªn kÕt phosphodiester 5'? 5', sau phiªn ova, sperm or fertilized embryos outside m·. Xem: cap site. their original source. Almost invariably this means cryopreservation. G protein Proteins found on the inner surface of the plasma membrane, which b¶o qu¶n giao tö vμ ph«i B¶o qu¶n bind to the guanine nucleotides, GTP and no·n, tinh trïng hoÆc c¸c ph«i ®· thô tinh GDP. They transmit signals from outside ngoμi nguån nguyªn b¶n cña chóng. HÇu the membrane, via trans-membrane (G- nh- kh«ng thay ®æi ph-¬ng ph¸p b¶o qu¶n protein-coupled) receptors, to adenylate ®«ng l¹nh nμy. cyclase, which catalyses the formation of gametic (phase) disequilibrium In the second messenger, cyclic AMP, inside relation to any two loci, the occurrence of the cell. haplotypes (gametes) at a frequency protein G Protein cã trªn bÒ mÆt phÝa trong other than that predicted from the product mμng chÊt nguyªn sinh, liªn kÕt víi c¸c of the respective allele frequencies. nuleotit guanin, GTP vμ GDP. Chóng Opposite: gametic (phase) equilibrium. truyÒn tÝn hiÖu tõ phÝa ngoμi mμng, qua mÊt c©n b»ng giao tö T-¬ng quan víi thÓ mang (ghÐp víi protein G), cho hai æ gen bÊt kú, biÕn cè cña thÓ ®¬n béi adenylate cyclase, ®Ó xóc t¸c h×nh thμnh (giao tö) t¹i mét tÇn sè thay v× ®iÒu ®-îc th«ng tin thø cÊp, AMP vßng, bªn trong tÕ dù ®o¸n tõ s¶n phÈm cña c¸c tÇn sè alen bμo t-¬ng øng. Ng-îc víi: gametic (phase) galactomannan A gum in which the equilibrium. structural chain is made up of D-mannose gametic (phase) equilibrium In relation units with 1?4 linkages. The ratio of to any two loci, the occurrence of galactose to mannose is 1:2. haplotypes (gametes) at a frequency Mét lo¹i nhùa trong ®ã chuçi cÊu tróc ®-îc equal to the product of the frequency of t¹o ra cña c¸c ®¬n vÞ D-mannose cã c¸c the two relevant alleles. For example, A liªn kÕt 1?4. Tû lÖ galactoza/ mannoza lμ and B are in gametic equilibrium if the 1:2. frequency of AiBi gametes equals the gametoclone 116 product of the frequencies of alleles Ai and will therefore have a single-stranded

B i. Opposite: gametic (phase) region. disequilibrium. qu·ng hë, lç trèng Mét khu vùc biÕn mÊt c©n b»ng giao tö T-¬ng quan víi æ gen trªn mét sîi cña DNA sîi kÐp. Bëi vËy DNA bÊt kú, biÕn cè cña thÓ ®¬n béi (giao tö) t¹i sÏ cã mét vïng kÕt sîi ®¬n. tÇn sè c©n b»ng víi s¶n phÈm cña tÇn sè gapped DNA A double-stranded DNA hai alen t-¬ng øng. VÝ dô, A vμ B lμ c©n molecule with one or more internal single- b»ng giao tö nÕu tÇn sè cña giao tö AiBi stranded regions. c©n b»ng víi s¶n phÈm cña tÇn sè c¸c alen DNA bÞ hë, gi¸n ®o¹n Ph©n tö DNA sîi Ai vμ Bi. ng-îc víi: gametic (phase) kÐp cã mét hoÆc nhiÒu vïng sîi ®¬n bªn disequilibrium. trong. gametoclone A plant regenerated from a gas transfer The rate at which gases are tissue culture originating from gametic transferred from gas into solution, an tissue. important parameter in fermentation nh©n dßng giao tö Thùc vËt t¸i sinh tõ systems because it controls the rate at mét nu«i cÊy m« cã nguån gèc tõ m« giao which the organism can metabolize. tö. Efficient gas transfer can be achieved in gametogenesis The process of the several ways, including the use of small formation of gametes. bubbles, from which gas dissolves faster ph¸t sinh giao tö Qu¸ tr×nh h×nh thμnh than from larger ones, due to their larger c¸c giao tö. surface area per unit of volume; or spreading the liquid out, for example in a gametophyte The phase of the plant life thin sheet, or in a thin permeable tube, as cycle that carries the gamete producing in hollow fibre bioreactor. organs. In flowering plants, the pollen di chuyÓn khÝ Tû lÖ mμ ë ®ã c¸c chÊt khÝ grain is the male gametophyte and the ®-îc chuyÓn vμo dung dÞch, mét tham sè embryo sac is the female gametophyte. quan träng trong hÖ thèng lªn men v× nã thÓ giao tö Giai ®o¹n cña chu tr×nh sèng ®iÒu khiÓn nhÞp ®é t¹i ®ã sinh vËt cã thÓ thùc vËt mang c¬ quan sinh s¶n giao tö. chuyÓn ho¸. HiÖu qu¶ di chuyÓn khÝ cã thÓ Trong thùc vËt ra hoa, h¹t phÊn lμ thÓ giao ®¹t ®-îc theo nhiÒu c¸ch, bao gåm sö tö ®ùc vμ tói ph«i lμ thÓ giao tö c¸i. dông bät nhá, tõ bät nhá khÝ hoμ tan nhanh gametophytic incompatibility A h¬n h¹t lín, v× diÖn tÝch bÒ mÆt lín h¬n phenomenon in plants, in which a pollen theo ®¬n vÞ thÓ tÝch; hoÆc ph¸t t¸n chÊt grain is genetically incapable of fertilizing láng ra ngoμi, vÝ dô trong tÊm l¸ máng, a particular egg, because both gametes hoÆc èng máng ngÊm qua ®-îc, nh- trong carry the identical allele at an b×nh ph¶n øng sinh häc sîi rçng. incompatibility locus (usually denoted S). gastrula An early animal embryo This is a mechanism for forcing consisting of two layers of cells; an crossfertilization. embryological stage following the blastula. kh«ng t-¬ng hîp giao tö HiÖn t-îng ph«i vÞ Ph«i thai ®éng vËt sím gåm cã thùc vËt, trong ®ã h¹t phÊn kh«ng cã kh¶ hai líp tÕ bμo; mét giai ®o¹n ph«i häc tiÕp n¨ng di truyÒn ®Ó thô tinh mét trøng riªng theo ph«i nang. biÖt, bëi v× c¶ hai giao tö ®Òu mang alen GC island A segment of double-stranded ®ång nhÊt t¹i mét æ gen kh«ng t-¬ng hîp DNA that is rich in GC base pairs. This type (th-êng biÓu thÞ S). §©y lμ mét c¬ chÕ b¾t of sequence is characteristic of eukaryotic buéc thô tinh chÐo. genomic regions with a high gene content. gap A missing section on one of the ®¶o GC Mét ®o¹n DNA sîi kÐp giμu cÆp strands of double-stranded DNA. The DNA ®«i ba z¬ GC. KiÓu tr×nh tù nμy lμ ®Æc tr-ng GDP 117 cña c¸c vïng hÖ gen nh©n chuÈn cã hμm GelriteTM The brand name of a l-îng gen cao. Pseudomonas-derived refined GDP viÕt t¾t cña guanosine 5 ‘ polysaccharide used as a gelling agent diphosphate. and agar substitute. TM gel A jelly-like solid, used widely as a matrix Gelrite Tªn nh·n hiÖu cña mét for the electrophoresis of polisacarit ®-îc tinh läc nguån gèc tõ macromolecules, for encapsulation, and Pseudomonas ®-îc dïng lμm t¸c nh©n t¹o to solidify media for cell cultures. gel vμ chÊt gi¶ th¹ch. chÊt gel ChÊt ®Æc gièng hÖt th¹ch, ®-îc GEM ViÕt t¾t cña genetically dïng phæ biÕn lμm khu«n ®óc ®Ó ®iÖn di engineered micro-organism. Xem: cña c¸c ph©n tö lín, ®Ó nang ho¸, vμ lμm genetically modified organism. ®Æc dung dÞch ®Ó nu«i cÊy m«. gene The unit of heredity transmitted from gel electrophoresis ®iÖn di trªn gen, generation to generation during sexual or xem: electrophoresis. asexual reproduction. More generally, the term is used in relation to the transmission gel filtration A method of protein or DNA and inheritance of particular identifiable purification, where differences in size are traits. The simplest gene consists a used to separate the components of a segment of nucleic acid that encodes an complex mixture. individual protein or RNA. läc gel Ph-¬ng ph¸p lμm s¹ch DNA hoÆc gen §¬n vÞ di truyÒn ®-îc truyÒn tõ thÕ hÖ protein, n¬i nh÷ng kh¸c biÖt vÒ kÝch th-íc nμy sang thÕ hÖ kh¸c trong qu¸ tr×nh sinh ®-îc sö dông ®Ó ph©n t¸ch thμnh phÇn s¶n v« tÝnh hoÆc h÷u tÝnh. Kh¸i qu¸t h¬n, cña hîp chÊt phøc t¹p. thuËt ng÷ ®-îc dïng trong mèi quan hÖ gelatin A glutinous, proteinaceous gelling víi sù truyÒn vμ di truyÒn c¸c tÝnh tr¹ng cã and solidifying agent. Gelatin is produced thÓ nhËn biÕt riªng biÖt. Gen ®¬n gi¶n nhÊt by the partial hydrolysis (via boiling) of gåm cã mét ®o¹n axit nucleic ®Ó m· hãa collagen, found in the connective tissues mét protein hoÆc RNA riªng biÖt. of many farm animals. Used to gel or gene (resources) conservation The solidify nutrient solutions for tissue culture, conservation of species, populations, and as a food additive. individuals or parts of individuals, by in situ gelatin Mét t¸c nh©n lμm ®Æc vμ dÝnh thuéc or ex situ methods, to provide a diversity protein vμ glutin. Gelatin ®-îc t¹o ra bëi of genetic materials for present and future thñy ph©n tõng phÇn (nhê ®un s«i) chÊt generations. t¹o keo, cã trong m« liªn hîp cña nhiÒu b¶o tån (tμi nguyªn) gen B¶o tån c¸c loμi, ®éng vËt n«ng nghiÖp. Th-êng dïng t¹o quÇn thÓ, c¸ thÓ hoÆc bé phËn cña c¸ thÓ, gel hoÆc lμm ®Æc dung dÞch dinh d-ìng b»ng c¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p ex situ hoÆc in situ, ®Ó nu«i cÊy m«, vμ lμm chÊt phô gia thùc ®Ó cung cÊp tÝnh ®a d¹ng vËt liÖu di truyÒn phÈm. cho thÕ hÖ hiÖn t¹i vμ t-¬ng lai. gelatinization The swelling of starch gene addition The addition of a functional when added to hot water. Hydrolysis copy of a gene to the genome of an causes the molecule to lose structure, and organism. technically gelatinization is not complete until there is no structure left at all. g¾n thªm gen G¾n thªm mét b¶n sao chøc n¨ng cña gen vμo hÖ gen sinh vËt. hãa keo Tinh bét tr-¬ng phång khi cho thªm n-íc nãng. Thñy ph©n g©y ra ph©n gene amplification The selective tö mÊt cÊu tróc, vμ ho¸ keo kü thuËt lμ production of multiple copies of one gene kh«ng hoμn chØnh cho ®Õn lóc kh«ng cã without a proportional increase in others. cÊu tróc rêi hoμn toμn. khuyÕch ®¹i gen, nh©n gen S¶n xuÊt chän läc c¸c b¶n sao ®a n¨ng mét gen mμ gene bank 118 kh«ng lμm t¨ng t-¬ng xøng trong c¸c gen construc. kh¸c. gene conversion A process, often gene bank 1. The physical location where associated with recombination, during collections of genetic material in the form which one allele is replicated at the of seeds, tissues or reproductive cells of expense of another, leading to non- plants or animals are stored. 2. Field gene Mendelian segregation ratios. bank: A facility established for the ex situ biÕn d¹ng gen Mét qu¸ tr×nh, th-êng kÕt storage and maintenance, using hîp víi t¸i tæ hîp, trong ®ã mét alen bÞ horticultural techniques, of individual xo¾n kh«ng cã lîi cho alen kh¸c, dÉn tíi tû plants. Used for species whose seeds are lÖ ph©n ly kh«ng theo kiÓu Mendel. recalcitrant, or for clonally propagated gene expression The process by which species of agricultural importance, e.g. a gene produces mRNA and protein, and apple varieties. 3. A collection of cloned hence exerts its effect on the phenotype DNA fragments from a single genome. of an organism. Ideally the bank should contain cloned representatives of all the DNA sequences biÓu thÞ gen Qu¸ tr×nh ®Ó s¶n xuÊt mRNA in the genome. 4. See: library. vμ protein, vμ do vËy sö dông ¶nh h-ëng cña nã trªn kiÓu h×nh cña sinh vËt. ng©n hμng gen 1. §Þnh vÞ vËt chÊt n¬i nh÷ng tËp hîp vËt liÖu gen trong d¹ng h¹t, gene flow The spread of genes from one m« hoÆc tÕ bμo sinh s¶n cña thùc vËt hoÆc breeding population to another (usually) ®éng vËt ®-îc b¶o qu¶n. 2. Ng©n hμng related population by migration, thereby gen ®ång ruéng: Mét ph-¬ng tiÖn dÔ dμng generating changes in allele frequency. ®-îc thiÕt lËp ®Ó b¶o qu¶n t¹i chç vμ duy dßng gen Lan réng gen tõ mét quÇn thÓ tr×, sö dông kü thuËt lμm v-ên, ®èi víi c¸c sinh s¶n nμy sang quÇn thÓ liªn quan c©y trång c¸ thÓ. Dïng cho c¸c loμi mμ (th«ng th-êng) kh¸c do di tró, do ®ã ph¸t h¹t cña chóng chÞu nãng Èm, hoÆc cho c¸c sinh thay ®æi tÇn sè alen. loμi sinh s¶n v« tÝnh quan träng cña n«ng gene frequency tÇn sè gen xem: allele nghiÖp, vÝ dô c¸c gièng t¸o. 3. TËp hîp frequency. c¸c ®o¹n DNA ®-îc t¹o dßng tõ hÖ gen gene gun sóng gen xem: biolistics. ®¬n. Ng©n hμng lý t-ëng cÇn ph¶i cã ®¹i diÖn cña tÊt c¶ c¸c tr×nh tù DNA trong hÖ gene imprinting The differential gen ®-îc t¹o dßng. 4. xem: library. expression of a single gene according to its parental origin. gene cloning The synthesis of multiple copies of a chosen DNA sequence using ®ãng dÊu gen BiÓu thÞ vi ph©n cña mét a bacterial cell or another organism as a gen ®¬n theo gèc cha mÑ cña nã. host. The gene of interest is inserted into gene insertion The incorporation of one a vector, and the resulting recombinant or more copies of a gene into a DNA molecule is amplified in an chromosome. appropriate host cell. Synonym: DNA chÌn gen, xen lång gen Sù hîp nhÊt cña cloning. mét hoÆc nhiÒu b¶n sao gen trong nhiÔm t¹o dßng gen, nh©n dßng gen, t¸ch s¾c thÓ. dßng gen Tæng hîp c¸c b¶n sao béi cña gene interaction The modification of the mét tr×nh tù DNA ®-îc chän cã sö dông tÕ action of one gene by another, non-allelic bμo vi khuÈn hoÆc sinh vËt kh¸c lμm vËt gene. chñ. Gen quan t©m ®-îc chÌn vμo mét t-¬ng t¸c gen BiÕn ®æi ho¹t ®éng cña mét vect¬, vμ ph©n tö DNA t¸i tæ hîp kÕt qu¶ gen do mét gen kh¸c, kh«ng thuéc alen. ®-îc khuyÕch ®¹i trong tÕ bμo vËt chñ thÝch hîp. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: DNA cloning. gene knockout lo¹i gen xem: knockout. gene construct cÊu tróc gen xem: gene library th- viÖn gen xem: library. gene linkage 119 gene linkage kÕt nèi gen xem: linkage. do t¸i tæ hîp ®ång hîp tö, do vËy thay thÕ gene machine m¸y gen xem: b¶n sao gen cã mÆt nguyªn t¹i æ gen. transposon tagging. gene sequencing lμm tr×nh tù gen xem: gene mapping lËp b¶n ®å gen xem: DNA sequencing. mapping. gene shears kÐo c¾t gen xem: ribozyme. gene modification Chemical change to a gene silencing bÊt ho¹t gen xem: gene’s DNA sequence. silencing. biÕn ®æi gen, söa ®æi gen BiÕn ®æi hãa gene splicing ghÐp gen xem: häc tr×nh tù DNA cña gen. splicing(1). gene pool 1. The sum of all genetic gene stacking chång gen xem: stacked information in a breeding population at a genes. given time. 2. In plant genetic resources, gene therapy The proposed treatment of use is made of the terms ‘primary’, an inherited disease by the ‘secondary’ and ‘tertiary’ gene pools. In transformation of an affected individual general, members of the primary gene pool with a wild-type copy of the defective gene are inter-fertile; those of the secondary can causing the disorder. In germ-line (or be crossed with those in the primary gene heritable) gene therapy, reproductive cells pool under special circumstances; but to are transformed; in somatic-cell (or non- introgress variation from the tertiary gene inheritable) gene therapy, cells other than pool, special techniques are required to reproductive ones are modified. achieve crossing. liÖu ph¸p gen §iÒu trÞ mét bÖnh di truyÒn vèn gen 1. Tæng sè toμn bé th«ng tin di ®Ò x-íng b»ng biÕn n¹p gen tõ c¸ thÓ bÞ truyÒn trong mét quÇn thÓ sinh s¶n t¹i mét nhiÔm mét sao chÐp kiÓu d¹i cña gen cã thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh. 2. Trong nguån gen sai sãt g©y ra rèi lo¹n. Trong liÖu ph¸p gen thùc vËt, th-êng ®-îc kÕt hîp víi c¸c thuËt dßng mÇm (hoÆc di truyÒn), c¸c tÕ bμo sinh ng÷ vèn gen ‘s¬ cÊp’, ‘thø cÊp’ vμ ‘bËc ba’. s¶n ®-îc biÕn n¹p; trong liÖu ph¸p gen tÕ Nãi chung, cña vèn gen s¬ cÊp lμ thô tinh bμo x«ma (hoÆc kh«ng di truyÒn), c¸c tÕ cïng loμi; thμnh viªn cña thø cÊp cã thÓ bμo thay v× lo¹i tÕ bμo sinh s¶n ®-îc söa lai chÐo víi thμnh viªn cã trong vèn gen ®æi. s¬ cÊp d-íi hoμn c¶nh ®Æc biÖt; nh-ng ®Ó gene tracking Following the inheritance b¾t ®Çu cã biÕn ®æi tõ vèn gen bËc ba, kü of a particular gene from generation to thuËt ®Æc biÖt ®-îc yªu cÇu ®Ó ®¹t lai chÐo. generation. gene probe ®Çu dß gen xem: probe. vÕt gen TiÕp theo di truyÒn cña mét gen gene recombination t¸i tæ hîp gen xem: riªng biÖt tõ thÕ hÖ nμy sang thÕ hÖ kh¸c. recombination. gene transfer chuyÓn gen xem: gene regulation The process of transformation. controlling the synthesis or suppression of gene translocation The movement of a gene products in specific cells or tissues. gene from one chromosomal location to ®iÒu chØnh gen Qu¸ tr×nh kiÓm tra tæng another. hîp hoÆc ng¨n chÆn c¸c s¶n phÈm gen chuyÓn vÞ gen ChuyÓn mét gen tõ mét vÞ trong c¸c tÕ bμo hoÆc m« riªng biÖt. trÝ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nμy sang vÞ trÝ kh¸c. gene replacement The incorporation of a genera Plural form of genus. transgene into a chromosome at its normal location by homologous nhiÒu gièng D¹ng sè nhiÒu cña gièng. recombination, thus replacing the copy of generally regarded as safe (Abbreviation: the gene originally present at the locus. GRAS). Designation given to foods, drugs, thay thÕ gen Hîp nhÊt mét gen chuyÓn and other materials with a long-term history vμo trong nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ë vÞ trÝ b×nh th-êng of not causing illness to humans, even generation time 120 though formal toxicity testing may not genetic code The correspondence been conducted. Certain host organisms between the set of 64 possible nucleotide for recombinant DNA experimentation triplets and the amino acids and stop have recently been given this status. codons that they specify. See annex 3. ®¸nh gi¸ an toμn chung (viÕt t¾t: GRAS). m· di truyÒn Sù phï hîp gi÷a tËp hîp 64 ChØ ®Þnh cho c¸c lo¹i thùc phÈm, thuèc, vμ bé ba nucleotide kh¶ n¨ng víi c¸c amino vËt liÖu kh¸c cã lÞch sö l©u dμi kh«ng g©y acid vμ ®¬n vÞ m· kÕt thóc mμ chóng ghi bÖnh cho nhiÒu ng-êi, dï r»ng qua phÐp râ. xem phô lôc 3. thö ®éc tè b×nh th-êng cã thÓ kh«ng ®-îc genetic complementation When two h-íng dÉn. C¸c sinh vËt chñ nhÊt ®Þnh ®Ó DNA molecules that are in the same cell thö nghiÖm DNA t¸i tæ hîp gÇn ®©y ®· t¹o together produce a function that neither ra t×nh tr¹ng nμy. DNA molecule can supply on its own. generation time tuæi thÕ hÖ xem: cell bæ trî gen Khi hai ph©n tö DNA trong cïng generation time. tÕ bμo cïng s¶n sinh mét chøc n¨ng mμ generative ph¸t sinh xem: germ line. kh«ng ph©n tö DNA nμo cã thÓ tù m×nh generative nucleus In many flowering cung cÊp. plants, shed pollen is two-celled (in others genetic disease A disease caused by an it is three-celled or has a variable number). abnormality in the genetic material, which Before pollen is shed, the male could be at the level of DNA sequence at gametophyte divides mitotically to give a a locus, or at the level of karyotype. generative and a vegetative nucleus. The Usually refers to inherited diseases, former is the progenitor of the sperm cells. although somatic mutations can also cause nh©n sinh s¶n Trong nhiÒu loμi thùc vËt disease without being inherited. ra hoa, phÊn hoa tung ra lμ hai tÕ bμo bÖnh di truyÒn BÖnh g©y ra do mét bÊt (trong nhiÒu loμi kh¸c nã lμ ba tÕ bμo hoÆc th-êng trong vËt liÖu di truyÒn, nã cã thÓ ë cã sè l-îng kh«ng æn ®Þnh). Tr-íc khi tung møc tr×nh tù DNA t¹i mét æ gen, hoÆc ë phÊn hoa, thÓ giao tö ®ùc ph©n chia møc kiÓu nh©n thùc. Th-êng liªn quan ®Õn nguyªn ph©n t¹o ra mét nh©n sinh s¶n vμ bÖnh di truyÒn, mÆc dï nh÷ng ®ét biÕn mét nh©n sinh d-ìng. ThÓ ®Çu lμ gèc cña x«ma cã thÓ còng g©y ra bÖnh nh-ng c¸c tÕ bμo tinh trïng. kh«ng di truyÒn. genet The individual(s) descended genetic distance A measure of the genetic vegetatively from a single sexually similarity between any pair of populations. produced zygote, including all entities This is measured on the basis of variation derived from it. All these individuals are in a combination of phenotypic traits, allele genetically identical to one another (barring frequencies or DNA sequences. For mutation). example, the genetic distance between two c©y ge nÐt, c©y cïng kiÓu gen Mét hoÆc populations having the same allele nhiÒu c¸ thÓ thõa h-ëng sinh d-ìng tõ hîp frequencies at a particular locus, and tö sinh s¶n giíi tÝnh ®¬n, bao gåm tÊt c¶ based solely on that locus, is zero. c¸c thùc thÓ b¾t nguån tõ nã. TÊt c¶ c¸c kho¶ng c¸ch gen Th-íc ®o sù t-¬ng tù c¸ thÓ nμy ®Òu lμ ®ång nhÊt di truyÒn víi gen gi÷a cÆp ®«i bÊt kú cña quÇn thÓ. §-îc nhau (®ét biÕn c¶n). ®o trªn c¬ së biÕn dÞ cña tæ hîp c¸c tÝnh genetic assimilation Eventual extinction tr¹ng kiÓu h×nh, tÇn sè alen hoÆc tr×nh tù of a natural species as massive gene flow DNA. VÝ dô, kho¶ng c¸ch gen gi÷a hai occurs from a related species. quÇn thÓ cã cïng tÇn sè alen t¹i æ gen riªng biÖt, vμ duy nhÊt ®ùa trªn æ gen nμy, lμ ®ång hãa gen Sù diÖt chñng cuèi cïng b»ng kh«ng. cña mét loμi tù nhiªn khi dßng gen m¶ng lín g©y ra tõ mét loμi liªn quan. genetic distancing The collection of the data on phenotypic traits, marker allele genetic diversity 121 frequencies or DNA sequences for two or mét nhãm sinh vËt néi phèi. more populations, and estimation of the genetic erosion The loss over time of genetic distances between each pair of allelic diversity, particularly in farmed populations. organisms, caused by either natural or x¸c ®Þnh kho¶ng c¸ch gen TËp hîp sè man-made processes. See: genetic drift. liÖu vÒ c¸c tÝnh tr¹ng kiÓu h×nh, tÇn sè alen xãi mßn gen MÊt thêi gian tÝnh cña ®a dÊu chuÈn hoÆc tr×nh tù DNA cña hai hoÆc d¹ng alen, ®Æc biÖt trong c¸c sinh vËt ®-îc nhiÒu quÇn thÓ, vμ -íc l-îng nh÷ng canh t¸c, g©y ra bëi qu¸ tr×nh tù nhiªn hoÆc kho¶ng c¸ch di truyÒn tõng cÆp quÇn thÓ. con ng-êi. xem: genetic drift. genetic diversity The heritable variation genetic fingerprinting in dÊu gen, dÊu within and among populations which is vÕt gen xem: DNA fingerprinting. created, enhanced or maintained by genetic gain The increase in productivity evolutionary or selective forces. achieved following a change in gene tÝnh ®a d¹ng di truyÒn BiÕn dÞ di truyÒn frequency effected by selection. bªn trong vμ gi÷a c¸c quÇn thÓ ®-îc t¹o lîi Ých di truyÒn T¨ng n¨ng suÊt ®¹t ®-îc ra, ®-îc t¨ng c-êng hoÆc duy tr× do tiÕn sau khi thay ®æi tÇn sè gen ¶nh h-ëng do hãa hoÆc chän läc b¾t buéc. chän läc. genetic drift Change in allele frequency genetic heterogeneity Occurs where the from one generation to another within a genetic determination of a given population, due to the sampling of finite phenotype differs between individuals. numbers of genes that is inevitable in all finite-sized populations. The smaller the kh«ng ®ång nhÊt gen XuÊt hiÖn n¬i x¸c population, the greater is the genetic drift, ®Þnh gen cña kiÓu h×nh t¹o ra kh¸c nhau with the result that some alleles are lost, gi÷a c¸c c¸ thÓ. and genetic diversity is reduced. Thus genetic immunization Delivery to a host minimization of genetic drift is an important organism of a cloned gene that encodes consideration for conservation of genetic an antigen. After the cloned gene is resources. expressed, it elicits an antibody response xu thÕ di truyÒn, l¹c dßng gen Thay ®æi that protects the organism from infection tÇn sè alen tõ thÕ hÖ nμy sang thÕ hÖ kh¸c by the relevant pathogen. trong mét quÇn thÓ, do lÊy mÉu sè l-îng miÔn dÞch gen, miÔn dÞch di truyÒn Giao h÷u h¹n c¸c gen lμ ®iÒu tÊt yÕu trong toμn chuyÓn gen nh©n dßng cho sinh vËt chñ bé quÇn thÓ sè l-îng mÉu h÷u h¹n. Sè ®Ó m· hãa kh¸ng nguyªn. Sau khi gen nhá h¬n quÇn thÓ, sè lín h¬n lμ xu thÕ di nh©n dßng biÓu thÞ, sÏ kh¬i mμo mét ph¶n truyÒn, víi kÕt qu¶ mét sè alen bÞ mÊt, vμ øng kh¸ng thÓ ®Ó b¶o vÖ sinh vËt tr¸nh tÝnh ®a d¹ng di truyÒn bÞ gi¶m. Do vËy tèi khái nhiÔm bÖnh do t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh liªn thiÓu ho¸ xu thÕ di truyÒn cÇn ®-îc coi quan. träng ®Ó b¶o tån tμi nguyªn di truyÒn. genetic information Information genetic engineering Modifying genotype, contained in a nucleotide base sequence and hence phenotype, by transgenesis. in chromosomal DNA or RNA. kü thuËt gen Söa ®æi kiÓu gen, vμ dÉn th«ng tin di truyÒn Th«ng tin chøa trong ®Õn kiÓu h×nh, do ph¸t sinh gen chuyÓn. tr×nh tù ba z¬ cña DNA hoÆc RNA nhiÔm genetic equilibrium The maintenance of s¾c thÓ . a steady state with respect to allele genetic linkage liªn kÕt gen xem: frequencies in a group of interbreeding linkage. organisms. genetic map The linear array of genes on c©n b»ng di truyÒn Duy tr× mét tr¹ng th¸i a chromosome, based on recombination c©n b»ng liªn quan víi tÇn sè alen trong frequencies (linkage map) or physical genetic mapping 122 location (physical or chromosomal map). species. Genetic selection usually results See: linkage map. in differential survival rates of the various b¶n ®å gen S¾p xÕp tuyÕn tÝnh gen trªn genotypes, reflecting many variables, nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, dùa vμo tÇn sè t¸i tæ hîp including the selection pressure and (b¶n ®å liªn kÕt) hoÆc vÞ trÝ vËt lý (b¶n ®å genetic variability present in populations. vËt chÊt hoÆc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ). Xem: linkage chän läc di truyÒn Qu¸ tr×nh lùa chän gen, map. tÕ bμo, dßng, v.v., trong quÇn thÓ, gi÷a c¸c genetic mapping lËp b¶n ®å gen xem: quÇn thÓ hoÆc c¸c loμi. Chän läc gen mapping. th-êng dÉn ®Õn tû sè sèng sãt cña nhiÒu kiÓu gen kh¸c nhau, ph¶n chiÕu nhiÒu genetic marker A DNA sequence used to biÕn, bao gåm søc Ðp chän läc vμ tÝnh biÕn identify a particular location (locus) on a dÞ di truyÒn cã mÆt trong quÇn thÓ. particular chromosome. See: marker gene. genetic transformation biÕn n¹p gen xem: transformation. dÊu chuÈn gen Tr×nh tù DNA sö dông ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh vÞ trÝ ®Æc biÖt (æ gen) trªn mét genetic use restriction technology nhiÔm s¾c thÓ riªng biÖt. Xem: marker (Abbreviation: GURT). A proposed gene technology applying transgenesis to genetically compromise the fertility or the genetic pollution Uncontrolled spread of performance of saved seed of a cultivar genetic information (frequently referring or of second generation animals. The to transgenes) into the genomes of intention is to protect the market for the organisms in which such genes are not seed producer or to prevent undesired present in nature. escape of genes. Two types of GURTs « nhiÔm gen Lan réng kh«ng kiÓm so¸t have been patented: variety-level GURT ®-îc th«ng tin di truyÒn (tÇn suÊt liªn quan (V-GURT), which produces sterile gen chuyÓn) trong c¸c hÖ gen cña sinh vËt progeny, and trait-specific GURT (T- mμ c¸c gen nh- vËy kh«ng cã mÆt trong GURT), in which only the added value tù nhiªn. transgenic trait is genetically protected. genetic polymorphism hiÖn t-îng ®a See: terminator gene, disrupter gene. h×nh gen xem: polymorphism. c«ng nghÖ h¹n chÕ sö dông gen (viÕt genetic relatedness A quantitative t¾t: GURT). Mét c«ng nghÖ ®-îc ®Ò x-íng estimate of the proportion of genes, ®, ¸p dông chuyÓn gen ®Ó tháa hiÖp di truyÒn shared between the genomes of any two trong thô tinh hoÆc thùc hiÖn cÊt gi÷ h¹t individuals, groups or populations, e.g. r = gièng c©y trång hoÆc ®éng vËt thÕ hÖ thø 0.5 for full siblings and parent offspring hai. Dù ®Þnh nμy sÏ b¶o vÖ thÞ tr-êng cho pairs. ng-êi s¶n xuÊt gièng hoÆc ng¨n ngõa sù quan hÖ cËn th©n gen Mét -íc tÝnh ®Þnh rØ tho¸t c¸c gen kh«ng mong muèn. Hai l-îng tØ lÖ c¸c gen, chØ ®óng, ®-îc chia sÎ kiÓu GURT ®· ®-îc cÊp b»ng s¸ng chÕ: gi÷a hÖ gen cña hai c¸ thÓ bÊt kú, c¸c GURT(V - GURT) møc loμi, s¶n sinh con nhãm hoÆc quÇn thÓ, vÝ dô r = 0.5 cho tÊt ch¸u v« trïng, vμ GURT (T-GURT) tÝnh c¶ c¸c anh em vμ c¸c cÆp con ch¸u cïng tr¹ng ®Æc biÖt, trong ®ã chØ tÝnh tr¹ng cha mÑ. chuyÓn gen gi¸ trÞ bæ sung ®-îc b¶o vÖ di truyÒn. xem: terminator gene, disrupter genetic resources genetic material of gene. actual or potential value. genetic variation Differences between tμi nguyªn gen VËt liÖu gen cã gi¸ trÞ individuals attributable to differences in thùc tÕ hoÆc tiÒm tμng. genotype. genetic selection The process of biÕn dÞ gen Sai kh¸c gi÷a c¸c c¸ thÓ cã selecting genes, cells, clones, etc., within thÓ quy tíi kh¸c nhau trong kiÓu gen. populations or between populations or genetically engineered organism 123 genetically engineered organism proteomics. (Abbreviation: GEO). Occasional genotype 1. The genetic constitution of an alteRNAtive term for genetically modified organism. 2. The allelic constitution at a organism. particular locus, e.g. Aa or aa. 3. The sum sinh vËt kü thuËt gen (viÕt t¾t: GEO). effect of all loci that contribute to the ThuËt ng÷ ®«i khi ®-îc thay thÕ cho sinh expression of a trait. vËt biÕn ®æi gen. kiÓu gen 1. CÊu tróc di truyÒn cña sinh genetically modified organism vËt. 2. CÊu tróc alen t¹i æ gen riªng biÖt, (Abbreviation: GMO). An organism that has thÝ dô Aa hoÆc aa. 3. HiÖu øng tæng sè cña been transformed by the insertion of one tÊt c¶ æ gen ®ãng gãp cho biÓu thÞ mét tÝnh or more transgenes. tr¹ng. sinh vËt biÕn ®æi gen (viÕt t¾t: GMO). genus (pl.: genera) A group of closely Sinh vËt ®· ®-îc biÕn n¹p do chÌn vμo related species, whose perceived mét hoÆc nhiÒu gen chuyÓn. relationship is typically based on physical genetics The science of heredity. resemblance, now often supplemented with DNA sequence data. di truyÒn häc Khoa häc vÒ di truyÒn. gièng (sè nhiÒu:genera) Nhãm c¸c loμi genome 1. The entire complement of cËn th©n, mèi quan hÖ nhËn biÕt ®-îc dùa genetic material (genes plus non-coding vμo møc ®é gièng nhau vËt chÊt ®iÓn h×nh, sequences) present in each cell of an hiÖn nay th-êng ®-îc phô thªm d÷ liÖu organism, virus or organelle. 2. The tr×nh tù DNA. complete set of chromosomes (hence of genes) inherited as a unit from one parent. GEO ViÕt t¾t cña genetically engineered organism. Xem: genetically modified hÖ gen 1. §Çy ®ñ toμn bé vËt liÖu di truyÒn organism (gen céng thªm tr×nh tù kh«ng m· ho¸) cã mÆt trong mçi tÕ bμo cña sinh vËt, virut geotropism A growth curvature induced hoÆc bμo quan. 2. Bé thÓ nhiÔm s¾c hoμn by gravity. Synonym: gravitropism. chØnh (do c¸c gen) ®-îc di truyÒn nh- mét tÝnh h-íng ®Þa Sinh tr-ëng cong g©y ra ®¬n vÞ tõ cha mÑ. do søc nÆng.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: gravitropism. genomic library A clone library germ 1.The botanical term for a plant specifically constructed from restriction embryo. 2. Colloquial: a disease-causing fragments of the genomic DNA of an micro-organism. organism. mÇm 1. thuËt ng÷ thùc vËt häc chØ ph«i th- viÖn hÖ gen Th- viÖn dßng v« tÝnh thùc vËt. 2. Th«ng tôc: vi sinh vËt g©y bÖnh. ®-îc x©y dùng riªng biÖt tõ c¸c ®o¹n giíi germ cell A member of a cell lineage (the h¹n DNA hÖ gen cña sinh vËt. germ line) leading to the production of genomics The research strategy that uses gametes. In mammals, germ cells are molecular characterization and cloning of found in the germinal epithelium of the whole genomes to understand the ovaries and testes. Synonym: germ line structure, function and evolution of genes cell. Opposite: somatic cell. and to answer fundamental biological tÕ bμo mÇm Thμnh viªn cña dßng hä tÕ questions. See: bio-informatics, bμo (dßng mÇm) dÉn ®Õn s¶n xuÊt c¸c giao functional genomics and proteomics. tö. Trong ®éng vËt cã vó, c¸c tÕ bμo mÇm hÖ gen häc ChiÕn l-îc nghiªn cøu sö dông ®-îc h×nh thμnh trong biÓu m« mÇm cña ®Æc tr-ng ph©n tö vμ t¹o dßng cña hÇu buång trøng vμ tinh hoμn. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: nh- toμn bé hÖ gen ®Ó hiÓu biÕt cÊu tróc, germ line cell. Ng-îc víi: somatic cell. chøc n¨ng vμ tiÕn hãa cña gen vμ tr¶ lêi germ cell gene therapy The repair or c¸c vÊn ®Ò sinh vËt c¬ b¶n. Xem: bio- replacement of a defective gene within the informatics, functional genomics and gamete-forming tissues, resulting in a germ layer 124 heritable change in an organism’s genetic pathogenic micro-organisms. constitution. diÖt mÇm bÖnh T¸c nh©n hãa häc dïng liÖu ph¸p gen tÕ bμo mÇm Söa ch÷a hoÆc ®Ó kiÓm tra hoÆc tiªu diÖt sinh vËt g©y bÖnh thay thÕ mét gen cã sai sãt cña m« h×nh vμ kh«ng g©y bÖnh . thμnh giao tö, kÕt qu¶ lμm thay ®æi di truyÒn germinal epithelium 1. A layer of epithelial trong cÊu tróc gen cña sinh vËt. cells on the surface of the ovary that are germ layer The layers of cells in an animal continuous with the mesothelium. 2. The embryo at the gastrula stage, from which layer of epithelial cells lining the the various organs of the animal’s body seminiferous tubules of the testis, which will be derived. gives rise to spermatogonia. See: líp mÇm Líp tÕ bμo cña ph«i ®éng vËt ë spermatogenesis. giai ®o¹n ph«i vÞ, tõ ®ã nhiÒu c¬ quan kh¸c biÓu m« mÇm 1. Líp tÕ bμo biÓu b× trªn nhau cña c¬ thÓ ®éng vËt sÏ ®-îc t¹o bÒ mÆt buång trøng mμ g¾n liÒn víi trung thμnh. biÓu m«. 2. Líp c¸c tÕ bμo biÓu b× xÕp germ line A lineage of cells which, during th¼ng theo èng sinh tinh cña tinh hoμn, sinh the development of an organism, are set ra tinh trïng. xem: spermatogenesis. aside as potential gamete-forming tissues. germination 1. The initial stages in the The location, nature and time of formation growth of a seed to form a seedling. 2. of potential gamete-forming tissues are The growth of spores (fungal or algal) and species specific, and may vary greatly from pollen grains. one species to another. See: somatic n¶y mÇm 1. C¸c giai ®o¹n ®Çu tiªn trong dßng mÇm, dßng ph«i Dßng tÕ bμo mμ, sinh tr-ëng cña h¹t gièng ®Ó h×nh thμnh trong qu¸ tr×nh ph¸t triÓn sinh vËt, ®-îc c©y mÇm. 2. Sinh tr-ëng cña bμo tö (nÊm ®Æt riªng nh- c¸c m« h×nh thμnh giao tö hoÆc t¶o) vμ nh÷ng h¹t phÊn. tiÒm tμng. Sù ®Þnh vÞ, b¶n chÊt vμ thêi gian germplasm 1. An individual, group of h×nh thμnh cña m« bμo h×nh thμnh giao tö individuals or a clone representing a tiÒm tμng lμ c¸c loμi riªng biÖt, vμ cã thÓ genotype, variety, species or culture, held thay ®æi lín tõ dßng nμy sang dßng kh¸c. in an in situ or ex situ collection. 2. Original xem: somatic meaning, now no longer in use: the genetic germ line cell tÕ bμo dßng mÇm xem: material that forms the physical basis of germ cell. inheritance and which is transmitted from germ line gene therapy The delivery of a one generation to the next by means of gene or genes to a fertilized egg or an early the germ cells embryonic cell. The transferred gene(s) is chÊt mÇm 1. C¸ thÓ, nhãm c¸ thÓ hoÆc present in all or some of the nuclei of the dßng ®¹i diÖn cho kiÓu gen, thø, loμi hoÆc cells of the mature individual, including nu«i cÊy, ®-îc gi÷ trong mét tËp hîp trong possibly the reproductive cells, and alters ph©n tö hoÆc ngoμi ph©n tö . 2. NghÜa ban the phenotype of the individual that ®Çu, b©y giê Ýt sö dông: vËt liÖu di truyÒn develops. mμ h×nh thμnh c¬ së vËt chÊt di truyÒn vμ liÖu ph¸p gen dßng mÇm ChuyÓn mét ®-îc truyÒn tõ thÕ hÖ nμy sang thÕ hÖ kh¸c gen hoÆc nhiÒu gen cho mét trøng thô tinh b»ng ph-¬ng tiÖn tÕ bμo mÇm hoÆc tÕ bμo ph«i sím. Gen chuyÓn cã mÆt gestation The period between conception trong tÊt c¶ hoÆc mét sè nh©n cña tÕ bμo (fertilization of the egg) to parturition c¸ thÓ tr-ëng thμnh, kh¶ n¨ng bao gåm (birth) spent in utero by the foetus of c¸c tÕ bμo sinh s¶n, vμ thay ®æi kiÓu h×nh viviparous animals. c¸ thÓ ph¸t triÓn. thai nghÐn, thai kú Thêi kú gi÷a cã mang germicide Any chemical agent used to (trøng thô tinh) tíi ®Î (sinh në) mang nÆng control or kill any pathogenic and non- trong thêi gian bμo thai cña GFP 125 ®éng vËt sinh con. vμ bao gåm c¸c globulin miÔn dÞch. GFP viÕt t¾t cña green fluorescent GLP ®-îc thùc hμnh thÝ nghiÖm viÕt t¾t protein. cña: good laboratory practice. GH viÕt t¾t cña growth hormone. glucocorticoid A steroid hormone that gibberellins A class of plant growth regulates gene expression in higher regulators which are active in the animals. elongation, enhancement of flower, fruit glucocorticoit Mét hãc m«n steriod ®iÒu and leaf size, germination, vernalization chØnh biÓu thÞ gen cña ®éng vËt bËc cao. and other physiological processes. glucose invertase An enzyme that gibberellin Mét líp chÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinh catalyses the hydrolysis of sucrose into tr-ëng thùc vËt ho¹t ®éng lμm kÐo dμi, its component monosaccharides, glucose n©ng cao kÝch cì hoa, qu¶ vμ l¸ c©y, n¶y and fructose. mÇm, xu©n hãa vμ c¸c qu¸ tr×nh sinh lý enzim ®-êng ph©n Enzim xóc t¸c thñy kh¸c. ph©n ®-êng kÐp thμnh c¸c ®-êng ®¬n, gland A specialized group of cells or a glucoza vμ fructoza. single cell in animals or plants that glucose isomerase An enzyme that secretes a specific substance. The two catalyses the interconversion of the two types of animal glands are: endocrine, sugars, glucose and fructose. As fructose which secrete directly into the blood is a lower energy compound compared vessels; and exocrine, which secrete with glucose, a mixture of glucose and through a duct or network of ducts into a fructose with the enzyme will end up almost body cavity or onto the body surface. entirely as fructose. h¹ch Nhãm tÕ bμo chuyªn dông hoÆc tÕ enzim ®ång ph©n ®-êng Enzim xóc t¸c bμo ®¬n trong ®éng vËt hoÆc thùc vËt tÝch sù chuyÓn ho¸ lÉn nhau cña hai ®-êng, tr÷ mét chÊt ®Æc biÖt. Hai kiÓu h¹ch ®éng glucoza vμ fructoza. V× fructoza lμ mét hîp vËt: néi tiÕt, ph©n tiÕt trùc tiÕp vμo trong chÊt n¨ng l-îng thÊp h¬n so víi glucoza, m¹ch m¸u; vμ ngo¹i tiÕt, ph©n tiÕt qua èng mét hçm hîp cña glucoza vμ fructoza víi hoÆc m¹ng l-íi èng vμo trong xoang c¬ enzim sÏ ®-îc kÕt thóc hÇu nh- hoμn toμn thÓ hoÆc trªn bÒ mÆt c¬ thÓ. lμ fructoza. glaucous A surface with a waxy, white glucosinolates A class of molecules coating. In most cases, this waxy covering produced in the seeds and green tissue can be rubbed off. of a range of plants, in particular brassicas. nh·n phÊn BÒ mÆt cã mμu vμng nh¹t, phñ Their natural role is thought to be involved phÊn tr¾ng. Trong hÇu hÕt tr-êng hîp, mμu in plant-insect interactions. Their vμng nh¹t bao phñ cã thÓ chμ x¸t bá. importance in plant breeding is largely globulins Common class of proteins in because of their negative influence on blood, eggs and milk, and seeds. taste and their positive effect on the Characterized by their slight solubility in prevention of cancers of the alimentary water but are freely soluble in dilute salt tract. solutions. Gamma- globulins are defined glucosinolate Mét líp ph©n tö sinh ra further by their electrophoretic behaviour, trong h¹t gièng vμ m« xanh cña mét lo¹i and include the immunoglobulins. c©y trång, trong c©y c¶i ®Æc biÖt. Vai trß tù globulin Líp chung c¸c protein trong m¸u, nhiªn cña chóng ®-îc nghÜ lμ tham gia vμo trøng vμ s÷a, vμ h¹t gièng. Cã ®Æc ®iÓm c¸c mèi t-¬ng t¸c s©u bä-thùc vËt. TÇm hoμ tan nhÑ trong n-íc nh-ng hoμ tan quan träng cña chóng trong nh©n gièng hoμn toμn trong c¸c dung dÞch muèi pha thùc vËt rÊt lín v× ¶nh h-ëng ©m tÝnh trªn lo·ng. C¸c Gamma-globulin ®-îc ®Þnh vÞ gi¸c vμ kÕt qu¶ d-¬ng tÝnh cña chóng nghÜa cô thÓ h¬n b»ng ph¶n øng ®iÖn di, lμm ng¨n ngõa ung th- èng tiªu hãa. glucuronidase 126 glucuronidase xem: bªta- thμnh phÇn. C¸c glycoform x¸c ®Þnh cã thÓ glucuronidase. biÓu thÞ ho¹t tÝnh sinh häc kh¸c nhau bëi v× gluten A mixture of two seed storage c¸c ®¬n vÞ oligosacarit trung gian t-¬ng t¸c protein classes, gliadin and glutenin, víi c¸c thμnh phÇn tÕ bμo kh¸c. found in the endosperm of cereal glycolysis The sequence of reactions that (particularly wheat) grain. High levels of converts glucose into pyruvate, with the gluten impart elasticity to dough, and thus concomitant production of ATP. the composition of wheat glutens largely ph©n hñy ®-êng T×nh tù ph¶n øng ®Ó determines whether a specific flour is chuyÓn ®æi glucoza thμnh pyruvate, cã suitable for biscuit or bread making. s¶m phÈm ®i kÌm ATP. Sensitivity of the lining of the intestine to glycoprotein A protein molecule modified gluten in some humans results in coeliac by the addition of one or several disease, a condition that requires a gluten- oligosaccharide groups. free diet. Mét ph©n tö protein biÕn ®æi do thªm mét nhùa g¹o Hçn hîp hai líp protein dù tr÷ hoÆc vμi nhãm oligosacarit. h¹t, prolamin vμ glutenin, cã trong néi ph«i nhò h¹t ngò cèc (®Æc biÖt lμ lóa m×). C¸c glycoprotein remodelling The use of møc cao cña nhùa g¹o ¶nh h-ëng ®é dÎo, restriction endoglycosidases to vμ do vËy thμnh phÇn nhùa g¹o lóa m× x¸c enzymatically remove oligosaccharide ®Þnh chung r»ng cã hay kh«ng mét loai bét branches from glycoprotein molecules. riªng biÖt thÝch hîp ®Ó lμm b¸nh quy hoÆc Removal of one or more oligosaccharide b¸nh m×. TÝnh nh¹y c¶m cña líp mμng branches can lessen or abolish the nhÇy trong ruét víi nhùa g¹o cña nhiÒu antigenicity of the glycoprotein, so ng-êi g©y ra bÖnh Øa ch¶y, mét ®iÒu kiÖn allowing its injection for pharmaceutical yªu cÇu ¨n kiªng kh«ng cã nhùa g¹o. purposes without incurring an unwanted immune response. See: glycoform. glycoalkaloids A group of modified alkaloids, including solanine and tomatine, canh t©n glycoprotein Sö dông c¸c having a range of toxic effects in humans endoglycosidase giíi h¹n ®Ó chuyÓn dÞch and other species. They are of particular enzim c¸c nh¸nh oligosacarit cña ph©n tö significance in food plants from the glicoprotein. Lo¹i bá mét hoÆc nhiÒu nh¸nh Solanaceae. oligosacarit cã thÓ lμm nhá hoÆc mÊt tÝnh kh¸ng nguyªn cña glicoprotein, nh- vËy glycoalkaloit Mét nhãm alkaloid biÕn ®æi, cho phÐp truyÒn môc ®Ých d-îc häc kh«ng bao gåm solanine vμ tomatin, cã mét lo¹t ph¶i chÞu mét ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch kh«ng hiÖu øng ®éc trong c¬ thÓ con ng-êi vμ mong muèn. xem: glycoform. c¸c loμi kh¸c. Chóng cã ý nghÜa ®Æc biÖt trong c¸c c©y thùc phÈm cña loμi glycosylation The covalent addition of Solanaceae. sugar or sugar-related molecules to other classes of molecule, including proteins or glycoform One of several structures nucleic acids. possible for a given glycoprotein, determined by the type and position of tæng hîp ho¸ ®-êng G¾n thªm ®ång hãa attachment of the component trÞ ph©n tö ®-êng hoÆc liªn quan ®-êng oligosaccharide(s). Certain glycoforms cho c¸c líp ph©n tö kh¸c, bao gåm c¸c may exhibit different biological activities protein hoÆc axit nucleic. from one another because the glyphosate An active ingredient in some oligosaccharide units mediate interactions herbicides, killing plants by inhibiting the with other cell components. activity of plant enolpyruvyl-shikimate 3- d¹ng ®-êng Mét trong sè cÊu tróc cã kh¶ phosphate synthase. n¨ng t¹o ra glycoprotein, x¸c ®Þnh b»ng gliphosat Thμnh phÇn ho¹t ®éng trong kiÓu vμ vÞ trÝ ®Ýnh kÌm cña oligosaccharide mét sè thuèc diÖt cá, lμm chÕt c©y bëi ng¨n glyphosate oxidase 127 chÆn ho¹t ®éng enolpyruvyl-shikimat 3- cã chøa trªn mét thμnh phÇn tèi thiÓu hîp phosphat synthaza thùc vËt. ph¸p nhÊt ®Þnh cña nguyªn liÖu t-¬i sèng glyphosate oxidase An enzyme which thu ®-îc tõ sinh vËt biÕn ®æi gen. catalyses the break-down of glyphosate, GMO viÕt t¾t cña genetically modified discovered in a strain of Pseudomonas organism. bacteria which were found to produce GMP viÕt t¾t cña 1. guanosine 5 ‘- unusually large amounts of the enzyme. monophosphate. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: The gene responsible has been guanylic acid. 2. good manufacturing incorporated into a variety of crop plants practice. to enable them to tolerate applications of gobar khÝ sinh häc xem: biogas. glyphosate-containing herbicides. It has also been used in conjunction with the CP4 golden rice A biotechnology-derived rice, EPSPS gene. which contains large amounts of beta carotene (a precursor of vitamin A) in its glyphosate oxidaza Mét lo¹ienzim xóc seeds. Achieved by inserting two genes t¸c ph©n huû glyphosate, ®-îc ph¸t hiÖn from daffodil and one from the bacterium trong nßi vi khuÈn Pseudomonas ®-îc t×m Erwinia uredovora. kiÕm ®Ó s¶n xuÊt sè l-îng enzim lín kh¸c th-êng. Gen chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm hîp nhÊt g¹o vμng Mét lo¹i g¹o cã nguån gèc c«ng vμo trong mét chñng c©y trång ®Ó cho phÐp nghÖ sinh häc, chøa sè l-îng lín bªta ca- chóng chÞu ®ùng khi ¸p dông thuèc diÖt cá ro-tin (tiÒn chÊt vitamin A) trong h¹t. §¹t cã chøa glyphosate. Cßn ®-îc sö dông ®-îc do chÌn hai gen tõ c©y thuû tiªn hoa phèi hîp víi gen CP4 EPSPS. vμng mét tõ vi khuÈn Erwinia uredovora. glyphosate oxidoreductase An enzyme Golgi apparatus An assembly of vesicles from the micro-organism Ochrobactrum and folded membranes within the anthropi, which catalyses the break-down cytoplasm of plant and animal cells that of glyphosate. If the encoding gene stores and transports secretory products (called goxv247) is inserted and properly (such as enzymes and hormones) and expressed in a plant, these plants become plays a role in formation of a cell wall tolerant of the application of glyphosate- (when this is present). and/or sulfosate-containing herbicides. An bé m¸y Golgi HÖ thèng môn n-íc vμ alteRNAtive to CP4 EPSPS or glyphosate mμng gÊp trong tÕ bμo chÊt cña tÕ bμo oxidase encoded glyphosate tolerance. thùc vËt vμ ®éng vËt mμ cÊt gi÷ vμ vËn glyphosate oxidoreductaza Enzim chuyÓn c¸c s¶n phÈm ph©n tiÕt (nh- enzim nguån gèc vi sinh vËt Ochrobactrum vμ hãc-m«n) vμ ®ãng vai trß ®Ó h×nh thμnh anthropi, xóc t¸c ph©n huû glyphosate. thμnh tÕ bμo (khi nã cã mÆt). NÕu gen m· hãa (tªn lμ goxv 247) ®-îc gonad One of the (usually paired) animal chÌn vμ biÓu thÞ tÝnh chÊt trong c©y trång, organs that produce reproductive cells c¸c c©y trång nμy trë nªn chÞu ®-îc viÖc (gametes). The most important gonads are ¸p dông thuèc diÖt cá cã chøa glyphosate- the male testis, which produces vμ/ hoÆc sulfosate. Mét thay thÕ cho CP4 spermatozoa, and the female ovary, which EPSPS hoÆc glyphosate oxidase m· ho¸ produces ova (egg cells). The gonads also tÝnh chÞu ®-îc glyphosate. produce hormones that control secondary GM food Abbreviation for genetically sexual characteristics. modified food. Food that contains above a tuyÕn sinh dôc Mét trong nh÷ng c¬ quan certain legal minimum content of raw ®éng vËt (th«ng th-êng cÆp ®«i) ®Ó s¶n material obtained from genetically xuÊt tÕ bμo sinh s¶n (c¸c giao tö). Nh÷ng modified organisms. tuyÕn sinh dôc quan träng nhÊt lμ tinh hoμn thùc phÈm biÕn ®æi gen viÕt t¾t cña gièng ®ùc, s¶n sinh tinh trïng, vμ buång genetically modified food. Thùc phÈm mμ trøng gièng c¸i, s¶n sinh no·n (c¸c tÕ bμo good laboratory practice 128 trøng). C¸c tuyÕn sinh dôc nμy còng s¶n thÓ qu¸i ghÐp Thùc vËt lμ mét thÓ kh¶m sinh hooc-m«n ®iÒu khiÓn ®Æc tr-ng tÝnh cña hai kiÓu m« kh¸c biÖt cÊu tróc di truyÒn dôc thø cÊp. vμ ®-îc gi¶ thiÕt ®· xuÊt hiÖn kÕt qu¶ dung good laboratory practice (Abbreviation: hîp nh©n sau ghÐp. xem: graft hybrid. GLP). Written codes of practice designed graft hybrid An individual formed from to reduce to a minimum the chance of graft (2) and stock showing the procedural or instrument problems which characteristics of both progenitors. See: could adversely affect a research project graft chimera. or other laboratory work. vËt lai ghÐp C¸ thÓ h×nh thμnh tõ m¶nh ®-îc thùc hμnh thÝ nghiÖm (viÕt t¾t: ghÐp (2) vμ gèc ghÐp chØ ra ®Æc tr-ng cña GLP). C¸c m· sè thùc hμnh ®-îc viÕt chØ c¶ hai dßng bè mÑ. xem: graft chimera. ®Þnh gi¶m ®Õn møc tèi thiÓu c¬ héi cña c¸c graft inoculation test A test based on the vÊn ®Ò thñ tôc hoÆc dông cô mμ cã thÓ use of a suspected viral carrier which is lμm ¶nh h-ëng kh«ng thuËn lîi ®Õn mét grafted to an indicator plant. If symptoms ®Ò ¸n nghiªn cøu hoÆc c«ng viÖc phßng appear in the indicator plant, the viral thÝ nghiÖm kh¸c. assay is positive. good manufacturing practice phÐp thö tiªm ghÐp Thö nghiÖm dùa vμo (Abbreviation: GMP). Codes of practice viÖc sö dông mét thÓ mang virut cßn nghi designed to reduce to a minimum the ngê ®Ó ghÐp cho c©y chØ thÞ. NÕu nh÷ng chance of procedural or instrument/ triÖu chøng xuÊt hiÖn trong c©y chØ thÞ, thö manufacturing plant problems which could nghiÖm virut lμ d-¬ng tÝnh. adversely affect a manufactured product. graft union The point at which a scion ®-îc thùc hμnh s¶n xuÊt (viÕt t¾t: GMP). from one plant is joined to a rootstock C¸c m· sè thùc hμnh chØ ®inh ®Ó gi¶m tíi from another plant. møc tèi thiÓu c¬ héi cña nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò thñ nèi ghÐp §iÓm mμ t¹i ®ã cã mét chåi tõ tôc hoÆc dông cô / thao t¸c thùc vËt mμ cã mét c©y ®-îc nèi tiÕp víi mét gèc ghÐp tõ thÓ ¶nh h-ëng kh«ng thuËn lîi ®Õn s¶n c©y kh¸c. phÈm xÝ nghiÖp. grafting The process of making a graft G-protein coupled receptor thÓ nhËn (1). ghÐp ®«i proteinG xem: G protein. cÊy ghÐp Qu¸ tr×nh t¹o ra mét chåi ghÐp graft 1. Verb. To place a detached branch (1). or bud (scion) in close cambial contact with a rooted stem (rootstock) in such a graft-versus-host disease The rejection manner that scion and rootstock unite to of transplanted organs by the recipient’s form a single plant. 2. Noun. Colloquial immune system, due to attack of the synonym for scion. See: grafting, graft recipient’s T lymphocytes on the chimera, graft hybrid. transplanted organ caused by differences in major histocompatibility complex ghÐp 1. §éng tõ. §Æt mét nh¸nh riªng biÖt proteins. hoÆc mÇm (chåi) vμo t-îng tÇng tiÕp xóc chÆt chÏ víi th©n c©y ®· bÐn rÔ (gèc ghÐp) bÖnh vËt chñ kh¸ng ghÐp Th¶i bá c¸c theo c¸ch nh- vËy ®Ó cho chåi vμ gèc ghÐp c¬ quan cÊy chuyÓn do hÖ thèng miÔn dÞch hîp nhÊt h×nh thμnh c©y ®¬n. 2. Danh tõ. cña thÓ nhËn, do sù tÊn c«ng cña lympho Th«ng tôc ®ång nghÜa víi chåi. xem: bμo T thÓ nhËn trªn c¬ quan cÊy chuyÓn grafting, graft chimera, graft hybrid. g©y ra bëi sù kh¸c nhau cña c¸c protein phøc hÖ t-¬ng hîp m« chÝnh. graft chimera A plant which is a mosaic of two sorts of tissue differing in genetic Gram staining A technique to distinguish constitution and assumed to have arisen between two major bacterial groups, based as the result of a nuclear fusion following on whether or not their cell wall retains the grafting. See: graft hybrid. Gram stain. Gram-positive bacteria are granum 129 stained dark purple, while Gram-negative ph¬i ra ¸nh s¸ng cùc tÝm. Gen m· hãa cña bacteria are only faintly coloured. Stain nã ®-îc ph©n lËp vμ ®ang thay thÕ GUS retention is determined by the structure of lμm gen chØ huy trong chuyÓn gen thùc vËt, the cell wall. do cã thÓ ®-îc thö nghiÖm kh«ng bÞ ph¸ nhuém Gram Kü thuËt ®Ó ph©n biÖt gi÷a huû trong thêi gian thùc hiÖn. hai nhãm vi khuÈn chÝnh, dùa vμo n¬i mμ green revolution Name given to the v¸ch tÕ bμo cña chóng duy tr× nhuém hoÆc dramatic increase in crop productivity kh«ng nhuém mμu Gram. Vi khuÈn gram during the third quarter of the 20th century, d-¬ng ®-îc nhuém mμu sÉm ®á tÝa, trong as a result of integrated advances in khi vi khuÈn gram ©m chØ nhuém mμu nh¹t. genetics and plant breeding, agronomy, Duy tr× vÕt nhuém ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh do cÊu and pest and disease control. tróc v¸ch tÕ bμo. c¸ch m¹ng xanh Tªn gäi nªu ra cïng víi granum (pl.: grana) Structure within the sù t¨ng ®Çy Ên t-îng cña n¨ng suÊt c©y chloroplasts, appear as green granules trång trong nh÷ng n¨m 70 cña thÕ kû thø with the light microscope and as a series 20, lμ kÕt qu¶ cña nhiÒu tiÕn bé tÝch hîp of parallel lamellae with the electron trong di truyÒn häc vμ nh©n gièng thùc vËt, microscope. They contain the chlorophyll n«ng häc, vμ kiÓm tra s©u vμ bÖnh h¹i. and carotenoid pigments directly involved Gro-lux· A wide-spectrum fluorescent in photosynthesis. lamp suitable for artificial light for plant h¹t t¹p s¾c (sè nhiÒu: grana) CÊu tróc growth. trong diÖp lôc, xuÊt hiÖn nh- h¹t nhá xanh Gro-lux· §Ìn huúnh quang quang phæ lôc d-íi kÝnh hiÓn vi quang häc vμ nh- líp réng thÝch hîp ®Ó chiÕu s¸ng nh©n t¹o cho phiÕn máng song song d-íi kÝnh hiÓn vi sinh tr-ëng thùc vËt. ®iÖn tö. Chóng chøa nh÷ng chÊt mμu diÖp growth cabinet An enclosed space in lôc vμ vμng caroten ®-îc t¹o thμnh trùc which environmental conditions can be tiÕp trong quang hîp. controlled. The degree of control over GRAS viÕt t¾t cña generally regarded as temperature, light and humidity is a safe function of the quality of the cabinet. gratuitous inducer A substance that can buång t¨ng tr-ëng Kho¶ng trèng kÝn induce transcription of a gene or genes, trong ®ã c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn m«i tr-êng cã thÓ but is not a substrate for the induced kiÓm so¸t. Møc ®é ®iÒu khiÓn toμn bé nhiÖt enzyme(s). ®é, ¸nh s¸ng vμ ®é Èm lμ ho¹t ®éng chÊt c¶m øng v« cí ChÊt cã thÓ thóc ®Èy phiªn l-îng buång. m· mét gen hoÆc nhiÒu gen, nh-ng kh«ng growth curve vßng sinh tr-ëng xem: ph¶i lμ c¬ chÊt cho mét hoÆc nhiÒu enzim growth phase. ®-îc c¶m øng. growth factor Any of various chemicals, gravitropism xem: geotropism. particularly polypeptides, that have a green fluorescent protein (Abbreviation: variety of important roles in the stimulation GFP). A protein derived from a species of of new cell growth and cell maintenance. jelly fish, that fluoresces when exposed to They bind to the cell surface on receptors. ultra violet light. Its encoding gene has Specific growth factors can cause new cell been isolated and is replacing GUS as a proliferation. reporter gene in plant transgenesis, since nh©n tè sinh tr-ëng BÊt kú mét lo¹i hãa it can be assayed non-destructively in real chÊt, ®Æc biÖt polyeptit, cã vai trß quan time. träng trong viÖc kÝch thÝch sinh tr-ëng tÕ protein huúnh quang xanh lôc (viÕt t¾t: bμo míi vμ duy tr× tÕ bμo. Chóng liªn kÕt GFP). Mét lo¹i protein b¾t nguån tõ mét víi bÒ mÆt tÕ bμo trªn c¸c thÓ nhËn. C¸c loμi søa biÓn, ph¸t huúnh quang khi ®-îc nh©n tè sinh tr-ëng ®Æc biÖt cã thÓ g©y ra growth hormone 130 t¨ng nhanh tÕ bμo míi. mass per unit of time. growth hormone (Abbreviation: GH). A tèc ®é sinh tr-ëng Thay ®æi khèi l-îng group of hormones, secreted by the cña sinh vËt theo ®¬n vÞ thêi gian. mammalian pituitary gland, that stimulates growth regulator A synthetic or natural protein synthesis and growth of the long compound that at low concentrations elicits bones in the legs and arms. They also and controls growth responses in a manner promote the breakdown and use of fats as similar to hormones. an energy source, rather than glucose. chÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng Hîp chÊt tæng Synonym: somatotropin. hîp hoÆc tù nhiªn mμ ë møc nång ®é thÊp hãc m«n sinh tr-ëng (viÕt t¾t: GH). Mét kh¬i mμo vμ ®iÒu khiÓn ph¶n øng sinh nhãm hooc-m«n, ®-îc tiÕt ra do tuyÕn yªn tr-ëng trong tr¹ng th¸i t-¬ng tù nh- hooc- cña ®éng vËt cã vó, thóc ®Èy ho¹t ®éng m«n. tæng hîp protein vμ t¨ng tr-ëng c¸c x-¬ng growth retardant A chemical that dμi cña ch©n vμ c¸nh tay. Chóng cßn thóc selectively interferes with normal hormonal ®Èy ph©n huû vμ dïng vç bÐo nh- nguån promotion of growth and other n¨ng l-îng, thay v× glucoza. Tõ ®ång physiological processes, but without nghÜa: somatotropin. appreciable toxic effects. growth inhibitor Any substance inhibiting chÊt lμm chËm sinh tr-ëng ChÊt hãa häc the growth of an organism. The inhibitory c¶n trë chän läc víi sù thóc ®Èy hormon effect can range from mild inhibition b×nh th-êng cña sinh tr-ëng vμ qu¸ tr×nh (growth retardation) to severe inhibition or sinh lý kh¸c, nh-ng kh«ng cã c¸c kÕt qu¶ death (toxic reaction). The concentration ®éc h¹i ®¸ng kÓ. of the inhibitor, the length of exposure to it, and the relative susceptibility of the growth ring Rings visible in a cross- organisms exposed to the inhibitor, are all section of a woody stem, such as a tree important factors which determine the trunk. Each ring represents the xylem extent of the inhibitory effect. formed in one year as a result of fluctuating activity of the vascular cambium. øc chÕ sinh tr-ëng ChÊt bÊt kú øc chÕ sinh tr-ëng sinh vËt. KÕt qu¶ øc chÕ cã vßng sinh tr-ëng C¸c vßng quan s¸t râ thÓ ph©n h¹ng tõ øc chÕ nhÑ (lμm chËm cña mÆt c¾t ngang th©n gç, nh- ®-êng sinh tr-ëng) ®Õn øc chÕ kh¾c nghiÖt hoÆc th©n c©y. Mçi vßng ghi l¹i thí gç ®-îc h×nh chÕt (ph¶n øng ®éc). Nång ®é chÊt øc chÕ, thμnh trong mét n¨m lμ kÕt qu¶ ho¹t ®éng ®é dμi biÓu thÞ cho nã, vμ ®é c¶m t-¬ng thay ®æi cña tÇng ph¸t sinh. ®èi cña sinh vËt biÓu thÞ chÊt øc chÕ, lμ tÊt growth substance Any organic c¶ c¸c nh©n tè quan träng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh substance, other than a nutrient, that is ph¹m vi ¶nh h-ëng k×m h·m. synthesized by plants and regulates growth phase Each of the characteristic growth and development. They are usually periods in the growth curve of a bacterial made in a particular region, such as the culture, as indicated by the shape of a shoot tip, and transported to other regions, graph of viable cell number versus time, where they take effect. namely: lag phase; logarithmic phase; chÊt sinh tr-ëng ChÊt h÷u c¬ bÊt kú, kh¸c stationary phase; death phase. víi chÊt dinh d-ìng, ®-îc tæng hîp do thùc pha sinh tr-ëng Mçi thêi kú ®Æc tr-ng vËt vμ ®iÒu chØnh sinh tr-ëng vμ ph¸t triÓn. trong vßng sinh tr-ëng cña nu«i cÊy vi Chóng th-êng ®-îc t¹o ra t¹i vïng ®Æc khuÈn, khi chØ b¸o b»ng h×nh d¹ng ®å thÞ biÖt, nh- ®Ønh chåi c©y, vμ vËn chuyÓn sang sè l-îng tÕ bμo cã thÓ sèng theo thêi gian, vïng kh¸c, n¬i chóng g©y ¶nh h-ëng. mang tªn: pha c¸ch ly; pha sè mò; pha GTP Abbreviation for guanosine 5'- dõng; pha chÕt. triphosphate, a nucleotide which is growth rate Change in an organism’s important as a ligand for G proteins and GTP 131 as a direct precursor molecule for RNA guide RNA An RNA molecule that contain synthesis. See: guanylic acid. sequences that function as a template during RNA editing. See: guide GTP viÕt t¾t cña guanosine 5 ‘- sequence. triphosphate, Mét nuleotit quan träng võa lμ phèi tö cho protein G võa lμ ph©n tö tiÒn RNA h-íng dÉn Ph©n tö RNA mang tr×nh chÊt trùc tiÕp cho tæng hîp RNA. xem: tù mμ chøc n¨ng nh- mét khung mÉu khi guanylic acid. so¹n th¶o RNA. xem: guide sequence. guanine (Abbreviation: G). One of the guide sequence An RNA molecule (or a bases found in DNA and RNA. See: part of it) which hybridizes with eukaryotic guanosine. mRNA and aids in the splicing of intron sequences. Guide sequences may be guanin (viÕt t¾t: G). Mét trong nh÷ng ba either external (EGS) or internal (IGS) to z¬ cã trong DNA vμ RNA. Xem: guanosine. the RNA being processed and may guanosine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting hybridize with either intron or exon from the combination of the base guanine sequences close to the splice junction. (G) and a D-ribose sugar. The See: split gene. corresponding deoxyribonucleoside is tr×nh tù h-íng dÉn Ph©n tö RNA (hoÆc called deoxyguanosine. See: GTP, dGTP, mét phÇn cña nã) lai víi mRNA nh©n chuÈn guanylic acid. vμ hç trî khi ghÐp c¸c tr×nh tù intron. C¸c guanosin Mét (ribo) nucleoside kÕt qu¶ tr×nh tù h-íng dÉn cã thÓ lμ bªn ngoμi do kÕt hîp ba z¬ guanin (G) vμ ®-êng D- (EGS) hoÆc bªn trong (IGS) so víi RNA riboza. Deoxyribonucleosit t-¬ng øng ®-îc ®ang ®-îc xö lý vμ cã thÓ lai víi c¸c tr×nh gäi deoxyguanosine. xem: GTP, dGTP, tù inton hoÆc exon gÇn chç nèi ghÐp. Xem: guanylic acid. split gene guanosine triphosphate (guanosine 5- GURT viÕt t¾t cña genetic use restriction triphosphate) ViÕt t¾t: GTP. Xem: technology. guanylic acid. GUS viÕt t¾t cña bªta-glucuronidase. guanylic acid Synonym for guanosine us gene An E. coli gene that encodes for monophosphate (abbreviation: GMP), a production of beta-glucuronidase (GUS). (ribo)nucleotide containing the Because this activity is absent in plants, nucleoside guanosine. The the gene is commonly utilized as a corresponding deoxyribonucleotide is reporter gene to detect the occurrence of called deoxyguanylic acid. transformation events. axit guanylic Tõ ®ång nghÜa guanosin gen gus Mét gen E. coli m· hãa ®Ó s¶n mono phosphat (viÕt t¾t: GMP), mét xuÊt beta-glucuronidase (GUS). V× ho¹t (ribo)nucleotid cã chøa nulceosit guanosin. ®éng nμy kh«ng cã trong c©y trång, nªn Deoxyribonucleotit t-¬ng øng ®-îc gäi a- gen ®-îc dïng phæ biÕn lμm gen chØ huy xÝt deoxyguanylic. ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn biÕn cè cña c¸c sù kiÖn biÕn guard cell Specialized epidermal cells ®æi gen. found in pairs around a stoma. Their gymnosperm A class of plant (e.g. function is to control the opening and conifers) whose ovules and the seeds into closing of the stoma through changes in which they develop are borne unprotected, turgor. rather than enclosed in ovaries, as are tÕ bμo b¶o vÖ C¸c tÕ bμo biÓu b× chuyªn those of the flowering plants, the dông h×nh thμnh theo cÆp ®«i xung quanh (angiosperms). mét lç khÝ khæng. Chøc n¨ng cña chóng lμ c©y h¹t trÇn Mét líp thùc vËt (vÝ dô lo¹i ®iÒu khiÓn viÖc më vμ ®ãng lç khÝ khæng tïng b¸ch) c¸c no·n vμ h¹t mμ trong ®ã qua thay ®æi c-¬ng mÒm. chóng ph¸t triÓn kh«ng ®-îc b¶o vÖ cøng, gynandromorph 132 thay v× bÞ ®ãng kÝn trong c¸c c¸c bÇu no·n, after fertilization of the ovum, the male nh- cña c¸c c©y trång ra hoa, (c©y h¹t kÝn). nucleus is eliminated and the haploid gynandromorph An individual in which (gynogenetic) individual possesses the one part of the body is female and another maternal genome only. part is male; a sex mosaic. sinh ®¬n tÝnh Sinh s¶n ®¬n tÝnh c¸i: Sau d¹ng nöa ®ùc-c¸i Mét c¸ thÓ trong ®ã mét thô tinh no·n, nh©n gièng ®ùc bÞ lo¹i trõ bé phËn cña c¬ thÓ lμ c¸i vμ phÇn kh¸c lμ vμ c¸c c¸ thÓ ®¬n béi (gynogenetic) xö lý ®ùc; mét thÓ kh¶m giíi tÝnh. chØ hÖ gen mÑ. gynogenesis Female parthenogenesis: gyrase xem: DNA helicase. 133 bleeding occurs. This disease affects mostly males. bÖnh -a ch¶y m¸u, chøng dÔ xuÊt huyÕt BÖnh ch¶y m¸u di truyÒn liªn kÕt giíi tÝnh trong ®ã cÇn thêi gian l©u ®Ó cho m¸u ®«ng vãn vμ xÈy ra ch¶y kh«ng b×nh th-êng xÈy ra. BÖnh nμy chñ yÕu ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn c¸c Hh con ®ùc. hairpin loop A region in one strand of a polynucleotide which, due to an inverted repeat in the sequence, may under appropriate conditions fold back on itself h Prefix used to designate the human form and form a limited segment of double- of an enzyme. For example, hGH is human stranded DNA with a loop at one end. growth hormone. nót h×nh kÑp tãc Vïng n»m trong mét sîi h TiÕp ®Çu ng÷ dïng ®Ó biÓu thÞ d¹ng ng-êi cña polynucleotit mμ, do lÆp ®¶o ng-îc cña mét enzim. VÝ dô, hGH lμ hocmon sinh tr×nh tù, cã thÓ d-íi ®iÒu kiÖn thÝch hîp tù tr-ëng ng-êi. gÊp ng-îc vμ h×nh thμnh ®o¹n giíi h¹n DNA sîi kÐp víi cã nót vßng t¹i mót. habituation The phenomenon whereby, after a number of sub-cultures, cells can hairy root culture A culture consisting of grow without the addition to the tissue highly branched roots of a plant. A plant culture medium of previously obligatory tissue is treated with the bacterium factors. Such cells are then autonomous. Agrobacterium rhizogenes containing the Ri plasmid, which causes the explant tËp qu¸n HiÖn t-îng bëi ®ã, sau mét sè to grow highly branched roots from the lÇn nu«i cÊy phô, c¸c tÕ bμo cã thÓ sinh sites of infection. Transgenes engineered tr-ëng kh«ng cho thªm vμo m«i tr-êng into the plasmid can be expressed in these nu«i cÊy m« nh÷ng thμnh phÇn b¾t buéc cultures. tr-íc ®ã. C¸c tÕ bμo nh- vËy sau ®ã tù d-ìng. nu«i cÊy rÔ t¬ Nu«i cÊy gåm cã c¸c rÔ nh¸nh khoÎ cña c©y. M« c©y ®-îc xö lý HAC ViÕt t¾t cña Human artificial víi vi khuÈn Agrobacterium rhizogenes cã chromosome. chøa Ri plasmit, t¹o cho mÉu nu«i cÊy ph¸t haemoglobin Protein containing iron, triÓn thμnh rÔ nh¸nh khoÎ tõ vÞ trÝ l©y located in erythrocytes of vertebrates; nhiÔm. C¸c gen chuyÓn xö lý trong plasmit important for the transportation of oxygen cã thÓ ®-îc biÓu thÞ trong nu«i cÊy nμy. to the cells of the body. hairy root disease A disease of broad- haemoglobin Protein Protein cã chøa s¾t, leaved plants, where a proliferation of n»m trong hång cÇu cña ®éng vËt cã x-¬ng root-like tissue is formed from the stem. sèng; quan träng ®Ó vËn chuyÓn oxi tíi tÕ Hairy root disease is a tumorous state bμo c¬ thÓ. similar to crown gall, and is induced by haemolymph The mixture of blood and the bacterium Agrobacterium other fluids in the body cavity of an rhizogenes, when containing an Ri invertebrate. plasmid. haemolymph Hçn hîp cña m¸u vμ c¸c bÖnh rÔ t¬ BÖnh cña thùc vËt l¸ b¶n réng, chÊt láng kh¸c trong xoang c¬ thÓ cña n¬i sù t¨ng nhanh cña m« gièng hÖt rÔ ®éng vËt kh«ng x-¬ng sèng. ®-îc h×nh thμnh tõ th©n c©y. BÖnh rÔ t¬ lμ haemophilia A sex-linked hereditary mét tr¹ng th¸i s-ng phång t-¬ng tù nh- bleeding disorder in which it takes a long nèt sÇn, vμ do Agrobacterium rhizogenes time for the blood to clot and abnormal t¹o ra, khi cã chøa plasmit Ri. halophyte 134 halophyte A plant species adapted to nutrient supply. The hardening-off process soils containing a concentration of salt that conditions plants for survival when is toxic to most plant species. See: salt transplanted outdoors. tolerance. lμm cøng ViÖc ¸p dông nhμ kÝnh hoÆc m«i c©y chÞu mÆn Loμi thùc vËt thÝch nghi víi tr-êng kiÓm so¸t ®Ó trång c©y víi c¸c ®iÒu lo¹i ®Êt mμ cã nång ®é muèi ®éc ®èi víi kiÖn ngoμi trêi do gi¶m nguån n-íc, h¹ hÇu hÕt c¸c loμi thùc vËt. Xem: salt thÊp nhiÖt ®é, t¨ng c-êng ®é ¸nh s¸ng, tolerance. hoÆc gi¶m bít cung cÊp thøc ¨n. §iÒu kiÖn hanging droplet technique kü thuËt giät xö lý lμm cøng c©y ®Ó sèng ®-îc khi nhá treo xem: microdroplet array. chuyÓn ra ngoμi trêi. haploid A cell or organism containing one Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium The of each of the pairs of homologous frequencies of genotypes at a locus chromosomes found in the normal diploid resulting from random mating at that locus; cell. for two alleles, A1 and A2, with respective frequencies in a population of p and q, ®¬n béi TÕ bμo hoÆc sinh vËt mang tõng the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium cÆp ®«i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®ång h×nh frequencies are p2 A A ; 2pq A A ; q2 A A . thμnh trong tÕ bμo l-ìng béi b×nh th-êng. 1 1 1 2 2 2 Departure from these frequencies is an haplotype A specific allelic constitution at indication that random mating is not a number of loci within a defined linkage occurring. block. c©n b»ng Hardy - Weinberg C¸c tÇn sè kiÓu ®¬n T×nh tr¹ng alen ®Æc thï t¹i mét kiÓu gen t¹i mét æ gen do kÕt ®«i ngÉu sè æ gen trong b¶ng kÕt nèi ®-îc giíi h¹n. nhiªn t¹i æ gen; ®Ó hai alen, A1 vμ A2, cã haplozygous dÞ hîp tö xem: tÇn sè t-¬ng øng trong quÇn thÓ p vμ q, hemizygous. c¸c tÇn sè c©n b»ng Hardy-Weinberg lμ p2 2 hapten A small molecule, which by itself A1A1; 2pq A1A2; q A2A2. Khëi ®Çu tõ nh÷ng is not an antigen, but which as a part of a tÇn sè nμy chØ ra kÕt ®«i ngÉu nhiªn kh«ng larger structure when linked to a carrier xuÊt hiÖn. protein, can serve as an antigenic harvesting 1. The process involved in determinant. gathering ripened crops. 2. The collection Ph©n tö nhá, do chÝnh nã kh«ng ph¶i lμ of cells from cell cultures or of organs from kh¸ng nguyªn, nh-ng lμ bé phËn cña cÊu donors for the purpose of transplantation. tróc lín khi liªn kÕt víi protein thÓ mang, thu ho¹ch 1. Qu¸ tr×nh liªn quan c¸c mïa cã thÓ phôc vô nh- nh©n tè quyÕt ®Þnh vô c©y trång chÝn tËp trung. 2. TËp hîp kh¸ng nguyªn. cña tÕ bμo tõ nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo hoÆc cña c¬ haptoglobin A serum protein that quan tõ thÓ cho v× môc ®Ých cÊy chuyÓn. interacts with haemoglobin during heat shock protein (Abbreviation: HSP). recycling of the iron molecule of A class of protein chaperones which are haemoglobin. Synonym: alpha globulin. typically over-expressed as a response to haptoglobin Protein huyÕt thanh mμ heat stress. Two such proteins - HSP 90 t-¬ng t¸c víi haemoglobin trong vßng tuÇn and HSP 70 - have a role in ensuring that hoμn cña ph©n tö s¾t cña hemoglobin. Tõ crucial proteins are folded into the correct ®ång nghÜa: alpha globulin. conformation. Synonym: stress protein. hardening off Adapting glasshouse or protein sèc nhiÖt (viÕt t¾t: HSP). Líp chÊt controlled environment grown plants to kÌm protein tiªu biÓu ®-îc biÓu thÞ hoμn outdoor conditions by reducing availability toμn nh- mét ph¶n øng ®¸p l¹i c¨ng th¼ng of water, lowering the temperature, nhiÖt ®é. Hai lo¹i protein nh- -HSP 90 vμ increasing light intensity, or reducing the HSP 70- cã vai trß b¶o ®¶m cho c¸c heat therapy 135 protein vßng ®Òu ®-îc gÊp thμnh h×nh itself. Together with pectin and lignin, d¸ng chuÈn. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: stress protein. hemicelluloses form the cell wall matrix. heat therapy liÖu ph¸p nhiÖt xem: BÊt kú hydrat cacbon nμo gièng hÖt xen- thermotherapy. lu-l«, ngo¹i trõ xen-lu-l«. Cïng víi pectin vμ lignin, hemicellulose h×nh thμnh phøc helix A structure with a spiral shape. The hîp v¸ch tÕ bμo. normal state of double-stranded DNA is in the form of a double helix. hemizygous The condition in which genes are present only once in the genotype and vßng xo¾n CÊu tróc cã d¹ng xo¾n èc. not in pairs. Occurs for all genes in Tr¹ng th¸i b×nh th-êng cña DNA sîi kÐp lμ haploids, for all genes located in the trong mÉu chuçi xo¾n kÐp. differential segments of the sex helminth A class of parasitic worms, chromosomes in diploids, and in various especially those which are internal aneuploids and deletion mutant parasites of man and animals. heterozygotes. Synonym: haplozygous. giun s¸n Líp Êu trïng ký sinh, ®Æc biÖt b¸n hîp tö §iÒu kiÖn trong ®ã c¸c gen líp trïng nμy lμ vËt ký sinh trong ng-êi vμ xuÊt hiÖn chØ mét lÇn trong kiÓu gen vμ ®éng vËt. kh«ng ph¶i trong c¸c cÆp ®«i. XÈy ra víi helper cell T cells that assist in stimulating tÊt c¶ c¸c gen trong thÓ ®¬n béi, cña tÊt B and T lymphocytes to develop into c¶ c¸c gen ®Þnh vÞ trong ®o¹n biÖt hãa cña antibody-producing plasma cells and nhiÔm s¾c thÓ giíi tÝnh trong thÓ nhÞ béi, killer T cells, respectively. vμ trong c¸c thÓ lÖch béi kh¸c nhau vμ dÞ tÕ bμo trî gióp C¸c tÕ bμo T hç trî khi hîp tö thÓ ®ét biÕn khuyÕt ®o¹n. Tõ ®ång kÝch thÝch c¸c limph« bμo B vμ T ®Ó ph¸t nghÜa: haplozygous. triÓn thμnh tÕ bμo t-¬ng bμo s¶n xuÊt hemoglobin xem: haemoglobin. kh¸ng nguyªn vμ c¸c tÕ bμo T ¨n thÞt, t-¬ng hemolymph xem: haemolymph. øng. hemophilia xem: haemophilia. helper plasmid A plasmid that provides a function or functions to another plasmid HEPA filter Abbreviation for high in the same cell. efficiency particulate air filter. A filter capable of excluding particles larger than plasmit trî gióp Plasmit cung cÊp mét 0.3µ. HEPA filters are used in laminar air chøc n¨ng hoÆc nhiÒu chøc n¨ng cho flow cabinets to ensure that the air is plasmit kh¸c trong cïng tÕ bμo. pathogen-free. See: pre-filter. helper T cell tÕ bμo T hç trî xem: helper läc HEPA viÕt t¾t cña high efficiency cell. particulate air filter. Mét lo¹i läc cã kh¶ helper T lymphocyte lympho bμo T hç n¨ng lo¹i trõ c¸c h¹t lín trªn 0.3µ. C¸c bé trî xem: helper cell. läc HEPA dïng trong phßng luång kh«ng helper virus A virus that provides a khÝ líp máng ®Ó b¶o ®¶m r»ng kh«ng khÝ function or functions to another virus in the lμ phi t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh. Xem: pre-filter. same cell. herbicide A substance that is toxic to virut hç trî Virut cung cÊp mét hoÆc nhiÒu plants; the active ingredient in chøc n¨ng cho virut kh¸c trong cïng tÕ agrochemicals intended to kill specific bμo. unwanted plants, especially weeds. hemicellulase An enzyme that catalyses thuèc diÖt cá ChÊt ®éc víi c©y trång; the degradation of hemicellulose. thμnh phÇn ho¹t ®éng trong c¸c n«ng d-îc Enzim xóc t¸c ph©n huû hemicellulose. chØ ®Þnh ®Ó diÖt c¸c c©y ngoμi ý muèn, ®Æc biÖt cá d¹i. hemicellulose Any cellulose-like carbohydrate, but excluding cellulose herbicide resistance The ability of a plant heredity 136 to remain unaffected by the application of hμm l-îng cao DNA lÆp, vμ hμm l-îng thÊp a herbicide. gen; nh- vËy chóng lμ cña hÇu hÕt phÇn tÝnh chÞu thuèc diÖt cá Kh¶ n¨ng cña c©y kh«ng ho¹t ®éng di truyÒn. Ng-îc víi: trång tån t¹i kh«ng bÞ ¶nh h-ëng do dïng euchromatin. thuèc diÖt cá. heteroduplex A double-stranded DNA heredity Resemblance among individuals molecule or DNA-RNA hybrid, where each related by descent; transmission of traits strand is of a different origin. Where the from parents to offspring. two DNAs differ significantly in sequence, single-stranded regions will be revealed di truyÒn Sù gièng nhau gi÷a nh÷ng c¸ when the heteroduplex is observed under thÓ liªn quan bëi dßng dâi; sù truyÒn nh÷ng the electron microscope. A map of tÝnh tr¹ng tõ cha mÑ cho con c¸i. homologous and non-homologous heritability The degree to which a given regions of the two molecules may thereby trait is controlled by inheritance, as be constructed (heteroduplex mapping). opposed to being controlled by non-genetic Synonym: hybrid DNA (DNA/RNA). See: factors. See: broad-sense heritability; heteroduplex analysis. narrow-sense heritability. dÞ xo¾n kÐp Mét ph©n tö DNA sîi kÐp hoÆc tÝnh di truyÒn Møc ®é mμ tíi ®ã mét tÝnh thÓ lai DNA-RNA, mμ mçi mét sîi thuéc tr¹ng nhÊt ®Þnh ®-îc ®iÒu khiÓn bëi di vÒ gèc kh¸c nhau. N¬i hai DNA kh¸c nhau truyÒn, khi ng-îc l¹i lμ ®iÒu khiÓn bëi nh©n ®¸ng kÓ vÒ tr×nh tù, nh÷ng vïng sîi ®¬n tè kh«ng di truyÒn. Xem: broad-sense sÏ lé ra khi quan s¸t chuçi kÐp dÞ hîp d-íi heritability; narrow-sense heritability. kÝnh hiÓn vi ®iÖn tö. Mét b¶n ®å vïng ®ång hermaphrodite 1. An animal that has both d¹ng vμ kh«ng ®ång d¹ng cña hai ph©n tö male and female reproductive organs, or do ®ã cã thÓ ®-îc thμnh lËp (lËp b¶n ®å dÞ a mixture of male and female attributes. 2. xo¾n kÐp). Tõ ®ång nghÜa: hybrid DNA A plant whose flowers contain both stamen (DNA/RNA). Xem: heteroduplex analysis. and carpels. Synonym: intersex. heteroduplex analysis The use of the l-ìng tÝnh 1. §éng vËt cã c¶ c¬ quan sinh electrophoretic mobility of heteroduplex s¶n ®ùc vμ c¸i, hoÆc pha trén cña c¸c DNA to estimate the degree of non- thuéc tÝnh c¸i vμ ®ùc. 2. Mét c©y mμ hoa homology between the sequences of the cña nã cã chøa c¶ nhÞ hoa vμ no·n. Tõ two strands. Gel mobility tends to be ®ång nghÜa: intersex. reduced as the amount of sequence heteroallele A gene having mutations at divergence increases, because the two or more different sites. effective size of a fully complementary pair of strands is smaller than that of a partially dÞ alen Gen mang c¸c ®ét biÕn ë hai hoÆc complementary structure. nhiÒu vÞ trÝ kh¸c nhau. ph©n tÝch dÞ xo¾n kÐp Sö dông l-u ®éng heterochromatin Regions of ®iÖn di DNA dÞ xo¾n kÐp ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ ®é chromosomes that remain contracted kh«ng t-¬ng hîp gi÷a tr×nh tù cña hai sîi. during interphase and therefore stain C¸c khuynh h-íng di ®éng gel gi¶m bít more intensely in cytological preparations. khi sè l-îng tr×nh tù ph©n kú t¨ng thªm, These regions have a high content of bëi v× kÝch th-íc h÷u hiÖu cÆp bæ sung repetitive DNA, and a low content of hoμn chØnh cña c¸c sîi nhá h¬n cÊu tróc genes; thus they are for the most part bæ sung tõng phÇn. genetically inactive. Opposite: euchromatin. heterogametic Producing unlike gametes with regard to the sex chromosomes. In chÊt dÞ nhiÔm s¾c C¸c vïng nhiÔm s¾c mammals, the XY male is heterogametic, thÓ cßn l¹i bÞ co ng¾n trong thêi k× nghØ vμ and the XX female is homogametic. do vËy b¾t mμu m¹nh h¬n nhiÒu c¸c chÕ phÈm tÕ bμo häc. C¸c vïng nμy cã mét dÞ giao tö Sinh s¶n c¸c giao tö kh«ng heterogeneity 137 dÞ béi thÓ Nh÷ng tÕ bμo cã nh©n chøa sè gièng hÖt nhau liªn quan ®Õn nhiÔm s¾c l-îng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ kh¸c víi l-ìng béi. thÓ giíi tÝnh. Trong ®éng vËt cã vó, con ®ùc XY lμ dÞ giao tö, vμ con c¸i XX lμ ®ång heteropyknosis The property of certain giao tö. chromosomes, or of their parts, to remain more dense during the cell cycle and to heterogeneity tÝnh kh«ng ®ång nhÊt stain more intensely than other xem: genetic heterogeneity. chromosomes or parts. heterogeneous nuclear RNA dÞ d¹ng Thuéc tÝnh cña c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ (Abbreviation: hnRNA). Large RNA nhÊt ®Þnh, hoÆc c¸c thμnh phÇn cña chóng, molecules, which are found in the nucleus l-u gi÷ cμng dÇy ®Æc h¬n trong chu tr×nh of a eukaryotic cell and the precursors of tÕ bμo vμ b¾t mμu cμng m¹nh h¬n c¸c mRNA and other RNA molecules. nhiÔm s¾c thÓ hoÆc phÇn kh¸c. RNA nh©n kh«ng ®ång nhÊt (viÕt t¾t: heterosis -u thÕ lai xem: hybrid vigour. hnRNA). Ph©n tö RNA lín, ®-îc h×nh thμnh trong nh©n cña tÕ bμo cã nh©n vμ tiÒn chÊt heterotroph Organism non capable of cña mRNA vμ ph©n tö RNA kh¸c. self-nourishment utilizing carbon dioxide or carbonates as the sole source of carbon heterokaryon A cell with two or more and obtaining energy from radiant energy different nuclei as a result of cell fusion. or from the oxidation of inorganic elements, See: synkaryon. or compounds such as iron, sulphur, dÞ nh©n Mét tÕ bμo víi hai hoÆc nhiÒu hydrogen, ammonium and nitrites. nh©n kh¸c nhau kÕt qu¶ cña dung hîp tÕ Opposite: autotroph. bμo. Xem : synkaryon. sinh vËt dÞ d-ìng Sinh vËt kh«ng cã kh¶ heterologous From a different source. n¨ng tù nu«i d-ìng sö dông khÝ c¸c b« kh«ng t-¬ng ®ång Tõ mét nguån kh¸c nÝch hoÆc cacbonat lμm nguån c¸c bon duy nhau. nhÊt vμ hÊp thu n¨ng l-îng tõ n¨ng l-îng heterologous probe A DNA probe that is bøc x¹ hoÆc tõ «xi hãa nh÷ng phÇn tö v« derived from one species and used to c¬, hoÆc nh÷ng hîp chÊt nh- lμ s¾t, l-u screen for a similar DNA sequence from huúnh, hy-®r«, amm«n vμ nh÷ng nitril. another species. Ng-îc víi: autotroph. ®Çu dß kh«ng t-¬ng ®ång §Çu dß DNA heterotrophic dÞ d-ìng (tÝnh tõ) xem: b¾t nguån tõ mét loμi vμ dïng ®Ó sμng läc heterotroph. mét tr×nh tù DNA t-¬ng tù tõ loμi kh¸c. heterozygous tÝnh dÞ hîp (tÝnh tõ) xem: heterologous protein protein kh«ng heterozygote. t-¬ng ®ång xem: recombinant protein. heterozygote An individual with non- heteroplasmy A condition in which two identical alleles for a particular gene or genetically different organelles are present genes. The condition is termed in the same cell. The equivalent to “heterozygous”. Opposite: homozygote. heterozygous in the context of nuclear dÞ hîp tö Mét c¸ thÓ cã c¸c alen kh«ng genes. Opposite: homoplasmy. gièng hÖt nhau cña mét gen hoÆc nhiÒu dÞ chÊt nguyªn sinh §iÒu kiÖn trong ®ã gen riªng biÖt. §iÒu kiÖn ®-îc gäi lμ “DÞ hai phÇn tö sinh chÊt kh¸c nhau vÒ di hîp “. Ng-îc víi: homozygote. truyÒn cã mÆt trong cïng tÕ bμo. T-¬ng Hfr High-frequency recombination strain ®-¬ng víi dÞ hîp trong néi dung cña gen of Escherichia coli; in these strains, the nh©n. Ng-îc víi: homoplasmy. F factor (plasmid) is integrated into the heteroploid Cells with nuclei containing bacterial chromosome. chromosome numbers other than Hfr Nßi vi khuÈn t¸i tæ hîp tÇn sè cao cña diploid. Escherichia coli; trong c¸c nßi nμy, nh©n hGH 138 tè F (plasmit) ®-îc tÝch hîp trong nhiÔm histon Nhãm protein hoμ tan n-íc giμu s¾c thÓ vi khuÈn. axit amin kiÒm, liªn kÕt chÆt chÏ víi DNA hGH ViÕt t¾t cña Human growth trong chÊt nhiÔm s¾c ®éng vËt vμ thùc vËt. hormone. C¸c histone ®-îc tham gia xo¾n DNA trong c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vμ trong ®iÒu hoμ ho¹t high efficiency particulate air filter xem: ®éng gen. HEPA filter. HLA ViÕt t¾t cña Human-leukocyte- high throughput screening Automated antigen system. Xem: major systems designed to process large histocompatibility antigens. numbers of assays, especially in the hnRNA viÕt t¾t cña Heterogeneous context of genotyping. nuclear RNA. hiÓn thÞ l-u l-îng cao C¸c hÖ thèng tù Hogness box hép Hognes Tõ ®ång ®éng hãa thiÕt kÕ ®Ó xö lý sè lín c¸c ph©n nghÜa: TATA box. tÝch, ®Æc biÖt trong ph¹m vi gi¸m ®Þnh gen. hollow fibre A tube of porous material, with histocompatibility The degree to which an internal diameter of a fraction of a tissue from one organism is tolerated by millimetre, making its ratio of surface area the immune system of another organism. to internal volume very large. Employed t-¬ng hîp m« Møc ®é ®Ó m« tõ mét lo¹i as filters or in bioreactors as a method of sinh vËt cã thÓ chÞu ®-îc bëi hÖ thèng miÔn retaining cells while allowing the easy dÞch cña sinh vËt kh¸c. removal of spent medium and/or histocompatibility complex phøc hÖ products. t-¬ng hîp m« xem: major sîi rçng Mét èng vËt liÖu xèp, cã ®-êng histocompatibility complex. kÝnh phÝa trong lμ mét phÇn nhá cña mili histoglobulin The peptides present on the mÐt, lμm cho tû lÖ diÖn tÝch bÒ mÆt so víi surface of nucleate cells, responsible for thÓ tÝch bªn trong lμ rÊt lín. §-îc dïng ®Ó the differences between genetically non- läc hoÆc trong b×nh ph¶n øng nh- mét identical individuals that cause rejection of ph-¬ng ph¸p gi÷ c¸c tÕ bμo khi cho phÐp tissue grafts between such individuals. dÔ lo¹i bá dÔ dμng m«i tr-êng tiªu thô vμ/ Products of the major histocompatibility hoÆc c¸c s¶n phÈm. complex genes. holoenzyme enzim hoμn toμn xem: histoglobulin Nh÷ng peptit hiÖn diÖn apoenzym. trªn bÒ mÆt cña tÕ bμo cÊu t¹o nh©n, cã holometabolous An insect that undergoes vai trß ®èi víi sù kh¸c nhau gi÷a c¸c c¸ complete metamorphosis to the adult from thÓ kh«ng ®ång nhÊt di truyÒn g©y ra th¶i a morphologically distinct larval stage. bá c¸c m¶nh ghÐp tÕ bμo gi÷a c¸c c¸ biÕn th¸i hoμn toμn Mét c«n trïng tr¶i thÓ. S¶n phÈm cña gen phøc hÖ t-¬ng qua sù biÕn th¸i hoμn toμn tíi tr-ëng thμnh hîp m« chÝnh. tõ giai ®o¹n Êu trïng ph©n biÖt râ h×nh th¸i histology Science that deals with the häc. microscopic structure of animal and plant homeobox A highly conserved 180 bp tissues. DNA sequence that controls body part-, m« häc Khoa häc cã quan hÖ víi cÊu tróc organ- or tissue-specific gene expression, hiÓn vi cña m« ®éng vËt vμ thùc vËt. most particularly involved in segmentation histone Group of water-soluble proteins in animals (e.g. development of antennae rich in basic amino acids, closely or legs of Drosophila melanogaster), but associated with DNA in plant and animal also in a variety of other eukaryotes. It chromatin. Histones are involved in the encodes a DNA-binding region, the coiling of DNA in chromosomes and in the homeodomain, which acts as a regulation of gene activity. transcription factor. homeodomain 139 homoduplex DNA A double-stranded fully ®ång hép Mét tr×nh tù DNA 180 bp b¶o complementary DNA molecule. toμn cao ®Ó ®iÒu khiÓn biÓu hiÖn gen chuyªn biÖt mét phÇn c¬ thÓ, c¬ quan hoÆc DNA ®ång xo¾n kÐp Ph©n tö DNA bæ m«, ®Æc biÖt nhÊt liªn quan ph©n ®o¹n sung ®Çy ®ñ sîi ®«i. trong ®éng vËt (vÝ dô sù ph¸t triÓn r©u hoÆc homoeologous Referring to ch©n cña ruåi dÊm bông ®en), nh-ng còng chromosomes which are descended from trong mét sè loμi sinh vËt nh©n thùc kh¸c. a common progenitor, but which have Nã m· hãa mét vïng liªn kÕt DNA, ®ång evolved to be no longer fully homologous. miÒn, t¸c ®éng mh- mét nh©n tè phiªn m·. Homoeologous chromosomes have similar homeodomain ®ång miÒn xem: gene content to one another, but are homeobox. structurally altered in subtle ways to inhibit, and sometimes completely prevent their homeotic genes Genes that act in concert pairing with one another at meiosis. to determine fundamental patterns of development. t-¬ng ®¼ng §Ò cËp ®Õn nh÷ng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®-îc di truyÒn tõ tæ tiªn chung, nh-ng gen ®ång c¨n Gen ho¹t ®éng phèi hîp ®· tiÕn ho¸ thμnh t-¬ng ®ång kh«ng hoμn ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh khung mÉu c¬ b¶n cña ph¸t chØnh. C¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®ång cã triÓn. néi dung gen gièng nhau, nh-ng ®-îc biÕn homeotic mutation A mutation that ®æi cÊu tróc tinh vi ®Ó ng¨n chÆn, vμ ®«i causes a body part to develop in an khi hoμn toμn ng¨n ngõa cÆp ®«i gi÷a inappropriate position in an organism, such chóng víi nhau t¹i gi¶m ph©n. as the mutation in Drosophila homogametic Producing similar gametes melanogaster that causes legs to develop with regard to the sex chromosomes. In on the head in place of antennae. mammals, the female is homogametic ®ét biÕn ®ång c¨n §ét biÕn g©y ra mét (XX), and the male is heterogametic (XY). phÇn th©n thÓ ph¸t triÓn t¹i mét vÞ trÝ kh«ng ®ång giao tö S¶n sinh nh÷ng giao tö thÝch hîp trong sinh vËt, nh- lμ ®ét biÕn t-¬ng tù cã liªn quan nhiÔm s¾c thÓ giíi ruåi dÊm bông ®en lμm ch©n ph¸t triÓn trªn tÝnh. Trong ®éng vËt cã vó, gièng c¸i lμ ®Çu thay cho r©u. ®ång giao tö (XX), vμ gièng ®ùc lμ dÞ giao homoallele One of a number of otherwise tö (Y). identical alleles which differ at the same homogenotization An allele replacement site in their sequence. Homoalleles are technique, in which a bacterial cell is inherited as strict alteRNAtives; but transformed with a plasmid containing an heteroalleles, in principle, could through altered copy of the target sequence, and recombination create a genotype which a double recombination event effects the contains a ‘double’ variant. substitution of the wild type allele by the ®ång alen Mét trong sè alen ®ång nhÊt altered one. An antibiotic resistance theo c¸ch kh¸c kh«ng hîp t¹i cïng vÞ trÝ gene is usually fused to the altered copy trong tr×nh tù. C¸c ®ång alen ®-îc di truyÒn in the plasmid, so that double lu©n chuyÓn nghiªm ngÆt; ngo¹i trõ c¸c dÞ recombinants can be selected. alen, theo nguyªn t¾c, sÏ cã thÓ qua t¸i tæ ®ång hÖ ho¸ Kü thuËt thay thÕ alen, trong hîp ®Ó t¹o ra mét kiÓu gen mang ph-¬ng ®ã tÕ bμo vi khuÈn ®-îc biÕn n¹p víi ¸n ‘nh©n ®«i’. plasmit cã chøa b¶n sao ®· tu chØnh cña homodimer A protein comprising two tr×nh tù ®Ých, vμ c¬ héi t¸i tæ hîp ®óp lμm identical polypeptide chains, or a dimer ¶nh h-ëng thay thÕ alen kiÓu d¹i do mét of identical residues. ®-îc tu chØnh. Gen chèng thuèc kh¸ng sinh ®ång trïng ph©n Protein gåm hai chuçi th«ng th-êng dung hîp víi b¶n sao ®-îc polyeptit ®ång nhÊt, hoÆc chÊt trïng ph©n tu chØnh trong plasmit, do vËy t¸i tæ hîp c¸c gèc ®ång nhÊt. ®óp cã thÓ ®-îc lùa chän. homokaryon 140 homokaryon A cell with two or more chÊt tÕ bμo ®ång nhÊt T×nh tr¹ng mμ identical nuclei as a result of fusion. trong ®ã toμn bé b¶n sao cña mét bμo Opposite: heterokaryon. quan trong mét tÕ bμo lμ ®ång nhÊt di ®ång nh©n Mét tÕ bμo cã hai hoÆc nhiÒu truyÒn. Ng-îc víi: heteroplasmy. nh©n ®ång nhÊt kÕt qu¶ cña dung hîp. homopolymer A polymer (nucleic acid, Ng-îc víi: heterokaryon. polypeptide, etc.) which contains only one homologous 1. General definition: from kind of residue (e.g. the polynucleotide the same source, or having the same GGGGGGGGG...). evolutionary function or structure. 2. Of polyme ®ång nhÊt Mét p«lime (axit chromosomes: identical with respect to nucleic, polyeptit, v.v.) chØ mang mét lo¹i gene content and linear ordering. ®u«i (vÝ dô polinucleotit GGGGGGGGG...). Homologous chromosomes pair and homopolymeric tailing ®u«i polyme recombine with one another at meiosis. ®ång nhÊt xem: tailing. 3. Of DNA/proteins: identical, or nearly homoozygous hîp tö ®ång nhÊt (tÝnh identical nucleotide/amino acid sequence. tõ) xem: homozygote. T-¬ng ®ång 1. §Þnh nghÜa chung: tõ cïng homozygote An individual that has two mét nguån gèc, hoÆc cã cïng chøc n¨ng copies of the same allele for a given gene tiÕn hãa hoÆc cÊu tróc. 2. Cña nhiÔm s¾c on its two homologous chromosomes. thÓ: ®ång nhÊt cã liªn quan víi néi dung The condition is termed “homozygous”. gen vμ s¾p ®Æt tuyÕn tÝnh. Nh÷ng nhiÔm Opposite: heterozygote. s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®ång ghÐp ®«i vμ kÕt hîp l¹i víi nhau t¹i gi¶m ph©n. 3. Cña DNA/ ®ång hîp tö Mét c¸ thÓ cã hai b¶n sao protein: tr×nh tù nuleotit/amino acid ®ång cña cïng alen ®Ó mét gen ®-îc t¹o ra trªn nhÊt, hoÆc gÇn nh- ®ång nhÊt. hai nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®ång nhÊt. Tr¹ng th¸i ®-îc gäi lμ “§ång hîp tö”. Ng-îc víi: homologous recombination The heterozygote. exchange of DNA fragments between the two non-sister chromatids of the same hormone A specific chemical, produced in chromosome in the course of meiosis. one part of a plant or animal body, and transported to another part where, at low t¸i tæ hîp t-¬ng ®ång Trao ®æi ®o¹n DNA concentrations, it promotes, inhibits or gi÷a hai nhiÔm s¾c tö kh«ng chÞ em cña quantitatively modifies a biological cïng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ trong gi¶m ph©n. process. homology 1. The degree of identity hãc m«n ChÊt hãa häc ®Æc biÖt, ®-îc s¶n between individuals, or characters. 2. The xuÊt trong mét bé phËn c¬ thÓ thùc hoÆc degree of identity of sequence (nucleotide ®éng vËt, vμ ®-îc chuyÓn tíi phÇn kh¸c or amino acid) between a number of DNA n¬i cã nång ®é thÊp, nã xóc tiÕn, ng¨n chÆn or polypeptide molecules. hoÆc biÕn ®æi ®Þnh l-îng qu¸ tr×nh sinh häc. tÝnh ®ång nhÊt 1. Møc ®é nhËn biÕt gi÷a host An organism that contains another c¸c c¸ thÓ, hoÆc c¸c ®Æc tr-ng. 2. Møc ®é organism or a cloning vector. nhËn biÕt tr×nh tù (nuleotit hoÆc amino acid) gi÷a mét sè ph©n tö DNA hoÆc polyeptit. vËt chñ, ký chñ Mét sinh vËt cã chøa sinh vËt kh¸c hoÆc vect¬ t¸ch dßng. homomultimer A protein consisting of a number of identical subunits. host-specific toxin A metabolite, produced by a pathogen, and which is thÓ ®ång nhÊt Mét protein gåm cã mét responsible for the adverse effects of the sè l-îng cÊu tróc d-íi ph©n tö ®ång nhÊt. pathogen. The toxin has a host specificity homoplasmy The condition in which all equivalent to that of the pathogen. Utilized copies of an organelle in a cell are for in vitro selection experiments to screen genetically identical. Opposite: for tolerance or resistance to the heteroplasmy. pathogen. hot spot 141 ®éc tè chuyªn vËt chñ S¶n phÈm trao heteroduplex. ®æi chÊt, s¶n sinh do t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh, sinh vËt lai 1. Con c¸i cña hai cha mÑ vμ cã tr¸ch nhiÖm víi c¸c hiÖu øng ®èi lËp kh«ng gièng nhau di truyÒn. 2. Cña nh÷ng cña t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh. §éc tè cã sù t-¬ng ph©n tö DNA, xem: heteroduplex. ®ång chuyªn biÖt vËt chñ víi t¸c nh©n g©y hybrid arrested translation A method bÖnh. §-îc sö dông cho c¸c thö nghiÖm used to identify what protein(s) are chän läc trong èng nghiÖm ®Ó chän läc søc encoded by a particular cloned DNA chÞu ®ùng hoÆc tÝnh chèng chôi ®èi víi vËt sequence. A total mRNA preparation, g©y bÖnh. which contains many different mRNAs, is hot spot ®iÓm nãng xem: hybridized with cloned DNA, so that those recombinational hot spot. mRNA molecules homologous to the HSA xem: serum albumin. cloned DNA will anneal to give DNA/RNA HSP xem: heat shock protein. heteroduplexes. The non-annealed mRNA molecules can be translated in vitro human artificial chromosome and this is then compared to translation (Abbreviation: HAC). Analogous to yeast products from the untreated mRNAs. See: artificial chromosome, a construct hybrid released translation. comprising a human centromere and telomeres, which would allow for the b¶n dÞch ng¨n chÆn lai Mét ph-¬ng ph¸p cloning of very large fragments of DNA, sö dông ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh mét hoÆc nhiÒu and their transfer into human cells for the protein ®-îc m· ho¸ do tr×nh tù DNA nh©n purpose of gene therapy. Not yet dßng riªng biÖt. Tæng sè chÕ phÈm RNA established as a working technology, th«ng tin, mang RNA th«ng tin kh¸c nhau, although some partial success has been lai víi DNA nh©n dßng, do vËy c¸c ph©n tö reported. RNA th«ng tin t-¬ng ®ång víi DNA ®-îc nh©n dßng sÏ ghÐp ®Ó t¹o ra chuçi kÐp dÞ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n t¹o ng-êi (viÕt t¾t: hîp DNA/RNA. C¸c ph©n tö RNA th«ng HAC). T-¬ng tù víi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n tin kh«ng ghÐp cã thÓ ®-îc dÞch m· trong t¹o nÊm men, mét cÊu tróc gåm cã t©m èng nghiÖm vμ sau ®ã ®em so s¸nh víi ®éng vμ ®iÓm mót nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ng-êi, c¸c s¶n phÈm dÞch m· tõ c¸c RNA th«ng nã sÏ cho phÐp ®Ó t¹o dßng ®o¹n DNA rÊt tin ch-a xö lý. Xem: hybrid released lín, vμ chuyÓn cho tÕ bμo ng-êi víi môc translation. ®Ých ch÷a bÖnh gen. HiÖn cßn ch-a ®-îc thiÕt lËp thμnh c«ng nghÖ ho¹t ®éng, mÆc hybrid cell tÕ bμo lai Xem: synkaryon. dï mét sè phÇn thμnh c«ng ®· ®-îc th«ng hybrid dysgenesis Infertility and an b¸o. increased incidence of chromosome human growth hormone hãc m«n sinh mutations thought to be caused by the tr-ëng ng-êi (viÕt t¾t: hGH). xem: growth activation of transposons. hormone. Sinh rèi lo¹n lai Thô tinh vμ mét ph¹m vi human-leukocyte-antigen system hÖ t¨ng cao ®ét biÕn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nghÜ lμ kh¸ng nguyªn b¹ch cÇu ng-êi (viÕt t¾t: ®-îc g©y ra do kÝch ho¹t c¸c gen nh¶y. HLA). xem: major histocompatibility hybrid released translation A method antigens used to identify the gene product of a humoral immune response ph¶n øng cloned gene. The cloned DNA is miÔn dÞch thÓ dÞch xem: antibody- immobilized and hybridized with a mixed mediated immune response. mRNA sample, so that only mRNA sequences homologous to the cloned Hup + vÞ trÝ ®o¸n nhËn hydro d-¬ng tÝnh DNA will be retained. These mRNA viÕt t¾t cña hydrogen-uptake positive. molecules are subsequently removed and hybrid 1. The offspring of two genetically translated in vitro. See: hybrid arrested unlike parents. 2. Of DNA molecules, see: translation. hybrid seed 142 b¶n dÞch ph¸t hμnh lai Ph-¬ng ph¸p thùc vËt néi phèi. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: ®-îc dïng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh s¶n phÈm gen cña heterosis. gen nh©n dßng. DNA nh©n dßng ®-îc gi÷ hybridization 1. The process of forming cè ®Þnh vμ lai víi mÉu hçn hîp, do ®ã chØ a hybrid by cross pollination of plants duy nhÊt c¸c tr×nh tù mRNA t-¬ng ®ång or by mating animals of different types. 2. víi DNA nh©n dßng sÏ ®-îc gi÷ l¹i. C¸c The production of offspring of genetically ph©n tö RNA th«ng tin nμy ®-îc chuyÓn different parents, normally from sexual vμo vμ dÞch m· trong èng nghiÖm. Xem: reproduction, but also asexually by the hybrid arrested translation. fusion of protoplasts or by hybrid seed 1. Seed produced by crossing transformation. 3. The pairing of two genetically dissimilar parents. 2. In plant DNA strands, often from different sources, breeding, used colloquially for seed by hydrogen bonding between produced by specific crosses of selected complementary nucleotides. pure lines, such that the F1 crop is sù lai gièng 1. Qu¸ tr×nh canh t¸c gièng genetically uniform and displays hybrid lai do thô phÊn chÐo thùc vËt hoÆc kÕt ®«i vigour. As the F1 plants are heterozygous c¸c vËt nu«i d¹ng kh¸c nhau. 2. S¶n phÈm with respect to many genes, the crop does con c¸i cña cha mÑ kh¸c nhau di truyÒn, not breed true and so new seed must be th-êng tõ sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh, nh-ng cßn tõ purchased each season. v« tÝnh do dung hîp chÊt nguyªn sinh hoÆc h¹t gièng lai 1. H¹t gièng s¶n xuÊt do lai biÕn n¹p. 3. Sù cÆp ®«i hai sîi DNA, th-êng chÐo hai cha mÑ kh¸c di truyÒn. 2. Trong tõ c¸c nguån kh¸c nhau, b»ng kÕt nèi hy- chän gièng thùc vËt, b×nh th-êng ®-îc ®r« gi÷a c¸c nuleotit bæ sung. dïng ®Ó h¹t gièng s¶n xuÊt do c¸c cÆp lai hybridoma A synthetic hybrid cell, derived chÐo ®Æc biÖt cña dßng thuÇn chän läc, by fusing a B lymphocyte with a tumour sao cho thÕ hÖ c©y lai F1 lμ gièng nhau vÒ cell. The former secretes a single antibody, di truyÒn vμ biÓu hiÖn -u thÕ lai. Khi c©y while the latter confers the property of lai F1 lμ dÞ hîp cã mèi quan hÖ tíi nhiÒu growing indefinitely in tissue culture. The gen, c©y gièng kh«ng ph¶i lμ dßng thuÇn underlying technology behind the vμ v× thÕ h¹t gièng míi cÇn ®-îc mua theo monoclonal antibody. tõng mïa vô. vËt lai TÕ bμo lai tæng hîp, ®-îc t¹o ra do hybrid selection The process of choosing dung hîp limph« bμo B víi tÕ bμo khèi u. individuals possessing desired VËt ®Çu ph©n tiÕt kh¸ng thÓ ®¬n, trong khi characteristics from among a hybrid vËt sau t¹o ra thuéc tÝnh sinh tr-ëng v« population. h¹n ®Þnh trong nu«i cÊy m«. C«ng nghÖ chän läc lai Qu¸ tr×nh chän nh÷ng c¸ thÓ c¬ b¶n quan träng sau kh¸ng thÓ dßng ®¬n. xö lý c¸c ®Æc tÝnh mong muèn tõ mét quÇn hydrogen-uptake positive (Abbreviation: thÓ lai. Hup+). A term describing a micro- hybrid vigour The extent to which a hybrid organism that is capable of assimilating individual outperforms both its parents with (or taking up) hydrogen gas. respect to one or many traits. The genetic chÊp nhËn hydrogen d-¬ng tÝnh (viÕt basis of hybrid vigour is not well t¾t: Hup+). Mét thuËt ng÷ m« t¶ mét vi sinh understood, but the phenomenon is vËt cã kh¶ n¨ng ®ång ho¸ (hoÆc gi¶i widespread, particularly in inbreeding phãng) khÝ hydrogen. plant species. Synonym: heterosis. hydrolysis A chemical reaction in which -u thÕ lai Ph¹m vi ®Ó cho mét c¸ thÓ lai water is added across a covalent bond, thÓ hiÖn c¶ cha mÑ cã liªn quan víi mét often cleaving the molecule into two. hoÆc nhiÒu tÝnh tr¹ng. C¬ së gen häc -u Occurs for example when polynucleotides, thÕ lai ch-a ®-îc hiÓu biÕt ®Çy ®ñ, nh-ng polypeptides, and polysaccharides are hiÖn t-îng nμy lμ phæ biÕn, ®Æc biÖt trong broken into their component monomers. hydrophobic interaction 143 Thus sucrose can be hydrolysed to segment is present in more than the glucose and fructose; and proteins to normal number. Opposite: hypoploid. individual amino acids. siªu béi T×nh tr¹ng trong ®ã mét nhiÔm thñy ph©n Ph¶n øng hãa häc trong ®ã s¾c thÓ riªng biÖt hoÆc tõng ®o¹n nhiÔm n-íc ®-îc g¾n thªm liªn kÕt ®ång hãa trÞ, s¾c thÓ cã mÆt nhiÒu h¬n so víi sè l-îng th-êng ph©n t¸ch ph©n tö nμy thμnh hai. b×nh th-êng. Ng-îc víi: hypoploid. XÈy ra vÝ dô khi c¸c polinucleotit, polyeptit, hypersensitive response 1. A specific vμ polisacarit bÞ bÎ g·y thμnh c¸c ®¬n ph©n reaction of a plant to attack by a pathogen. thuéc thμnh phÇn cña chóng. Nh- vËy chÊt The plant cells surrounding the point of ®-êng cã thÓ ®-îc thuû ph©n thμnh infection rapidly die and dry out, so that glucoza vμ ®-êng qu¶; vμ c¸c protein pathogen spread within the plant is thμnh c¸c amino acids riªng lÎ. prevented. Often associated with the hydrophobic interaction An interaction interaction of race-specific R genes with between a hydrophobic (‘water-hating’) a matching pathogen avirulence. 2. The part of a molecule and an aqueous abnormal response of an animal to the environment. Particularly significant in presence of a particular antigen. establishing the conformation of ph¶n øng siªu c¶m 1. Ph¶n øng ®Æc biÖt molecules in solution, and thus their cña thùc vËt khi bÞ tÊn c«ng do t¸c nh©n biological activity. Many enzymes have a g©y bÖnh. C¸c tÕ bμo thùc vËt bao v©y structure where the polypeptide chain is ®iÓm nhiÔm trïng g©y chÕt nhanh chãng folded to form a hydrophobic core and a vμ lμm kh«, nh- vËy t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh hydrophilic (‘water-loving’) surface. trong c©y ®-îc ng¨n chÆn. Th-êng liªn t-¬ng t¸c ghÐt n-íc Mèi t-¬ng t¸c gi÷a quan ®Õn mèi t-¬ng t¸c cña c¸c gen R tû phÇn ghÐt n-íc cña ph©n tö vμ m«i tr-êng lÖ ®Æc biÖt víi sù ®Êu tranh lμm mÊt ®éc n-íc. §Æc biÖt quan träng trong viÖc thiÕt tÝnh t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh . 2. Ph¶n øng kh¸c lËp h×nh d¸ng ph©n tö trong dung dÞch, vμ th-êng cña mét ®éng vËt víi sù cã mÆt ho¹t tÝnh sinh häc cña chóng. NhiÒu enzim cña mét kh¸ng nguyªn ®Æc biÖt. cã mét cÊu tróc n¬i chuçi polyeptit ®-îc hypersensitive site Regions in the DNA gÊp l¹i h×nh thμnh lâi ghÐt n-íc vμ bÒ mÆt that are highly susceptible to digestion -a n-íc. with restriction endonucleases. hydroponics The growing of plants vÞ trÝ siªu c¶m Nh÷ng vïng trong DNA dÔ without soil. Plants are fed with an aerated bÞ ¶nh h-ëng cao ®Ó tiªu hãa víi c¸c solution of nutrients, and the roots are endonucleaza giíi h¹n. either supported within an inert matrix, or hypertonic A solution with an osmotic are freely floating in the nutrient solution. potential greater than that of living cells. trång c©y trong dung dÞch Trång c©y Treatment with such solutions leads to the kh«ng ®Êt. C¸c c©y trång ®-îc nu«i víi plasmolysis of cells. Opposite: mét dung dÞch c¸c chÊt dinh d-ìng ®-îc hypotonic. lμm th«ng khÝ, vμ rÔ ®-îc hç trî trong mét -u tr-¬ng Dung dÞch cã ¸p suÊt thÈm thÊu phøc hÖ kh«ng ho¹t ®éng, hoÆc næi tïy lín h¬n so víi tÕ bμo sèng. Xö lý víi c¸c theo dung dÞch chÊt dinh d-ìng. dung dÞch nh- vËy dÉn ®Õn tiªu nguyªn hygromycin An antibiotic used as sinh tÕ bμo. Ng-îc víi: hypotonic. selective agent in bacterial and transgenic hypervariable region The parts of both plant cell cultures. the heavy and light chains of an antibody hygromycin Mét kh¸ng sinh sö dông lμm molecule that enable it to bind to a specific t¸c nh©n cã chän läc trong nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo site on an antigen. thùc vËt chuyÓn gen vμ vi khuÈn. vïng siªu biÕn C¸c phÇn cña c¶ chuçi hyperploid The situation in which a nÆng lÉn chuçi nhÑ cña ph©n tö kh¸ng thÓ particular chromosome or chromosome hypervariable segment 144 mμ cho phÐp nã kÕt khèi víi mét ®iÓm ®Æc thùc vËt) hËu qu¶ do ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c biÖt trªn kh¸ng nguyªn . th-êng, bÖnh hoÆc c¨ng th¼ng dinh d-ìng. hypervariable segment A region of a hypoploid The situation in which a protein that varies considerably between particular chromosome or chromosome strains or individuals. segment is present in less than the normal number. Opposite: hyperploid. ®o¹n siªu biÕn Mét vïng protein cã biÕn ®æi ®¸ng kÓ gi÷a c¸c dßng hoÆc c¸ thÓ. gi¶m béi T×nh tr¹ng trong ®ã mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®Æc biÖt hoÆc tõng ®o¹n nhiÔm s¾c hypocotyl The portion of an embryo or thÓ cã mÆt Ýt h¬n sè l-îng b×nh th-êng. seedling below the cotyledons. A Ng-îc víi: hyperploid. transitional area between stem and root. hypothalamic peptides Peptides trô d-íi l¸ mÇm PhÇn cña mét ph«i hoÆc generated in the vertebrate forebrain and c©y gièng d-íi l¸ mÇm. Mét vïng chuyÓn concerned with regulating the body’s tiÕp gi÷a th©n c©y vμ rÔ. physiological state. hypomorph A mutation that reduces, but thuèc s©u hypothalamic C¸c lo¹i thuèc does not completely abolish gene s©u ph¸t sinh trong n·o tr-íc ®éng vËt cã expression. x-¬ng sèng vμ liªn quan víi viÖc ®iÒu chØnh hipomorph Mét kiÓu ®ét biÕn lμm suy tr¹ng th¸i sinh lý cña c¬ thÓ. nh-îc, nh-ng kh«ng huû bá hoμn toμn biÓu hypotonic Osmotic potential less than that hiÖn gen. of living cells. Cells placed in a hypotonic hypoplastic Defective and reduced solution will absorb water and display growth or development (e.g. dwarfing and swelling and turgidity. Opposite: stunting in plants) resulting from an hypertonic. abnormal condition, for example disease nh-îc tr-¬ng ¸p suÊt thÈm thÊu thÊp h¬n or nutritional stress. so víi tÕ bμo sèng. Nh÷ng tÕ bμo ®Æt trong hypoplastic Sù t¨ng tr-ëng hoÆc ph¸t mét dung dÞch nh-îc tr-¬ng sÏ hót n-íc triÓn bÞ gi¶m bít vμ cã sai sãt (vÝ dô lμm vμ biÓu lé vÕt báng vμ s-ng phång. Ng-îc nhá vμ chÆn l¹i kh«ng cho ph¸t triÓn trong víi: hypertonic. 145 loμi c«n trïng biÕn th¸i hoμn toμn kh¸c sinh ra c¸c c¬ quan tr-ëng thμnh ®Æc biÖt, nh- r©u, m¾t hoÆc c¸nh. imbibition 1. The absorption of liquids or vapours into the ultramicroscopic spaces Ii or pores found in materials. 2. The initial water uptake by seeds prior to germination. hÊp thô 1. HÊp thô c¸c chÊt láng hoÆc h¬i vμo trong kho¶ng trèng hoÆc lç siªu nhá I/E region vïng I/E ViÕt t¾t cña h×nh thμnh trong nguyªn liÖu. 2. DÉn n-íc integration-excision region. ban ®Çu do h¹t gièng tr-íc n¶y mÇm. ICSI Xem: intracytoplasmic sperm immediate early gene A viral gene that is injection. expressed promptly after infection. identical twin sinh ®«i ®ång nhÊt Xem gen sím tøc thêi Mét gen virut ®-îc biÓu monozygotic twin. thÞ tøc thêi sau l©y nhiÔm. idiogram s¬ ®å c¸ thÓ Xem: karyogram. immobilized cells Cells entrapped in matrices such as alginate, polyacrylamide idiotype An identifying property or and agarose, for use in membrane and characteristic of an item or system. 1.A filter bioreactors. plant form expected on physiological grounds to represent an optimal type for tÕ bμo cè ®Þnh Nh÷ng tÕ bμo m¾c bÉy the environment in which the plant is to be trong c¸c m«i tr-êng nh- anginate, grown. 2. A classification of antibody polyacrylamide vμ agarose, ®Ó sö dông molecules according to the antigenicity of trong c¸c ph¶n øng sinh häc mμng vμ läc. the variable regions. Each idiotype is immortalization The genetic unique to a particular immunoglobulin transformation of a cell type into a cell raised to a particular antigen. line which can proliferate indefinitely. kiÓu c¸ thÓ TÝnh chÊt hoÆc ®Æc tr-ng x¸c hãa bÊt tö BiÕn n¹p gen cña mét kiÓu tÕ ®Þnh cña mét chØ tiªu hoÆc hÖ thèng.1. Mét bμo thμnh dßng tÕ bμo mμ cã thÓ t¨ng mÉu thùc vËt mong muèn vÒ mÆt sinh lý nhanh kh«ng giíi h¹n. häc ®Ó m« t¶ mét kiÓu tèi -u cña m«i tr-êng immortalizing oncogene A gene that, trong ®ã c©y sÏ sinh tr-ëng. 2. Ph©n lo¹i upon transfection, enables a primary cell ph©n tö kh¸ng thÓ theo tÝnh kh¸ng nguyªn to grow indefinitely in culture. cña vïng biÕn dÞ. Mçi mét kiÓu c¸ thÓ duy gen g©y ung th- hãa bÊt tö Mét gen cho nh©t cho mét globulin miÔn dÞch ®Æc thï phÐp tÕ bμo gèc sinh tr-ëng kh«ng giíi h¹n g©y ra mét kh¸ng thÓ riªng biÖt. trong nu«i cÊy khi chuyÓn nhiÔm,. IgA/Igd/IgG/IgE/IgM GlobulinA/ immune response The processes, GlobulinD/GlobulinG/GlobulinE/ including the synthesis of antibodies, that GlobulinM xem: antibody class. are used by vertebrates to respond to the IGS viÕt t¾t cña 1. internal guide presence of a foreign antigen. See: sequence. 2. intergenic spacer. primary immune response; secondary imaginal disc A mass of cells in the larvae immune response. of Drosophila melanogaster and other ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch C¸c qu¸ tr×nh, bao holometabolous insects that gives rise to gåm tæng hîp kh¸ng thÓ, ®-îc ®éng vËt particular adult organs, such as antennae, cã x-¬ng sèng dïng ®Ó tr¶ lêi sù cã mÆt eyes or wings. mét kh¸ng nguyªn ngo¹i. Xem: primary ®Üa mÇm Khèi l-îng tÕ bμo cña Êu trïng immune response; secondary immune ruåi dÊm (Drosophila melanogaste) vμ c¸c response. immunity 146 immunity The lack of susceptibility of an quang, hoÆc liªn kÕt víi mét enzim ®Ó xóc animal or plant to infection by a particular t¸c ph¶n øng dß t×m dÔ nhËn thÊy nh- thay pathogen, or to the harmful effects of their ®æi mμu (xem: ELISA). Tõ ®ång nghÜa: toxins. immunodiagnostics. tÝnh miÔn dÞch ThiÕu tÝnh mÉn c¶m víi immunochemical control kiÓm tra miÔn nhiÔm bÖnh cña ®éng vËt hoÆc thùc vËt dÞch xem: immunotherapy. do t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh ®Æc thï, hoÆc víi immunodiagnostics chÈn ®o¸n miÔn ¶nh h-ëng cã h¹i cña ®éc tè cña chóng. dÞch xem: immunoassay. immunization The production of immunogen t¸c nh©n miÔn dÞch xem: immunity in an individual by artificial antigen. means. Active immunization involves the immunogenicity The ability to elicit an introduction, either orally or by infection, immune response. of specially treated bacteria, viruses or their toxins so as to stimulate the g©y miÔn dÞch Kh¶ n¨ng kh¬i mμo ph¶n production of antibodies. See: passive øng miÔn dÞch. immunity. immunoglobulin huyÕt thanh miÔn dÞch t¹o miÔn dÞch T¹o tÝnh miÔn dÞch cña mét xem: antibody. c¸ thÓ b»ng ph-¬ng ph¸p nh©n t¹o. T¹o immunoprophylaxis The process of miÔn dÞch chñ ®éng liªn qua viÖc ®-a vμo, active or passive immunization. Active trùc tiÕp hoÆc do nhiÔm bÖnh, cña vi khuÈn, immunization with vaccines leads to long- virut ®-îc xö lý riªng biÖt hoÆc ®éc tè cña term protection through mobilizing the chóng ®Ó kÝch thÝch t¹o kh¸ng thÓ. Xem: organism’s own immune system. Passive passive immunity. immunization is achieved by injection of immunoaffinity chromatography A antibody against a specific pathogen purification technique in which an obtained either by fractionation of blood antibody is bound to a matrix and is used from an individual previously infected with to isolate a protein from a complex the pathogen, or by monoclonal mixture. See: affinity chromatography. antibody technology. See: adoptive immunization, passive immunity. s¾c ký ¸i lùc miÔn dÞch Kü thuËt lμm s¹ch trong ®ã kh¸ng thÓ liªn kÕt víi mét hîp phßng ngõa miÔn dÞch Qu¸ tr×nh t¹o miÔn chÊt vμ ®-îc sö dông ®Ó ph©n lËp protein dÞch chñ ®éng hoÆc thô ®éng. T¹o miÔn tõ mét hçn hîp chÊt phøc t¹p. Xem: affinity dÞch chñ ®éng víi vacxin dÉn tíi b¶o vÖ chromatography. dμi h¹n qua huy ®éng hÖ thèng miÔn dÞch cña chÝnh sinh vËt. T¹o miÔn dÞch thô ®éng immunoassay An detection system for a ®¹t ®-îc do tiªm kh¸ng thÓ chèng l¹i t¸c particular molecule, which exploits the nh©n g©y bÖnh riªng biÖt thu ®-îc do ph©n specific binding of an antibody raised t¸ch m¸u tõ mét c¸ thÓ tr-íc l©y nhiÔm víi against it. For measurement, the antibody t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh, hoÆc bëi c«ng nghÖ can incorporate a radioactive or kh¸ng thÓ dßng ®¬n. Xem: adoptive fluorescent label, or be linked to an immunization, passive immunity enzyme which catalyses an easily monitored reaction such as a change in immunosensor A biosensor having an colour (see: ELISA). Synonym: antibody as the biological element. immunodiagnostics. bé c¶m miÔn dÞch Mét ®Çu thô c¶m sinh thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch HÖ thèng dß t×m häc cã mang mét kh¸ng thÓ nh- phÇn tö mét ph©n tö ®Æc thï, khai th¸c mèi liªn kÕt sinh vËt. ®Æc biÖt cña mét kh¸ng thÓ g©y chèng ®èi. immunosuppression The suppression of §Ó thùc hiÖn, kh¸ng thÓ cã thÓ hîp nhÊt the immune response. Necessary mét ®¸nh dÊu phãng x¹ hoÆc huúnh following organ transplants from a immunosuppression 147 genetically different donor in order to proteomics data continues to grow. See: prevent the host rejecting the grafted bio-informatics. organ. in silico Trong hå s¬ m¸y tÝnh. Trong hoμn øc chÕ miÔn dÞch ¸p chÕ ph¶n øng miÔn c¶nh hiÖn nay, sö dông c¬ së d÷ liÖu tr×nh dÞch. CÇn thiÕt tiÕp theo cÊy chuyÓn c¬ tù DNA vμ protein ®Ó hç trî tr¶ lêi c¸c vÊn quan tõ thÓ cho kh¸c biÖt di truyÒn nh»m ®Ò sinh vËt. §©y lμ lÜnh vùc ®ang ®μ ph¸t môc ®Ých ng¨n ngõa vËt chñ lo¹i bá c¬ triÓn cña sinh vËt häc v× tæng sè d÷ liÖu hÖ quan ghÐp. gen vμ protein ®ang tiÕp tôc gia t¨ng. Xem: immunosuppressor A substance, an bio-informatics agent or a condition that prevents or in situ In the natural place or in the original diminishes the immune response. place. 1. Experimental treatments chÊt øc chÕ miÔn dÞch Mét chÊt, mét t¸c performed on cells or tissue rather than nh©n hoÆc mét ®iÒu kiÖn ®Ó ng¨n ngõa on extracts from them. 2. Assays or hoÆc lμm gi¶m thiÓu ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch. manipulations performed with intact tissues. immunotherapy The use of an antibody or a fusion protein containing the antigen t¹i chç Trong chç tù nhiªn hoÆc nguyªn binding site of an antibody to cure a b¶n. 1. ThÝ nghiÖm nghiªn cøu thùc hiÖn disease or enhance the well-being of a trªn c¸c tÕ bμo hoÆc m« thay v× trªn c¸c patient. Synonym: immunochemical ®o¹n trÝch ra tõ chóng. 2. Ph©n tÝch hoÆc control. thao t¸c ®-îc thùc hiÖn víi m« cßn nguyªn. miÔn dÞch trÞ liÖu Sö dông kh¸ng thÓ hoÆc in situ colony hybridization A procedure protein dung hîp mang vÞ trÝ liªn kÕt kh¸ng for screening bacterial colonies or plaques nguyªn cña kh¸ng thÓ ®Ó ®iÒu trÞ bÖnh growing on plates or membranes for the hoÆc t¨ng c-êng søc khoÎ ng-êi bÖnh. Tõ presence of specific DNA sequences by ®ång nghÜa: immunochemical control. the hybridization of nucleic acid probes to the DNA molecules present in these immunotoxin Protein drugs consisting of colonies or plaques. Synonym: in situ an antibody joined to a toxin molecule. plaque hybridization. Made by either chemically linking the molecules, or by fusing the genes for the lai gièng khuÈn l¹c t¹i chç Ph-¬ng ph¸p toxin and the antibody, and expressing a ®Ó sμng läc khuÈn l¹c hoÆc vÕt tan ®ang fusion protein. The antibody portion of the lín lªn trªn c¸c m¶ng hoÆc mμng tÕ bμo molecule targets the toxin. ®Ó thÓ hiÖn c¸c tr×nh tù DNA riªng biÖt do lai ®Çu dß axit nucleic víi ph©n tö DNA cã ®éc tè miÔn dÞch Thuèc protein gåm mÆt trong khuÈn l¹c hoÆc c¸c m¶ng nμy. kh¸ng thÓ liªn kÕt víi ph©n tö ®éc tè. §-îc Tõ ®ång nghÜa: in situ plaque hybridization. t¹o ra do liªn kÕt hãa häc ph©n tö, hoÆc do dung hîp c¸c gen cña ®éc tè vμ kh¸ng in-situ conservation The conservation of thÓ, vμ biÓu thÞ mét protein dung hîp. PhÇn ecosystems and natural habitats and the kh¸ng thÓ cña ph©n tö nh»m ®Ých ®éc tè. maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural impeller An agitator that is used for mixing surroundings and, in the case of the contents of a bioreactor. domesticated or cultivated species, in the c¸n ®Èy VËt khuÊy ®éng dïng ®Ó trén surroundings where they have developed c¸c thμnh phÇn cña bÓ ph¶n øng sinh häc their distinctive properties. in silico In a computer file. In the present b¶o tån t¹i chç B¶o tån c¸c hÖ sinh th¸i, context, the use of data bases of DNA and n¬i c- tró tù nhiªn, duy tr× vμ kh«i phôc protein sequence to help answer c¸c quÇn thÓ loμi cã thÓ tån t¹i trong vïng biological questions. This is growing area xung quanh tù nhiªn vμ, xung quanh n¬i of biology as the amount of genomics and chóng ®· ph¸t triÓn c¸c ®Æc tÝnh ph©n biÖt. in situ hybridization 148 in situ hybridization The visualization of in vitro maturation (Abbreviation: IVM). in vivo location of macromolecules Culture of immature ova in the laboratory, (particularly polynucleotides and usually until they are ready for in vitro polypeptides) by the histological staining fertilization. of tissue sections or cytological tr-ëng thμnh trong èng nghiÖm (viÕt t¾t: preparations via labelled probes/ IVM). Nu«i cÊy no·n ch-a tr-ëng thμnh antibodies. trong phßng thÝ nghiÖm, th-êng cho ®Õn lai t¹i chç Quan s¸t râ vÞ trÝ trong c¬ thÓ khi chóng ®-îc chuÈn bÞ ®Çy ®ñ ®Ó thô tinh c¸c ®¹i ph©n tö (®Æc biÖt lμ polynucleotit trong èng nghiÖm. vμ polyeptit ) b»ng nhuém mμu m« häc in vitro mutagenesis g©y ®ét biÕn trong c¸c khu vùc m« hoÆc c¸c chÕ phÈm tÕ bμo èng nghiÖm xem: directed mutagenesis. qua ®Çu dß/ kh¸ng thÓ ®¸nh dÊu. in vitro transcription The cell-free in situ plaque hybridization lai gièng synthesis from DNA of RNA in the test m¶ng t¹i chç Xem: in situ colony tube. Synonym: cell-free transcription. hybridization. phiªn m· trong èng nghiÖm Tæng hîp in vitro Outside the organism, or in an tù do tÕ bμo tõ DNA cña RNA trong èng artificial environment. Applied for example thö nghiÖm. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: cell-free to cells, tissues or organs cultured in glass transcription. or plastic containers. in vitro translation The synthesis of trong èng nghiÖm Bªn ngoμi sinh vËt, proteins from isolated mRNA molecules ¸ hoÆc trong m«i tr-êng nh©n t¹o. p dông in the test-tube. Synonym: cell-free ®iÓn h×nh víi tÕ bμo, m« hoÆc c¬ quan nu«i translation. cÊy trong thïng b»ng kÝnh hoÆc chÊt dÎo. dÞch m· trong èng nghiÖm Tæng hîp in vitro embryo production protein tõ c¸c ph©n tö RNA th«ng tin ®-îc (Abbreviation: IVEP). The combination of c« lËp trong èng thö nghiÖm. Tõ ®ång ovum pickup, in vitro maturation of ova, nghÜa: cell-free translation. and in vitro fertilization. A potential in vivo The natural conditions in which means of overcoming the variability organisms reside. Refers to biological between donors in number of ova collected processes that take place within a living in embryo-transfer programmes. organism or cell under normal conditions. s¶n xuÊt ph«i thai trong èng nghiÖm trong c¬ thÓ C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn tù nhiªn trong (viÕt t¾t: IVEP). KÕt hîp cña ®Çu ®äc no·n, ®ã sinh vËt c- tró. Liªn quan víi qu¸ tr×nh tr-ëng thμnh trong èng nghiÖm cña no·n, sinh vËt ®Æt trong mét sinh vËt hoÆc tÕ bμo vμ thô tinh trong èng nghiÖm. Mét ph-¬ng sèng d-íi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn b×nh th-êng. ph¸p tiÒm n¨ng chÕ ngù tÝnh biÕn thiªn gi÷a vËt cho trong sè c¸c no·n ®-îc tËp in vivo gene therapy The delivery of a hîp trong ch-¬ng tr×nh chuyÓn ph«i. gene or genes to a tissue or organ of a complete living individual to alleviate a in vitro fertilization (Abbreviation: IVF). genetic disorder. A widely used technique in human and animal science, whereby the egg is liÖu ph¸p gen trong c¬ thÓ ChuyÓn giao fertilized with sperm outside the body mét hoÆc nhiÒu gen tíi m« hoÆc c¬ quan before re-implanting into the uterus. cña c¸ thÓ sèng hoμn chØnh lμm gi¶m bít rèi lo¹n gen. thô tinh trong èng nghiÖm (viÕt t¾t: IVF). Kü thuËt sö dông phæ biÕn trong khoa häc inactivated agent A virus, bacterium or ng-êi vμ ®éng vËt, b»ng c¸ch nμo ®Ó trøng other organism that has been treated to ®-îc thô tinh víi tinh trïng bªn ngoμi c¬ prevent it from causing a disease. See: thÓ tr-íc khi cÊy vμo tö cung. attenuated vaccine. inbred line 149 t¸c nh©n khö ho¹t tÝnh Mét virut, vi khuÈn inclusion body A protein that is hoÆc hoÆc sinh vËt kh¸c ®-îc xö lý ®Ó ng¨n overproduced in a recombinant bacterium ngõa g©y bÖnh. Xem: attenuated vaccine. and forms a crystalline structure inside the inbred line The product of inbreeding, i.e. bacterial cell. the intercrossing of individuals that have thÓ bao Mét lo¹i protein ®-îc s¶n xuÊt qu¸ ancestors in common. In plants and nhiÒu trong vi khuÈn t¸i tæ hîp vμ h×nh laboratory animals, it refers to populations thμnh cÊu tróc trong suèt phÝa trong tÕ bμo resulting from at least 6 generations of vi khuÈn. selfing or 20 generations of brother-sister incompatibility 1. Genetically or mating, so that they have become, for all physiologically determined prevention of practical purposes, completely intermating. 2. A physiological interaction homozygous. In farm animals, the term resulting in graft rejection or failure. 3. A is sometimes used to describe populations function of a related group of plasmids. that have resulted from several Incompatible plasmids share similar generations of the mating of close replication functions, and this leads to the relatives, without having reached complete exclusion of one or the other plasmid if they homozygosity. are present in the same cell. Plasmids dßng néi phèi S¶n phÈm néi phèi, nghÜa belonging to one incompatibility group lμ lai chÐo c¸c c¸ thÓ cã tæ tiªn chung. are very closely related. Trong thùc vËt vμ ®éng vËt thÝ nghiÖm, liªn kh«ng t-¬ng hîp 1. ¸t chÕ giao phèi th©n quan víi quÇn thÓ kÕt qu¶ tõ Ýt nhÊt 6 thÕ thuéc ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh di truyÒn hoÆc sinh hÖ tù phèi hoÆc 20 thÕ hÖ giao phèi, do lý. 2. T¸c dông t-¬ng hç sinh lý häc g©y ra vËy chóng trë thμnh ®ång hîp tö hoμn toμn do h¹n chÕ hoÆc háng m¶nh ghÐp. 3. Ho¹t theo tÊt c¶ c¸c môc ®Ých thùc hμnh. Trong ®éng nhãm liªn quan c¸c plasmit. Plasmit ®éng vËt trang tr¹i, thuËt ng÷ ®«i khi dïng kh«ng t-¬ng hîp chia sÎ ho¹t ®éng sao ®Ó m« t¶ nh÷ng quÇn thÓ ®-îc b¾t nguån chÐp t-¬ng tù, vμ dÉn ®Õn lo¹i trõ plasmit tõ mét sè thÕ hÖ giao phèi cËn th©n, kh«ng nμy hoÆc plasmit kh¸c nÕu chóng cã mÆt ®¹t ®ång hîp tö hoμn toμn. trong cïng tÕ bμo. C¸c plasmit thuéc nhãm inbreeding Matings between individuals kh«ng t-¬ng hîp cã quan hÖ cËn th©n. that have one or more ancestors in incompatibility group Plasmids must common, the extreme condition being self- belong to different incompatibility groups fertilization, which occurs naturally in many to co-exist within the same cell. A plasmid plants and some primitive animals. cloning vector should always belong to Synonym: endogamy. an incompatibility group different from that néi phèi Giao phèi gi÷a nh÷ng c¸ thÓ cã of the host bacterium’s endogenous mét hoÆc nhiÒu tæ tiªn chung, tr¹ng th¸i plasmids. cao nhÊt lμ tù thô phÊn, xÈy ra tù nhiªn nhãm kh«ng t-¬ng hîp C¸c plasmit cÇn trong nhiÒu loμi thùc vËt vμ mét sè loμi thuéc vÒ nhãm kh«ng t-¬ng hîp kh¸c nhau ®éng vËt nguyªn thñy. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: ®Ó cïng tån t¹i trong mét tÕ bμo. Vect¬ endogamy. t¹o dßng plasmit cÇn lu«n thuéc nhãm inbreeding depression The reduction in kh«ng t-¬ng hîp kh¸c víi plasmit néi sinh vigour over generations of inbreeding. cña vi khuÈn chñ. This affects species which are normally incomplete digest tiªu hãa kh«ng hoμn outbreeding and highly heterozygous. toμn xem: partial digest. See: hybrid vigour. incomplete dominance A gene action in suy tho¸i do néi phèi Sù gi¶m søc sèng which heterozygotes have a phenotype ¶ qua c¸c thÕ hÖ néi phèi. nh h-ëng ®Õn that is different from either homozygote, c¸c loμi ngo¹i phèi b×nh th-êng vμ dÞ hîp and is usually intermediate between them. cao. xem: hybrid vigour. incomplete dominance 150 tÝnh tréi kh«ng hoμn toμn Ho¹t ®éng gen ph©n bè chuÈn Ph©n phèi ngÉu nhiªn trong ®ã c¸c dÞ hîp tö cã kiÓu h×nh kh¸c trong qu¸ tr×nh gi¶m ph©n cña alen (t¹i c¸c víi ®ång hîp tö, vμ th-êng lμ trung gian gen kh¸c nhau) cho giao tö lμ tr-êng hîp gi÷a chóng. khi gen nghi ngê ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh trªn c¸c incomplete penetrance Where the nhiÔm s¾c thÓ kh¸c nhau hoÆc kh«ng ®-îc phenotype does not allow perfect liªn kÕt trªn cïng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. Xem: prediction of the genotype as a result of linkage interference in gene expression by the indeterminate growth The condition in environment. which the terminal bud persists and th©m nhËp kh«ng hoμn toμn N¬i mμ kiÓu produces successive lateral branches over h×nh kh«ng cho phÐp dù ®o¸n hoμn h¶o an indefinite period. Opposite: kiÓu di truyÒn lμ hËu qu¶ cña giao thoa determinate growth. trong biÓu thÞ gen do m«i tr-êng. sinh tr-ëng bÊt ®Þnh T×nh tr¹ng mÇm cuèi incubation 1. The hatching of eggs by tån t¹i vμ s¶n sinh cμnh bªn liªn tiÕp qua means of heat, either natural or artificial. mét thêi kú kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh. Ng-îc víi: 2. Period between infection and determinate growth appearance of symptoms induced by a indirect embryogenesis Plant embryo pathogen. 3. The culture of cells and formation on callus tissues derived from organisms. explants, including zygotic or somatic Êp 1. Trøng në nhê nhiÖt ®é tù nhiªn hoÆc embryos and seedlings. Opposite: direct nh©n t¹o. 2. Thêi kú gi÷a nhiÔm bÖnh vμ embryogenesis. xuÊt hiÖn triÖu chøng g©y ra do t¸c nh©n sinh ph«i gi¸n tiÕp H×nh thμnh ph«i thùc g©y bÖnh. 3. Nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo vμ sinh vËt. vËt trªn m« sÑo b¾t nguån tõ c¸c m¶nh incubator An apparatus in which nu«i cÊy, bao gåm ph«i hîp tö hoÆc x«ma environmental conditions (light, vμ mÇm non. Ng-îc víi :direct photoperiod, temperature, humidity, etc.) embryogenesis. are fully controlled; used for hatching eggs, indirect organogenesis Plant organ multiplying micro-organisms, culturing formation on callus tissues derived from plants, etc. explants. Opposite: direct lång Êp ThiÕt bÞ cã c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn m«i organogenesis. tr-êng (¸nh s¸ng, chu kú chiÕu s¸ng, nhiÖt sinh c¬ quan gi¸n tiÕp H×nh thμnh c¬ ®é, Èm ®é,v.v.) ®-îc ®iÒu khiÓn ®Çy ®ñ; quan thùc vËt trªn m« sÑo b¾t nguån tõ dïng ®Ó trøng në, nh©n vi sinh vËt, nu«i m¶nh ghÐp. Ng-îc víi: direct cÊy c¸c c©y con, v©n v©n. organogenesis. indehiscent Describing a fruit or fruiting inducer A low-molecular-weight body that does not open to release its compound or a physical agent that seeds or spores when ripe. associates with a repressor protein to kh«ng nÎ M« t¶ qu¶ hoÆc thÓ t¹o qu¶ produce a complex that can no longer bind mμ kh«ng më ra ®Ó gi¶i phãng h¹t hoÆc to the operator. Thus, the presence of the bμo tö khi chÝn. inducer turns on the expression of the gene(s) controlled by the operator. independent assortment The random distribution during meiosis of alleles (at chÊt c¶m øng Hîp chÊt khèi l-îng ph©n different genes) to the gametes that is the tö thÊp hoÆc t¸c nh©n vËt lý liªn hîp víi case when the genes in question are protein k×m h·m ®Ó t¹o ra phøc hîp cã thÓ located on different chromosomes or are kh«ng nèi kÐo dμi tíi ®iÓm ®iÒu hoμ. Do unlinked on the same chromosome. See: vËy, thÓ hiÖn h-íng c¶m øng trªn biÓu thÞ linkage. mét hoÆc nhiÒu gen do ®iÒu hoμ. inducible 151 inducible A gene or gene product whose dung dÞch c¶m øng 1. Dung dÞch ®-îc transcription or synthesis is increased by dïng c¶m øng ®Ó h×nh thμnh c¬ quan hoÆc exposure of the cells to an inducer or to a cÊu tróc kh¸c. 2. Dung dÞch g©y biÕn dÞ condition, e.g. heat. Opposite: hoÆc ®ét biÕn trong c¸c m« h-íng tíi nã. constitutive. inembryonation chuyÓn ghÐp ph«i xem: kh¶ n¨ng c¶m øng Gen hoÆc s¶n phÈm artificial inembryonation. gen ®-îc t¨ng c-êng phiªn m· hoÆc tæng infection The successful colonization of hîp do h-íng c¸c tÕ bμo tíi mét c¶m øng any living organism by a pathogen. hoÆc t×nh tr¹ng, vÝ dô lμ nhiÖt ®é. Ng-îc nhiÔm bÖnh L©y nhiÔm hoμn thμnh cña víi: constitutive. bÊt kú sinh vËt sèng nμo bëi t¸c nh©n g©y inducible enzyme An enzyme that is bÖnh. synthesized only in the presence of the infectious agent t¸c nh©n l©y nhiÔm tõ substrate that acts as an inducer. ®ång nghÜa: pathogen. enzim g©y c¶m øng Enzim ®-îc tæng hîp infiltrate The entry of liquid into pores or chØ khi cã mÆt mét c¬ chÊt ho¹t ®éng nh- other spaces. mét c¶m øng. thÈm thÊu X©m nhËp cña chÊt láng vμo lç inducible gene A gene that is expressed thë hoÆc kho¶ng trèng kh¸c. only in the presence of a specific metabolite, the inducer. inflorescence The flowers of a plant, and the way those flowers are arranged. gen g©y c¶m øng Gen ®-îc biÓu thÞ chØ khi cã mét s¶n phÈm trao ®æi chÊt ®Æc biÖt, sù në hoa C¸c lo¹i hoa thùc vËt, vμ c¸ch thÓ c¶m øng. nh÷ng hoa nμy ®-îc x¾p xÕp. inducible promoter The activation of a inheritance The transmission of genes promoter in response to either the and phenotypes from generation to presence of a particular compound, i.e. the generation. inducer, or to a defined external condition, tÝnh di truyÒn Sù truyÒn c¸c gen vμ kiÓu e.g. elevated temperature. h×nh tõ thÕ hÖ nμy sang thÕ hÖ kh¸c. khëi ®iÓm c¶m øng KÝch ho¹t mét khëi inhibitor 1. Any substance or object that ®iÓm ®Ó ®¸p l¹i khi cã mÆt mét hçn hîp retards a chemical reaction. 2. A ®Æc biÖt, nh- lμ chÊt c¶m øng, hoÆc mét metabolite or modifier gene that interferes ®iÒu kiÖn bªn ngoμi ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh, vÝ dô with a reaction or with the expression of n©ng cao nhiÖt ®é. another gene. induction The act or process of causing chÊt øc chÕ (bé chÆn)1. ChÊt hoÆc ®èi some specific effect to occur; for example t-îng bÊt kú lμm chËm ph¶n øng hãa häc. the transcription of a specific gene or 2. S¶n phÈm trao ®æi chÊt hoÆc gen biÕn operon, or the production of a protein by ®æi ®Ó ng¨n chÆn ph¶n øng hoÆc biÓu thÞ an organism after it is exposed to a specific cña gen kh¸c. stimulus. initial Cells in a meristem that remain g©y c¶m øng T¸c ®éng hoÆc qu¸ tr×nh g©y permanently capable of differentiation, and ra mét sè ¶nh h-ëng ®Æc biÖt ®Ó xuÊt hiÖn, which develop into tissues of particular vÝ dô phiªn m· gen hoÆc operon ®Æc biÖt, structure and function. hoÆc s¶n xuÊt protein do sinh vËt sau khi khëi ®Çu C¸c tÕ bμo thuéc m« ph©n sinh ®-îc h-íng tíi mét lo¹t kÝch thÝch ®Æc biÖt. gi÷ l¹i kh¶ n¨ng biÖt ho¸, vμ ph¸t triÓn induction media 1. Media used to induce thμnh m« cÊu tróc vμ chøc n¨ng riªng. the formation of organs or other structures. initiation Causing something to start. 1. 2. Media causing variation or mutation in Early steps or stages of a tissue culture the tissues exposed to it. process. 2. Early stages of biosynthesis. initiation codon 152 sù Khëi ®Çu G©y ra c¸i g× ®ã tõ ®Çu. 1. chÊt nhiÔm truyÒn (sè nhiÒu: inocula) 1. C¸c b-íc hoÆc giai ®o¹n sím cña qu¸ tr×nh M¶nh m« nhá c¾t tõ m« sÑo, hoÆc m¶mh cÊy m«. 2. C¸c giai ®o¹n sím cña sinh ghÐp tõ m« hoÆc c¬ quan, hoÆc mét l-îng tæng hîp. nhá vËt liÖu tÕ bμo tõ nu«i cÊy huyÒn phï, initiation codon côm m· khëi ®Çu Xem: ®-îc chuyÓn vμo m«i tr-êng míi lμm tiÕp start codon. tôc t¨ng tr-ëng nu«i c©y. Xem: minimum inoculum size. 2. Bμo tö hoÆc phÇn vi initiation factor Soluble protein required khuÈn (nh- sîi nÊm). 3. Vacxin. for the initiation of translation. inorganic compound Historically, nh©n tè khëi ®Çu Protein hoμ tan cÇn thiÕt chemicals that could not be derived from ®Ó khëi ®Çu dÞch m·. living processes. In modern usage, inoculate Deliberately introduce, in chemicals that do not contain carbon, contrast to contamination. 1. In although carbonates and a few other bacteriology, tissue culture, etc., placing simple carbon compounds are generally an inoculum into (or onto) medium to regarded as inorganic. initiate a culture. 2. In immunology, to carry hîp chÊt v« c¬ Theo lÞch sö, hãa chÊt out immunization. 3. In plant pathology, kh«ng b¾t nguån tõ qu¸ tr×nh sèng. C¸ch application of pathogen spores etc. on to dïng hiÖn nay, hãa chÊt kh«ng cã c¸c bon, plants under conditions where infection mÆc dï c¸c muèi c¸c bon vμ mét Ýt c¸c should result in the absence of resistance. hîp chÊt bon ®¬n gi¶n kh¸c nãi chung ®-îc nhiÔm truyÒn §-a vμo cè ý, tr¸i ng-îc xem nh- chÊt v« c¬. víi « nhiÔm. 1. Trong vi khuÈn häc, nu«i inositol A cyclic acid cÊy m«, v.v., ®-a chÊt truyÒn vμo trong (hexahydroxycyclohexane) that is a (hoÆc lªn trªn) m«i tr-êng khëi ®Çu nu«i constituent of certain cell cÊy. 2. Trong miÔn dÞch häc, t¹o miÔn dÞch. phosphoglycerides. It is a nutrient 3. Trong bÖnh häc thùc vËt, dïng cho bμo frequently referred to as a “vitamin” in plant tö t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh v.v.cho thùc vËt khi tissue culture. Also acts as a growth factor ®iÒu kiÖn n¬i l©y nhiÔm lμm cho kh«ng cßn in some animals and micro-organisms. kh¶ n¨ng chèng cù . inositol ChÊt a-xÝt vßng inoculation cabinet Small room or (hexahydroxycyclohexan) lμ thμnh phÇn cabinet for inoculation (of tissue or micro- chñ yÕu cña c¸c phosphoglyxerit tÕ bμo organism cultures) operations, often with nhÊt ®Þnh. Lμ chÊt dinh d-ìng thiÕt yÕu a current of sterile air to carry contaminants ®-îc ®Ò cËp tíi nh- mét “vitamin “ trong away from the work area. nu«i cÊy m« thùc vËt. Cßn lμm nh©n tè sinh buång nhiÔm truyÒn Phßng hoÆc buång tr-ëng ®èi víi mét sè ®éng vËt vμ vi sinh nhá ®Ó thao t¸c nhiÔm truyÒn (cña m« hoÆc vËt. nu«i cÊy vi sinh vËt), th-êng cã luång inositol lipid A membrane-anchored kh«ng khÝ ®· khö trïng ®Ó ®-a c¸c chÊt phospholipid that transduces hormonal g©y « nhiÔm ra khái vïng lμm viÖc. signals by stimulating the release of any inoculum (pl.: inocula) 1. A small piece of of several chemical messengers. tissue cut from callus, or an explant from inositol lipit ChÊt photpho lipit ®Ýnh trªn a tissue or organ, or a small amount of cell mμng tÕ bμo ®Ó vËn chuyÓn tÝn hiÖu hãc material from a suspension culture, m«n do thóc ®Èy gi¶i phãng mét sè th«ng transferred into fresh medium for continued tin hãa häc nμo ®ã. growth of the culture. See: minimum inoculum size. 2. Microbial spores or insecticide A substance that kills insects. parts (such as mycelium). 3. Vaccine. thuèc trõ s©u ChÊt tiªu diÖt c¸c s©u h¹i. insert 153 insert 1. To incorporate a DNA molecule Tõ ®ång nghÜa: cloning site. 2. VÞ trÝ hîp into a cloning vector; also used as a noun nhÊt cña gen nh¶y. to describe such a DNA molecule. 2. To instability A lack of consistent phenotype, introduce a gene or gene construct into a usually as a result of uncontrolled genetic new genomic site or into a new genome. changes. These may be due to ®o¹n xen 1. §Ó hîp nhÊt ph©n tö DNA transposon activity, or in cell lines, to vμo vect¬ nh©n dßng; cßn dïng nh- danh changes in karyotype. tõ ®Ó m« t¶ ph©n tö DNA. 2. §Ó chuyÓn tÝnh bÊt æn ®Þnh ThiÕu hôt kiÓu h×nh t-¬ng gen hoÆc cÊu tróc gen vμo vÞ trÝ hÖ gen hîp, th-êng lμ hËu qu¶ cña thay ®æi di míi hoÆc hÖ gen míi. truyÒn kh«ng ®-îc kiÓm so¸t. Cã thÓ do insertion element Generic term for DNA ho¹t ®éng gen nh¶y, hoÆc trong dßng tÕ sequences found in bacteria capable of bμo, lμm thay ®æi kiÓu nh©n. genome insertion. Postulated to be insulin A peptide hormone secreted by responsible for site-specific phage and the Langerhans islets of the pancreas, and plasmid integration. Synonym: insertion that regulates the level of sugar in the sequence. blood. phÇn tö xen ThuËt ng÷ di truyÒn chØ tr×nh insulin Mét lo¹i hãc m«n peptit ®-îc tiÕt tù DNA cã trong vi khuÈn cã kh¶ n¨ng xen ra do tiÓu ®¶o Langerhan cña tuyÕn tôy, vμo hÖ gen. §-îc cho lμ cã tr¸ch nhiÖm vμ ®iÒu chØnh ®é ®-êng trong m¸u. hîp nhÊt thÓ thùc khuÈn ®iÓm ®Æc tr-ng integrating vector A vector that is vμ plasmit.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: insertion designed to integrate cloned DNA into the sequence. host’s chromosomal DNA. insertion mutation Changes in the base vect¬ tÝch hîp Vect¬ ®-îc xö lý ®Ó nhËp sequence of a DNA molecule resulting DNA nh©n dßng vμo DNA nhiÔm s¾c thÓ from the random integration of DNA from vËt chñ. another source. See: mutation. integration The recombination process ®ét biÕn xen Thay ®æi tr×nh tù ba z¬ cña which inserts a small DNA molecule ph©n tö DNA do hîp nhÊt ngÉu nhiªn cña (usually by homologous recombination) DNA tõ nguån kh¸c. Xem: insertion into a larger one. If the molecules are sequence. circular, integration involves only a single insertion sequence tr×nh tù xen xem: crossing-over; if linear, then two insertion element. crossings-over are required. insertion site 1. A unique restriction site hîp nhÊt Qu¸ tr×nh t¸i tæ hîp ®Ó chÌn in a vector DNA molecule into which ph©n tö DNA nhá (th-êng do t¸i tæ hîp foreign DNA can readily be inserted. This t-¬ng ®ång) thμnh DNA lín. NÕu ph©n tö is achieved by treating both the vector and nμy lμ vßng, hîp nhÊt chØ kÐo theo mét v¾t the insert with the relevant restriction chÐo ®¬n; NÕu lμ th¼ng, sau ®ã cÇn hai endonuclease and then ligating the two v¾t chÐo. different molecules, both having the same integration-excision region sticky ends. Synonym: cloning site. 2. (Abbreviation: I/E). The portion of The position of integration of a bacteriophage lambda (·) DNA that transposon. enableso ·-DNA to be inserted into a vÞ trÝ g¾n xen 1. VÞ trÝ giíi h¹n duy nhÊt specific site in the E. coli bacteriophage trong ph©n tö DNA vect¬ cã thÓ s½n sμng lambda chromosome or excised from ®-îc chÌn DNA l¹. §¹t ®-îc do ®iÒu khiÓn this site. c¶ vect¬ vμ ®o¹n chÌn víi endonucleaza vïng c¾t hîp nhÊt (viÕt t¾t: I/E). PhÇn giíi h¹n thÝch hîp vμ sau ®ã kÕt buéc hai DNA(â) lamda thÓ thùc khuÈn cho phÐp ph©n tö kh¸c nhau, ®Òu cã cïng mót b¸m. â-DNA chÌn vμo vÞ trÝ ®Æc biÖt cña nhiÔm integument 154 s¾c thÓ lamda thÓ thùc khuÈn E.coli hoÆc 2. Liªn quan tíi ®o¹n gi÷a c¸c cÆp nhiÔm bÞ c¾t tõ vÞ trÝ nμy. s¾c thÓ (nghÜa lμ kh«ng ph¶i ë c¸c mót). integument One of the layers that intercalary growth A pattern of stem enclosed the ovule, and is the precursor elongation typical of grasses. Elongation of the seed coat. proceeds from the lower internodes to the líp vá Mét trong c¸c líp bäc no·n, vμ lμ upper internodes through the tiÒn chÊt cña vá h¹t. differentiation of meristematic tissue at the base of each internode. intellectual property rights (Abbreviation: IPR). The legal framework, sinh tr-ëng lãng KiÓu kÐo dμi th©n c©y. which includes patenting and plant variety Sù kÐo dμi thu ®-îc tõ lãng phÝa d-íi ®Õn protection, by which inventors control the lãng phÝa trªn qua biÖt ho¸ m« ph©n sinh commercial application of their work. ë ®Õ lãng. quyÒn së h÷u trÝ tuÖ (viÕt t¾t: IPR). Khung intercalating agent A chemical capable ph¸p lý, bao gåm cÊp b»ng s¸ng chÕ vμ of inserting between adjacent base pairs b¶o vÖ gièng c©y trång, theo ®ã nhμ ph¸t in a double-stranded nucleic acid. A minh kiÓn tra øng dông th-¬ng m¹i c«ng prominent example is ethidium bromide. tr×nh cña hä. t¸c nh©n xen Kh¶ n¨ng chÌn hãa häc gi÷a intensifying screen A plastic sheet c¸c cÆp ba z¬ ghÐp ®«i trong axit nucleic impregnated with a rare-earth compound, sîi kÐp. VÝ dô ®iÓn h×nh lμ thuèc nhuém such as calcium tungstate, which reacts ethidium bromide. to radiation by emitting light. When placed intercellular space The pore space on one side of a piece of X-ray film with a between cells, especially typical of leaf radioactive sample on the other side, the tissues. intensifying screen will capture some of the gian bμo Kho¶ng trèng gi÷a c¸c tÕ bμo, radioactive energy which has passed kiÓu ®Æc biÖt cña c¸c m« l¸. through the film, exposing the X-ray film interfascicular cambium Cambium that and so enhancing the sensitivity of the arises between vascular bundles. detection. Often used in Southern and northern blotting procedures. t-îng tÇng TÇng ph¸t sinh gi÷a c¸c bã m¹ch. hiÓn thÞ t¨ng c-êng TÊm chÊt dÎo ®-îc luyÖn víi hçn hîp ®Êt hiÕm, nh- vonframat interference The effect of one crossing can xi, ph¶n øng chiÕu x¹ bëi ¸nh s¸ng over event in altering the probability of ph¸t ra. Khi ®Æt tia X ë mét phÝa cña m¶nh another crossing over event occurring at phim vμ mÉu phãng x¹ ë mÆt kh¸c, mμn a nearby location. This probability can be hiÓn thÞ t¨ng c-êng sÏ b¾t mét Ýt n¨ng l-îng either increased (positive interference) or phãng x¹ ®· ®i qua phim, lμm s¸ng phim decreased (negative interference), but the tia X vμ do vËy t¨ng c-êng ®é nh¹y c¶m latter is the more usual. dß t×m. Th-êng dïng trong quy tr×nh g©y nhiÔu KÕt qu¶ sù kiÖn b¾t chÐo ngoμi Southern vμ northern blotting. khi thay ®æi kh¶ n¨ng cña b¾t chÐo ngoμi intercalary 1. Meristematic tissue or kh¸c xuÊt hiÖn ë vÞ trÝ liÒn kÒ. X¸c suÊt nμy growth not restricted to the apex of an cã thÓ lμm t¨ng (giao thoa d-¬ng) hoÆc organ, i.e. growth at nodes. 2. Referring gi¶m (giao thoa ©m), nh-ng vÞ trÝ sau to internal segments of a chromosomes th-êng lín h¬n. (i.e. not at the ends). interferon One of a group of small nhuËn; xen 1. M« ph©n sinh hoÆc sinh proteins synthesized by certain T cells of tr-ëng kh«ng bÞ h¹n chÕ víi ®Ønh cña c¬ vertebrates, which inhibit virus replication. quan, nghÜa lμ sù t¨ng tr-ëng ë c¸c lãng. There are three types of interferon in humans. See: cytokine. intergeneric cross 155 interferon Mét nhãm protein nhá ®-îc internal transcribed spacer tæng hîp bëi c¸c tÕ bμo T nhÊt ®Þnh cña (Abbreviation: ITS). Non-coding regions ®éng vËt cã x-¬ng sèng, ng¨n chÆn b¶n separating the individual components of sao virut. Cã ba kiÓu interferon trong c¬ the ribosomal DNA units. These regions thÓ ng-êi. Xem: cytokine. show much more sequence intergeneric cross A hybrid made polymorphism than the genic regions between parents belonging to two different themselves, and therefore, like the genera. intergenic spacers, are useful a source of genetic markers for the ribosomal DNA lai chÐo gi÷a loμi VËt lai ®-îc t¹o ra gi÷a locus. cha mÑ thuéc hai gièng kh¸c biÖt. vïng ®Öm néi phiªn m· (viÕt t¾t: ITS). intergenic regions Non-coding DNA Vïng kh«ng m· hãa ph©n ra thμnh phÇn located between genes; this comprises a ®¬n vÞ DNA ribosom riªng biÖt. Vïng nμy variable but considerable proportion of all tù chóng cho thÊy nhiÒu tÝnh ®a h×nh tr×nh eukaryotic genomic DNA, and its function tù h¬n b¶n th©n c¸c vïng gen, vμ do vËy, is largely unknown. gièng nh- c¸c vïng ®Öm gi÷a gen, lμ vïng néi gen DNA kh«ng m· hãa n»m nguån dÊu chuÈn di truyÒn cho æ gen DNA gi÷a c¸c gen; bao gåm mét biÕn thÓ nh-ng ribosom h÷u Ých. chiÕm tØ lÖ ®¸ng kÓ cña tÊt c¶ DNA hÖ gen International Undertaking on Plant nh©n chuÈn, vμ chøc n¨ng cña nã phÇn Genetic Resources The first lín ch-a ®-îc biÕt. comprehensive voluntary, international intergenic spacer (Abbreviation: IGS). agreement (adopted in 1983) dealing with Non-coding DNA separating tandemly plant genetic resources for food and arranged copies of a repeated gene agriculture. Designed as an instrument to sequence (typically ribosomal DNA). Of promote international harmony in matters particular interest because, unlike the regarding access to plant genetic coding sequence itself, the spacers show resources for food and agriculture. high levels of interspecific sequence Following extensive negotiations to revise polymorphism, and are thus useful as the Undertaking in harmony with the assays for species identification. Convention on Biological Diversity, the vïng ®Öm néi gen (viÕt t¾t: IGS). DNA binding International Treaty on Plant kh«ng m· hãa t¸ch c¸c b¶n sao s¾p xÕp Genetic Resources for Food and tandem cña tr×nh tù gen lÆp (®iÓn h×nh lμ Agriculture was adopted by the 2001 FAO DNA ribosom). §-îc quan t©m ®Æc biÖt v×, Conference. kh«ng gièng nh- tr×nh tù tù m· ho¸, nh÷ng Cam kÕt Quèc tÕ vÒ Tμi nguyªn Di vïng nμy cho thÊy møc cao cña tÝnh ®a truyÒn Thùc vËt Tháa thuËn mang tÝnh h×nh tr×nh tù kh¸c loμi, vμ rÊt h÷u Ých khi quèc tÕ toμn diÖn ®Çu tiªn (®-îc chÊp nhËn ph©n tÝch ®Ó nhËn d¹ng loμi. vμo1983) lªn quan víi tμi nguyªn di truyÒn interleukin A group of proteins that thùc vËt cho l-¬ng thùc vμ n«ng nghiÖp. transmit signals between immune cells and §-îc so¹n th¶o lμm c«ng cô ®Ó ®Èy m¹nh are necessary for mounting normal hßa hîp quèc tÕ trong c¸c vÊn ®Ò quan immune responses. See: cytokine. t©m truy nhËp nguån gen thùc vËt cho interleukin Nhãm protein truyÒn dÊu hiÖu l-¬ng thùc vμ n«ng nghiÖp. Theo ®iÒu gi÷a c¸c tÕ bμo miÔn dÞch vμ cÇn thiÕt ®Ó chØnh vÜ m« cam kÕt phï hîp víi Quy -íc x¾p ®Æt c¸c ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch b×nh vÒ §a d¹ng Sinh vËt, viÖc rμng buéc ®iÒu th-êng. Xem: cytokine. kho¶n quèc tÕ vÒ Tμi nguyªn Di truyÒn Thùc vËt cho L-¬ng thùc vμ N«ng nghiÖp internal guide sequence tr×nh tù néi ®-îc Héi nghÞ FAO 2001 chÊp nhËn. h-íng dÉn (viÕt t¾t: IGS). Xem: guide sequence. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture 156 International Treaty on Plant Genetic 3'-end, sequence complementary to the Resources for Food and Agriculture The repeat unit of the microsatellite will amplify international treaty resulting from the this genomic DNA. revision of the International Undertaking lÆp tr×nh tù ®¬n néi (viÕt t¾t: ISSR). Thö on Plant Genetic Resources was nghiÖm dÊu chuÈn ph©n tö tr×nh tù hÖ gen adopted by the 2001 FAO Conference as n»m gi÷a c¸c vÖ tinh nhá liÒn kÒ dùa vμo a binding international instrument to enter PCR. §o¹n måi mang tr×nh tù bæ sung cho into force after ratification by 40 states. Its ®¬n vÞ lÆp cña vÖ tinh nhá sÏ khuyÕch ®¹i objectives are the conservation and DNA hÖ gen nμy t¹i mót 3' cña chóng. sustainable use of plant genetic resources interspecific cross A hybrid made for food and agriculture and equitable between parents belonging to two different sharing of the benefits of this use. species. See: intrageneric cross, internode The region of a stem between intraspecific cross. two successive nodes. lai kh¸c loμi VËt lai ®-îc t¹o ra gi÷a cha HiÖp -íc Quèc tÕ vÒ Tμi nguyªn Di mÑ thuéc hai loμi kh¸c nhau. Xem: truyÒn Thùc vËt L-¬ng thùc vμ N«ng intrageneric cross, intraspecific cross. nghiÖp HiÖp -íc Quèc tÕ cã nguån gèc tõ intervening sequence tr×nh tù xen xem: b¶n th¶o Cam kÕt quèc tÕ vÒ Tμi nguyªn intron. Di truyÒn Thùc vËt ®· ®-îc Héi nghÞ FAO 2001 th«ng qua lμm c«ng cô quèc tÕ liªn Intracellular Occurring within a cell. kÕt ®Ó tiÕn tíi b¾t buéc sau khi 40 quèc néi bμo XÈy ra trong tÕ bμo. gia phª chuÈn. Môc tiªu cña nã lμ b¶o tån intracytoplasmic sperm injection vμ sö dông an toμn tμi nguyªn di truyÒn (Abbreviation: ICSI). The micro-injection thùc vËt cho l-¬ng thùc vμ n«ng nghiÖp vμ of a single sperm into the cytoplasm of a chia sÎ c«ng b»ng nh÷ng lîi Ých cña viÖc mature oocyte. sö dông nμy. b¬m tinh dÞch néi bμo t-¬ng (viÕt t¾t: internode The region of a stem between ICSI). B¬m l-îng nhá tinh dÞch ®¬n vμo tÕ two successive nodes. bμo chÊt cña no·n tr-ëng thμnh. lãng, nót gi÷a Vïng cña th©n c©y ë gi÷a intrageneric Within a genus, such as an hai ®èt liªn tiÕp. intrageneric cross, or intrageneric interphase The stage in the cell cycle variation. when the cell is not dividing and during part cïng gièng Thuéc mét gièng, nh- con lai of which DNA replication occurs; it follows cïng gièng, hoÆc biÕn dÞ cïng gièng. telophase of one mitotic division and intrageneric cross A hybrid made extends to the beginning of prophase in between parents belonging to two species the next division. in the same genus. See: intraspecific k× nghØ Giai ®o¹n trong chu tr×nh tÕ bμo cross, interspecific cross. khi tÕ bμo ngõng ph©n chia vμ khi ®ã sao lai cïng gièng Sinh vËt t¹o ra gi÷a cha chÐp DNA x¶y ra; k× nghØ sau k× cuèi ph©n mÑ thuéc hai loμi trong cïng mét gièng. chia nguyªn ph©n vμ kÐo dμi tíi khi b¾t Xem: intraspecific cross, interspecific ®Çu k× ®Çu ph©n chia tiÕp theo. cross. intersex giíi tÝnh trung gian tõ ®ång intragenic complementation Occurs nghÜa: hermaphrodite. when wild type phenotype is restored in inter-simple sequence repeat an F1 individual made by crossing two (Abbreviation: ISSR). A PCR-based independent mutants, carrying different molecular marker assay of genomic heteroalleles. sequence lying between adjacent bæ trî cïng gen XÈy ra khi kiÓu h×nh d¹i microsatellites. Primers carrying, at their ®-îc kh«i phôc trong c¸ thÓ F1 t¹o ra do intraspecific 157 lai chÐo hai sinh vËt ®ét biÕn ®éc lËp, mang ®-îc dÞch m·, tøc lμ nh÷ng gen rRNA vμ c¸c dÞ alen kh¸c biÖt. tRNA nh©n chuÈn. Trong c¸c tr-êng hîp intraspecific Within a species, such as an nμy tr×nh tù intron kh«ng xuÊt hiÖn trong intraspecific cross, or intraspecific ph©n tö RNA ho¹t ®éng. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: variation. intervening sequence. cïng loμi Trong mét loμi, nh- con lai cïng invasiveness The ability of a plant, loμi, hoÆc biÕn dÞ trong loμi. particularly a weed, to spread beyond its presently established site, and become intraspecific cross A hybrid made established in new locations. between parents belonging to the same species. See: intrageneric cross, x©m lÊn Kh¶ n¨ng thùc vËt, ®Æc biÖt lμ cá interspecific cross. d¹i, lan truyÒn ra bªn ngoμi vÞ trÝ hiÖn ®-îc thiÕt lËp, vμ sÏ ®-îc thiÕt lËp trong c¸c lai cïng loμi Con lai t¹o ra gi÷a cha mÑ vïng míi. thuéc cïng mét loμi. xem: intrageneric cross, interspecific cross. inversion A chromosome re-arrangement, which involves the re-orientation of a introgression The introduction of new segment so that the order of a linear array alleles or gene(s) into a population from of genes within it is reversed. an exotic source, usually another species. This is achieved by repeated backcrossing ®¶o ®o¹n Sù xÕp s¾p l¹i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, of the initial hybrid in order to eliminate all t¹o ®Þnh h-íng l¹i mét ®o¹n lμm cho thø genetic changes except for the desired tù tuyÕn tÝnh c¸c gen bÞ ®¶o ng-îc. new gene(s). inverted repeat Two sequences of lai nhËp gen ChuyÓn c¸c alen hoÆc gen nucleotides occurring in one strand, where, cho quÇn thÓ tõ mét nguån ngo¹i lai, relative to the first sequence, the second th-êng kh¸c loμi. §¹t ®-îc do lai ng-îc has complementary bases but in the lÆp l¹i thÓ lai ban ®Çu víi môc ®Ých lo¹i trõ inverted order. Under appropriate tÊt c¶ thay ®æi di truyÒn ngo¹i trõ c¸c gen conditions this allows formation of a míi cã gi¸ trÞ. hairpin loop in the single strand. See: palindrome. intron A segment of the primary transcript of a eukaryotic gene, removed (before the lÆp ®¶o ®o¹n Hai tr×nh tù nuleotit xuÊt hiÖn mature mRNA is translated) in a process trong mét sîi, n¬i liªn quan ®Õn tr×nh tù s¬ known as intron splicing. Some eukaryotic cÊp vμ tr×nh tù thø cÊp mang c¸c ba z¬ bæ genes contain a large number of introns, sung nh-ng cã thø tù ®¶o ng-îc. D-íi ®iÒu which make up the bulk of the DNA kiÖn thÝch hîp cho phÐp h×nh thμnh nót h×nh sequence of the gene. Introns are also kÑp tãc trong sîi ®¬n.Xem: palindrome. found in genes whose RNA transcripts are ion channel A protein integral to a cell not translated, namely eukaryotic rRNA membrane, through which selective ion and tRNA genes. In these cases the intron transport occurs. sequence does not appear in the functional kªnh ion Protein hîp nhÊt víi mμng tÕ RNA molecule. Synonym: intervening bμo, qua ®ã chuyÓn vËn ion chän läc xÈy sequence. ra. intron §o¹n phiªn m· gèc cña gen nh©n IPR ViÕt t¾t cña intellectual property chuÈn (thuéc sinh vËt cã nh©n), ®-îc lo¹i rights. bá (tr-íc khi RNA th«ng tin tr-ëng thμnh IPTG Abbreviation for isopropyl-3-D- ®-îc dÞch m·) trong qu¸ tr×nh ®· biÕt khi thiogalactopyranoside. A synthetic inducer ghÐp intron. Mét sè gen nh©n chuÈn cã sè of beta-galactosidase activity in many l-îng lín intron, t¹o thμnh phÇn chÝnh yÕu bacteria. Used in combination with the trong tr×nh tù DNA gen. Intron cßn cã trong synthetic chromogenic substrate Xgal to gen mμ c¸c b¶n sao RNA cña chóng kh«ng differentiate recombinant from non- irradiation 158 recombinant bacterial colonies in cloning in the genome, which encode similar gene strategies using plasmid vectors products and produce the same, or a very containing the lacZ gene: blue coloured similar phenotype. See: allele. colonies are produced when ?- ®ång alen NhiÒu b¶n sao t-¬ng tù cña mét galactosidase activity is not disrupted by gen, th-êng n»m ë vÞ trÝ ®éc lËp cña hÖ an insert; but when it is disrupted, the gen, m· hãa c¸c s¶n phÈm gen t-¬ng tù colonies are white. Hence white colonies vμ s¶n xuÊt mét kiÓu h×nh t-¬ng tù hoÆc are indicative of recombinant plasmids, gièng y hÖt. Xem: allen. and blue colonies of non-recombinant isochromosome A chromosome ones. produced following an error in meiosis, in IPTG ViÕt t¾t cña isopropyl-3-D- which the two arms are mirror images of thiogalactopyranosit. Mét chÊt c¶m øng each other. The presence of an tæng hîp ho¹t ®éng beta- galactosidase isochromosome results in the duplication cña nhiÒu lo¹i vi khuÈn. Dïng kÕt hîp víi of all genes present on the originating chÊt t¹o mμu tæng hîp Xgal ®Ó ph©n biÖt chromosome arm. t¸i tæ hîp víi khuÈn l¹c kh«ng t¸i tæ hîp ®ång nhiÔm s¾c thÓ NhiÔm s¾c thÓ t¹o trong chiÕn l-îc nh©n dßng v« tÝnh sö dông ra sau mét lçi trong gi¶m ph©n, trong ®ã vect¬ plasmit cã gen lac Z: Nhãm ho¸ mμu hai nh¸nh lμ ®ång ph©n g-¬ng víi nhau. xanh ®-îc s¶n sinh khi nμo? - Ho¹t ®éng Sù cã mÆt nhiÔm s¾c thÓ dÉn ®Õn nh©n galactosidase kh«ng ®-îc ph¸ vì do chÌn; ®«i tÊt c¶ c¸c gen cã trªn nh¸nh nhiÔm nh-ng khi ®-îc ph¸ vì, c¸c khuÈn l¹c nμy s¾c thÓ gèc. sÏ lμ mμu tr¾ng. Bëi vËy khuÈn l¹c tr¾ng biÓu thÞ plasmit t¸i tæ hîp, vμ khuÈn l¹c isodiametric Commonly used to describe xanh biÓu thÞ kh«ng t¸i tæ hîp. cells with equal diameters. irradiation Illumination with ®ång kÝch th-íc Th-êng ®-îc dïng m« electromagnetic radiation, typically of t¶ c¸c tÕ bμo cã kÝch th-íc b»ng nhau. sufficiently high energy (low-wavelength iso-electric focusing gel (Abbreviation: UV or gamma, etc.) to disrupt biological IEF gel). A variant of gel electrophoresis, macromolecules and hence induce in which macromolecules (usually mutations. proteins) are separated on the basis of bøc x¹ ChiÕu s¸ng víi bøc x¹ ®iÖn tõ, tiªu differing iso-electric point, rather than on biÓu ®ñ n¨ng l-îng cao (b-íc sãng thÊp the basis of size. UV hoÆc tia gam-ma, v.v.) ®Ó ph¸ vì ®¹i gel tô ®¼ng ®iÖn (viÕt t¾t: IEF gel). Mét ph©n tö sinh vËt vμ g©y ra ®ét biÕn. biÕn thÓ cña diÖn di trªn gen, trong ®ã c¸c IS element Abbreviation for insertion ®¹i ph©n tö (th-êng protein) ®-îc ph©n ra sequence element. A short (800-1400 trªn c¬ së ®iÓm ®¼ng ®iÖn kh¸c nhau, thay nucleotide pairs) DNA sequence found v× trªn c¬ së kÝch th-íc. in bacteria that is capable of transposing isoenzyme ®ång enzim xem: isozyme. to a new genomic location; DNA isoform 1. A tissue-specific form of a sequences contained within an IS element protein. 2. Synonym of isoenzyme. can be transposed along with the IS itself. ®ång h×nh1. D¹ng m« ®Æc biÖt cña phÇn tö tr×nh tù xen viÕt t¾t cho insertion protein. 2. Tõ ®ång nghÜa isoenzyme. sequence element. Tr×nh tù DNA ng¾n isogamy Fusion of gametes of similar size (800-1400 cÆp nuleotit) cña vi khuÈn cã and structure. kh¶ n¨ng ®æi chç sang vÞ trÝ hÖ gen míi; Tr×nh tù DNA cña phÇn tö tr×nh tù xen cã ®ång giao tö Dung hîp nh÷ng giao tö cã thÓ tù ®æi chç theo tr×nh tù xen. kÝch th-íc vμ cÊu tróc t-¬ng tù. isoallele Multiple similar copies of a gene, isogenic A group of individuals that usually located at independent positions possesses the same genotype, isogenic stock 159 irrespective of their being homozygous or Glucoza hoÆc cis- vμ trans- cinnamic axit. heterozygous. isomerase Any of a class of enzymes that ®ång gen Nhãm c¸ thÓ së h÷u cïng mét catalyse the re-arrangement of the atoms kiÓu gen, bÊt kÓ ®ång hîp tö hoÆc dÞ hîp within a molecule, thereby converting one diÔn ra . isomer into another. isogenic stock Strains of organisms that Isomeraza Mét líp bÊt kú c¸c enzim ®ång are genetically nearly identical, except with ph©n mμ xóc t¸c s¾p xÕp l¹i nguyªn tö respect to identified genes. Generally trong ph©n tö, do ®ã chuyÓn ®æi chÊt ®ång produced by repeated backcrossing, or by ph©n thμnh mét chÊt kh¸c. transformation. iso-osmotic ®ång ¸p xuÊt thÈm thÊu dßng dâi ®ång gen C¸c nßi sinh vËt gÇn xem: isotonic. nh- ®ång nhÊt di truyÒn, ngo¹i trõ liªn quan isotonic Solutions with the same osmotic tíi c¸c gen x¸c ®Þnh. Th-êng s¶n xuÊt do potential, as a result of being of the same lai ng-îc lÆp, hoÆc do biÕn n¹p gen. molar concentration. For protoplasts to isolating mechanism The properties of avoid losing or gaining water, the medium an organism that prevent interbreeding they are suspended in must be isotonic (and therefore exchange of genetic with them. See: hypertonic, hypotonic, material) between members of different osmosis. species that inhabit the same geographical ®¼ng tr-¬ng Dung dÞch cã cïng mét ¸p area. suÊt thÈm thÊu, lμ kÕt qu¶ diÏn ra cïng c¬ chÕ c¸ch ly C¸c thuéc tÝnh cña sinh nång ®é ph©n tö. §Ó tÕ bμo trÇn tr¸nh mÊt vËt ®Ó ng¨n ngõa néi phèi (vμ v× thÕ trao hoÆc thu n-íc, m«i tr-êng chóng ®-îc b¶o ®æi vËt chÊt di truyÒn) gi÷a thμnh viªn cña qu¶n buéc ph¶i ®¼ng tr-¬ng víi chóng. c¸c loμi kh¸c nhau mμ c- tró trong cïng xem hypertonic, hypotonic, osmosis mét vïng ®Þa lý. isotope One of two or more forms of an isolation medium An optimum plant element that differ in the number of tissue culture medium suitable for neutrons carried by the nucleus. explant survival, growth and development. Radioactive isotopes (radio-isotopes) are m«i tr-êng c« lËp M«i tr-êng nu«i cÊy used as probes in many biochemical m« thùc vËt tèi -u thÝch hîp ®Ó tån t¹i, sinh analyses. tr-ëng vμ ph¸t triÓn m¶nh ghÐp. chÊt ®ång vÞ Mét trong hai hoÆc nhiÒu isomer 1. Structural isomers have the d¹ng nguyªn tö mμ kh¸c sè n¬tron cã trong same chemical formula but different nh©n. C¸c ®ång vÞ phãng x¹ (radio- structures; e.g. leucine and isoleucine. 2. isotopes) ®-îc dïng lμm ®Çu dß trong Stereoisomers are different topological ph©n tÝch hãa sinh. forms of an otherwise single chemical isozyme A genetic variant of an enzyme. structure, due to changes in bond Isozymes for a given enzyme share the configurations about some axis or plane same function, but may differ in level of of symmetry; eg, D- and L-glucose or cis- activity, as a result of minor differences in and trans-cinnamic acid. their amino acid sequence. chÊt ®ång ph©n 1. Nh÷ng chÊt ®ång ph©n Electrophoretic separation of isozymes has cÊu tróc cã cïng mét c«ng thøc hãa häc been used to distinguish between nh-ng cÊu tróc kh¸c nhau; vÝ dô leuxin vμ individuals and varieties. isoleucine. 2. Nh÷ng chÊt ®ång ph©n lËp ®ång enzim BiÕn thÓ di truyÒn cña enzim. thÓ lμ c¸c d¹ng t«p« kh¸c nhau cña mét C¸c ®ång enzim ®èi víi enzim nhÊt ®Þnh cÊu tróc hãa häc ®¬n kiÓu kh¸c nhau, do t¹o chøc n¨ng nh- nhau, nh-ng cã thÓ thay ®æi trong cÊu h×nh liªn kÕt vÒ mét sè kh¸c vÒ møc ®é ho¹t ®éng, lμ do nh÷ng trôc hoÆc mÆt ®èi xøng; vÝ dô, D- vμ L- kh¸c biÖt nhá trong tr×nh tù amino acid. ISSR 160 Ph©n t¸ch ®iÖn di ®ång enzim ®-îc sö spacer. dông ®Ó ph©n biÖt gi÷a c¸ thÓ vμ thø loμi. IVEP ViÕt t¾t cña in vitro embryo ISSR ViÕt t¾t cña inter-simple sequence production. repeat. IVF ViÕt t¾t cña in vitro fertilization. ITS ViÕt t¾t cña internal transcribed IVM ViÕt t¾t cña in vitro maturation. 161 junk DNA DNA r¸c th¶i Xem: repetitive DNA. juvenile hormone A hormone secreted by insects from a pair of endocrine glands Jj close to the brain. Its function is to inhibit metamorphosis so maintaining the larval features. hãc m«n Êu trïng Hãc m«n tiÕt ra bëi J Xem: joining segment. c«n trïng tõ cÆp tuyÕn néi tiÕt tiÕp gi¸p víi Jiffy potä Pots made from wood pulp and nhau ë ®Ønh ®Çu. Chøc n¨ng ng¨n chÆn peat, commonly used for transplanting biÕn th¸i ®Ó duy tr× ®Æc tr-ng Êu trïng. tissue culture-derived plants into soil juvenile in vitro embryo technology medium. (Abbreviation: JIVT or JIVET). A chËu d©m c©y ChËu ®-îc lμm tõ bét gç technology involving collection of immature vμ than bïn, th-êng ®-îc dïng ®Ó cÊy eggs from young animals, their in vitro chuyÓn thùc vËt ®-îc t¹o b»ng cÊy m« ra maturation and fertilization, and the m«i tr-êng ®Êt. transfer of the resultant embryos into recipient females. The method is designed JIVET ViÕt t¾t cña juvenile in vitro to achieve rapid generation turnover. embryo technology. c«ng nghÖ ph«i non trong èng nghiÖm JIVT ViÕt t¾t cña juvenile in vitro embryo (viÕt t¾t: JIVT hoÆc JIVET). C«ng nghÖ cã technology. liªn quan tíi tËp hîp trøng ch-a chÝn tõ joining segment (Abbreviation: J). A small ®éng vËt cßn non, sù tr-ëng thμnh vμ thô DNA segment that links genes in order to tinh trong èng nghiÖm cña chóng, vμ viÖc yield a functional gene encoding an chuyÓn c¸c ph«i kÕt qu¶ cho sinh vËt c¸i immunoglobulin. nhËn. Ph-¬ng ph¸p ®-îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó ®¹t ®o¹n nèi (viÕt t¾t: J). §o¹n DNA nhá liªn tèc ®é thay thÕ thÕ hÖ nhanh. kÕt c¸c gen víi môc ®Ých cung cÊp gen juvenility Early phase of development in chøc n¨ng m· hãa globulin miÔn dÞch. which an organism is incapable of sexual jumping gene gen nh¶y Xem: reproduction. transposable element. vÞ thμnh niªn, thêi k× ch-a ph¸t triÓn Giai jumping library th- viÖn nh¶y Xem: ®o¹n ph¸t triÓn sím trong ®ã sinh vËt chromosome jumping. kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh. 162 of individuals, as defined both by the number and the morphology of the chromosomes, usually in mitotic metaphase; chromosomes arranged in order of length and according to position Kk of centromere; also, the abbreviated formula for the chromosome constitution, such as 47, + 21 for human trisomy-21 (Down’s syndrome). kanamycin An antibiotic of the kiÓu nh©n CÊu tróc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cña tÕ aminoglycoside family that inhibits bμo, c¸ thÓ, hoÆc cña mét nhãm liªn quan, translation by binding to the ribosomes. khi ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh c¶ bëi sè l-îng vμ h×nh Important as a substrate for selection of th¸i häc, th-êng trong k× gi÷a gi¶m ph©n; plant transformants. NhiÔm s¾c thÓ x¾p xÕp thø tù theo chiÒu kanamycin Kh¸ng sinh dßng dμi vμ tuú thuéc vÞ trÝ t©m ®éng; Cßn, c«ng aminoglycosit ng¨n chÆn b¶n dÞch do liªn thøc ®-îc viÕt t¾t cho cÊu tróc nhiÔm s¾c kÕt víi ribosom. Quan träng nh- mét chÊt thÓ, nh- 47, +21 chØ thÓ ba thuéc ng-êi-21 nÒn ®Ó chän läc chuyÓn gen thùc vËt. (Down’s syndrome- tªn th-¬ng m¹i cña r trisomy-21). kan Kanamycin-resistance gene. See: neor, selectable marker. kb ViÕt t¾t cña kilobase ( cña nucleic acid r sîi ®¬n). gen kan gen chèng chÞu Kanamycin xem: neor, selectable marker. kbp ViÕt t¾t cña kilobase pairs (cña DNA sîi kÐp ). kappa chain One of two classes of antibody light chains. The other is a kcat The catalytic rate constant that lambda chain. characterizes an enzyme-catalysed reaction. The larger the k value, the faster chuçi kapa Mét trong sè hai líp chuçi nhÑ cat the conversion of substrate into product. kh¸ng thÓ. Chuçi kh¸c lμ chuçi lamb®a. k H»ng sè tû lÖ xóc t¸c ®Ó m« t¶ ®Æc karyogamy The fusion of nuclei or nuclear cat ®iÓm ph¶n øng xóc t¸c enzim. Gi¸ trÞ k material that occurs at fertilization during cat cμng lín, chuyÓn ®æi c¬ chÊt thμnh s¶n sexual reproduction. phÈm cμng nhanh. nh©n hîp Dung hîp nh©n hoÆc vËt liÖu k /K The catalytic efficiency of an nh©n xÈy ra lóc thô tinh trong sinh s¶n h÷u cat m enzyme-catalysed reaction. The greater tÝnh. the value of kcat/Km, the more rapidly and karyogram A diagrammatic representation efficiently the substrate is converted into of the full chromosome set of a species, product. highlighting characteristic physical features tû lÖ k /K HiÖu qu¶ xóc t¸c cña ph¶n of individual chromosomes. cat m øng xóc t¸c enzim. Gi¸ trÞ kcat /Km cμng lín, nh©n ®å Tr-ng bμy biÓu ®å bé nhiÔm s¾c c¬ chÊt ®-îc chuyÓn thμnh s¶n phÈm cμng thÓ ®Çy ®ñ cña mét loμi, c¸c ®Æc tr-ng vËt nhanh vμ hiÖu qu¶ cμng cμo. lý ®iÓn h×nh næi bËt nhÊt cña c¸c nhiÔm K Abbreviation for dissociation constant. s¾c thÓ riªng lÎ. d Describes the strength of binding (or karyokinesis The division of a cell affinity) between molecules and their nucleus. See: meiosis; mitosis. ligands. See: avidity. nh©n ph©n Ph©n chia nh©n tÕ bμo. xem: h»ng sè ph©n ly viÕt t¾t cña dissociation meiosis; mitosis. constant. M« t¶ ®é m¹nh cña mèi liªn kÕt karyotype The chromosome constitution (hoÆc khuÕch ®¹i) gi÷a ph©n tö vμ phèi tö. of a cell, an individual, or of a related group xem: avidity. kDa 163 kDa Abbreviation for kiloDalton. A unit of containing repetitive DNA elements. molecular mass equal to 1000 Dalton. Kinetochores are involved in the control of ViÕt t¾t cña kiloDalton. §¬n vÞ ®o khèi l-îng chromosome movement in cell division. ph©n tö b»ng 1000 Dalton. h¹t trung t©m CÊu tróc t¹i t©m ®éng nhiÔm killer T cell T cells that kill cells displaying s¾c thÓ nh©n chuÈn. H¹t trung t©m gåm recognized antigens. cã c¸c líp bäc dμy ®Æc ®iÖn tö phÝa trong vμ ngoμi vμ mét vïng trung t©m chøa c¸c tÕ bμo T ¨n thÞt TÕ bμo T tiªu diÖt c¸c tÕ phÇn tö DNA lÆp. H¹t trung t©m liªn quan bμo biÓu lé kh¸ng nguyªn ®-îc nhËn ra. ®Õn ®iÒu khiÓn chuyÓn ®éng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ kilobase (Abbreviation: kb). A length of khi ph©n chia tÕ bμo. single-stranded nucleic acid composed of kinetosome Granular cytoplasmic 1000 bases. One kilobase of single- structure which forms the base of a cilium stranded DNA has a mass of about 330 or flagellum. Synonym: basal body. kiloDalton (exact mass depends on base composition). h¹t sinh d-ìng CÊu tróc tÕ bμo chÊt thÓ h¹t h×nh thμnh c¬ së cña l«ng chuyÓn hoÆc kilo ba z¬ (viÕt t¾t: kb). §é dμi cña axit l«ng roi. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: basal body. nucleic sîi ®¬n bao gåm 1000 ba z¬. Mét kilobase DNA sîi ®¬n cã khèi l-îng kho¶ng kinin A substance promoting cell division. 330 kiloDalton (khèi l-îng chÝnh x¸c phô In plant systems, the prefix cyto- has been thuéc vμo sù hîp thμnh ba z¬). added (cytokinin) to distinguish it from kinin in animal systems. kilobase pairs (Abbreviation: kbp). A length of double-stranded DNA composed kinin ChÊt xóc tiÕn ph©n chia tÕ bμo. Trong of 1000 base pairs. hÖ thùc vËt, tiÒn tè cyto- ®· thªm lμ (cytokinin) ®Ó ph©n biÖt nã víi kinin trong cÆp kilo ba z¬ (viÕt t¾t: kbp). §é dμi DNA hÖ ®éng vËt. sîi kÐp gåm cã 1000 cÆp baz¬. Klenow fragment A truncated form of DNA kinase An enzyme that catalyses the polymerase I from E. coli, used transfer of a phosphate group from a high extensively for the production of synthetic energy state (as in ATP) to another DNA molecules as it retains polymerase molecule. and 3'-exonuclease activities, but not 5'- kinaza Enzim xóc t¸c chuyÓn giao nhãm exonuclease activity. phèt ph¸t tõ tr¹ng th¸i cao n¨ng (nh- trong ®o¹n Klenow D¹ng chÆt ng¾n cña DNA ATP) cho ph©n tö kh¸c. polymeraza I Tõ E.coli, ®-îc dïng rÊt phæ kinetics Dynamic processes involving biÕn ®Ó s¶n xuÊt c¸c ph©n tö DNA tæng motion. Often used as a suffix to indicate hîp khi nã duy tr× c¸c ho¹t ®éng studies involving movement or rates of polymerase vμ c¸c 3'-exonuclease, nh-ng reactions. See: pharmacokinetics, kh«ng ph¶i ho¹t ®éng 5 ‘-exonuclease. enzyme kinetics Km A dissociation constant that ®éng häc Qu¸ tr×nh c¬ n¨ng kÐo theo characterizes the binding of an enzyme to chuyÓn ®éng. Th-êng dïng nh- mét hËu a substrate. The smaller the value of Km, tè ®Ó cho biÕt c¸c nghiªn cøu liªn quan the tighter the binding of the enzyme to ®Õn chuyÓn ®éng hoÆc nhÞp ®é ph¶n øng. the substrate. Also called the Michaelis xem: pharmacokinetics, enzyme kinetics constant. kinetin A cytokinin. Km H»ng sè ph©n ly m« t¶ ®Æc tr-ng liªn

Mét chÊt sinh tr-ëng thùc vËt. kÕt cña enzim víi c¬ chÊt. Gi¸ trÞ Km nhá kinetochore Structure at the centromere h¬n, liªn kÕt enzim víi c¬ chÊt chÆt h¬n. of eukaryotic chromosomes. The Cßn ®-îc gäi lμ h»ng sè michaelis. kinetochore consists of inner and outer knockout A mutant individual, in which a electron dense plates and a central zone single functional gene has been replaced 164 thÓ bÞ lo¹i C¸ thÓ ®ét biÕn, trong ®ã gen by a non-functional form of the gene. Used chøc n¨ng ®¬n ®-îc thay thÕ bëi d¹ng to understand gene function via the kh«ng ho¹t ®éng cña gen. ®-îc dïng ®Ó comparison of the phenotypes of wild n¾m v÷ng ho¹t ®éng gen qua so s¸nh c¸c type and knockouts. kiÓu h×nh d¹i vμ c¸c thÓ bÞ lo¹i. 165

t-¬ng ®èi æn ®Þnh, tr-íc mét nhÞp ph©n chia gÊp tÕ bμo. lagging strand The strand of DNA that is synthesized discontinuously during Ll replication (because DNA synthesis can proceed only in the 5'?3' direction). See: Okazaki fragment. sîi chËm Sîi DNA ®-îc tæng hîp kh«ng label A compound or atom that is attached liªn tôc khi nh©n ®«i (v× tæng hîp DNA cã to, or incorporated into, another molecule thÓ tiÕp tôc chØ theo h-íng 5 ‘? 3 ‘). Xem: in order to allow detection of the latter’s Okazaki fragment . presence. Commonly, labels exploit lambda chain One of two classes of radioactivity, fluorescence or antigenicity. antibody light chains. The other is a kappa Synonym: tag. chain. nh·n, chÊt ®¸nh dÊu Mét hîp chÊt hoÆc chuçi lamb®a Mét trong sè hai líp chuçi nguyªn tö ®-îc g¾n víi, hoÆc hîp nhÊt nhÑ kh¸ng thÓ. Chuçi kh¸c lμ chuçi kappa. vμo, mét ph©n tö kh¸c víi môc ®Ých cho phÐp dß t×m sù cã mÆt cña phÇn cuèi cïng. lambda phage A bacteriophage that Nãi chung, chÊt ®¸nh dÊu lîi dông tÝnh infects E. coli, commonly used as a phãng x¹, huúnh quang hoÆc tÝnh kh¸ng cloning vector. See: integration- nguyªn. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: tag. excision region. labelling The process of attaching or thùc bμo lamb®a ThÓ thùc khuÈn chuyÓn inserting a label into a molecule. Most nhiÔm E.coli, th-êng ®-îc dïng lμm vect¬ often in the context of nucleic acids or t¹o dßng. xem: integration-excision region. proteins. lamella A structure, plate or vesicle that is g¾n nh·n, ®¸nh dÊu Qu¸ tr×nh g¾n hoÆc formed by two membranes lying parallel chÌn nh·n vμo ph©n tö. HÇu hÕt th-êng to each other. liªn quan c¸c axit nucleic hoÆc protein. l¸ CÊu tróc, ®Üa hoÆc môn ®-îc h×nh thμnh lac repressor-lac promoter system hÖ bëi hai mμng ®Æt song song víi nhau. thèng khëi ®Çu lac- k×m h·m lac Xem: lamina Blade or expanded part of a leaf. IPTG. phiÕn L-ìi b¶n hoÆc phÇn më réng cña lactose A disaccharide sugar produced in l¸. milk, composed of one unit each of glucose laminar air-flow cabinet Cabinet and galactose. designed for cell or tissue culture ®-êng s÷a Lo¹i ®-êng ®«i s¶n xuÊt tõ s÷a, manipulations requiring a sterile mçi ®¬n vÞ bao gåm mét glucoza vμ environment. Achieved by a continuous, galactoza. non-turbulent flow of filter-sterilized air over lag phase 1. The state of apparent the working area. Synonym: laminar air- inactivity preceding a response to a flow hood. treatment; also called a latent phase. 2. buång dßng khÝ phiÕn Buång thiÕt kÕ ®Ó The initial growth phase, during which cell thao t¸c nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo hoÆc m« yªu cÇu number remains relatively constant, prior m«i tr-êng v« trïng. §¹t ®-îc do dßng liªn to the onset of rapid cell division. tôc, kh«ng ph¶i dßng xo¸y cña kh«ng khÝ pha chËm 1. Tr¹ng th¸i kh«ng ho¹t ®éng khö trïng läc qua toμn bé khu vùc lμm viÖc. dÔ thÊy tr-íc ph¶n øng xö lý; cßn ®-îc gäi Tõ ®ång nghÜa: integration-excision region. lμ pha tiÒm Èn. 2. pha sinh tr-ëng ®Çu tiªn, laminarin A storage polysaccharide of trong thêi gian nμy sè l-îng tÕ bμo duy tr× the brown algae. lampbrush chromosome 166 laminarin Mét polisacarit dù tr÷ cña ngμnh lawn A uniform and uninterrupted layer of t¶o n©u. bacterial growth, typically on agar medium, lampbrush chromosome Large in which individual colonies cannot be diplotene chromosomes present in observed. oocyte nuclei, and particularly b·i cá Líp sinh tr-ëng vi khuÈn ®ång d¹ng conspicuous in amphibians. These vμ liªn tiÕp, ®iÓn h×nh trªn m«i tr-êng chromosomes have extended regions th¹ch, trong ®ã c¸c khuÈn l¹c riªng lÎ called loops, which are active sites of kh«ng thÓ quan s¸t ®-îc. transcription. See: diplonema. layering A technique for vegetative nhiÔm s¾c thÓ lampbrush NhiÔm s¾c thÓ propagation, in which new plants produce k× song ty lín cã trong nh©n no·n, vμ ®Æc adventitious roots before being severed biÖt næi bËt trong ®éng vËt l-ìng c-. NhiÔm from the parent plant. s¾c thÓ nμy ®-îc më réng vïng gäi lμ c¸c chiÕt cμnh Kü thuËt nh©n gièng thùc vËt, vßng, chóng lμ c¸c vÞ trÝ ho¹t ®éng phiªn trong ®ã c©y míi s¶n sinh rÔ bÊt ®Þnh tr-íc m·. xem: diplonema. khi ®-îc t¸ch khái c©y bè mÑ. landrace In plant genetic resources, an LCR viÕt t¾t cña ligase chain reaction. early, cultivated form of a crop species, LD Abbreviation for lethal dose . The evolved from a wild population, and 50 50% amount of a substance required to kill 50% generally composed of a heterogeneous of the test population. The higher the LD , mixture of genotypes. 50 the lower the toxicity of the chemical in gièng truyÒn thèng, b¶n ®Þa Trong tμi that specific test. nguyªn di truyÒn thùc vËt, d¹ng ban ®Çu, LD viÕt t¾t cho lethal dose 50%. Sè l-îng ®-îc canh t¸c cña mét lo¹i c©y trång, tiÕn 50 mét chÊt cÇn thiÕt ®Ó g©y chÕt 50% quÇn ho¸ tõ quÇn thÓ d¹i, vμ th-êng gåm cã hçn thÓ thö nghiÖm. Møc LD cao h¬n, tÝnh ®éc hîp kh«ng ®ång nhÊt kiÓu gen. 50 cña ho¸ chÊt gi¶m trong thö nghiÖm riªng. latent agent A pathogen, usually a virus, lead compound A chemical that has present in a host organism without demonstrated promising biological activity producing any symptoms. in preliminary assays. t¸c nh©n Èn T¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh, th-êng hîp chÊt dÉn ChÊt hãa häc ®· biÓu lé lμ virut, cã trong sinh vËt chñ kh«ng s¶n ho¹t tÝnh sinh häc cã triÓn väng trong ph¶n sinh bÊt kú mét triÖu chøng nμo. øng thö nghiÖm. latent bud An inactive bud not held back leader peptide peptit dÉn ®Çu xem: by rest or dormant period, but which may signal sequence. start growth if stimulated. leader sequence A variable length mÇn ngñ MÇm kh«ng ho¹t ®éng kh«ng sequence of nucleotides at the 5' end of bÞ kiÒm chÕ bëi k× ngñ nghØ hoÆc ngõng an mRNA molecule that precedes the AUG ho¹t ®éng, nh-ng cã thÓ khëi ®éng sinh initiation codon where translation tr-ëng nÕu ®-îc kÝch thÝch. begins and is not itself translated into latent phase k× Èn xem: lag phase. protein. lateral bud mÇm n¸ch xem: axillary bud. ®o¹n dÉn ®Çu Tr×nh tù theo chiÒu däc kh¸c lateral meristem A meristem giving rise nhau cña nuleotit ë mót 5' ph©n tö RNA to secondary plant tissues, such as the th«ng tin mμ ®Æt tr-íc côm m· khëi ®Çu vascular and cork cambia. AUG n¬i dÞch m· b¾t ®Çu vμ tù nã kh«ng m« ph©n sinh bªn M« ph©n sinh t¹o ra ®-îc dÞch m· cho protein. ho¹t ®éng m« thùc vËt thø cÊp, nh- tÇng leading strand The strand of DNA that is ph¸t sinh m¹ch vμ nót. synthesized continuously during replication. leaf blade 167 sîi dÉn Sîi DNA ®-îc tæng hîp liªn tôc replication, in which the chromosomes khi nh©n ®«i. appear as single, fine, threadlike leaf blade The usually flattened portion of structures. the leaf. k× sîi m¶nh Giai ®o¹n trong gi¶m ph©n b¶n l¸ PhÇn phiÕn máng th«ng th-êng liÒn tr-íc tiÕp hîp vμ sau nh©n ®«i DNA, cña l¸. trong ®ã c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ xuÊt hiÖn lμ c¸c cÊu tróc ®¬n, hoμn h¶o, gièng sîi chØ. leaf bud cutting A cutting that includes a short section of stem with attached leaf. lleptotene (adj.) k× sîi m¶nh (tÝnh tõ) xem: leptonema. c¾t mÇm l¸ §o¹n c¾t bao gåm phÇn ng¾n th©n c©y g¾n liÒn víi l¸. lethal allele A mutant form of a gene that, in the homozygous state, is fatal. leaf margin The edge of a leaf. alen g©y chÕt D¹ng ®ét biÕn cña mét gen mÐp l¸ R×a l¸ . lμ xÊu trong t×nh tr¹ng ®ång hîp tö. leaf primordium A lateral outgrowth from lethal gene gen g©y chÕt xem: lethal the apical meristem, which will become a allele. leaf when fully developed and expanded. lethal mutation ®ét biÕn g©y chÕt xem: bóp l¸ Chåi bªn v-¬n ra tõ m« ph©n sinh lethal allele. ®Ønh, sÏ trë thμnh l¸ c©y khi ph¸t triÓn vμ tr¶i réng ®Çy ®ñ. leukocyte White blood cell, up to 0.02 mm in diameter, of which there are normally 4- leaf roll A symptom of some virus 11 million per millilitre of human blood. diseases, characterized by curling of the There are several kinds, all involved in the leaves. Can also occur as a response to body’s defence mechanisms. water stress. Granulocytes have granules in their xo¨n l¸ TriÖu chøng mét sè bÖnh h¹i virót, cytoplasm; monocytes ingest and feed on ®Æc tr-ng do lμm cuén l¸. Còng cã thÓ xÈy bacteria and other micro-organisms that ra khi ph¶n øng víi sèc n-íc. cause infection; lymphocytes include the leaf scar Mark left on a stem after leaf B cells that are involved with the abscission. production of antibodies. sÑo l¸ §Ó l¹i dÊu trªn th©n sau rông l¸. b¹ch cÇu TÕ bμo mμu tr¾ng, ®-êng kÝnh leaflet Expanded leaf-like part of a trªn 0.02 mm, víi b×nh th-êng lμ 4-11 triÖu compound leaf. tÕ bμo trong mét lÝt m¸u cña ng-êi. Cã nhiÒu lo¹i, tÊt c¶ ®Òu liªn quan ®Õn c¬ chÕ l¸ chÐt PhÇn gièng l¸ c©y më réng cña l¸ b¶o vÖ c¬ thÓ. B¹ch cÇu h¹t cã c¸c h¹t kÐp. nhá trong chÊt tÕ bμo; b¹ch cÇu ®¬n nh©n leaky mutant A mutant in which the gene tiªu ho¸ vμ nu«i d-ìng trªn vi khuÈn vμ vi product still retains some biological activity. sinh vËt kh¸c ®Ó g©y chuyÓn nhiÔm; b¹ch ®ét biÕn rß §ét biÕn trong ®ã s¶n phÈm cÇu bao gåm tÕ bμo B liªn quan víi s¶n gen cßn l-u gi÷ mét sè ho¹t tÝnh sinh häc . xuÊt kh¸ng thÓ. lectin A group of plant proteins that can library A collection of cells, usually bacteria bind to specific oligosaccharides on the or yeast, that have been transformed with surface of cells, causing the cells to clump recombinant vectors carrying DNA together. derived from an unrelated organism. See: lectin Nhãm protein thùc vËt cã thÓ liªn cDNA library, expression library, kÕt víi oligosacarit ®Æc biÖt trªn bÒ mÆt tÕ genomic library. bμo, lμm cho c¸c tÕ bμo kÕt l¹i víi nhau th- viÖn TËp hîp c¸c tÕ bμo, th-êng vi thμnh khèi. khuÈn hoÆc nÊm men, ®· biÕn ®æi víi vÐc leptonema Stage in meiosis immediately t¬ t¸i tæ hîp mang DNA nguån gèc tõ sinh preceding synapsis and post DNA vËt kh«ng cã quan hÖ. Xem: cDNA library, life cycle 168 expression library, genomic library. there is a doubling of the number of new life cycle The sequence of events from a complete polynucleotides. given developmental stage in one ph¶n øng chuçi ligaza (viÕt t¾t: LCR). Kü generation to the same stage in the thuËt dß t×m vμ khuÕch ®¹i tr×nh tù DNA following generation. In sexually ®Ých. Hai oligonucleotit ®-îc tæng hîp lμ reproduced organisms, the starting point thÓ bæ sung cho toμn bé tr×nh tù ®Ých, mét is the fusion of gametes to form the zygote. vÒ phÝa 5'- vμ mét vÒ phÝa 3'-. NÕu tr×nh tù chu kú sèng, vßng ®êi Tr×nh tù nh÷ng sù ®Ých cã trong mÉu DNA khi kiÓm tra, c¸c kiÖn tõ mét giai ®o¹n ph¸t triÓn nhÊt ®Þnh oligonucleotit sÏ liªn kÕt víi c¸c mót tiÕp cña mét thÕ hÖ ®Õn cïng mét giai ®o¹n gi¸p trung t©m, vμ ligaza chÞu nhiÖt sÏ kÕt cña thÕ hÖ tiÕp theo.Trong sinh vËt sinh nèi thμnh polinucleotit hoμn chØnh. Kh«ng s¶n h÷u tÝnh, ®iÓm khëi ®Çu lμ sù dung hîp xÈy ra kÕt nèi nÕu tr×nh tù ®Ých v¾ng mÆt giao tö ®Ó h×nh thμnh hîp tö. hoÆc viÖc hîp thμnh gi÷a oligonucleotit tæng hîp víi tr×nh tù ®Ých kh«ng hoμn h¶o ligand A small molecule (e.g. activators, trong vïng tiÕp gi¸p. T¹i nhiÖt ®é cao, substrates and inhibitors of enzyme polinucleotit míi t¸ch ra tõ khung mÉu DNA activity) bound to a protein by non- gèc, vμ khi lμm m¸t, nã vμ DNA gèc phôc covalent forces; an ion or a molecule that vô nh- khung mÉu cho chu tr×nh lai, kÕt binds to another chemical entity to form a buéc vμ t¸ch nhiÖt lÇn thø hai. T¹i mçi chu larger complex. tr×nh mang gÊp ®«i sè polinucleotit hoμn phèi tö Ph©n tö nhá(vÝ dô chÊt ho¹t hãa, chØnh míi. c¬ chÊt vμ chÊt øc chÕ ho¹t tÝnh enzim) ligate, ligation The joining of two linear liªn kÕt víi protein b»ng lùc kh«ng ®ång double-stranded DNA fragments by the hãa trÞ; Ion hoÆc ph©n tö liªn kÕt víi thùc formation of phosphodiester bonds. thÓ hãa häc kh¸c ®Ó h×nh thμnh phøc hîp lín h¬n. kÕt buéc KÕt nèi hai ®o¹n DNA sîi kÐp tuyÕn tÝnh do h×nh thμnh liªn kÕt ligaseligaza xem: DNA-ligaza. phosphodiester. ligase chain reaction (Abbreviation: lignification The thickening and LCR). A technique for the detection and strengthening of a plant cell wall with amplification of target DNA sequences. lignin. Two oligonucleotides are synthesized which between them are complementary hãa gç Lμm dμy vμ cøng v¸ch tÕ tÕ bμo to the entire target sequence, one to the thùc vËt víi chÊt lignin. 5'-side and one to the 3'-side. If the target lignin A group of high-molecular-weight sequence is present in the DNA sample amorphous polymers of phenylpropanoid under examination, the oligonucleotides compounds, giving strength to certain will bind to it with their ends abutting in the tissues. A major component of wood. centre, and a heat-stable ligase will join Nhãm p«lime v« ®Þnh h×nh cao ph©n tö cña them into a complete polynucleotide. No hîp chÊt phenylpropanoid, t¹o cøng c¸c ligation occurs if the target sequence is m« nhÊt ®Þnh. Mét thμnh phÇn chÝnh cña absent or if the match between synthetic gç. oligonucleotides and target sequence is lignocellulose The combination of lignin, imperfect in the region where they abut. hemicellulose and cellulose that forms At a high temperature, the new the structural framework of plant cell walls. polynucleotide dissociates from the original DNA template, and upon cooling, lignocellulose KÕt hîp cña lignin, it and the original DNA serve as templates hemicellulose vμ xen-lu-l« ®Ó h×nh thμnh for a second cycle of hybridization, ligation khung cÊu tróc v¸ch tÕ bμo thùc vËt. and thermal dissociation. At each cycle LINE ViÕt t¾t cña long interspersed nuclear element. lineage 169 lineage A group of individuals, related by linkage disequilibrium mÊt c©n b»ng common descent, e.g. an in vitro cell line liªn kÕt xem: gametic phase derived from a single cell. disequilibrium. dßng gièng Nhãm c¸ thÓ, liªn quan bëi linkage equilibrium c©n b»ng liªn kÕt cïng tæ tiªn, vÝ dô mét dßng tÕ bμo trong xem: gametic phase equilibrium. èng nghiÖm b¾t nguån tõ tÕ bμo ®¬n. linkage map A linear or circular diagram linear phase The growth phase during that shows the relative positions of genes cell culture when cell number increases on a chromosome as determined by arithmetically. The linear phase follows a recombination fraction. See: genetic map. period of exponential growth. b¶n ®å liªn kÕt S¬ ®å tuyÕn tÝnh hoÆc pha tuyÕn tÝnh Pha sinh tr-ëng trong nu«i vßng chØ ra vÞ trÝ t-¬ng ®èi cña gen trªn cÊy tÕ bμo khi sè l-îng tÕ bμo t¨ng lªn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ do ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh bëi phÇn theo cÊp sè häc. Pha tuyÕn tÝnh xÈy ra sau t¸i tæ hîp. Xem: genetic map. pha t¨ng tr-ëng cÊp sè mò. linked gene, linked marker A gene or linearized vector A covalently closed marker that is linked to another gene or circular DNA vector (typically a plasmid) marker. which has been opened by restriction gen liªn kÕt, dÊu chuÈn liªn kÕt Gen digestion to convert it to a linear molecule. hoÆc dÊu chuÈn ®-îc liªn kÕt víi gen hoÆc In molecular cloning, DNA to be cloned is dÊu chuÈn kh¸c. mixed with the linearized vector, and linker A synthetic double-stranded treated with ligase to join and recircularize oligonucleotide that carries the the resulting hybrid molecule. recognition sequence for one or more vÐc t¬ tuyÕn tÝnh VÐc t¬ DNA m¹ch vßng restriction endonucleases. The ligation khÐp kÝn ®ång hãa trÞ (®iÓn h×nh plasmit) of a linker to each end of a DNA fragment ®-îc më ra do tiªu ho¸ giíi h¹n ®Ó chuyÓn facilitates the preparation of the fragment ®æi thμnh ph©n tö tuyÕn tÝnh. Trong nh©n for cloning into a vector. See: polylinker. dßng ph©n tö, DNA ®· nh©n dßng ®-îc chÊt kÕt nèi ChÊt nghÌo nucleotit sîi kÐp hçn hîp víi vÐc t¬ tuyÕn tÝnh, vμ xö lý víi tæng hîp mang tr×nh tù ®o¸n nhËn cho mét ligaza ®Ó tham gia vμ th«ng b¸o kÕt qu¶ hoÆc nhiÒu endonucleaza giíi h¹n. KÕt ph©n tö lai. buéc chÊt kÕt nèi cho tõng mót cña ®o¹n linkage The tendency of a set of genes to DNA lμm dÔ dμng chÕ phÈm cña ®o¹n be inherited together more often than nh©n dßng vμo trong vect¬. xem: would be expected if they were assorting polylinker. independently. exists between two genes lipase A class of enzymes which break when they are located sufficiently close to down lipids into their component fatty acids one another on the same chromosome and glycerol. Lipases used in that a proportion of gametes is produced biotechnology are generally digestive, without crossing-over occurring between with a role in the break-down of fats in food them. into their components, so that these can kÕt nèi Xu h-íng cña mét bé gen ®-îc di be used to make other materials. truyÒn kÕt hîp th-êng h¬n lμ sÏ mong lipaza Líp men ph©n gi¶i lipid thμnh axit muèn chóng ph©n ly ®éc lËp. XÈy ra gi÷a bÐo vμ glyxerol. Lipaza dïng trong c«ng hai gen khi chóng ®-îc ®Þnh vÞ hoμn toμn nghÖ sinh häc th-êng ®Ó tiªu hãa, víi vai chÆt chÏ víi nhau trªn cïng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ trß ph©n huû chÊt bÐo cña thøc ¨n ra nhiÒu ®Ó mét tØ lÖ giao tö ®-îc s¶n sinh kh«ng thμnh phÇn, do vËy c¸c thμnh phÇn nμy xÈy ra lai chÐo gi÷a chóng víi nhau. cã thÓ sö dông ®Ó chÕ t¹o vËt liÖu kh¸c. lipid 170 lipid Any of a group of fats or fat-like liquefaction Enzymatic digestion (often by compounds insoluble in water and soluble alpha-amylase) of gelatinized starch to in fat solvents. form lower molecular weight ChÊt mì BÊt kú nhãm chÊt bÐo hoÆc hîp polysaccharides. chÊt gièng chÊt bÐo kh«ng tan trong n-íc hãa láng Tiªu hãa enzim (th-êng do vμ tan trong dung m«i chÊt bÐo. alpha- amylaza) cña tinh bét ®· keo ho¸ lipofection Delivery into eukaryotic cells ®Ó h×nh thμnh polisacarit träng l-îng ph©n of DNA, RNA or other compounds that tö thÊp h¬n. have been encapsulated in liposomes. liquid medium Culture solution, without a NhiÔm mì ChuyÓn giao DNA, RNA hoÆc solidifying agent, for in vitro cell growth. c¸c hîp chÊt kh¸c ®· ®-îc bao gãi trong m«i tr-êng láng Dung dÞch nu«i cÊy, thiÕu c¸c h¹t mì cho c¸c tÕ bμo cã nh©n. t¸c nh©n lμm ®Æc, ®Ó sinh tr-ëng tÕ bμo lipopolysaccharide (Abbreviation: LPS). trong èng nghiÖm. A compound containing lipid bound to a liquid membrane Thin films made up of polysaccharide; often a component of liquids (as opposed to solids) which are microbial cells walls. stable in another liquid (usually water). lipopolysaccharit (viÕt t¾t: LPS). Hîp chÊt Thus the liquid must not dissolve in the chøa lipit liªn kÕt víi polisacarit; th-êng lμ water, but nevertheless must be prevented thμnh phÇn cña v¸ch tÕ bμo vi trïng. from collapsing into small droplets. liposome A synthetic microscopic mμng chÊt láng Phim máng ®-îc t¹o ra spherical structure consisting of a cña c¸c chÊt láng (ng-îc víi chÊt r¾n) æn phospholipid bilayer membrane ®Þnh trong chÊt láng kh¸c (th-êng lμ n-íc). containing a user-defined aqueous Do vËy chÊt láng cÇn ph¶i kh«ng hoμ tan solution. Liposomes can be used to trong n-íc, nh-ng tuy vËy ph¶i ®-îc ng¨n transport relatively toxic drugs into ngõa khái bÞ xÑp thμnh c¸c giät nhá. diseased cells, where they can exert their liquid nitrogen Nitrogen gas condensed maximum effect. DNA molecules may be to a liquid with a boiling point of about - entrapped in, or bound to the surface of, 196 °C. Commonly used as a medium for the vesicles, and subsequent fusion of the long-term storage of biological materials. liposome with the cell membrane will See: cryopreservation. deliver the DNA into the cell. Liposomes Nit¬ láng KhÝ nit¬ ho¸ thμnh láng cã ®iÓm have been used to develop an efficient s«i kho¶ng -196o C. Th-êng dïng lμm m«i transfection procedure for Streptomyces tr-êng b¶o qu¶n dμi h¹n nguyªn liÖu sinh bacteria. vËt. Xem: cryopreservation. vi thÓ mì CÊu tróc h×nh cÇu tinh vi nh©n litmus paper A pH indicator paper. It turns t¹o gåm mét mμng kÐp phospholipit chøa red in acidic and blue in alkaline solutions. dung dÞch n-íc dÔ x¸c ®Þnh. Vi thÓ mì cã giÊy quú GiÊy chØ thÞ ®é pH. Nã chuyÓn thÓ dïng ®Ó chuyªn chë c¸c chÊt t-¬ng mμu ®á trong dung dÞch axit vμ xanh trong ®èi ®éc vμo trong tÕ bμo bÖnh, n¬i chóng dung dÞch kiÒm. cã thÓ ph¸t huy hiÖu lùc tèi ®a. C¸c ph©n tö DNA cã thÓ bÞ ®¸nh bÉy bªn trong, hoÆc live recombinant vaccine A vaccine ranh giíi bÒ mÆt môn n-íc, vμ tiÕp theo created by the expression of a pathogen sù dung hîp vi thÓ mì víi mμng tÕ bμo sÏ antigen in a non-pathogenic organism. chuyÓn giao DNA cho tÕ bμo. Vi thÓ mì vacxin t¸i tæ hîp sèng Vacxin t¹o ra do ®-îc dïng ®Ó ph¸t triÓn ph-¬ng thøc biÓu thÞ kh¸ng nguyªn t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh chuyÓn nhiÔm cã hiÖu qu¶ cña vi khuÈn trong mét sinh vËt kh«ng thuéc t¸c nh©n Streptomyces. g©y bÖnh. live vaccine 171 live vaccine A living, non-virulent form of which are dispersed at numerous locations a pathogenic micro-organism or virus within the genome. The human genome used to elicit an antibody response for the contains over 500,000 LINEs (representing protection against infection by a virulent ca. 16% of the genome). They appear to form of the same pathogen. represent degenerate copies of vacxin sèng D¹ng sèng, kh«ng ®éc cña transposable elements. See: SINE. vi sinh vËt hoÆc virut g©y bÖnh ®-îc dïng phÇn nh©n xen dμi (viÕt t¾t: LINE). Hä kh¬i mμo mét ph¶n øng kh¸ng thÓ ®Ó b¶o phÇn tö DNA phæ biÕn, cña ®é dμi trung vÖ chèng l¹i sù nhiÔm bÖnh do d¹ng ®éc b×nh 6.5 kb, ®-îc ph©n t¸n ë nhiÒu vÞ trÝ hÖ cïng t¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh. gen. HÖ gen ng-êi cã h¬n 500.000 LINE living modified organism (Abbreviation: (§¹i diÖn ca. 16 % cña hÖ gen). Chóng LMO). “Living organism that possess a xuÊt hiÖn ®Ó thÓ hiÖn nh÷ng b¶n sao tho¸i novel combination of genetic material ho¸ cña c¸c phÇn tö cã thÓ chuyÓn vÞ. xem: obtained through the use of modern SINE. biotechnology” (Convention on Biological long template A DNA strand, synthesized Diversity). Synonym of GMO, but restricted during PCR, which has a primer sequence to organisms that can endanger biological at one end but is extended beyond the site diversity. that is complementary to the second sinh vËt söa ®æi (viÕt t¾t: LMO). “sinh vËt primer at the other end. sèng cã së h÷u tæ hîp vËt liÖu gen míi khung mÉu dμi Sîi DNA, ®-îc tæng hîp thu ®-îc qua sö dông c«ng nghÖ sinh häc trong PCR, cã tr×nh tù khëi ®Çu t¹i mét mót hiÖn ®¹i” (Quy -íc vÒ TÝnh §a d¹ng Sinh nh-ng ®-îc më réng thªm ngoμi vÞ trÝ ®Ó häc). Tõ ®ång nghÜa cña GMO, nh-ng giíi bæ sung cho khëi ®Çu thø cÊp t¹i mót kh¸c. h¹n cho nh÷ng sinh vËt mμ cã thÓ g©y ra long terminal repeat (Abbreviation: LTR). nguy hiÓm ®a d¹ng sinh häc. A characteristic sequence of nucleotides LMO ViÕt t¾t cña living modified that occurs at each end of a retrovirus organism. element that has become integrated into locus (pl.: loci) A site on a chromosome. the host genome. Involved in the integration process. æ gen (sè nhiÒu: Loci) VÞ trÝ trªn mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. lÆp ®Çu cuèi dμi (viÕt t¾t: LTR). Tr×nh tù ®iÓn h×nh nuleotit xÈy ra ë mçi mót cña lod score The logarithm of the odds of phÇn tö virut lÆn ®-îc trë thμnh hîp nhÊt linkage between two loci. Used to vμo hÖ gen vËt chñ. Liªn quan ®Õn qu¸ measure the statistical support for linkage. tr×nh hîp nhÊt . ph¹m vi lod Thang L«-ga cña kÕt nèi gi÷a long-day plant Plants requiring a period hai æ gen. §-îc dïng ®o sè liÖu thèng kª of short nights before the switch from hç trî cho kÕt nèi. vegetative to reproductive growth can be logarithmic phase The growth phase in initiated. See: Short-day plant. cell culture, during which cell number c©y ngμy dμi Thùc vËt yªu cÇu thêi kú ®ªm doubles every 20-30 minutes. Synonym: ng¾n tr-íc khi cã thÓ ®-îc b¾t ®Çu chuyÓn exponential phase. ®æi tõ sinh tr-ëng sinh d-ìng sang sinh pha loga Pha sinh tr-ëng nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo, thùc. Xem: Short-day plant. trong thêi gian ®ã sè l-îng tÕ bμo t¨ng gÊp loop bioreactor Fermenters in which ®«i sau kho¶ng 20 - 30 phót. Tõ ®ång material is cycled between a bulk tank and nghÜa: exponential phase. a smaller tank or loop of pipes. The log phase ViÕt t¾t cña logarithmic phase. circulation helps to mix the materials and long interspersed nuclear element to ensure that gas injected into the (Abbreviation: LINE). Families of common fermenter is well distributed in the liquid. DNA elements, of average length 6.5 kb, LPS 172 Particularly useful for photosynthetic dÞch cña ®éng vËt cã x-¬ng sèng. Xem: B fermentations, where the cell, T cell. photosynthesizing organisms are passed lymphokine Generic name for proteins through a system of many small that are released by lymphocytes to act transparent pipes, which allow the access on other cells involved in the immune of light. response. The term includes interleukins b×nh ph¶n øng sinh häc vßng B×nh lªn and interferons. A sub-class of cytokines. men trong ®ã vËt liÖu ®-îc quay vßng gi÷a See: monokine. mét thïng khèi lín vμ mét thïng nhá h¬n lymphokin Tªn chung chØ c¸c protein mμ hoÆc vßng theo c¸c èng. Vßng quay gióp ®-îc gi¶i phãng do lymph« bμo ®Ó t¸c phèi trén nguyªn liÖu vμ ®Ó b¶o ®¶m r»ng ®éng vμo c¸c tÕ bμo kh¸c kÐo theo trong kh«ng khÝ ®-a vμo trong b×nh lªn men ®-îc ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch. Giíi h¹n gåm cã ph©n ®Òu kh¾p chÊt láng. §Æc biÖt h÷u Ých interleukins vμ interferons. Mét líp phô cña cho lªn men quang hîp, n¬i sinh vËt quang cytokines. Xem: monokin. hîp ®-îc chuyÓn qua mét hÖ thèng c¸c lymphoma Cancer originating in the lymph èng trong suèt nhá, cho phÐp truy nhËp nodes, spleen and other lympho-reticular ¸nh s¸ng. sites. LPS viÕt t¾t cña lipopolysaccharide. u lymph« Ung th- b¾t nguån tõ h¹ch LTR viÕt t¾t cña long terminal repeat. lymph, l¸ l¸ch vμ vÞ trÝ l-íi lymph kh¸c. luteinizing hormone A pituitary hormone lyophilize xem: freeze-drying. which causes growth of the yellow body of lysis The destruction or breakage of cells the ovary and also stimulates activity of either by viruses or by chemical or physical the interstitial cells of the testis. treatment. hãc m«n t¹o thÓ vμng Hãc m«n tuyÕn ph©n gi¶i Sù ph¸ hñy hoÆc lμm vì tÕ bμo yªn t¹o sinh tr-ëng thÓ vμng buång trøng do virut hoÆc do ph¶n øng hãa häc hoÆc vμ cßn kÝch thÝch ho¹t ®éng cña c¸c tÕ bμo vËt lý. xen kÏ tinh hoμn. lysogen A bacterial cell whose luxury consumption Nutrient absorption chromosome contains integrated by an organism in excess of that required bacteriophage DNA. for optimum growth and productivity. thÓ tiÒm tan TÕ bμo vi khuÈn mμ nhiÔm hÊp thô d- thõa Tiªu thô chÊt dinh d-ìng s¾c thÓ cña nã mang DNA thÓ thùc khuÈn do sinh vËt khi d- thõa vËt chÊt yªu cÇu hîp nhÊt. ®¹t sinh tr-ëng vμ n¨ng suÊt tèi ®a. lysogenic Bacteria or bacteriophages lyase Any of a class of enzymes that undergoing lysogeny. catalyse either the cleavage of a double bond and the addition of new groups to a tiÒm tan Vi khuÈn hoÆc thÓ thùc khuÈn tr¶i substrate, or the formation of a double qua sinh ph©n gi¶i. bond. lysogenic bacterium Bacterium enzin ph©n rêi Líp enzim bÊt kú xóc t¸c harbouring temperate (non-virulent, mäi nh¸nh cña liªn kÕt ®«i vμ g¾n thªm lysogenic) bacteriophages. c¸c gèc míi vμo c¬ chÊt, hoÆc h×nh thμnh vi khuÈn tiÒm tan Vi khuÈn cã chøa thÓ liªn kÕt ®«i. thùc khuÈn «n hßa (kh«ng ®éc, sinh ph©n lymphocyte White blood cells that are gi¶i). important components of the immune lysogeny A condition in which a system of vertebrates. See: B cell, T cell. bacteriophage genome (pro-phage) lymph« bμo C¸c tÕ bμo b¹ch cÇu mμ lμ survives within a host bacterium, either as thμnh phÇn quan träng cña hÖ thèng miÔn part of the host chromosome or as part of lysosome 173 an extrachromosomal element, and does lysozyme A naturally occurring enzyme not initiate lysis. extracted from egg white protein and other sinh ph©n gi¶i, ho¹t ho¸ thùc khuÈn animal and plant sources, which attacks T×nh tr¹ng trong ®ã mét hÖ gen thÓ thùc the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria khuÈn (tiÒn thÓ thùc khuÈn) sèng sãt trong leading to cell lysis and death. vi khuÈn chñ, nh- phÇn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vËt enzim ph©n gi¶i Enzim xuÊt hiÖn tù nhiªn chñ hoÆc phÇn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ngo¹i, vμ ®-îc chiÕt xuÊt tõ protein lßng tr¾ng trøng kh«ng g©y ph©n huû. vμ c¸c nguån ®éng vËt, thùc vËt kh¸c, nã lysosome A membrane-bound sac within tÊn c«ng v¸ch tÕ bμo cña vi khuÈn gram the cytoplasm of animal cells that contains d-¬ng dÉn ®Õn ph©n huû tÕ bμo vμ chÕt. enzymes responsible for the digestion of lytic A phase of the virus life cycle during material in food vacuoles, the dissolution which the virus replicates within the host of foreign particles entering the cell and, cell, releasing a new generation of viruses on the death of the cell, the breaking down when the infected cell undergoes lysis. of all cell structures. The digestive system of the cell. pha tan Mét pha cña chu tr×nh sèng virut trong thêi gian ®ã virut nh©n ®«i bªn trong tiªu thÓ Tói liªn kÕt mμng bªn trong chÊt tÕ bμo chñ, gi¶i phãng mét thÕ hÖ virut míi tÕ bμo ®éng vËt cã enzim tr¸ch nhiÖm ®Ó khi tÕ bμo ®-îc chuyÓn nhiÔm tr¶i qua tiªu hãa vËt chÊt trong kh«ng bμo thøc ¨n, ph©n huû. hßa tan c¸c h¹t ngo¹i x©m nhËp vμo tÕ bμo vμ, khi tÕ bμo chÕt, ph©n huû tÊt c¶ lytic cycle The steps in viral production cÊu tróc tÕ bμo. HÖ tiªu hãa tÕ bμo. that lead to cell lysis. chu tr×nh sinh tan C¸c b-íc trong sinh s¶n virut dÉn tíi ph©n huû tÕ bμo. 174 ingest foreign substances and display on their surfaces antigens which are recognized by other cells of the immune system. Mm ®¹i thùc bμo TÕ bμo b¹ch cÇu lín hÊp thô chÊt l¹ vμ biÓu lé trªn bÒ mÆt kh¸ng nguyªn ®-îc c¸c tÕ bμo kh¸c trong hÖ thèng miÔn dÞch chÊp nhËn. M13 A single-stranded DNA macropropagation Production of plant bacteriophage used as a vector for DNA clones from growing parts. sequencing. nh©n gièng vü m« S¶n xuÊt dßng v« tÝnh thÓ M13 Thùc khuÈn DNA sîi ®¬n dïng thùc vËt tõ c¸c bé phËn ®ang sinh tr-ëng. lμm vect¬ x¸c ®Þnh tr×nh tù DNA. macrospore ®¹i bμo tö xem: megaspore. M13 strand The single-stranded DNA mad cow disease Colloquial term for molecule that is present in the infective bovine spongiform encephalopathy. form of bacteriophage M13. See proteinaceous infectious particle sîi M13 Ph©n tö DNA sîi ®¬n cã trong bÖnh bß c¸i ®iªn ThuËt ng÷ th«ng th-êng d¹ng l©y nhiÔm cña thùc khuÈn M13. chØ tªn bÖnh n·o d¹ng bät biÓn gia sóc. MAAP viÕt t¾t cña multiple arbitrary xem: proteinaceous infectious particle amplicon profiling. MADS box A highly conserved DNA mAb viÕt t¾t cña monoclonal antibody. sequence motif found in a large family of macerate To disintegrate tissue to disrupt transcription factors, most of which play cells. Commonly achieved via mechanical important roles in developmental shearing, plasmolysis or enzymatic cell processes. Most prominently, the MADS wall degradation. box genes known in flowering plants are intimately involved in the control of flower ng©m giÇm Lμm tan m« ®Ó ph¸ vì tÕ bμo. morphogenesis. Th-êng ®¹t ®-îc nhê c¨t xÐn c¬ häc, ph©n huû chÊt nguyªn sinh hoÆc lμm tan v¸ch hép MADS KiÓu tr×nh tù DNA b¶o tån cao tÕ bμo nhê enzim. cã trong mét hä lín nh©n tè phiªn m·, hÇu hÕt ®ãng vai trß quan träng trong qu¸ tr×nh macromolecule Any high molecular ph¸t triÓn. Næi bËt nhÊt, c¸c gen hép MADS weight molecule. Often used as a synonym ®· biÕt cña thùc vËt ra hoa ®Òu trùc tiÕp for polymers. tham gia ®iÒu khiÓn t¹o h×nh hoa. ®¹i ph©n tö BÊt kú ph©n tö cã träng l-îng magenta A type of plastic container ph©n tö cao. Th-êng dïng ®ång nghÜa víi frequently used for plant p«lime. micropropagation and tissue culture. macronutrient A major chemical element thïng nu«i cÊy Lo¹i thïng chøa lμm b»ng essential for normal growth and chÊt dÎo th-êng dïng ®Ó vi nh©n gièng vμ development. In tissue culture media, nu«i cÊy m« thùc vËt. macronutrients are those required in concentrations above 0.5 millimole/litre. major histocompatibility antigen A cell- surface protein or glycoprotein that chÊt dinh d-ìng ®a l-îng Nguyªn tè hãa allows the immune system to distinguish häc chÝnh thiÕt yÕu cho sinh tr-ëng vμ ph¸t foreign or “non-self” from “self”. A better triÓn b×nh th-êng. Trong dung dÞch nu«i cÊy term is histoglobulin. These are the m«, c¸c chÊt ®a l-îng ®-îc yªu cÇu ë nång antigens that must be matched between ®é kho¶ng 0.5 millimol/ lit. donors and recipients during organ and macrophage Large white blood cells that tissue transplants to prevent rejection. major histocompatibility complex 175 kh¸ng nguyªn t-¬ng hîp m« chÝnh mannitol A sugar alcohol widely Protein hoÆc glycoprotein bÒ mÆt tÕ bμo distributed in plants. Commonly used as a cho phÐp hÖ thèng miÔn dÞch ph©n biÖt c¸c nutrient and osmoticum in suspension vËt l¹ hoÆc “kh«ng tù cã” tõ “b¶n th©n”. media for plant protoplasts. ThuËt ng÷ chuÈn h¬n lμ histoglobulin. mannitol Mét lo¹i cån ®-êng ph©n bè réng Chóng lμ nh÷ng kh¸ng nguyªn cÇn ®-îc trong thùc vËt. Th-êng dïng lμm chÊt dinh phï hîp gi÷a thÓ cho vμ thÓ nhËn khi cÊy d-ìng vμ chÊt thÊm läc trong dung dÞch chuyÓn m« vμ c¬ quan nh»m ng¨n ngõa huyÒn phï chÊt nguyªn sinh thùc vËt. th¶i bá. mannose A hexose component of many major histocompatibility complex polysaccharides, occasionally used as a (Abbreviation: MHC). The large cluster of carbohydrate source in plant tissue genes that encode the major culture media. histocompatibility antigens in mammals. mannose Thμnh phÇn hexose cña nhiÒu phøc hÖ t-¬ng hîp m« chÝnh (viÕt t¾t: lo¹i polisacarit, ®«i khi ®-îc dïng lμm MHC). Bã lín gen m· hãa kh¸ng nguyªn nguån hydrat cacbon trong dung dÞch nu«i t-¬ng hîp m« chÝnh cña líp ®éng vËt cã cÊy tÕ bμo. vó. map 1. verb: to determine the relative malt extract A mixture of organic positions of loci (genes or DNA sequences) compounds prepared from malt, used as on a chromosome. Linkage maps are a culture medium additive. obtained from the frequency of chiÕt xuÊt m¹ch nha Hçn hîp chÊt h÷u recombination between loci. Physical c¬ chÕ phÈm tõ m¹ch nha, dïng lμm phô maps are obtained commonly by the use gia m«i tr-êng nu«i cÊy. of in situ hybridization of cloned DNA malting Enzymatic reduction of starch to fragments to metaphase chromosomes, sugars in germinating grain, used in or by somatic-cell hybrids or radiation brewing. hybrids. 2. noun: a diagram showing the relative position of, and distances between, t¹o m¹ch nha Ph©n gi¶i enzim biÕn bét loci on a chromosome. thμnh ®-êng trong h¹t n¶y mÇn, ®-îc dïng trong c«ng nghiÖp bia. b¶n ®å 1. ®éng tõ: X¸c ®Þnh vÞ trÝ t-¬ng ®èi cña æ gen (gen hoÆc tr×nh tù DNA) trªn mammary gland The milk-producing nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. B¶n ®å liªn kÕt ®-îc thu organ of female mammals. thËp tõ tÇn sè t¸i tæ hîp gi÷a c¸c æ gen. tuyÕn vó C¬ quan t¹o s÷a cña ®éng vËt B¶n ®å vËt chÊt b×nh th-êng ®-îc thu thËp cã vó . do sö dông lai gièng t¹i chç ®o¹n DNA ®-îc management of farm animal genetic t¹o dßng víi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ k× gi÷a, hoÆc resources The sum total of technical, do vËt lai tÕ bμo sinh d-ìng hoÆc vËt lai policy and logistical operations involved in bøc x¹. 2. danh tõ: S¬ ®å chØ ra vÞ trÝ t-¬ng understanding (characterization), using ®èi vμ kho¶ng c¸ch gi÷a c¸c æ gen trªn and developing (utilization), maintaining nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. (conservation), accessing, and sharing the map distance The standard measure of benefits of animal genetic resources. genetic distance between loci, expressed qu¶n lý tμi nguyªn gen ®éng vËt n«ng in centiMorgans (cM) or map units. nghiÖp Tæng hîp l¹i c¸c vÊn ®Ò kü thuËt, Estimated from recombination fraction via chÝnh s¸ch vμ c¸c thao t¸c hîp lý liªn quan a mapping function. For small ®Õn sù hiÓu biÕt (m« t¶ ®Æc ®iÓm), recombination fractions, map distance in mannitol dïng vμ triÓn khai (sö dông), duy cM equals the recombination fraction in tr× (b¶o tån), truy nhËp, vμ chia sÎ lîi Ých %. tμi nguyªn di truyÒn ®éng vËt. kho¶ng c¸ch b¶n ®å Sè ®o chuÈn kho¶ng map unit 176 c¸ch gen gi÷a c¸c æ gen, biÓu thÞ b»ng peptit ®¸nh dÊu PhÇn protein dung hîp centiMorgan(cM) hoÆc ®¬n vÞ b¶n ®å. §-îc ®Ó dÔ nhËn ra hoÆc lμm s¹ch. -íc l-îng tõ phÇn t¸i tæ hîp qua hμm ¸nh marker-assisted introgression The use x¹. Cña phÇn t¸i tæ hîp nhá, kho¶ng c¸ch of DNA markers to increase the speed and b¶n ®å cM t-¬ng ®-¬ng víi phÇn t¸i tæ hîp efficiency of introgression of a new theo %. allele(s) or gene(s) into a breeding map unit One centiMorgan (1 cM) See: population. The markers will be closely map distance; crossing-over unit. linked to the gene(s) in question. ®¬n vÞ b¶n ®å Mét centiMorgan (1cM) héi nhËp cã hç trî ®¸nh dÊu Sö dông xem: map distance; crossing-over unit. dÊu chuÈn DNA lμm t¨ng tèc ®é vμ hiÖu mapping The construction of a localized qu¶ héi nhËp alen hoÆc gen míi cho quÇn (around a gene), or broad-based (whole thÓ nh©n gièng sinh s¶n. C¸c dÊu chuÈn genome) genetic map. More generally, sÏ ®-îc liªn kÕt chÆt víi gen cßn nghi vÊn. determining the location of a locus (gene marker-assisted selection (Abbreviation: or genetic marker) on a chromosome. MAS). The use of DNA markers to improve lËp b¶n ®å CÊu tróc b¶n ®å di truyÒn ®-îc response to selection in a population. The khoanh vïng (xung quanh mét gen), hoÆc markers will be closely linked to one or dùa vμo bÒ réng (toμn bé hÖ gen). Phæ more target loci, which may often be biÕn h¬n, x¸c ®Þnh vÞ trÝ æ gen (gen hoÆc quantitative trait loci. dÊu chuÈn gen) trªn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. chän läc cã hç trî dÊu chuÈn (viÕt t¾t: mapping function A mathematical MAS). Sö dông dÊu chuÈn DNA ®Ó n©ng expression relating observed cao kÕt qu¶ chän läc trong quÇn thÓ. C¸c recombination fraction to map distance. dÊu chuÈn nμy sÏ ®-îc liªn kÕt chÆt víi mét hoÆc nhiÒu æ gen ®Ých, cã thÓ th-êng hμm lËp b¶n ®å BiÓu thÞ to¸n häc liªn quan lμ æ gen tÝnh tr¹ng sè l-îng. phÇn t¸i tæ hîp ®-îc quan s¸t víi kho¶ng c¸ch b¶n ®å. MAS viÕt t¾t cña marker-assisted selection. mariculture nghÒ nu«i trång thñy s¶n xem: aquaculture. mass selection As practised in plant and animal breeding, the selection of a number marker An identifiable DNA sequence that of individuals, on the basis of their is inherited in Mendelian fashion, and individual phenotypes, to interbreed to which facilitates the study of inheritance form the next generation. of a trait or a linked gene. chän läc khèi Khi thùc hμnh nh©n gièng dÊu chuÈn Tr×nh tù DNA cã thÓ nhËn biÕt sinh s¶n ®éng vμ thùc vËt, viÖc chän läc ®-îc di truyÒn theo kiÓu Mendel, vμ cã mét sè c¸ thÓ, trªn c¬ së kiÓu h×nh c¸ thÓ, nhiÒu thuËn tiÖn cho nghiªn cøu di truyÒn ngo¹i phèi ®Ó h×nh thμnh thÕ hÖ tiÕp theo. tÝnh tr¹ng hoÆc gen liªn kÕt. maternal effect An effect attributable to a marker gene A gene of known function or genetic contribution of the female parent known location, used for marker-assisted of the individual being evaluated. selection or genetic studies. ¶nh h-ëng dßng mÑ KÕt qu¶ cã thÓ g¸n gen ®¸nh dÊu Gen cña chøc n¨ng hoÆc cho sù ®ãng gãp di truyÒn dßng mÑ cña vÞ trÝ ®-îc biÕt, dïng ®Ó chän läc cã hç trî c¸ thÓ ®ang ®-îc ®¸nh gi¸. ®¸nh dÊu hoÆc nghiªn cøu gen. maternal inheritance Inheritance marker peptide A portion of fusion controlled by non-nuclear genes (e.g. protein that facilitates its identification or mitochrondria, chloroplast) that are purification. transmitted only through the female line. matric potential 177 di truyÒn dßng mÑ TÝnh di truyÒn ®-îc láng hoÆc r¾n trong ®ã c¸c tÕ bμo thùc vËt, ®iÒu khiÓn do c¸c gen kh«ng thuéc nh©n m« hoÆc c¬ quan ph¸t triÓn. Xem: culture (vÝ dô ty thÓ, h¹t diÖp lôc) chØ ®-îc truyÒn medium. 2. NghÜa th«ng th-êng, c¬ chÊt qua dßng mÑ. cho sinh tr-ëng thùc vËt, nh- dung dÞch matric potential A water potential chÊt dinh d-ìng, ®Êt, c¸t, v.v., thÝ dô m«i component, always of negative value, tr-êng -¬m c©y. resulting from the presence of solid (often medium formulation In tissue culture, the finely divided) surfaces; primarily particular constituents for the culture responsible for water uptake by a dry seed medium, commonly comprising macro- prior to germination. and micro-elements, vitamins, plant tiÒm lùc matric Mét thμnh phÇn tiÒm lùc hormones, and a carbohydrate source. n-íc, lu«n mang gi¸ trÞ ng-îc, kÕt qu¶ tõ Some formulations are very specific to the bÒ mÆt chÊt r¾n (th-êng ph©n nhá tinh vi); kind of explant or plant species that can chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm chñ yÕu vÒ viÖc dÉn n-íc be maintained; some are very general. bëi h¹t gièng kh« tr-íc n¶y mÇm. c«ng thøc m«i tr-êng Trong nu«i cÊy m«, maturation The formation of gametes or c¸c phÇn tö riªng biÖt cho m«i tr-êng nu«i spores. cÊy, th-êng gåm cã thμnh phÇn ®a l-îng vμ vi l-îng, vitamin, hãc m«n thùc vËt, vμ tr-ëng thμnh H×nh thμnh giao tö hoÆc bμo nguån hydrat cacbon. Mét sè c«ng thøc tö. rÊt chuyªn biÖt víi tõng lo¹i m¶nh ghÐp MCS viÕt t¾t cña multiple cloning site. hoÆc loμi c©y; mét sè kh¸c th× rÊt chung Xem: polylinker. chung. MDA viÕt t¾t cho multiple drop array. mega yeast artificial chromosome A Xem: microdroplet array. yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) which mean In statistics, the arithmetic average; can carry particularly large inserts (up to the sum of all measurements or values in 1Mbp) - standard YACs typically carry a sample divided by the sample size. inserts of up to 500kbp. trung b×nh Trong thèng kª; trung b×nh to¸n nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n t¹o nÊm men lín häc, tæng sè cña tÊt c¶ c¸c phÐp ®o hoÆc NhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n t¹o nÊm men (YAC) c¸c gi¸ trÞ trong mét mÉu ph©n chia theo cã kh¶ n¨ng mang c¸c ®o¹n xen lín c¸ dung l-îng mÉu. biÖt (trªn1 Mbp)- c¸c YAC mÉu tiªu biÓu media m«i tr-êng xem: culture medium; mang c¸c ®o¹n xen trªn 500 kbp. medium. megabase (Abbreviation: Mb). A length of 6 median In a set of measurements, the DNA consisting of 10 bases. central value above and below which there megabase (viÕt t¾t : Mb). ChiÒu dμi DNA are an equal number of measurements. bao gåm 106 ba z¬. gi¸ trÞ trung b×nh Trong mét tËp hîp c¸c megabase cloning The cloning of large phÐp ®o, gi¸ trÞ gi÷a mμ ë trªn vμ d-íi ®Òu DNA fragments of the order of 1Mb. cã sè l-îng phÐp ®o t-¬ng ®-¬ng. nh©n dßng lín Nh©n dßng c¸c ®o¹n DNA medium (pl.: media) 1. In plant tissue lín theo thø tù 1 Mb. culture, a term for the liquid or solid megaDalton (Abbreviation: MDa). One formulation upon which plant cells, tissues megaDalton is equal to 106 Dalton. or organs develop. See: culture medium. megaDalton (viÕt t¾t: MDa). Mét 2. In general terms, a substrate for plant megaDalton t-¬ng ®-¬ng 106 Dalton. growth, such as nutrient solution, soil, sand, etc., e.g. potting medium. megagametophyte The female gametophyte; the plant that develops m«i tr-êng (sè nhiÒu: media) 1. Trong from a megaspore. nu«i cÊy m«, thuËt ng÷ chØ c«ng thøc chÊt megaspore 178 ®¹i giao tö ThÓ giao tö c¸i; thùc vËt ph¸t hiÖn toμn bé trong mét quÇn thÓ c¸c giao triÓn tõ mét ®¹i bμo tö. tö. megaspore The female gametophyte in meiotic product s¶n phÈm gi¶m ph©n heterosporous plants. Synonym: xem: gamete. macrospore. melanin Dark pigment, produced by ®¹i bμo tö ThÓ giao tö c¸i cña thùc vËt dÞ specialized epidermal cells called hîp tö. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: macrospore melanocytes. meiosis The two-stage process in sexual melanin ChÊt mμu tèi, s¶n xuÊt do c¸c tÕ reproduction by which the chromosome bμo biÓu b× chuyªn biÖt gäi lμ s¾c tè ®en. number is reduced from the somatic to melting temperature (Abbreviation: Tm). the haploid number. The first division, in The temperature at which a double- which homologous chromosomes pair stranded DNA molecule denatures into and exchange genetic material, is followed separate single strands. Tm is determined by amitotic division. The nucleus divides by the length of the molecule and its base twice, but the chromosomes only once, composition. DNAs rich in G:C base pairs generating haploid nuclei, which develop have higher Tm than A:T rich DNA, because into the gametes (egg and sperm in since three hydrogen bonds are formed animals; egg and s in plants). between G and C, but only two between A gi¶m ph©n Qu¸ tr×nh hai giai ®o¹n trong and T. sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh do cã sè l-îng nhiÔm nhiÖt ®é tan (viÕt t¾t: Tm). NhiÖt ®é t¹i ®ã s¾c thÓ gi¶m tõ sè x«ma thμnh sè ®¬n béi. ph©n tö DNA sîi kÐp biÕn tÝnh thμnh c¸c Ph©n chia lÇn ®Çu, trong ®ã c¸c nhiÔm s¾c sîi ®¬n rêi nhau. Tm ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh bëi ®é thÓ t-¬ng ®ång cÆp ®«i vμ trao ®æi vËt liÖu dμi ph©n tö vμ kÕt hîp ba z¬. C¸c cÆp ba gen, ®-îc tiÕp theo bëi ph©n chia trùc z¬ DNA giμu G:C cã Tm cao h¬n DNA giμu ph©n. Nh©n ph©n chia hai lÇn, nh-ng A:T, v× tõ ba liªn kÕt hydro ®-îc h×nh thμnh nhiÔm s¾c thÓ chØ mét lÇn, sinh ra nh©n gi÷a G vμ C, nh-ng chØ hai gi÷a A vμ T. ®¬n béi, ®Ó ph¸t triÓn thμnh giao tö (trøng membrane bioreactor A vessel in which vμ tinh trïng cña ®éng vËt; phÊn vμ no·n cells are cultured on or behind a permeable cña thùc vËt). membrane, which allows the diffusion of meiotic analysis The use of patterns of nutrients to the cells, but retains the cells chromosome pairing at meiotic themselves. A variation is the hollow-fibre prophase and metaphase to detect reactor. relationships between chromosomes, from b×nh ph¶n øng sinh häc mμng B×nh cã which can be deduced the relationship tÕ bμo ®-îc nu«i cÊy trªn hoÆc phia sau between the parents of the organism mμng b¸n thÊm, cho phÐp c¸c chÊt dinh studied.. d-ìng khuÕch t¸n vμo tÕ bμo, nh-ng tù ph©n tÝch gi¶m ph©n Sö dông mÉu cÆp gi÷ l¹i tÕ bμo. Mét biÕn thÓ lμ b×nh ph¶n ®«i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ë k× ®Çu vμ k× gi÷a gi¶m øng sîi rçng. ph©n ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn mèi quan hÖ gi÷a c¸c memory cell Long-lived B cells and T nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, tõ ®ã cã thÓ suy ra mèi quan cells that mediate rapid secondary hÖ gi÷a cha mÑ sinh vËt kh¶o s¸t... immune responses to a previously meiotic drive Any mechanism that causes encountered antigen. a particular allele or chromosome to be tÕ bμo ghi nhí C¸c tÕ bμo B vμ tÕ bμo T over-represented in a population of thêi gian sèng kÐo dμi lμm trung gian c¸c gametes. ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch thø cÊp tøc thêi víi ®iÒu khiÓn gi¶m ph©n C¬ chÕ khiÕn cho mét kh¸ng nguyªn ®-îc b¾t cÆp tr-íc ®ã. alen hoÆc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®Æc biÖt ®-îc thÓ Mendel’s Laws 179 Mendel’s Laws Two laws summarizing t¨ng béi mÇm, sau ®ã cã thÓ ®-îc t¸ch, Gregor Mendel’s theory of inheritance. The t¹o rÔ vμ gieo trång ra ngoμi. Law of Segregation states that each meristele The branch of a stele supplying hereditary characteristic is controlled by the leaf. two ‘factors’ (now called alleles), which trung trô ph©n sinh Nh¸nh cña trung trô segregate and pass into separate germ cung cÊp l¸. cells. The Law of Independent Assortment states that pairs of ‘factors’ segregate meristem Undifferentiated but determined independently of each other when germ plant tissue, in which the cells are capable cells are formed. See: independent of active division and differentiation into assortment; linkage. specialized tissues such as shoots and roots. ®Þnh luËt Mendel Hai ®Þnh luËt tæng kÕt lý thuyÕt di truyÒn Gregor Mendel. §Þnh luËt m« ph©n sinh M« thùc vËt kh«ng biÖt hãa vÒ t×nh tr¹ng Ph©n ly ph¸t biÓu r»ng mçi nh-ng ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh, trong ®ã tÕ bμo cã ®Æc ®iÓn di truyÒn ®Òu ®-îc kiÓm so¸t bëi kh¶ n¨ng ph©n chia tÝch cùc vμ biÖt ho¸ hai ‘nh©n tè’ (hiÖn nay ®-îc gäi lμ alen), thμnh m« chuyªn biÖt nh- chåi vμ rÔ. chóng t¸ch riªng vμ chuyÓn cho tÕ bμo meristem culture A tissue culture mÇm riªng biÖt. §Þnh luËt vÒ t×nh tr¹ng containing meristematic dome tissue Ph©n bè ®éc lËp ph¸t biÓu r»ng c¸c cÆp without adjacent leaf primordia or stem ®«i ‘nh©n tè’ t¸ch riªng ®éc lËp víi nhau tissue. The term may also imply the culture khi tÕ bμo mÇm ®-îc h×nh thμnh. Xem: of meristemoidal regions of plants, or independent assortment; linkage. meristematic growth in culture. Mendelian population A natural, nu«i cÊy m« ph©n sinh Nu«i cÊy m« cã interbreeding unit of sexually reproducing chøa m« ®Ønh m« ph©n sinh kh«ng cã bao plants or animals sharing a common gene gèc l¸ tiÕp gi¸p hoÆc m« th©n. ThuËt ng÷ pool. cã thÓ cßn ngô ý nu«i cÊy c¸c vïng ph©n quÇn thÓ Mendel Mét ®¬n vÞ tù nhiªn, sinh thùc vËt, hoÆc sinh tr-ëng m« ph©n nh©n gièng sinh s¶n cïng loμi cña thùc sinh trong nu«i cÊy. vËt hoÆc ®éng vËt sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh chia meristem tip An explant comprising the sÎ mét vèn gen chung. meristem (meristematic dome) and Mendelian segregation Occurs when usually one pair of leaf primordia. Also alleles are inherited according to refers to explants originating from apical Mendel’s Laws. meristem tip or lateral or axillary meristem tip. ph©n ly Mendel XÈy ra khi c¸c alen ®-îc di truyÒn theo c¸c ®Þnh luËt Mendel. chãp m« ph©n sinh M¶nh nu«i cÊy gåm cã m« ph©n sinh (®Ønh m« ph©n sinh) vμ mericlinal Refers to a chimera with tissue th-êng mét cÆp bao gèc l¸. Còng ®Ò cËp of one genotype partly surrounded by that ®Õn c¸c m¶nh nu«i cÊy cã nguån gèc tõ of another genotype. chãp m« ph©n sinh ®Ønh hoÆc chãp m« ®-êng ph©n sinh §Ò cËp ®Õn mét thÓ qu¸i ph©n sinh bªn hoÆc n¸ch. víi m« cña mét kiÓu gen ®-îc bao quanh meristem tip culture Cultures derived tõng phÇn bëi m« cña kiÓu gen kh¸c. from meristem tip explants. Used widely mericloning A propagation method using to achieve virus elimination and axillary shoot tips in culture to proliferate multiple shoot proliferation, less commonly for buds, which can then be separated, rooted callus production. and planted out. nu«i cÊy chãp m« ph©n sinh Nu«i cÊy t¹o dßng ph©n sinh Ph-¬ng ph¸p nh©n b¾t nguån tõ m¶nh nu«i cÊy chãp m« ph©n gièng dïng ®Ønh chåi trong nu«i cÊy ®Ó sinh. Sö dông phæ biÕn ®Ó lo¹i bá virut vμ meristemoid 180 t¨ng nhanh chåi n¸ch, Ýt khi dïng s¶n xuÊt matter, or by which complex substances m« sÑo. and food are broken down into simple meristemoid A localized group of callus substances. cells, characterized by their accumulation trao ®æi chÊt, chuyÓn ho¸ Qu¸ tr×nh sinh of starch, RNA and protein, and giving rise hãa biÕn chÊt dinh d-ìng thμnh vËt chÊt to adventitious shoots or roots. sèng, hoÆc hç trî x©y dùng vËt chÊt sèng, thÓ m« ph©n sinh Nhãm tÕ bμo m« sÑo hoÆc do ®ã chÊt phøc t¹p vμ thøc ¨n ®-îc ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh, ®Æc tr-ng bëi tÝch luü tinh ph©n gi¶i thμnh chÊt ®¬n gi¶n. bét, RNA vμ protein, vμ ph¸t sinh chåi bÊt metabolite A low-molecular-weight ®Þnh hoÆc rÔ. biological compound that is usually merozygote Partial zygote produced by synthesized enzymically. a process of partial genetic exchange, chÊt chuyÓn ho¸, chÊt trao ®æi Hîp chÊt such as transformation in bacteria. sinh häc ph©n tö l-îng thÊp th-êng ®-îc hîp tö ph©n sinh Hîp tö tõng phÇn ®-îc tæng hîp do enzim. s¶n xuÊt do qu¸ tr×nh trao ®æi gen tõng metabolomics The large-scale study of phÇn, gièng nh- biÕn n¹p cña vi khuÈn. the full complement of secondary mesh bioreactor b×nh ph¶n øng sinh metabolites produced by a given species häc m¾t l-íi xem: filter bioreactor. in all its tissues and growth stages. mesoderm The middle germ layer that chuyÓn ho¸ trong c¬ thÓ Nghiªn cøu forms in the early animal embryo and gives quy m« lín viÖc bæ sung ®Çy ®ñ c¸c chÊt rise to parts such as bone and connective chuyÓn hãa thø cÊp ®-îc s¶n xuÊt do c¸c tissue. loμi ®-îc t¹o ra trong toμn bé m« vμ c¸c giai ®o¹n sinh tr-ëng. ph«i b× gi÷a Líp mÇm gi÷a h×nh thμnh trong ph«i ®éng vËt sím vμ ph¸t sinh thμnh metacentric chromosome A c¸c phÇn nh- x-¬ng vμ m« liªn kÕt. chromosome in which the centromere is located in the middle and, consequently, mesophile A micro-organism able to grow the chromosome arms are of about equal in the temperature range 20-50oC; optimal length. growth often occurs at about 37oC. See: psychrophile, thermophile. nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t©m gi÷a NhiÔm s¾c thÓ trong ®ã vÞ trÝ t©m ®éng n»m ë gi÷a vμ, do h¹p trung Vi sinh vËt cã kh¶ n¨ng sinh vËy, c¸c nh¸nh nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cã ®é dμi tr-ëng trong giíi h¹n nhiÖt ®é tõ 20oC ®Õn t-¬ng ®-¬ng. 50oC; t¨ng tr-ëng tèi -u th-êng xÈy ra ë kho¶ng 37oC. Xem: psychrophile, metal affinity chromatography A thermophile. chromatographic technique, in which a compound interacting with a specific metal mesophyll Leaf parenchyma tissue found ion can be captured by immobilizing the between epidermal layers. relevant ion on the column’s solid matrix. thÞt l¸ M« nhu m« l¸ h×nh thμnh gi÷a c¸c s¾c ký ¸i lùc kim lo¹i Kü thuËt s¾c ký, líp biÓu b×. trong ®ã hîp chÊt t¸c ®éng t-¬ng hç víi messenger RNA RNA th«ng tin viÕt t¾t: ion kim lo¹i riªng biÖt cã thÓ ®-îc gi÷ l¹i mRNA. do cè ®Þnh ion thÝch hîp trªn b¶ng r¾n cña metabolic cell A cell that is not dividing. cét. See: metabolism metalloenzyme An enzyme which tÕ bμo chuyÓn ho¸ Mét lo¹i tÕ bμo kh«ng requires the presence of a metal in order ph©n chia. xem: metabolism to be catalytically active. metabolism The biochemical processes enzim kim lo¹i Enzim yªu cÇu cã mÆt mét whereby nutritive material is converted to kim lo¹i víi t- c¸ch lμ ho¹t ®éng xóc t¸c. living matter, or aids in building living metallothionein 181 metallothionein A protective protein that Michaelis constant h»ng sè Michaelis K . binds heavy metals such as cadmium and xem: m lead. microalgal culture Culture in bioreactors metallothionein Mét lo¹i protein b¶o vÖ of microalgae (including seaweeds). liªn kÕt víi kim lo¹i nÆng nh- lμ chÊt c¸ch nu«i c©y vi t¶o Nu«i cÊy vi t¶o trong thïng vμ chÊt dÉn. ph¶n øng sinh häc (bao gåm t¶o biÓn). metaphase Stage of mitosis or meiosis micro-array A large set of cloned DNA (following prophase and preceding molecules immobilized as a compact and anaphase) during which the orderly pattern of sub-microlitre spots onto chromosomes, or at least the a solid matrix (typically a glass slide). Used kinetochores, lie in the central plane of to analyse patterns of gene expression, the spindle. The stage of maximum presence of markers, or nucleotide chromosome condensation, at which sequence. The major advantage of micro- karyotypes are generally described. In the arrays is the extent to which the process first division of meiosis, metaphase of genotyping can be automated, thereby represents the stage at which meiotic enabling large numbers of individuals to analysis is generally performed. be simultaneously genotyped at many loci. k× gi÷a Giai ®o¹n nguyªn ph©n hoÆc gi¶m A similar approach may be used with other ph©n (tiÕp theo k× ®Çu vμ tr-íc k× sau) trong immobilized components for other ®ã c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, hoÆc Ýt nhÊt lμ h¹t purposes. Synonym: chip or DNA chip. trung t©m, n»m trong mÆt ph¼ng trung t©m See: somatic cell hybrid panel, radiation cña thoi. Giai ®o¹n mËt ®é nhiÔm s¾c thÓ hybrid cell panel cùc ®¹i, t¹i ®ã kiÓu nh©n th-êng kÐo dμi. vi m¶ng Líp lín ph©n tö DNA nh©n dßng Trong ph©n chia lÇn ®Çu gi¶m ph©n, k× gi÷a ®-îc gi÷ cè ®Þnh lμm khu«n mÉu trËt tù vμ ®¹i diÖn cho giai ®o¹n t¹i ®ã ph©n tÝch gi¶m nÐn chÆt c¸c ®iÓm siªu vi m« trªn mét b¶ng ph©n th-êng ®-îc thùc hiÖn. r¾n (tiªu biÓu mét b¶n kÝnh). Dïng ®Ó ph©n metastasis The spread of cancer cells to tÝch mÉu biÓu thÞ gen, khi cã mÆt c¸c dÊu previously unaffected organs. chuÈn, hoÆc tr×nh tù nucleotit. Lîi thÕ chÝnh di c¨n Sù lan truyÒn tÕ bμo ung th- tíi cña m¶ng vi m« lμ ph¹m vi xö lý gi¸m ®Þnh nh÷ng c¬ quan kh«ng bÞ ¶nh h-ëng tr-íc gen cã thÓ tù ®éng hãa, do ®ã cho phÐp ®ã. mét sè lín c¸ thÓ ®-îc gi¸m ®Þnh gen cïng methylation The addition of a methyl mét lóc t¹i nhiÒu æ gen. Nghiªn cøu t-¬ng tù cã thÓ dïng víi c¸c thμnh phÇn gi÷ cè group (-CH3) to a molecule, most commonly in the context of DNA where ®Þnh kh¸c nhau cho môc ®Ých kh¸c nhau. cytosine and, less often, adenine Tõ ®ång nghÜa: chip hoÆc DNA chip. xem: residues can be modified in this way, somatic cell hybrid panel, radiation hybrid sometimes resulting in a change in cell panel. transcription. See: epigenetic variation. microbe vi trïng xem: microbe. mª tyl ho¸ G¾n thªm nhãm mª-thyl (-CH3) microbial mat Layered microbial cho ph©n tö, phæ biÕn nhÊt trong thμnh populations, usually growing on the phÇn DNA n¬I cã cytosine vμ, kh«ng surface of a solid medium or on a th-êng xuyªn, c¸c ®u«i adenin cã thÓ biÕn membrane. ®æi theo kiÓu nμy, ®«i khi ®Én ®Õn thay ®æi th¶m vi trïng QuÇn thÓ vi sinh vËt s¾p phiªn m·. Xem: epigenetic variation. líp, th-êng b¸m ch¾c trªn bÒ mÆt m«i MHC viÕt t¾t cña major tr-êng ®Æc hoÆc trªn mμng. histocompatibility complex. microbody A frequently spherical cellular organelle, bound by a single membrane, micro-carrier 182 20-60 nm in diameter, and containing a micro-environment A small-scale variety of enzymes. environment in which the conditions vi thÓ Bμo quan chÊt tÕ bμo th-êng h×nh (temperature, humidity, pH etc.) are cÇu, ranh giíi bëi mμng ®¬n, ®-êng kÝnh distinct; typically used in connection with 20-60 nm, vμ mang nhiÒu lo¹i enzim kh¸c the surroundings of a living object. nhau. m«i tr-êng tèi thiÓu M«i tr-êng ph¹m vi micro-carrier Small particles used as a m« nhá trong ®ã c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn (nhiÖt ®é, support material for (particularly Èm ®é, pH v.v..) ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh; ®iÓn h×nh mammalian) cells, which are too fragile to dïng trong kÕt nèi víi chñ thÓ sèng xung be pumped and stirred as bacterial cells quanh. are in a large-scale culture microfibril Microscopic fibres visible only thÓ mang vi m« H¹t nhá dïng lμm vËt liÖu at the high magnification of the electron hç trî tÕ bμo (®Æc biÖt lμ loμi cã vó), máng microscope. ®ñ ®Ó dÔ rung vμ khuÊy khi c¸c tÕ bμo vi vi sîi Sîi cùc nhá chØ quan s¸t râ ë møc khuÈn trong nu«i cÊy quy m« lín. phãng ®¹i cao cña kÝnh hiÓn vi ®iÖn tö. microdroplet array (Abbreviation: MDA). microgametophyte giao tö nhá xem: A technique used to simultaneously pollen. evaluate large numbers of media micrograft ghÐp vi m« xem: shoot-tip modifications, employing small quantities graft of medium into which are placed small micro-injection The introduction of small numbers of cells or protoplasts. These amounts of (usually) liquid material (DNA, form a monolayer at the droplet meniscus RNA, enzymes, cytotoxic agents) into a and can easily be examined. Synonyms: defined tissue or single cell with a fine, multiple drop array, hanging droplet microscopic needle. technique b¬m vi m« ChuyÓn sè l-îng nhá (th«ng m¶ng giät nhá (viÕt t¾t: MDA). Kü thuËt th-êng) chÊt láng (DNA, RNA, men, t¸c dïng ®Ó -íc l-îng ®ång thêi c¸c sè lín nh©n ®éc tÕ bμo) cho m« hoÆc tÕ bμo ®¬n biÕn ®æi m«i tr-êng, sö dông sè l-îng nhá giíi h¹n b»ng kim cùc nhá tinh x¶o. m«i tr-êng trong ®ã sè l-îng nhá tÕ bμo hoÆc chÊt nguyªn sinh chiÕm chç. Chóng micro-isolating system Mechanical h×nh thμnh mét mμng ®¬n t¹i m¾t ngçng separation of single cells or protoplasts thÊu kÝnh vμ cã thÓ dÔ quan s¸t. Nh÷ng tõ thus allowing them to proliferate ®ång nghÜa: multiple drop array, hanging individually. droplet technique hÖ thèng c« lËp vi m« Ph©n t¸ch c¬ häc micro-element A nutritional element tÕ bμo ®¬n hoÆc chÊt nguyªn sinh nh- vËy required in very small quantities. ®Ó cho phÐp chóng t¨ng nhanh riªng lÎ. nguyªn tè vi l-îng Nguyªn tè dinh d-ìng micronucleus A nucleus, distinct from yªu cÇu sè l-îng rÊt nhá. and smaller than the main nucleus, but lying within the same cell. They usually micro-encapsulation A process of arise following abnormal meiotic or mitotic enclosing a substance in very small sealed telophases, where individual capsules from which material is released chromosomes or chromosome fragments by heat, solution or other means. do not reach the pole. vi thÓ bao Qu¸ tr×nh bao bäc mét chÊt nh©n nhá Lo¹i nh©n, ph©n biÖt tõ cÊp trong bao con nhéng ®ãng kÝn rÊt nhá mμ nhá h¬n nh©n chÝnh, nh-ng n»m trong tõ ®ã vËt chÊt ®-îc lμm bèc h¬i do nhiÖt, cïng tÕ bμo. Chóng th-êng xuÊt hiÖn sau dung m«i hoÆc do mét chÊt kh¸c. gi¶m ph©n bÊt th-êng hoÆc k× cuèi nguyªn micronutrient 183 ph©n, n¬i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ riªng lÎ hoÆc c¸c level of polymorphism) has enabled ®o¹n nhiÔm s¾c thÓ kh«ng tiÕn ®Õn cùc. microsatellites to be developed as powerful micronutrient An essential element markers in many different species. They normally required in cell culture at are detected by the polymerase chain concentrations under 0.5 millimole/litre. reaction.. chÊt dinh d-ìng vi l-îng Nguyªn tè thiÕt tiÓu vÖ tinh §o¹n DNA ®Æc tr-ng bëi sè yÕu, b×nh th-êng cÇn thiÕt trong nu«i cÊy b¶n sao kh¸c nhau (tiªu biÓu tõ 5-50) cña tÕ bμo ë nh÷ng nång ®é ®-íi 0.5 mili ph©n tr×nh tù kho¶ng 5 ba z¬ hoÆc Ýt h¬n (®-îc tö gam/ litre. gäi lμ mét ®¬n vÞ lÆp). T¹i æ gen bÊt kú (vÞ trÝ hÖ gen), th-êng cã mét sè “alen” kh¸c micro-organism Organism visible only biÖt trong mét quÇn thÓ, mçi alen cã thÓ under magnification. nhËn ra theo sè l-îng ®¬n vÞ lÆp. Sù tån vi sinh vËt Sinh vËt quan s¸t râ chØ d-íi t¹i c¸c ®a alen (møc cao cña tÝnh ®a h×nh) sù phãng ®¹i. cho phÐp vÖ tinh nhá ph¸t triÓn thμnh dÊu microplast Vesicle produced by chuÈn cùc m¹nh cña nhiÒu loμi kh¸c nhau. subdivision and fragmentation of Chóng ®-îc ph¸t hiÖn b»ng ph¶n øng protoplasts or thin-walled cells. chuçi enzim trïng hîp. vi l¹p thÓ Môn nhá t¹o ra do chia nhá vμ microspore The immature male ph©n t¸ch chÊt nguyªn sinh hoÆc tÕ bμo gametophyte in seed plants; the haploid v¸ch máng. male cell that ripens into a pollen grain. microprojectile bombardment b¾n vi tiÓu bμo tö Giao tö ®ùc ch-a tr-ëng thμnh m« xem: biolistics. cña thùc vËt cã h¹t; tÕ bμo sinh dôc ®ùc micropropagation Miniaturized in vitro ®¬n béi chÝn chuyÓn thμnh h¹t phÊn. multiplication and/or regeneration of plant microtuber Miniature tuber, produced in material under aseptic and controlled tissue culture, which is readily environmental conditions. regenerable into a normal tuberous plant. vi nh©n gièng Sù t¨ng béi vμ/hoÆc t¸i sinh th©n cñ cùc nhá Th©n cñ thu nhá, t¹o ra s¶n vËt liÖu thùc vËt ®-îc thu nhá trong trong nu«i cÊy m«, s½n sμng håi sinh biÕn èng nghiÖm d-íi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn m«i tr-êng thμnh cñ b×nh th-êng. v« trïng vμ ®-îc ®iÒu khiÓn. microtubule Self-assembling components micropyle 1. A small opening in the of the cytoskeleton. Microtubules are surface of a plant ovule through which the cylindrical protein polymers, pollen tube passes prior to fertilization. 2. interconnected by cross-bridging proteins, A small pore in some animal cells or which structurally and dynamically tissues. organize functional activities in living cells. vi lç 1. Lç më nhá trªn bÒ mÆt no·n thùc They form the spindle during mitosis. vËt ®Ó cho èng phÊn qua tr-íc thô tinh. 2. vi èng Thμnh phÇn cytoskeleton tù tËp hîp Lç nhá trong mét sè tÕ bμo hoÆc m« ®éng l¹i. C¸c vi èng lμ p«lime protein h×nh trô, vËt. th«ng víi nhau bëi protein b¾c cÇu chÐo, microsatellite A segment of DNA cã tæ chøc trËt tù vμ linh ho¹t c¸c ho¹t ®éng characterized by a variable number of chøc n¨ng cña tÕ bμo sèng. Chóng h×nh copies(typically 5-50) of a sequence of thμnh sîi thoi trong nguyªn ph©n. around 5 or fewer bases (called a repeat middle lamella A thin exclusively plant unit). At any one locus (genomic site), membrane separating two adjacent there are usually several different “alleles” protoplasts and remaining as a distinct in a population, each allele identifiable cementing layer between adjacent cell according to the number of repeat units. walls. This existence of multiple alleles (high mid-parent value 184 l¸ gi÷a Mμng thùc vËt riªng biÖt máng vμ kÝch th-íc cña b×nh nu«i cÊy. ph©n t¸ch lμm hai chÊt nguyªn sinh liªn mini-prep A small-scale preparation of kÒ vμ gi÷ l¹i nh- mét líp g¾n kÕt ph©n biÖt plasmid or phage DNA. Used to purify gi÷a c¸c v¸ch tÕ bμo kÒ liÒn. cloned DNA from the DNA of the vector. mid-parent value The average of the tiÓu chÕ phÈm Mét chÕ phÈm plasmit phenotypic measure, with respect to a hoÆc DNA thÓ thùc khuÈn ph¹m vi nhá. given trait, of the two parents used to Dïng lμm s¹ch DNA ®-îc t¹o dßng tõ DNA generate the population being analysed. cña vect¬. gi¸ trÞ gi÷a cha mÑ Trung b×nh sè ®o kiÓu minisatellite A form of variable number h×nh, liªn quan víi mét tÝnh tr¹ng nhÊt ®Þnh, tandem repeats in which the repeat unit cña hai cha mÑ ®-îc sö dông lμm ph¸t size ranges from 10-100 bp. Used for DNA sinh quÇn thÓ ®ang ph©n tÝch. fingerprinting following Southern mineralization The conversion of organic hybridization. Generally concentrated at compounds into inorganic (mineral) ones. the ends of chromosomes and in regions For example, the conversion of ethanol with a high frequency of recombination. into carbon dioxide and water. tiÓu vÖ tinh Mét d¹ng cña c¸c ®o¹n lÆp kho¸ng hãa BiÕn hîp chÊt h÷u c¬ thμnh kiÓu cÆp ®«i sè l-îng biÕn thÓ trong ®ã nhiÒu ®¬n vÞ v« c¬ (kho¸ng vËt). VÝ dô, biÕn kÝch th-íc ®¬n vÞ lÆp xÕp h¹ng tõ 10-100bp. etanol thμnh khÝ c¸c b« nÝch vμ n-íc. Dïng ®Ó in dÊu DNA sau khi lai ph©n tö minimum effective cell density The cell trªn pha r¾n. Th-êng tËp trung ë c¸c mót density below which reproducible cell nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vμ ë vïng cã tÇn sè cao t¸i growth fails. The minimum density is tæ hîp. determined by both the source function of minituber Small tubers (5-15 mm in the tissue (species, explant, cell line) diameter) formed on shoot cultures or and by the culture phase of the initial cuttings of tuber-forming crops, such as inoculum. potato. mËt ®é tÕ bμo hiÖu qu¶ tèi thiÓu MËt ®é th©n cñ nhá Th©n cñ nhá (®-êng kÝnh 5- tÕ bμo mμ ë d-íi møc ®ã tÕ bμo sinh s¶n 15 mm) h×nh thμnh trong nu«i cÊy chåi ngõng ph¸t triÓn. MËt ®é tèi thiÓu ®-îc x¸c hoÆc m¶nh c¾t cña c¸c gièng h×nh thμnh ®Þnh do chøc n¨ng gèc cña m« (loμi, m¶nh th©n cñ, nh- khoai t©y. ghÐp, dßng tÕ bμo) vμ do pha nu«i cÊy chÊt mismatch The occurrence of a non- nhiÔm truyÒn ban ®Çu. complementary pairs of bases in a double minimum inoculum size The critical helix of DNA, e.g. A:C, G:T. volume of inoculum required to initiate b¾t cÆp sai lÖch BiÕn cè cña cÆp ®«i ba culture growth, due to the diffusive loss of z¬ kh«ng bæ sung trong chuçi xo¾n kÐp cell materials into the medium. The DNA, vÝ dô A:C, G:T. subsequent culture growth cycle is mismatch repair A DNA repair process dependent on the inoculum size, which is that corrects mismatched base pairs. determined by the volume of medium and size of the culture vessel. söa ch÷a b¾t cÆp sai lÖch Qu¸ tr×nh söa ch÷a DNA lμm chÝnh x¸c cÆp baz¬ sai lÖch. ®é lín chÊt nhiÔm truyÒn tèi thiÓu ThÓ tÝch tíi h¹n chÊt nhiÔm truyÒn cÇn thiÕt ®Ó missense mutation A mutation that sinh tr-ëng nu«i cÊy ban ®Çu, v× mÊt do changes a codon for one amino acid into khuÕch t¸n cña nguyªn liÖu tÕ bμo vμo m«i a codon specifying another amino acid. tr-êng. Chu kú sinh tr-ëng nu«i cÊy kÕ tiÕp ®ét biÕn nhÇm nghÜa §ét biÕn thay ®æi tïy thuéc vμo ®é lín chÊt nhiÔm truyÒn, bé ba (côm m·) m· ho¸ mét amino acid ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh bëi thÓ tÝch cña m«i tr-êng thμnh bé ba m· ho¸ cho amino acid kh¸c. mist propagation 185 mist propagation Application of fine chu tr×nh h« hÊp, mÆc dÇu hÇu hÕt protein droplets of water to maintain humidity nμy ®-îc m· hãa theo khiÓu nh©n. around plantlets or cuttings, which have mitogen A substance that can cause cells not yet developed effective roots. to initiate mitosis. ø nh©n gièng s-¬ng mï ng dông nhiÒu chÊt g©y ph©n bμo ChÊt cã thÓ g©y ra giät n-íc nhá tinh s¹ch ®Ó duy tr× ®é Èm cho c¸c tÕ bμo b¾t ®Çu ph©n chia. xung quanh c©y non hoÆc ®o¹n hom, ch-a mitosis Splitting of replicated ph¸t triÓn rÔ thËt sù. chromosomes, and the division of the mite Free-living and parasitic arachnids. cytoplasm to produce two genetically Infestation of plant crops reduces yield identical daughter cells. On the basis of through the destruction of leaf tissue. Also the appearance of the chromosomes, it can infest plant tissue culture work areas, is separated into five stages: interphase, contaminating culture vessels, thereby prophase, metaphase, anaphase and spreading bacteria and fungi. telophase. ve bÐt Loμi nhÖn ký sinh vμ sèng tù do. nguyªn ph©n T¸ch c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®· Ph¸ ho¹i mïa mμng lμm gi¶m n¨ng suÊt xo¾n l¹i, vμ ph©n chia tÕ bμo chÊt ®Ó s¶n qua ph¸ hñy m« l¸. Còng cã thÓ ph¸ ho¹i xuÊt hai tÕ bμo con ®ång nhÊt di truyÒn. c¸c vïng nu«i cÊy m« thùc vËt, lμm « Dùa trªn sù xuÊt hiÖn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, ph©n nhiÔm b×nh nu«i cÊy, do ®ã khuÕch tr-¬ng ra n¨m giai ®o¹n: K× nghØ, K× ®Çu, k× gi÷a, vi khuÈn vμ nÊm. k× sau vμ k× cuèi. mitochondrial DNA (Abbreviation: mixed bud A bud containing both mtDNA). A circular DNA found in rudimentary leaves and flowers. mitochondria. In mammals, mtDNA makes mÇm hçn hîp MÇm chøa c¶ l¸ bao vμ up less than 1% of the total DNA, but in hoa. plants the amount is variable. It encodes rRNA and tRNA and some mitochondrial mixoploid Groups of cells with variable (a proteins (up to 30 in animals). mix of euploid, aneuploid, polyploid) chromosome numbers. DNA ty thÓ (viÕt t¾t: mtDNA). DNA m¹ch vßng cã trong ty thÓ. Trong ®éng vËt cã t¹p béi Nhãm tÕ bμo cã sè l-îng nhiÔm vó, DNA ty thÓ t¹o ra Ýt d-íi 1% tæng sè s¾c thÓ (hçn hîp cña nguyªn béi, lÖch béi, DNA, nh-ng trong thùc vËt sè l-îng thay ®a béi) biÕn ®æi. ®æi. Nã m· hãa rRNA, tRNA vμ mét sè mobilization 1. The transfer between protein thÓ h¹t (h¬n 30 trong ®éng vËt). bacteria of a non-conjugative plasmid by mitochondrion (pl.: mitochondria) a conjugative plasmid. 2. The transfer Organelle possessing its own DNA which between bacteria of chromosomal genes appear in all eukaryotic cells (and never in by a conjugative plasmid. prokaryotic cells) and produce adenosine vËn ®éng 1. ChuyÓn giao plasmit kh«ng triphosphate as an energy source for the tiÕp hîp do plasmit tiÕp hîp gi÷a c¸c vi cell via oxidative phosphorylation. khuÈn. 2. ChuyÓn giao c¸c gen nhiÔm s¾c Mitochondria contain many enzymes of the thÓ do mét plasmit tiÕp hîp gi÷a c¸c vi respiratory cycle, although most of these khuÈn. proteins are nuclear encoded. mobilizing function The genes on a ty thÓ (sè nhiÒu: mitochondria) Bμo quan plasmid that give it the ability to facilitate chøa DNA cña chÝnh nã xuÊt hiÖn trong tÊt the transfer of either a non-conjugative or c¶ tÕ bμo cã nh©n (vμ kh«ng bao giê cã a conjugative plasmid from one bacterium trong tÕ bμo kh«ng nh©n) vμ s¶n xuÊt to another. adenosin triphotphat (ATP) lμm nguån chøc n¨ng vËn ®éng Gen trªn plasmit mμ n¨ng l-îng tÕ bμo qua qu¸ tr×nh photphoryl t¹o ra kh¶ n¨ng dÔ dμng chuyÓn giao ho¸ oxy ho¸. Ty thÓ mang nhiÒu enzim cña mode 186 plasmit kh«ng tiÕp hîp hoÆc plasmit tiÕp biÕn ®æi §Ýnh kÌm nhê enzim mét hoÆc hîp tõ vi khuÈn nμy sang vi khuÈn kh¸c. nhiÒu nhãm hãa häc cho mét ®¹i ph©n tö, mode In a frequency distribution, the class lμm ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn ho¹t tÝnh sinh häc hoÆc having the greatest frequency. c¸c tÝnh chÊt cña nã. xem: methylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation gi¸ trÞ mèt thèng kª Trong ph©n bè chuÈn, líp cã tÇn sè lín nhÊt. modifying gene A gene that affects the expression of some other gene. model 1. A mathematical description of a biological phenomenon. 2. A simplified gen biÕn ®æi Gen cã ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn biÓu biological system used to test hypotheses thÞ cña mét sè gen kh¸c. (e.g. Arabidopsis thaliana as a model MOET viÕt t¾t cña multiple ovulation and plant). embryo transfer. m« h×nh 1. Sù m« t¶ to¸n häc hiÖn t-îng molecular biology The study of living sinh vËt. 2. HÖ sinh häc ®-îc ®¬n gi¶n hãa processes at the molecular level. dïng ®Ó kiÓm tra gi¶ thuyÕt (vÝ dô sinh häc ph©n tö Khoa häc nghiªn cøu Arabidopsis thalian lμm c©y mÉu). qu¸ tr×nh sèng ë møc ph©n tö. modern biotechnology The application molecular chaperone chÊt kÌm ph©n tö of: xem: chaperone. a. In vitro nucleic acid techniques, including molecular cloning The biological recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification of a DNA sequence via the and direct injection of nucleic acid into cells mitotic division of a host cell into which it or organelles, or has been transformed or transfected. See: b. Fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic cloning. family, that overcome natural physiological nh©n dßng ph©n tö KhuyÕch ®¹i sinh häc reproductive or recombination barriers and tr×nh tù DNA qua ph©n chia nguyªn ph©n that are not techniques used in traditional tÕ bμo chñ thμnh tÕ bμo ®-îc biÕn ®æi hoÆc breeding and selection (Convention on chuyÓn nhiÔm. Xem: cloning. Biological Diversity). molecular genetics The study of the c«ng nghÖ sinh häc hiÖn ®¹i expression, regulation and inheritance of øng dông cña: genes at the level of DNA and its a. Kü thuËt axit nucleic trong èng transcription products. nghiÖm, bao gåm axit deoxiribonucleic di truyÒn häc ph©n tö Khoa häc nghiªn (DNA) t¸i tæ hîp vμ chuyÓn nhiÔm trùc tiÕp cøu biÓu thÞ, ®iÒu chØnh vμ di truyÒn gen ë axit nucleic vμo tÕ bμo hoÆc bμo quan, møc DNA vμ s¶n phÈm phiªn m· cña nã. hoÆc molecular marker A genetic marker which b. Dung hîp tÕ bμo kh«ng cïng hä is assayed at the DNA level. theo ph©n lo¹i sinh vËt häc, ®Ó kh¾c phôc dÊu chuÈn ph©n tö DÊu chuÈn di truyÒn nh÷ng trë ng¹i sinh s¶n sinh lý tù nhiªn ®-îc thö nghiÖm ë møc DNA . hoÆc t¸i tæ hîp vμ kh«ng ph¶i lμ kü thuËt molecular pharming canh t¸c ph©n tö ®-îc dïng trong nh©n gièng sinh s¶n vμ xem: biopharming. chän läc truyÒn thèng (Quy -íc vÒ tÝnh §a d¹ng Sinh vËt). molecule The stable union of two or more atoms; some organic molecules contain modification Enzymatic attachment of very large numbers of atoms. one or more chemical groups to a macromolecule, affecting its biological ph©n tö KÕt hîp æn ®Þnh cña hai hoÆc activity or properties. See: methylation, nhiÒu nguyªn tö; mét sè ph©n tö h÷u c¬ glycosylation, phosphorylation. cã rÊt nhiÒu nguyªn tö. monoclonal antibody 187 monoclonal antibody (Abbreviation: lai chÐo ®¬n tÝnh Lai chÐo gi÷a cha mÑ mAb). An antibody, produced by a kh¸c nhau chØ trong mét tÝnh tr¹ng hoÆc hybridoma, directed against a single trong ®ã chØ mét tÝnh tr¹ng ®-îc xem xÐt. antigenic determinant of an antigen. monokine Generic name for proteins that kh¸ng thÓ dßng ®¬n (viÕt t¾t: mAb). Mét are released by monocytes to act on other kh¸ng thÓ, ®-îc s¶n xuÊt do tÕ bμo lai, cells involved in the immune response. A ®-îc ®Þnh h-íng ng-îc víi nh©n tè quyÕt sub-class of cytokines. ®Þnh kh¸ng nguyªn ®¬n cña mét kh¸ng m« n« kin Tªn di truyÒn häc chØ protein nguyªn. cã liªn quan bëi tÕ bμo ®¬n ®Ó t¸c ®éng monocot viÕt t¾t cña monocotyledon ®Õn c¸c tÕ bμo kh¸c kÐo theo ph¶n øng monocotyledon (Abbreviation: monocot). miÔn dÞch. Líp phô cña cytokine. A flowering plant whose embryo has one monolayer A single layer of cells growing cotyledon. Examples are cereals (corn, on a surface. wheat, rice etc.), banana, and lily. líp ®¬n Líp ®¬n tÕ bμo sinh tr-ëng trªn c©y ®¬n tö diÖp (viÕt t¾t: monocot). Thùc bÒ mÆt. vËt ra hoa mμ ph«i cña nã cã mét l¸ mÇm. monolignols The building blocks of lignin VÝ dô lμ c¸c lo¹i ngò cèc (ng«, lóa m×, lóa that undergo polymerization. g¹o v.v.), chuèi, vμ hoa loa kÌn. C¸c ng¨n x©y dùng lignin ®-îc tr¶i qua monoculture The agricultural practice of trïng hîp. cultivating a single crop over a whole farm monomer A small molecule (in the or area. biological sciences typically individual ®éc canh Thùc tiÔn n«ng nghiÖp cña viÖc amino acids, nucleotides or canh t¸c mét lo¹i c©y trång ®¬n ®éc trªn monosaccharides) that can combine with c¶ n«ng tr¹i hoÆc mét vïng. identical or similar others to form a larger, monoecious A plant species that has more complex molecule called a polymer. separate male and female flowers on the ®¬n ph©n Ph©n tö nhá (theo lý thuyÕt sinh same plant (e.g. maize). häc tiªu biÓu lμ amino acid, nuleotit hoÆc c©y ®¬n tÝnh Loμi thùc vËt cã hoa ®ùc vμ monosacarit c¸ thÓ) cã thÓ kÕt hîp víi hoa c¸i riªng biÖt trªn cïng mét c©y (vÝ dô ph©n tö kh¸c ®ång nhÊt hoÆc t-¬ng tù ®Ó ng«). h×nh thμnh ph©n tö lín, phøc t¹p h¬n gäi monogastric animal A non-ruminant lμ p«lime. animal with a simple stomach. monomorphic Absence of variation for a ®éng vËt mét d¹ dÇy §éng vËt kh«ng marker, gene, chromosome, or thuéc loμi nhai l¹i cã mét d¹ dμy ®¬n. genetically determined trait in a population. monogenic Trait controlled by a single gene. Opposite: multigenic, polygenic. ®¬n d¹ng ThiÕu sù thay ®æi cña mét dÊu chuÈn, gen, nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, hoÆc tÝnh tr¹ng thuéc gen ®¬n TÝnh tr¹ng kiÓm so¸t bëi x¸c ®Þnh di truyÒn trong mét quÇn thÓ mét gen ®¬n. ng-îc víi: multigenic, polygenic. monophyletic A group of organisms that are assumed to have originated from the monohybrid Heterozygous with respect to same ancestor. one gene. cïng nguån gèc Nhãm sinh vËt ®-îc gi¶ lai mét tÝnh DÞ hîp tö cã liªn quan víi thiÕt cã nguån gèc tõ cïng mét tæ tiªn. mét gen. monoploid ®¬n béi thÓ Xem: haploid. monohybrid cross A cross between parents differing in only one trait or in which monosaccharide A simple sugar (e.g. only one trait is being considered glucose, fructose). See: disaccharide, polysaccharide. monosaccharide 188 ChÊt ®-êng ®¬n (vÝ dô glucoza, ®-êng mosaic An organism or part of an qu¶). Xem: disaccharit, polisacarit. organism that is composed of cells with monosomic A form of aneuploidy in which different origin. a diploid organism lacks one member of kh¶m Sinh vËt hoÆc phÇn sinh vËt gåm cã a homologous chromosome pair. c¸c tÕ bμo mang nguån gèc kh¸c biÖt. ®¬n nhiÔm thÓ Mét d¹ng cña hiÖn t-îng mother plant c©y mÑ xem: donor plant. lÖch béi trong ®ã sinh vËt l-ìng béi thiÕu motif A conserved sequence of mét thμnh viªn cña cÆp nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nucleotides or amino acids that can be t-¬ng ®ång. associated with some function of, mono-unsaturates Oils containing mono- respectively, a length of DNA or a protein. unsaturated fatty acids (i.e. where one - m« tÝp Tr×nh tù b¶o tån nuleotit hoÆc amino CH2-CH2- group in the hydrocarbon chain acid cã thÓ hîp nhÊt víi mét sè chøc n¨ng is replaced by -CH=CH-). theo lÇn l-ît cña mét ®o¹n dμi DNA hoÆc chÊt bÐo kh«ng no ®¬n DÇu chøa axit mét protein. bÐo kh«ng b·o hoμ ®¬n (nghÜa lμ ë nhãm movable genetic element phÇn tö di -CH2-CH2- thuéc chuçi hy-®r«-cac-bon truyÒn vËn ®éng xem: transposon. ®-îc thay thÕ b»ng -CH=CH-). mRNA Abbreviation for messenger RNA. monozygotic twin One of a pair of twins The RNA molecule resulting from derived from a single fertilized egg. transcription of a protein-encoding gene, Synonym: identical twin. following any splicing (1). The information sinh ®«i cïng trøng Mét trong cÆp sinh encoded in the mRNA molecule is ®«i b¾t nguån tõ mét trøng ®· thô tinh ®¬n. translated into a gene product by the Tõ ®ång nghÜa: identical twin. ribosomes. morphogen A substance that stimulates RNA th«ng tin viÕt t¾t cña messenger the development of form or structure in an RNA. Ph©n tö RNA b¾t nguån tõ phiªn m· organism. gen m· ho¸ protein, tiÕp theo bÊt kú ghÐp morphogen ChÊt kÝch thÝch ph¸t triÓn h×nh nèi (1). Th«ng tin ®· m· hãa trong ph©n tö d¹ng hoÆc cÊu tróc cña sinh vËt. mRNA ®-îc dÞch m· sang s¶n phÈm gen do c¸c ribosom. morphogenesis The development, through growth and differentiation, of form MRU viÕt t¾t cña minimum recognition and structure in an organism. units. xem: dAb. ph¸t sinh h×nh th¸i Sù ph¸t triÓn h×nh mtDNA viÕt t¾t cña mitochondrial DNA. d¹ng vμ cÊu tróc cña sinh vËt, qua sinh multi-copy Describing plasmids which tr-ëng vμ biÖt ho¸. replicate to produce many copies per host morphogenic response The effect on the bacterial cell. developmental history of a plant or its parts béi sao chÐp M« t¶ c¸c plasmit mμ chóng exposed to a given set of growth conditions sao l¹i ®Ó s¶n xuÊt nhiÒu b¶n sao theo tÕ or to a change in the environment. bμo vi khuÈn chñ. ph¶n øng h×nh th¸i KÕt qu¶ lÞch sö ph¸t multigene family A set of genes (not triÓn mét lo¹i c©y trång hoÆc tõng phÇn necessarily mapping to the same genomic béc lé mét tËp hîp c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sinh location) that are related in nucleotide tr-ëng nhÊt ®Þnh hoÆc thay ®æi trong m«i sequence and/or that produce tr-êng . polypeptides with similar amino acid morphology Shape, form, external sequences. Sequence similarity does not structure or arrangement. always result in functional similarity. h×nh th¸i häc §Þnh d¹ng, mÉu, cÊu tróc hä ®a gen Mét tËp hîp gen (kh«ng nhÊt hoÆc biÕn ®æi bªn ngoμi. thiÕt vÏ b¶n ®å cïng vÞ trÝ hÖ gen) cã quan multigenic 189 hÖ víi tr×nh tù nucleotit vμ/hoÆc s¶n xuÊt numbers of ova; natural mating or artificial polyeptit cã tr×nh tù amino acid t-¬ng tù. insemination; collection of fertilized ova Gièng nhau tr×nh tù kh«ng ph¶i lu«n dÉn (either surgically, or non-surgically through ®Õn gièng nhau chøc n¨ng. the cervix); and transfer (usually non- multigenic Trait controlled by several surgical, through the cervix) of these genes, as opposed to monogenic. fertilized ova to recipient females. Synonym: polygenic. rông trøng béi vμ chuyÓn ghÐp ph«i ®a gen TÝnh tr¹ng kiÓm so¸t do mét vμi (viÕt t¾t: MOET). C«ng nghÖ theo ®ã mét gen, ng-îc víi thuéc gen ®¬n. Tõ ®ång thÓ c¸i ®¬n th-êng s¶n sinh chØ mét hoÆc nghÜa: polygenic. hai æ con cã thÓ sinh ra mét sè Ýt h¬n con c¸i. KÐo theo sù kÝch thÝch sinh vËt c¸i ®Ó multi-locus probe A DNA sequence that rông trøng béi; giao phèi tù nhiªn hoÆc thô hybridizes to a number of different genomic tinh nh©n t¹o; tËp hîp trøng thô tinh (gi¶i sites. phÉu, hoÆc kh«ng gi¶i phÉu qua cæ tö ®Çu dß ®a æ gen Tr×nh tù DNA ®Ó lai víi cung); vμ chuyÓn giao (th-êng kh«ng phÉu mét sè vÞ trÝ hÖ gen kh¸c biÖt. thuËt, qua cæ tö cung) c¸c trøng ®· thô multimer A protein made up of more than tinh nμy cho thÓ c¸i nhËn. one polypeptide chain. multiplex 1. The simultaneous thÓ ®a Protein t¹o ra nhiÒu h¬n mét chuçi amplification of a number of amplicons polyeptit. in a single polymerase chain reaction, multiple alleles The existence of more achieved by including more than one set than two alleles at a locus in a population. of primers in the reaction mix. 2. The inheritance pattern of alleles in ®a alen Tån t¹i cña nhiÒu h¬n hai alen t¹i autopolyploids. See: quadruplex. mét æ gen trong quÇn thÓ. ®a t¹p 1. KhuÕch ®¹i ®ång thêi mét sè multiple arbitrary amplicon profiling A l-îng ®¬n vÞ siªu sao chÐp trong ph¶n øng collective term for a number of related chuçi enzim trïng hîp ®¬n, ®¹t ®-îc do polymerase chain reaction techniques, bao gåm nhiÒu h¬n mét tËp hîp måi trong all of which use arbitrary primers, and ph¶n øng hçn hîp. 2. MÉu di truyÒn alen which generate a number of distinct trong thÓ tù ®a béi. Xem: quadruplex. amplification products. See: random amplified polymorphic DNA. multivalent vaccine A vaccine designed to elicit an immune response either to b¶n vÏ khuÕch ®¹i ®a chuyªn ThuËt ng÷ more than one infectious agent or to tËp hîp chØ sè l-îng c¸c kü thuËt liªn quan several different antigenic determinants ph¶n øng chuçi enzim trïng hîp, tÊt c¶ of a single agent. ®Òu sö dông måi chuyªn, vμ ph¸t sinh sè l-îng s¶n phÈm khuÕch ®¹i kh¸c nhau. vacxin ®a ho¸ trÞ V¸c xin ®-îc thiÕt kÕ Xem: random amplified polymorphic DNA. ®Ó kh¬i mμo ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch víi nhiÒu t¸c nh©n chuyÓn nhiÔm hoÆc cho mét sè multiple cloning site vÞ trÝ ®a nh©n dßng yÕu tè quyÕt ®Þnh kh¸ng nguyªn kh¸c biÖt (viÕt t¾t: MCS). xem: polylinker. cña t¸c nh©n ®¬n. multiple drop array m¶ng giät nhá (viÕt mutable gene A gene which has an t¾t: MDA). xem: microdroplet array. unusually high rate of mutation. multiple ovulation and embryo transfer gen kh«ng bÒn Gen cã mét tû lÖ ®ét biÕn (Abbreviation: MOET). A technology by cao kh¸c th-êng. which a single female that usually produces only one or two offspring can mutagen An agent or process capable of produce a litter of offspring. Involves inducing mutations (e.g. irradiation, stimulation of a female to shed large alkylating agents). mutagen 190 t¸c nh©n ®ét biÕn T¸c nh©n hoÆc qu¸ thay ®æi chøc n¨ng cña tr×nh tù m· ho¸. tr×nh cã kh¶ n¨ng g©y ra ®ét biÕn (vÝ dô Xem: back mutation, single nucleotide bøc x¹, t¸c nh©n ankyl). polymorphism. mutagenesis Induction of heritable mutation pressure A constant mutation change(s) in the genetic constitution of a rate that adds mutant genes to a cell through alterations to its DNA. population; repeated occurrences of ph¸t sinh ®ét biÕn C¶m øng cña mét, hay mutations in a population. nhiÒu thay ®æi di truyÒn trong cÊu tróc gen ®ét biÕn ¸p chÕ Tû lÖ ®ét biÕn kh«ng ®æi cña tÕ bμo th«ng qua thay ®æi DNA. mμ t¨ng thªm gen ®ét biÕn cho quÇn thÓ; mutant An organism or an allele bearing BiÕn cè ®-îc lÆp l¹i cña nh÷ng ®ét biÕn a mutation. Usually applied when a trong quÇn thÓ. characteristic change in phenotype can mutualism thuyÕt hç sinh xem: be recognized. symbiosis. vËt ®ét biÕn Sinh vËt hoÆc alen sinh ra mycelium (pl.: mycelia) Threadlike ®ét biÕn. Th-êng ¸p dông khi thay ®æi ®Æc filament making up the vegetative portion tr-ng kiÓu h×nh cã thÓ ®-îc nhËn biÕt. of thallus fungi. mutation Any change in the genome with hÖ sîi (sè nhiÒu: mycelia) ThÓ sîi nhá nh- respect to a defined wild type. Can occur chØ t¹o ra phÇn sinh d-ìng cña nÊm t¶n. at the level of ploidy, karyotype, or mycoprotein Fungal protein. nucleotide sequence. Most of the latter protein nÊm Protein cña nÊm. mutations are silent (i.e. cannot be associated with any change in mycorrhiza Fungi that form an association phenotype), either because the DNA with, or have a symbiotic relationship with sequence affected is in the non-coding part roots of more developed plants. of the genome, or because the specific nÊm rÔ Lo¹i nÊm h×nh thμnh kÕt hîp víi, change does not alter the function of a hoÆc cã mèi quan hÖ céng sinh víi rÔ cña coding sequence. See: back mutation, c¸c thùc vËt ph¸t triÓn h¬n. single nucleotide polymorphism. mycotoxin Toxic substance of fungal ®ét biÕn Thay ®æi bÊt kú trong hÖ gen cã origin, e.g. aflatoxin. liªn quan tíi mét kiÓu d¹i x¸c ®Þnh. Cã thÓ ®éc tè nÊm ChÊt ®éc nguyªn gèc nÊm, xÈy ra ë møc béi thÓ, nh©n, hoÆc tr×nh tù vÝ dô aflatoxin. nucleotit. HÇu hÕt ®ét biÕn chËm lμ lÆn myeloma A plasma cell cancer. (nghÜa lμ kh«ng cã liªn quan víi bÊt kú thay ®æi trong kiÓu h×nh), hoÆc do tr×nh tù DNA u tñy Mét lo¹i ung th- tÕ bμo chÊt. bÞ nhiÔm lμ trong phÇn hÖ gen kh«ng m· myo inositol xem inositol. ho¸, hoÆc do thay ®æi ®Æc biÖt kh«ng lμm 191 set of co-ordinately regulated genes by the product of the gene or the product of one of the genes. Synonym: negative self- regulation. Nn ®iÒu chØnh tù ®éng ©m tÝnh K×m h·m biÓu thÞ gen hoÆc tËp hîp gen ®iÒu hoμ cïng phèi hîp do s¶n phÈm cña gen hoÆc s¶n phÈm cña mét lo¹t gen. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: naked bud A bud not protected by bud negative self-regulation. scales. negative control system A mechanism by mÇm trÇn MÇm kh«ng ®-îc b¶o vÖ bëi l¸ which a regulatory protein is required to mÇm. turn off gene expression. narrow-host-range plasmid A plasmid hÖ ®iÒu khiÓn ©m tÝnh C¬ chÕ ®Ó protein that can replicate in one, or at most a few, ®iÒu hßa cÇn thiÕt ®Ó lμm t¾t biÓu thÞ gen. different bacterial species. negative selection Selection against plasmit giíi h¹n chñ hÑp Plasmit cã kh¶ individuals possessing a certain character. n¨ng sao chÐp vμo mét, hoÆc sè tèi thiÓu, Opposite: positive selection. loμi vi khuÈn kh¸c biÖt. chän läc ©m tÝnh Chän läc ng-îc l¹i víi narrow-sense heritability The proportion c¸c c¸ thÓ së h÷u mét ®Æc tÝnh nhÊt ®Þnh. of the phenotypic variance that is due to Ng-¬c víi: positive selection. variation in breeding values; the negative self-regulation tù ®iÒu chØnh proportion of the phenotypic variance that ©m tÝnh xem: negative autogenous is due to additive genetic variance. regulation. di truyÒn c¶m nhËn hÑp TØ lÖ sai kh¸c nematode Slender, unsegmented worms, kiÓu h×nh c¸c gi¸ trÞ nh©n gièng sinh s¶n often parasitic. Also known as eelworm, do biÕn dÞ; tØ lÖ sai kh¸c kiÓu h×nh do especially when phytoparasitic. ph-¬ng sai di truyÒn céng tÝnh. ngμnh giun trßn Giun th©n m¶nh, kh«ng native protein The naturally occurring x-¬ng sèng, th-êng sèng ký sinh. Cßn form of a protein. ®-îc biÕt ®Õn nh- giun trßn, ®Æc biÖt khi protein b¶n ®Þa D¹ng xuÊt hiÖn tù nhiªn ký sinh thùc vËt. cña protein. neo-formation h×nh thμnh míi xem: natural selection The differential survival organogenesis. and reproduction of organisms because neomycin phosphotransferase II of differences in characteristics that affect (Abbreviation: npt-II). An enzyme which their ability to utilize environmental detoxifies the antibiotic neomycin, used resources. as a marker gene to select for successfully transformed cells in plant transgenesis. chän läc tù nhiªn Tån t¹i vμ sinh s¶n kh¸c r nhau cña sinh vËt do nh÷ng kh¸c biÖt vÒ See: neo . ®Æc tr-ng t¸c ®éng ®Õn n¨ng lùc sö dông (viÕt t¾t npt- II). Mét enzim gi¶i ®éc nguån tμi nguyªn m«i tr-êng cña chóng. neomixin kh¸ng sinh, ®-îc dïng lμm gen necrosis Death of tissue evidenced by ®¸nh dÊu ®Ó lùa chän c¸c tÕ bμo ®-îc biÕn discolouration, dehydration and loss of ®æi gen thμnh c«ng trong chuyÓn gen thùc organization. vËt. Xem: neor. ho¹i tö ChÕt m« nhËn thÊy râ do mÊt mμu, neoplasm Localized cell multiplication, kh« n-íc vμ tiªu gi¶m tæ chøc. forming a tumour. Generally the result of genetic transformation. Neoplasmic cells negative autogenous regulation differ in structure and function from the Inhibition of the expression of a gene or original cell type. neor 192 u t©n sinh Nh©n béi tÕ bμo t¹i mét vÞ trÝ, NFT viÕt t¾t cña nutrient film technique. h×nh thμnh mét khèi u.Th-êng do biÕn n¹p nick To break (or a break in) a gen. TÕ bμo u t©n sinh kh¸c víi kiÓu tÕ phosphodiester bond in one of the bμo gèc vÒ cÊu tróc vμ chøc n¨ng . strands of a double-stranded DNA neor Neomycin-resistance gene. See: molecule. antibiotic resistance marker gene, chç hë Lμm g·y (hoÆc g·y trong) liªn kÕt neomycin phosphotransferase II, phosphodieste trong mét sîi cña ph©n tö selectable marker. DNA sîi kÐp. r gen neo Gen chèng chôi neomixin. xem: nick translation A procedure for labelling antibiotic resistance marker gene, DNA by treating a fragment with DNAse neomycin phosphotransferase II, to produce single-stranded nicks followed selectable marker. by excision of a nucleotide and repair of neoteny The retention of juvenile body the gaps with radiolabelled nucleotide. characters in the adult state, or the b¶n dÞch hë Mét ph-¬ng ph¸p ®Ó DNA occurrence of adult characters in the ®¸nh dÊu do xö lý mét ®o¹n víi DNAse juvenile state. t¹o ra “lç thñng” sîi ®¬n tiÕp theo do c¾t hiÖn t-îng l¹ Duy tr× ®Æc tr-ng c¬ thÓ non nuleotit vμ söa ch÷a chç trèng víi nuleotit trong tr¹ng th¸i tr-ëng thμnh, hoÆc xuÊt ®¸nh dÊu ®ång vÞ phãng x¹. hiÖn ®Æc tr-ng tr-ëng thμnh trong giai ®o¹n nicked circle During the extraction of non. plasmid DNA from a bacterial cell, one net photosynthesis Photosynthetic strand of the DNA often becomes nicked. activity minus respiratory activity, This relaxes the torsional strain which measured by the net absorption of carbon normally ensures a supercoiled structure. dioxide. Synonym: relaxed circle. quang hîp thuÇn Ho¹t ®éng quang hîp vßng trßn hë Trong khi chiÕt xuÊt DNA trõ ®i ho¹t ®éng h« hÊp, ®-îc ®o b»ng sù plasmit tõ tÕ bμo vi khuÈn, sîi DNA th-êng hÊp thu thùc tÕ khÝ c¸c b« nÝch. bÞ hë. §iÒu nμy dÔ t¹o ra khuynh h-íng neutral mutation A mutation that changes xo¾n l¹i ®Ó ®¶m b¶o b×nh th-êng mét cÊu the nucleotide sequence of a gene, but tróc siªu xo¾n. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: relaxed has no observable effect on the fitness of circle. the organism. nif gene cluster Group of bacterial genes ®ét biÕn trung tÝnh §ét biÕn lμm thay ®æi responsible for the biological fixation of tr×nh tù nucleotit cña gen, nh-ng kh«ng ¶nh atmospheric nitrogen. h-ëng ®¸ng kÓ ®Õn sù thÝch hîp cña sinh bã gen cè ®Þnh ®¹m Nhãm gen vi khuÈn vËt. cã tr¸ch nhiÖm ®Ó cè ®Þnh sinh häc nit¬ neutral theory The theory that much of khÝ quyÓn. evolution has been primarily due to nitrate The form of nitrogen that can be random drift of neutral mutations. used directly by plants; a major component lý thuyÕt trung tÝnh Lý thuyÕt vÒ nhiÒu of inorganic fertilizers. sù tiÕn hãa cã nguån gèc do xu thÕ ngÉu nitr¸t D¹ng nit¬ cã kh¶ n¨ng ®-îc thùc nhiªn cña ®ét biÕn trung tÝnh. vËt trùc tiÕp sö dông; thμnh phÇn chÝnh cña neutrophil A type of leukocyte involved ph©n bãn v« c¬. in the early inflammatory response. nitrification The natural process in which b¹ch cÇu trung tÝnh (b¹ch cÇu ®a h×nh) nitrogen in plant and animal wastes is KiÓu tÕ bμo b¹ch cÇu liªn quan ®Õn ph¶n oxidized, first to nitrites and then to nitrates, øng kh¬i mμo sím. through the action of soil-borne microbes. nitrocellulose 193 nitr¸t hãa Qu¸ tr×nh tù nhiªn ®Ó nit¬ trong nod box A DNA sequence that controls chÊt th¶i thùc vËt vμ ®éng vËt ®-îc «xy the transcriptional regulation of Rhizobium hãa, tr-íc hÕt thμnh nitrÝt vμ sau ®ã thμnh nodulation genes. nitr¸t, qua ho¹t ®éng vi khuÈn cã trong ®Êt. hép nèt sÇn Tr×nh tù DNA kiÓm tra ®iÒu nitrocellulose A derivative of cellulose, chØnh phiªn m· cña gen t¹o nèt sÇn vi which has the property of binding to many khuÈn cè ®Þnh ®¹m. biological macromolecules, in particular nodal culture The culture of a lateral bud DNA, RNA and protein. Filters made from and a section of adjacent stem tissue. nitrocellulose are commonly used in nu«i cÊy nót Nu«i cÊy mÇm bªn vμ khu Southern and northern blotting vùc m« trung trô liÒn kÒ. experiments. Synonym: cellulose nitrate. node Slightly swollen structure on the nitrocellulose DÉn xuÊt cña xen-lu-l«, cã stem, where leaves and buds arise and thuéc tÝnh kÕt nèi víi nhiÒu ®¹i ph©n tö sinh where branches originate. Stems have häc, trong DNA, RNA vμ protein riªng biÖt. nodes but roots do not. Bé läc ®-îc t¹o ra tõ nitroxeluloza ®-îc dïng phæ biÕn trong thö nghiÖm dÊu vÕt nót CÊu tróc ph×nh to láng lÎo trªn th©n Nam vμ B¾c.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: cellulose c©y, n¬i c¸c l¸ vμ mÇm xuÊt hiÖn vμ n¶y nitrate nh¸nh. Th©n c©y cã c¸c nót nh-ng cßn c¸c rÔ th× kh«ng cã. nitrogen assimilation The incorporation of nitrogen into the cells of living nodular Term commonly used to describe organisms. the pebbly (rough) texture of a callus. ®ång hãa nit¬ Hîp nhÊt nit¬ trong tÕ bμo nèt ThuËt ng÷ ®-îc dïng phæ biÕn ®Ó m« sinh vËt sèng. t¶ kÕt cÊu gå ghÒ cña m« sÑo. nitrogen fixation The conversion of nodulation The formation of nodules on atmospheric nitrogen gas to oxidized forms the roots of legumes following colonization that can be assimilated by plants, by symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. particularly by blue-green algae and some ho¸ nèt sÇn H×nh thμnh nèt sÇn trªn c¸c genera of bacteria (e.g. Rhizobium spp.; rÔ c©y hä ®Ëu tiÕp theo khuÈn l¹c ho¸ do Azotobacter spp.). An important source of vi khuÈn cè ®Þnh ®¹m céng sinh. nitrogen in unfertilized soils. See: nif gene nodule Swollen globular structures formed cluster. on the roots of legumes, containing the cè ®Þnh ®¹m BiÕn ®æi nit¬ khÝ quyÓn thμnh nitrogen-fixing bacteria. d¹ng khö ®Ó cã thÓ ®-îc ®ång hãa bëi thùc nèt sÇn CÊu tróc h×nh cÇu c¨ng phång vËt, ®Æc biÖt bëi ngμnh t¶o xanh-xanh lôc h×nh thμnh trªn rÔ c©y hä ®Ëu, chøa vi vμ mét sè ®a gen cña vi khuÈn (vÝ dô khuÈn cè ®Þnh ®¹m. Rhizobium spp.; Azotobacter spp). Nguån non repetitive DNA/RNA A nucleotide tμi nguyªn quan träng nit¬ trong c¸c lo¹i sequence which does not include a ®Êt kÐm mμu mì. xem: nif gene cluster. significant proportion of repetitive nitrogenous base The purines (adenine sequences of nucleotides. and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, DNA/RNA kh«ng lÆp Chuçi nucleotit and thymine or uracil) that are present in kh«ng bao gåm mét tØ lÖ ®¸ng kÓ tr×nh tù DNA and RNA. lÆp cña c¸c nuleotit. baz¬ gèc nit¬ Purin (adenin vμ guanin) non-additive genetic variation The vμ pyrimi®in (xytosin, vμ thimin hoÆc uracil) proportion of the total genetic variation in cã mÆt trong DNA vμ RNA. a population that does not respond to NO tæ chøc nh©n viÕt t¾t cña nucleolar simple mass selection and that causes organizer. non-autonomous 194 specific pairwise crosses to depart from hîp cña chuçi polyeptit t¹i vÞ trÝ n¬i tirosin performance values predicted by the ®· ®-îc hîp nhÊt trong kiÓu d¹i. breeding values of the parents. non-target organism An organism which biÕn dÞ gen kh«ng céng tÝnh TØ lÖ tæng is affected by a treatment (e.g. pesticide sè biÕn dÞ gen trong quÇn thÓ kh«ng ph¶n application) for which it was not the øng víi chän läc khèi ®¬n vμ g©y ra b¾t intended recipient. chÐo cÆp ®«i ghi râ ®Ó ®i trÖch gi¸ trÞ thùc sinh vËt kh«ng ®Ých Sinh vËt bÞ ¶nh hiÖn ®-îc dù ®o¸n bëi gi¸ trÞ båi dôc cña h-ëng do xö lý (vÝ dô sö dông thuèc trõ cha mÑ. s©u) v× nã kh«ng ph¶i thÓ nhËn ®-îc dù non-autonomous A term referring to kiÕn. biological units that cannot function by non-template strand The non-transcribed themselves; such units require the strand of DNA. Synonyms: sense strand, assistance of another unit, or “helper”. coding strand. Opposite: autonomous. sîi kh«ng khung mÉu Sîi kh«ng ®-îc nßi khuyÕt d-ìng ThuËt ng÷ ®Ò cËp tíi phiªn m· cña DNA. Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: ®¬n vÞ sinh vËt kh«ng tù ho¹t ®éng; nh÷ng sense strand, coding strand. ®¬n vÞ nh- vËy yªu cÇu sù gióp ®ì cña non-virulent agent t¸c nh©n kh«ng ®éc ®¬n vÞ kh¸c, hoÆc “vËt gióp ®ì “. Ng-îc xem: attenuated vaccine. víi: autonomous. NOR viÕt t¾t cña nucleolar organizer non-coding strand sîi kh«ng m· ho¸ region. xem: antisense DNA. northern blot A technique analogous to non-disjunction Failure of separation of Southern blotting, but involving the transfer homologous chromosomes or of RNA from an agarose gel to a chromatids in mitosis or meiosis, membrane, prior to probing. resulting in too many chromosomes in some daughter cells and too few in others. dÊu vÕt B¾c Mét kü thuËt t-¬ng tù víi g©y dÊu vÕt Nam, nh-ng cÇn chuyÓn RNA tõ kh«ng t¸ch rêi Ngõng ph©n t¸ch nhiÔm gel agarose cho mμng, tr-íc th¨m dß. s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®ång hoÆc chÊt nhiÔm s¾c trong nguyªn ph©n hoÆc gi¶m ph©n, dÉn npt-II enzim gi¶i ®éc neomycin II viÕt t¾t ®Õn qu¸ nhiÒu nhiÔm s¾c thÓ trong mét sè cña neomycin phosphotransferase II. tÕ bμo con vμ qu¸ Ýt trong c¸c tÕ bμo kh¸c. nucellar embryo An embryo which has non-histone chromosomal protein In developed vegetatively from somatic tissue chromosomes, all of the proteins except surrounding the embryo sac, rather than the histones. by fertilization of the egg cell. protein nhiÔm s¾c thÓ kh«ng histon ph«i nh©n Ph«i ®-îc ph¸t triÓn sinh d-ìng Trong nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, toμn bé protein trõ tõ m« x«ma xung quanh tói ph«i, thay v× c¸c histon. do thô tinh cña tÕ bμo trøng. nonsense mutation A mutation which nucellus Tissue forming the major part of converts an amino-acid-specifying codon the young ovule in which the embryo sac into a stop codon, e.g. a single base develops; Also known as change from UAU to UAG generates the megasporangium. premature termination of the polypeptide ph«i t©m M« h×nh thμnh bé phËn chÝnh chain at the position where a tyrosine was cña no·n non trong ®ã cã tói ph«i ph¸t incorporated in the wild type. triÓn; Cßn ®-îc biÕt nh- tói bμo tö c¸i. ®ét biÕn v« nghÜa, nhÇm nghÜa §ét biÕn nuclear transfer A technology by which chuyÓn bé ba ghi râ amino acid thμnh bé novel animals are generated by cloning ba kÕt thóc, vÝ dô thay ®æi ba z¬ ®¬n tõ a single diploid somatic cell. It involves UAU thμnh UAG ph¸t sinh ®iÓm cuèi kh«ng inserting a single diploid cell from a culture nuclease 195 of cells into an enucleated ovum. The nucleic acid A macromolecule consisting resultant diploid ovum develops into an of polymerized nucleotides. Two forms embryo that is placed in a recipient female, are found, DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids which gives birth to the cloned animal in may be linear or circularized, and single- the normal manner. Note that the term is or double-stranded. See: helix. somewhat of a misnomer, since it is a nucleic acid Mét ®¹i ph©n tö gåm c¸c whole cell that is transferred, not just the nuleotit trïng hîp. Hai d¹ng ®-îc t¹o thμnh nucleus. lμ DNA vμ RNA. C¸c axit nucleic cã thÓ lμ chuyÓn nh©n C«ng nghÖ theo ®ã ®éng th¼ng hoÆc vßng, vμ kÕt sîi ®¬n hoÆc kÐp vËt míi l¹ ®-îc ph¸t sinh do nh©n dßng tÕ ®«i. Xem: helix. bμo x«ma l-ìng béi ®¬n. Nã kÐo theo viÖc nucleic acid probe ®Çu dß axit nucleic chÌn tÕ bμo l-ìng béi ®¬n tõ nu«i cÊy tÕ xem: DNA probe. bμo vμo no·n ®-îc khoÐt nh©n. No·n nuclein The term used by Friedrich l-ìng béi kÕt qu¶ ph¸t triÓn thμnh ph«i Miescher to describe the nuclear material ®-îc ®-a vμo cho thÓ c¸i, ®Ó sinh në cho he discovered in 1869, which today is ®éng vËt nh©n dßng theo c¸ch ph¸p b×nh known as DNA. th-êng. Chó ý r»ng thuËt ng÷ nμy ch-a thËt chÝnh x¸c, v× lμ hÇu nh- c¶ tÕ bμo ®Òu chÊt nh©n ThuËt ng÷ ®-îc Friedrich ®-îc chuyÓn, kh«ng chØ riªng nh©n. Miescher dïng ®Ó m« t¶ vËt chÊt nh©n do «ng ph¸t hiÖn vμo n¨m 1869, mμ ngμy nay nuclease A class of largely bacterial ®-îc biÕt lμ DNA. enzymes that degrade DNA or RNA molecules by catalysing the cleavage of nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio In a cell, the the phosphodiester bonds that link ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic volume. This adjacent nucleotides. For ratio is high in meristematic cells and low deoxyribonuclease (DNAse) the in differentiated cells. substrate is DNA, for ribonuclease tû lÖ nh©n- tÕ bμo Trong tÕ bμo, tû lÖ cña (RNAse) the substrate is RNA, and for S1 h¹t nh©n so víi thÓ tÝch tÕ bμo. Tû lÖ nμy nuclease, the substrate is single- cao trong tÕ bμo ph©n sinh vμ thÊp trong stranded DNA or RNA. Endonucleases tÕ bμo biÖt ho¸. cleave at internal sites in the substrate nucleolar organizer (viÕt t¾t: NO). Xem: molecule, while exonucleases nucleolar organizer region. progressively cleave from the end of the nucleolar organizer region substrate molecule. Nucleases have (Abbreviation: NOR). A chromosomal varying degrees of base-sequence segment containing a large array of genes specificity, the most specific being the that encode ribosomal RNA; located at the restriction endonucleases. secondary constriction of specific nucleaza Mét líp lín enzim vi khuÈn chromosomes. ph©n huû ph©n tö DNA hoÆc RNA do xóc vïng tæ chøc nh©n (viÕt t¾t: NOR). §o¹n t¸c nh¸nh liªn kÕt phosphodieste ®Ó kÕt nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cã chøa m¶ng lín gen m· nèi c¸c nuleotit liÒn kÒ. Víi hãa RNA ribosom; ®-îc ®Þnh vÞ t¹i ®iÓm deoxyribonucleaza (DNAse) c¬ chÊt lμ th¾t thø cÊp cña c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ riªng DNA, víi ribonucleaza (RNAse) c¬ chÊt biÖt. lμ RNA, vμ víi nucleaza S1, c¬ chÊt lμ DNA hoÆc RNA sîi ®¬n. Endonucleaza nucleolus An RNA-rich nuclear organelle ph©n rÏ t¹i vÞ trÝ bªn trong ph©n tö c¬ in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, chÊt, trong khi c¸c exonuclease ph©n rÏ produced by a nucleolar organizer. It lÇn l-ît tõ mót ph©n tö c¬ chÊt. Nucleaza represents the storage place for cã thay ®æi møc ®é cña tr×nh tù ba z¬ ribosomes and ribosome precursors. The ®Æc tr-ng, ®Æc biÖt nhÊt lμ endonucleaza nucleolus consists primarily of ribosomal precursor RNA, ribosomal RNA, their giíi h¹n. nucleoplasm 196 associated proteins, and some, perhaps See: nucleotide. all, of the enzymatic equipment (RNA nucleoside Ba z¬ (purin hoÆc pyrimi®in) polymerase, RNA methylase, RNA liªn kÕt ®ång hãa trÞ víi ®-êng 5-c¸c bon cleavage enzymes) required for synthesis, (pentoza). Khi ®-êng nμy lμ riboza, conversion and assembly of ribosomes. nulceosit lμ ribonucleosit; khi ®-êng lμ 2- Subsequently the ribosomes are deoxyriboza, nulceosit lμ transported to the cytoplasm. deoxyribonucleosit. xem: nucleotide. nh©n C¬ quan tö nh©n giμu RNA trong nucleoside analogue A synthetic nh©n tÕ bμo cã nh©n, t¹o ra do mét tæ chøc molecule that resembles a naturally nh©n. Nã ®¹i diÖn n¬i cÊt tr÷ ribosom vμ occurring nucleoside. tiÒn ribosom. Nh©n bao gåm chñ yÕu RNA t-¬ng tù nucleosit Ph©n tö tæng hîp tiÒn ribosom, RNA ribosom, protein kÕt hîp gièng víi nulceosit xÈy ra tù nhiªn. cña chóng, vμ mét sè, cã thÓ tÊt c¶, thiÕt bÞ enzim (RNA polymeraza, RNA metylaza, nucleosome Spherical sub-units of enzim ph©n c¾t RNA) cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng eukaryotic chromatin that are composed hîp, chuyÓn ®æi vμ tËp hîp ribosom. Sau of a core particle consisting of an octamer cïng ribosom ®-îc chuyÓn cho tÕ bμo of histones (two molecules each of chÊt. histones H2a, H2b, H3 and H4) and 146 bp of DNA. nucleoplasm The non-staining or slightly chromophilic, liquid or semi-liquid, ground thÓ nh©n §¬n vÞ møc d-íi chÊt nhiÔm s¾c substance of the interphase nucleus and nh©n chuÈn h×nh cÇu t¹o thμnh h¹t lâi which fills the nuclear space around the mang t¸m histon (hai ph©n tö cña mçi mét chromosomes and the nucleoli. Little is histon H2a, H2b, H3 vμ H4) vμ 146 bp cña known of the chemical composition of this DNA. ground substance, which is not easily nucleotide A nucleoside with one or more defined. Sometimes called “karyoplasm” phosphate groups linked at the 3'- or 5'- when it is gel-like, and “karyolymph” when hydroxyl of a pentose sugar. When the it is a colloidal fluid. sugar is ribose, the nucleotide is a sinh chÊt nh©n ChÊt nÒn kh«ng b¾t mμu ribonucleotide; when it is 2-deoxyribose, hoÆc b¾t mμu yÕu, láng hoÆc nöa láng cña the nucleotide is a deoxyribonucleotide. nh©n k× nghØ vμ nã lμm ®Çy kho¶ng trèng RNA and DNA are polymers of, nh©n xung quanh c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vμ respectively, ribonucleoside 5'- h¹t nh©n. Ýt ®-îc biÕt vÒ cÊu t¹o hãa häc monophosphates and cña chÊt nÒn nμy, nã kh«ng dÔ dμng x¸c deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates. ®Þnh. §«i khi ®-îc gäi lμ “chÊt t-¬ng” khi Nucleotides containing the bases nã gièng víi chÊt gel, vμ “dÞch nh©n” khi adenine, guanine and cytosine (A, G, C) nã lμ chÊt láng nhít. occur in both DNA and RNA; thymine (T) occurs only in DNA, and uracil (U) only in nucleoprotein Conjugated protein RNA. Ribonucleoside mono-, di-, and composed of nucleic acid and protein; triphosphates for which a specific base is the material of which the chromosomes are not assigned are abbreviated NMP, NDP, made. and NTP, while deoxyribonucleoside Protein tiÕp hîp gåm cã axit nucleic vμ mono-, di-, and tri-phosphates are protein; vËt chÊt ®Ó t¹o ra nhiÔm s¾c thÓ. abbreviated dNMP, dNDP, and dNTP. nucleoside A base (purine or Otherwise, the “N” is replaced by the base pyrimidine) that is covalently linked to a letter abbreviation. See: base pair. 5-carbon (pentose) sugar. When the sugar nuclª«tÝt Nucleosit cã mét hoÆc nhiÒu is ribose, the nucleoside is a nhãm phèt ph¸t liªn kÕt t¹i 3'- hoÆc 5'- ribonucleoside; when it is 2-deoxyribose, hidroxyl cña ®-êng pentoza. Khi ®-êng nμy the nucleoside is a deoxyribonucleoside. lμ riboza, nuleotit lμ ribonucleotit; khi ®-êng nucleotide sequence 197 nμy lμ 2 deoxiriboza, nuleotit lμ The filter paper serves to prevent tissue deoxyribonucleotit. RNA vμ DNA lμ c¸c union but allows the flow of essential p«lime tuÇn tù cña, c¸c ribonucleosit 5'- substances from the nurse to the isolated monophosphat vμ deoxyribonucleosit 5'- cells. monophosphat. Nucleotit chøa ba z¬ nu«i cÊy ®iÒu d-ìng Nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo tõ adenin, guanin vμ xytosin (A, G, C) xuÊt nu«i cÊy huyÒn phï lªn trªn bÌ giÊy läc hiÖn trong c¶ DNA lÉn RNA; thimin (T) chØ phÝa trªn m¶nh m« sÑo (m« nu«i d-ìng). xuÊt hiÖn trong DNA, vμ uracil (U) chØ trong GiÊy läc gióp ng¨n ngõa kÕt hîp m« nh-ng RNA. C¸c Ribonucleoside mono-, di-, vμ cho phÐp dßng ch¶y c¸c chÊt thiÕt yÕu tõ triphosphat ®Ó thÓ hiÖn ba z¬ ®Æc biÖt tÕ bμo nu«i d-ìng ®Õn tÕ bμo ph©n lËp. kh«ng ®-îc ph©n chia viÕt t¾t lμ NMP, NDP, nutriceutical A conventional food product vμ NTP, trong khi c¸c deoxyribonucleosit that has been modified (potentially by mono-, di-, and tri-phosphates kh«ng ®-îc genetic engineering) to have improved ph©n chia viÕt t¾t lμ dNMP, dNDP, vμ dNTP. nutritional characteristics and/or C¸ch kh¸c, “N” ë ®©y ®-îc thay thÕ b»ng pharmaceutical properties. ch÷ viÕt t¾t mét ba z¬. Xem: base pair. dinh d-ìng -u sinh S¶n phÈm thøc ¨n nucleotide sequence tr×nh tù nucleotit truyÒn thèng ®-îc biÕn ®æi (tiÒm n¨ng do xem: sequence. kü thuËt gen) ®Ó n©ng cao ®Æc tÝnh dinh nucleus A dense protoplasmic membrane- d-ìng vμ/hoÆc ®Æc tÝnh d-îc häc. bound region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the chromosomes, separated nutrient cycle The passage of a nutrient from the cytoplasm by a membrane; or element through an ecosystem, present in all eukaryotic cells except including its assimilation and release by mature sieve-tube elements and red blood various organisms and its transformation cells. into various organic or inorganic chemical forms. nh©n Vïng giíi h¹n mμng chÊt nguyªn sinh bao lÝn cña tÕ bμo cã nh©n mang chu tr×nh chÊt dinh d-ìng Con ®-êng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, ®-îc ph©n t¸ch víi chÊt tÕ vËn ®éng cña chÊt dinh d-ìng hoÆc bμo b»ng mét mμng; cã mÆt trong tÊt c¶ nguyªn tè ho¸ häc th«ng qua hÖ sinh th¸i, c¸c tÕ bμo cã nh©n trõ phÇn tö m¹ch r©y bao gåm sù hÊp thu vμ gi¶i phãng do c¸c vμ tÕ bμo hång cÇu tr-ëng thμnh . sinh vËt kh¸c nhau vμ biÕn ®æi thμnh nhiÒu d¹ng hãa häc h÷u c¬ hoÆc v« c¬. null allele An allele which produces no functional gene product. nutrient deficiency Absence or insufficiency of an essential factor for alen v« hiÖu Alen t¹o ra s¶n phÈm gen normal growth and development. kh«ng ho¹t ®éng. thiÕu chÊt dinh d-ìng ThiÕu hoÆc kh«ng null mutation ®ét biÕn v« hiÖu xem: héi ®ñ nh©n tè thiÕt yÕu ®Ó sinh tr-ëng vμ amorph. ph¸t triÓn b×nh th-êng. nullisomic (tÝnh tõ) xem: nullisomy. nutrient film technique (Abbreviation: nullisomy An otherwise diploid cell or NFT). A hydroponic technique used to grow organism lacking both members of a plants. NFT delivers a thin film of water or homologous chromosome pair. nutrient solution either continuously or v« thÓ TÕ bμo hoÆc sinh vËt l-ìng béi through on-off cycles. thuéc c¸ch kh¸c thiÕu c¶ hai thμnh viªn kü thuËt mμng dinh d-ìng (viÕt t¾t: NFT). cña mét cÆp nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®ång. Kü thuËt thuû canh ®-îc dïng cho thùc nurse culture Culturing cells from a vËt nu«i trång. NFT chuyÓn giao mét mμng suspension culture on a raft of filter paper máng cña n-íc hoÆc dung dÞch chÊt dinh above a callus tissue piece (nurse tissue). d-ìng liªn tôc hoÆc qua chu tr×nh t¾t më. nutrient deficiency 198 nutrient gradient A diffusion gradient of hîp ®Ó t¹o h×nh trong m«i tr-êng láng so nutrients and gases that develops in víi trong c¸c nu«i c©y m« sÑo. tissues where only a portion of the tissue nutrient medium (pl.: nutrient media) A is in contact with the medium. Gradients solid, semi-solid or liquid formulation for are less likely to form in liquid media than in vitro cell or tissue growth. in callus cultures. m«i tr-êng dinh d-ìng (sè nhiÒu: møc ®é dinh d-ìng Møc ®é khuÕch t¸n nutrient media) mét sù c«ng thøc ho¸ chÊt c¸c chÊt dinh d-ìng vμ khÝ ®Ó ph¸t triÓn r¾n, nöa r¾n hoÆc láng cho sinh tr-ëng tÕ trong m« n¬i chØ mét phÇn cña m« tiÕp xóc bμo hoÆc m« trong èng nghiÖm. víi m«i tr-êng. C¸c møc ®é ®Òu kÐm thÝch 199 mÇm c©y C©y non ®-îc sinh ra trªn gèc c©y tr-ëng thμnh. offshoot Short, usually horizontal, stem produced near the crown of a plant. nh¸nh c©y Mét th©n ng¾n, th-êng n»m Oo ngang, n¶y ra ë gÇn cæ lãng c©y. offspring New individuals resulting from sexual or asexual reproduction. Synonym: progeny. ochre stop codon bé ba kÕt thóc mμu con c¸i C¸ thÓ míi b¾t nguån tõ sinh s¶n hoμng ®¶n xem: stop codon. h÷u tÝnh hoÆc v« tÝnh. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: octoploid. An organism, or a tissue whose progeny. cells contain eight haploid sets of Okazaki fragment Replicated DNA chromosomes. fragments formed on the lagging strand t¸m béi Mét sinh vËt, hoÆc m« mμ c¸c tÕ in DNA synthesis from a double-stranded bμo cña chóng mang t¸m bé nhiÔm s¾c template. The fragments are subsequently thÓ ®¬n béi. joined together by DNA ligase. See: oestrogen The generic term for a group primosome. of female sex hormones which control the ®o¹n okazaki §o¹n DNA xo¾n l¹i h×nh development of sexual characteristics and thμnh trªn sîi chËm trong tæng hîp DNA control oestrus. AlteRNAtive spelling: tõ khung mÉu sîi kÐp. C¸c ®o¹n nμy ®-îc estrogen. nèi tiÕp víi nhau do DNA ligase. xem: hãc m«n g©y ®éng dôc ThuËt ng÷ chung primosome. chØ mét nhãm hãc m«n giíi tÝnh ®Ó ®iÒu OLA viÕt t¾t cña oligonucleotide ligation khiÓn sù ph¸t triÓn ®Æc tr-ng giíi tÝnh vμ assay. ®iÒu khiÓn t×nh dôc. C¸ch gäi kh¸c: oligomer A molecule formed by the estrogen. covalent joining of a small (undefined) oestrous ®éng dôc (tÝnh tõ) xem: number of monomers. See: polymer. oestrus. chÊt nghÌo Ph©n tö h×nh thμnh do kÕt nèi oestrous cycle The cycle of reproductive ®ång hãa trÞ mét sè nhá (kh«ng èn ®Þnh) activity shown by most sexually mature c¸c ®¬n ph©n. xem: polymer. non-pregnant female mammals. oligonucleotide A nucleotide oligomer. Alternative spelling: estrous. Often synthesized for use as primers for chu kú ®éng dôc Chu tr×nh ho¹t ®éng sinh in vitro DNA synthesis. See: polymerase s¶n ®-îc chØ ra bëi hÇu hÕt ®éng vËt c¸i chain reaction. kh«ng cã thai tr-ëng thμnh b¶n n¨ng t×nh nuclª«tÝt nghÌo ChÊt nghÌo nuleotit. dôc. C¸ch gäi kh¸c: estrous. Th-êng ®-îc tæng hîp ®Ó dïng lμm ®o¹n oestrus In female mammals, the period måi tæng hîp DNA trong èng nghiÖm. Xem: of sexual excitement and acceptance of polymerase chain reaction. the male. Synonyms: rut, heat. oligonucleotide ligation assay AlteRNAtive spelling: estrus (adj.: estrous). (Abbreviation: OLA). A diagnostic thêi k× ®éng dôc Trong ®éng vËt c¸i, thêi technique for determining the presence or kú kÝch ®éng vμ chÊp nhËn t×nh dôc cña absence of a single nucleotide gièng ®ùc. C¸c tõ ®ång nghÜa: rut, heat. polymorphism within a target DNA C¸ch gäi kh¸c: estrus (tÝnh tõ: estrous). sequence, often indicating whether the offset Young plant produced at the base gene is wild type (normal) or mutant of a mature plant. (usually defective). oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis 200 thö nghiÖm buéc oligonucleotit (viÕt t¾t: ontogeny Developmental life history of an OLA). Kü thuËt chÈn ®o¸n ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh cã organism. mÆt hoÆc thiÕu v¾ng tÝnh ®a h×nh nuleotit ph¸t sinh c¸ thÓ LÞch sö ®êi sèng ph¸t ®¬n cña tr×nh tù DNA ®Ých, th-êng chØ ra triÓn cña mét sinh vËt. mét gen cã ph¶i hay kh«ng ph¶i lμ kiÓu oocyte The egg mother cell; it undergoes d¹i (b×nh th-êng) hoÆc ®ét biÕn (th-êng two meiotic divisions (oogenesis) to form sai sãt). the egg cell. The primary oocyte refers to oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis the state before completion of the first xem: site-specific mutagenesis. meiotic division; the secondary oocyte oligonucleotide-directed site-specific after completion of the first meiotic division. mutagenesis xem: site-specific no·n sμo TÕ bμo mÑ trøng; tr¶i qua hai mutagenesis. qu¸ tr×nh ph©n chia gi¶m ph©n (sinh no·n) oligosaccharide Carbohydrate consisting ®Ó h×nh thμnh tÕ bμo trøng. No·n bμo s¬ of several linked monosaccharide units. cÊp liªn quan tíi tr¹ng th¸i tr-íc hoμn ®-êng nghÌo Hydrat cacbon gåm mét sè thμnh ph©n chia gi¶m ph©n lÇn ®Çu; no·n ®¬n vÞ monosacarit ®-îc liªn kÕt. bμo thø cÊp sau hoμn thμnh ph©n chia gi¶m ph©n lÇn ®Çu. oncogene A gene that causes cells to grow in an uncontrolled (i.e. tumourous) oogenesis The formation and growth of manner. Oncogenes are mutant forms of the egg in an animal ovary. normal functional genes (called proto- sinh no·n H×nh thμnh vμ sinh tr-ëng cña oncogenes) that have a role in regulating trøng trong buång trøng ®éng vËt. cell proliferation. See: cellular oncogene; oogonium 1. A germ cell of the female dominant oncogene; immortalizing animal, that gives rise to oocytes by mitotic oncogene; recessive oncogene, p53 division. 2. The female sex organ of algae gene. and fungi. gen g©y ung th- Gen g©y ra tÕ bμo sinh nguyªn bμo no·n 1. TÕ bμo mÇm cña tr-ëng trong mét lo¹i h×nh kh«ng kiÓm so¸t ®éng vËt c¸i, sinh ra no·n sμo do ph©n ®-îc (nghÜa lμ khèi u). Gen ung th- lμ d¹ng chia nguyªn ph©n. 2. C¬ quan sinh dôc ®ét biÕn cña gen chøc n¨ng b×nh th-êng c¸i cña ngμnh t¶o vμ nÊm. (®-îc gäi lμ tiÒn gen g©y ung th-) cã vai oosphere The non-motile female gamete trß ®iÒu chØnh t¨ng nhanh tÕ bμo. Xem: in plants and some algae. cellular oncogene; dominant oncogene; immortalizing oncogene; recessive no·n cÇu Giao tö c¸i kh«ng vËn ®éng oncogene, p53 gene. trong thùc vËt vμ mét sè loμi t¶o. oncogenesis The progression of oospore A spore developing from a cytological, genetic and cellular changes zygote of certain algae and fungi, following that culminate in the development of a the fusion of heterogametes. tumour. bμo tö no·n Bμo tö ph¸t triÓn tõ hîp tö s×nh khèi u Sù ph¸t triÓn thay ®æi tÕ bμo cña loμi t¶o nhÊt ®Þnh vμ nÊm, sau dung häc, di truyÒn häc vμ thuéc tÕ bμo ®Ó ®¹t hîp c¸c dÞ giao tö. ®Õn cùc ®iÓm trong ph¸t triÓn khèi u. opal stop codon xem: stop codon. onco-mouse A mouse that has been open continuous culture A continuous genetically modified to incorporate an culture system, in which inflow of fresh oncogene, which acts as an animal model medium is balanced by outflow of a for studies of human cancer. corresponding volume of spent medium chuét khèi u Chuét ®-îc biÕn ®æi di truyÒn plus cells. In the steady state, the rate of hîp nhÊt mét gen ung th-, dïng lμm m« cell wash-out equals the rate of formation h×nh ®éng vËt ®Ó nghiªn cøu ung th- ng-êi. of new cells in the system. See: open pollination 201 continuous culture; batch culture; which one or more regulatory proteins closed continuous culture. (repressor or activator) bind to control the expression of the gene(s). nu«i cÊy liªn tôc më HÖ thèng nu«i cÊy liªn tôc, trong ®ã dßng ch¶y vμo cña m«i ®iÓm chØ huy, ®iÒu hoμ Vïng DNA mμ tr-êng míi ®-îc c©n b»ng bëi dßng ch¶y ng-îc dßng tõ mét hoÆc nhiÒu gen vμ cã ra cña thÓ tÝch t-¬ng øng m«i tr-êng ®-îc mét hoÆc nhiÒu protein ®iÒu hßa (chÊt k×m tiªu thô céng víi c¸c tÕ bμo. Trong tr¹ng h·m hoÆc chÊt ho¹t hãa) liªn kÕt ®Ó ®iÒu th¸i c©n b»ng ®éng, tû lÖ tÕ bμo lμm s¹ch khiÓn biÓu thÞ mét hoÆc nhiÒu gen. c©n b»ng víi tû lÖ h×nh thμnh c¸c tÕ bμo operon A functionally integrated genetic míi trong hÖ thèng. xem: continuous unit for the control of gene expression in culture; batch culture; closed continuous bacteria. It consists of one or more genes culture. that encode one or more polypeptide(s) open pollination Pollination by wind, and the adjacent site (promoter and insects or other natural mechanisms. operator) that controls their expression by regulating the transcription of the thô phÊn më Thô phÊn do giã, c«n trïng structural genes. hoÆc nh÷ng c¬ chÕ tù nhiªn kh¸c. ®¬n vÞ ®iÒu hoμ §¬n vÞ di truyÒn tÝch hîp open reading frame (Abbreviation: ORF). chøc n¨ng ®Ó ®iÒu khiÓn biÓu thÞ gen cña A sequence of nucleotides in a DNA vi khuÈn. Bao gåm mét hoÆc nhiÒu gen molecule that has the potential to encode m· hãa cho mét hoÆc nhiÒu polypeptid vμ a peptide or protein: comprisesa start vÞ trÝ liÒn kÒ (khëi ®Çu vμ ®iÒu hoμ) ®Ó ®iÒu triplet (ATG), followed by a series of khiÓn biÓu thÞ chóng do ®iÒu chØnh phiªn triplets (each of which encodes an amino m· cña gen cÊu tróc. acid), and ending with a stop codon (TAA, TAG or TGA). The term is generally applied opine The condensation product of an to sequences of DNA fragments, for which amino acid with either a keto-acid or a no function has yet been determined. The sugar, produced by the plant host as a number of ORFs provides an estimate of result of Agrobacterium infection, and the number of genes transcribed from the used exclusively by the Agrobacterium as DNA sequence. a carbon source for growth and reproduction within the plant. khung ®äc më (viÕt t¾t: ORF). Tr×nh tù nuleotit trong ph©n tö DNA cã tiÒm n¨ng S¶n phÈm ng-ng tô cña amino acid víi m· hãa peptit hoÆc protein: bao gåm bé keto- a-xÝt hoÆc ®-êng, ®-îc t¹o ra do thùc m· khëi ®éng (ATG), tiÕp theo lμ nhãm c¸c vËt chñ lμ kÕt qu¶ cña chuyÓn nhiÔm bé ba (Mçi bé ba m· hãa mét amino acid), Agrobacterium, vμ ®-îc dïng riªng vμ cuèi cïng lμ bé m· kÕt thóc (TAA, TAG Agrobacterium lμm nguån c¸c bon cho c©y hoÆc TGA). ThuËt ng÷ nμy th-êng dïng sinh tr-ëng vμ sinh s¶n. chØ tr×nh tù c¸c ®o¹n DNA, kh«ng cã chøc OPU viÕt t¾t cña ovum pickup. n¨ng nμo ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh cho nã. Sè l-îng ORF viÕt t¾t cña open reading frame. c¸c ORF cung cÊp mét -íc l-îng sè l-îng organ A tissue or group of tissues that gen sao chÐp tõ chuçi DNA. constitute a morphologically and operational definition An operation or functionally distinct part of an organism. procedure that can be carried out to define c¬ quan M« hoÆc nhãm m« cÊu thμnh mét or delimit something. phÇn ph©n biÖt theo h×nh th¸i häc vμ chøc ®Þnh nghÜa ®iÒu hoμ Thao t¸c hoÆc c¸ch n¨ng cña mét sinh vËt. thøc mμ cã thÓ nªu ra ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh hoÆc organ culture The aseptic culture of giíi h¹n ®iÒu g× ®ã. complete living organs of animals and operator The region of DNA that is plants outside the body in a suitable upstream from a gene or genes and to culture medium. Animal organs must be organellar gene 202 small enough to allow the nutrients in the sinh tr-ëng cã tæ chøc Ph¸t triÓn nhê culture medium to penetrate all the cells. ®iÒu kiÖn nu«i cÊy m« cña m¶nh ghÐp cã nu«i cÊy c¬ quan Nu«i cÊy v« trïng c¸c tæ chøc (®Ønh ph©n sinh hoÆc ®Ønh chåi, c¬ quan sèng hoμn chØnh cña ®éng vËt vμ mÇm th¶o méc hoÆc mÇm nguyªn thuû c¬ thùc vËt ë bªn ngoμi c¬ thÓ trong m«i quan). Ng-îc víi: unorganized growth. tr-êng nu«i cÊy thÝch hîp. C¬ quan ®éng organized tissue Composed of normally vËt cÇn nhá ®ñ ®Ó cho phÐp chÊt dinh differentiated cells. d-ìng trong m«i tr-êng cÊy th©m nhËp tÊt m« cã tæ chøc Bao gåm c¸c tÕ bμo biÖt c¶ c¸c tÕ bμo. ho¸ b×nh th-êng. organellar gene Genes located on organogenesis The initiation of organelles outside the nucleus. adventitious or de novo shoots or roots gen bμo quan Gen ®Þnh vÞ trªn c¸c bμo from callus, meristem or suspension quan phÝa ngoμi nh©n. cultures. See: micropropagation; organelle A membrane-bounded regeneration. specialized region within a cell, such as ph¸t sinh c¬ quan Khëi ®Çu cña chåi bÊt the mitochondrion or dictyosome, that ®Þnh hoÆc de novo hoÆc rÔ tõ m« sÑo, m« carries out a specialized function in the life ph©n sinh hoÆc nu«i cÊy huyÒn phï. Xem: of a cell. micropropagation; regeneration. vi bμo quan Vïng chuyªn biÖt gi¸p giíi organoid An organ-like structure produced mμng n»m trong tÕ bμo, nh- ty thÓ hoÆc in culture. l-íi sinh chÊt, ®Ó thùc hiÖn mét chøc n¨ng thÓ gièng c¬ quan CÊu tróc gièng hÖt c¬ riªng biÖt trong ®êi sèng tÕ bμo. quan t¹o ra trong nu«i cÊy. organic complex A chemically undefined organoleptic Having an effect on one of compound added to nutrient media to the organs of sense, such as taste or smell. stimulate growth, e.g. coconut milk; malt gi¸c quan Cã hiÖu øng trªn c¬ quan c¶m extract; yeast extract; casein hydrolysate. gi¸c, nh- mïi hoÆc vÞ. phøc hîp h÷u c¬ Hçn hîp kh«ng ®-îc origin of replication The nucleotide x¸c ®Þnh hãa häc ®-îc thªm vμo m«i position on a DNA sequence from which tr-êng chÊt dinh d-ìng ®Ó kÝch thÝch sinh DNA synthesis (replication) is initiated. tr-ëng, vÝ dô n-íc dõa; chiÕt xuÊt m¹ch nha; chiÕt xuÊt nÊm men; thñy ph©n gèc b¶n sao VÞ trÝ Nuleotit trªn tr×nh tù casein. DNA ®Ó b¾t ®Çu tæng hîp (sao chÐp) DNA. organic evolution tiÕn hãa h÷u c¬ xem: orphan gene A gene or DNA sequence evolution. whose function is not known. organism An individual living system, such gen må c«i Gen hoÆc tr×nh tù DNA mμ as animal, plant or micro-organism, that is chøc n¨ng cña nã ch-a ®-îc biÕt. capable of reproduction, growth and orphan receptor A receptor for which a maintenance. cellular function or ligand has yet to be sinh vËt HÖ sèng c¸ thÓ, nh- ®éng vËt, identified. thùc vËt hoÆc vi sinh vËt, cã n¨ng lùc sinh thÓ tiÕp nhËn må c«i ThÓ tiÕp nhËn mét s¶n, sinh tr-ëng vμ duy tr×. chøc n¨ng tÕ bμo hoÆc phèi tö ®· ®-îc organized growth The development x¸c ®Þnh. under tissue culture conditions of ortet The plant from which a clone is organized explants (meristem tips or obtained. Synonym: donor plant. shoot tips, floral buds or organ primordia). c©y gèc Thùc vËt lμm gèc cho dßng v« Opposite: unorganized growth. tÝnh. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: donor plant. orthologous 203 orthologous Homologous genes/gene tr-¬ng. Nhê c©n b»ng thÈm thÊu, c¸c tÕ products that have evolved divergently bμo kh«ng bÞ h- háng trong èng nghiÖm. between species; many rice genes have outbreeding A mating system orthologues in other cereal genomes, characterized by the inter-breeding of because of the common ancestry of cereal genetically unrelated or dissimilar species. See: paralogous. individuals. Since genetic diversity tends trùc hÖ C¸c gen/s¶n phÈm gen ®ång nhÊt to be enhanced, and vigour or fitness of cã liªn quan ph©n rÏ gi÷a c¸c loμi; nhiÒu individuals increased by this process, it is gen lóa g¹o cã trùc hÖ tõ hÖ gen ngò cèc often used to counter the detrimental kh¸c, do tæ tiªn chung cña c¸c loμi ngò effects of continuous inbreeding. cèc. xem: paralogous. Synonym: exogamy. osmosis Diffusion of water across a semi- giao phèi xa, ngo¹i phèi HÖ giao phèi permeable membrane from zones of low ®-îc ®Æc tr-ng do ngo¹i phèi cña c¸c c¸ solute concentration to zones of higher thÓ kh«ng liªn quan hoÆc kh«ng gièng solute concentration. nhau vÒ di truyÒn. V× tÝnh ®a d¹ng di truyÒn thÈm thÊu KhuyÕch t¸n cña n-íc qua h-íng tíi ®Ó n©ng cao, vμ søc sèng hoÆc mμng b¸n thÊm tõ khu vùc nång ®é thÊp tÝnh thÝch hîp cña c¸ thÓ ®-îc n©ng cao ®Õn khu vùc nång ®é cao. do qu¸ tr×nh nμy, ®-îc sö dông th-êng xuyªn ®Ó kh¸ng l¹i nh÷ng ¶nh h-ëng cã osmotic potential Change in the energy h¹i do néi phèi liªn tôc.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: state of solvent brought about by dissolving exogamy. a substance in the solvent - water in the biological sciences. The potential of outflow The volume of growing cells that aqueous solutions is always negative is removed from a bioreactor during a compared to pure water. Solvent flows continuous fermentation process. from higher to lower osmotic potential dßng ch¶y ra ThÓ tÝch c¸c tÕ bμo ®ang solutions by diffusion or osmosis. sinh tr-ëng ®-îc lo¹i khái bÓ ph¶n øng sinh thÕ thÈm thÊu Thay ®æi tr¹ng th¸i n¨ng häc trong xö lý lªn men liªn tôc. l-îng cña dung m«i dÉn ®Õn bëi hoμ tan ovary 1. Enlarged basal portion of the mét chÊt trong n-íc cã kh¶ n¨ng hoμ tan pistil of a plant flower that contains the theo lý thuyÕt sinh vËt häc. ThÕ n¨ng dung ovules. 2. The reproduction organ in dÞch n-íc lu«n ©m khi so s¸nh víi n-íc female animals in which eggs are thuÇn khiÕt. Dßng ch¶y dung m«i tõ dung produced. dÞch thÕ thÈm thÊu cao ®Õn thÊp do khuÕch no·n sμo 1. phÇn c¨n b¶n më réng cña t¸n hoÆc thÈm thÊu. nhôy hoa thùc vËt cã chøa no·n. 2. C¬ osmoticum A chemical agent (e.g. quan sinh s¶n cña ®éng vËt c¸i trong ®ã polyethylene glycol, mannitol, glucose trøng ®-îc t¹o ra. or sucrose) employed to maintain the overdominance Where heterozygote osmotic potential of a nutrient medium performance is superior to that of either equivalent to that of the cultured cells, i.e. parental genotype. the medium and the cells are isotonic. siªu tréi N¬i thùc hiÖn dÞ hîp tö ë møc Because of this osmotic equilibrium, cells cao h¬n nhiÒu so víi kÕt qu¶ cña tõng kiÓu are not damaged in vitro. gen cha mÑ. thÊm läc T¸c nh©n hãa häc (vÝ dô glicol overhang nh« ra xem: extension. polyetylen, ®-êng manit, glucoza hoÆc sucroza) ®-îc dïng ®Ó duy tr× tiÒm n¨ng overlapping reading frame Start codons thÈm thÊu cña m«i tr-êng dinh d-ìng in different reading frames generate t-¬ng ®ång víi m«i tr-êng cña tÕ bμo nu«i different polypeptides from the same DNA cÊy, nghÜa lμ m«i tr-êng vμ tÕ bμo lμ ®¼ng sequence. ovulation 204 khung ®äc gèi líp Bé ba khëi ®éng cña critical reaction for the generation of c¸c khung ®äc kh¸c biÖt ph¸t sinh c¸c cellular energy. polyeptit kh¸c nhau tõ cïng mét tr×nh tù DNA. photphoril ho¸ oxy ho¸ G¾n thªm b»ng enzim mét gèc phèt ph¸t cho ADP ®Ó t¹o ovulation The release of mammalian ra ATP, ®-îc cÆp ®«i víi ®iÖn tö chuyÓn egg(s) from the ovary. vËn tõ c¬ chÊt cho oxi ph©n tö. Ph¶n øng rông trøng Gi¶i phãng trøng loμi ®éng vËt tíi h¹n ®Ó ph¸t sinh n¨ng l-îng tÕ bμo. cã vó tõ no·n sμo. oxygen-electrode-based sensor Sensor ovule The part of the seed plant’s in which an oxygen electrode, which reproductive organs that comprises the measures the amount of oxygen in a nucellus, the embryo sac and the solution, is coated with a biological material integuments. such as an enzyme which generates or no·n, tÕ bμo trøng Bé phËn c¬ quan sinh absorbs oxygen when the appropriate s¶n cña thùc vËt cã h¹t bao gåm ph«i t©m, substrate is present. When the biological tói ph«i thai vμ líp v¶y. reaction takes place, the amount of oxygen ovum (pl.: ova) Egg. close to the electrode changes and the signal from the electrode changes, thus no·n (sè nhiÒu: ova ) Trøng signalling the concentration of substrate. ovum pickup (Abbreviation: OPU). The c¶m øng c¬ së ®iÖn cùc oxi VËt c¶m non-surgical collection of ova from a øng trong ®ã mét ®iÖn cùc oxi, ®Ó ®o tæng female. sè oxi trong dung dÞch, ®-îc phñ lªn vËt thu nhÆt trøng (viÕt t¾t: OPU). Thu thËp liÖu sinh vËt nh- enzim ®Ó ph¸t sinh hoÆc kh«ng phÉu thuËt trøng tõ mét con c¸i. hót oxi khi c¬ chÊt thÝch hîp cã mÆt. Khi oxidative phosphorylation The ph¶n øng sinh vËt x¶y ra, tæng sè oxi g¾n enzymatic addition of a phosphate to ADP liÒn víi thay ®æi ®iÖn cùc vμ tÝn hiÖu tõ ®iÖn to make ATP, coupled to electron transport cùc thay ®æi, do vËy chØ b¸o nång ®é c¬ from a substrate to molecular oxygen. A chÊt. 205 xuÊt hiÖn lμ sîi dμi, cÆp ®«i. §«i khi tÊt c¶ bèn nhiÔm s¾c tö ®Òu cã thÓ ®-îc nhËn biÕt. pachytene giai ®o¹n sîi dμy (tÝnh tõ) xem: pachynema. Pp packaging cell line A cell line designed to produce viral particles that do not contain nucleic acid. After transfection of these cells with a full-size viral genome, p Denotes the shorter of the two fully infective viral particles are assembled chromosome arms, e.g. human 14p is the and released. short arm of human chromosome 14. dßng tÕ bμo ®ãng gãi Dßng tÕ bμo ®-îc p biÓu thÞ nh¸nh ng¾n cña hai nh¸nh nhiÔm s¾p ®Æt ®Ó s¶n sinh c¸c h¹t virut kh«ng s¾c thÓ, vÝ dô 14 p ng-êi lμ nh¸nh ng¾n chøa axit nucleic. Sau chuyÓn nhiÔm tÕ bμo cña nhiÔm s¾c thÓ sè 14. cã hÖ gen virut kÝch th-íc hoμn chØnh, c¸c P element A Drosophila transposon. h¹t vi rót nhiÔm bÖnh ®Çy ®ñ ®-îc tËp hîp phÇn tö P Mét gen nh¶y Drosophila. vμ gi¶i phãng. packed cell volume (Abbreviation: PCV). P1, P2 Generational symbols for the two parents of a given individual. The proportion of a cell culture volume that is occupied by cells. Cell volume is P1, P2 Ký hiÖu thÓ hiÖn cho hai cha mÑ cña determined by sedimenting using low mét c¸ thÓ ®-îc t¹o ra. speed centrifugation. p53 gene A human tumour-suppressor thÓ tÝch tÕ bμo ®ãng gãi (viÕt t¾t: PCV). transcription factor gene, damage or TØ lÖ cña thÓ tÝch nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo bÞ cho¸n mutation to which is believed to be chç do tÕ bμo. ThÓ tÝch tÕ bμo ®-îc x¸c responsible for up to 60% of all human ®Þnh do sù l¾ng ®äng do sö dông ly t©m cancer tumours. If, in spite of the presence tèc ®é gi¶m. of p53 protein, a cell begins to divide uncontrollably following damage to its PAGE viÕt t¾t cña polyacrylamide gel DNA, the p53 gene acts to prevent electrophoresis tumours by triggering apoptosis. pairing The pairing of homologous gen p53 Gen nh©n tè phiªn m· chÆn khèi chromosomes during the prophase of the u ng-êi, lμm tæn th-¬ng hoÆc ®ét biÕn gen first meiotic division. Pairing is the first ®-îc cho lμ tr¸ch nhiÖm trªn 60 % cña tÊt prerequisite before crossing over and c¶ c¸c khèi u ung th- ng-êi. NÕu, v¾ng recombination can occur. Synonym: mÆt protein p53, tÕ bμo b¾t ®Çu ph©n chia synapsis. tù do kh«ng kiÒm chÕ tiÕp theo lμm tæn cÆp ®«i CÆp ®«i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®ång th-¬ng DNA cña nã, gen p53 t¸c ®éng trong k× ®Çu ph©n chia gi¶m ph©n lÇn ®Çu. ng¨n ngõa khèi u do thóc ®Èy chøng chÕt CÆp ®«i lμ ®iÒu tiªn quyÕt ban ®Çu tr-íc dÇn. khi b¾t chÐo hoμn toμn vμ t¸i tæ hîp cã thÓ pachynema A mid-prophase stage in the xÈy ra.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: synapsis. first meiotic division, between zygonema pair-rule gene A gene that influences the and diplonema. Chromosomes appear as formation of body segments in Drosophila. long, paired threads. Occasionally all four gen quy t¾c cÆp ®«i Gen cã ¶nh h-ëng chromatids can be recognized. h×nh thμnh tõng ®o¹n th©n ruåi giÊm. giai ®o¹n sîi dμy Giai ®o¹n k× ®Çu- gi÷a palaeontology The study of the fossil trong ph©n chia gi¶m ph©n lÇn ®Çu, gi÷a record of past geological periods and of sîi giãng ®«i vμ sîi kÐp. NhiÔm s¾c thÓ the phylogenetic relationships between palindrome 206 hoa chïm Chïm hoa, trôc chÝnh ®-îc extinct and contemporary plant and animal ph©n nh¸nh; nh÷ng nh¸nh nμy mang c¸c species. chïm hoa nhá h¬n th¶ láng. Lóa g¹o lμ cæ sinh vËt häc Nghiªn cøu mÉu hãa thùc vËt canh t¸c næi bËt cã kiÓu hoa chïm. th¹ch cña nh÷ng thêi kú ®Þa chÊt ®· qua panicle culture Aseptic culture of vμ mèi quan hÖ ph¸t sinh chñng lo¹i gi÷a immature panicle explants to induce c¸c loμi thùc vËt vμ ®éng vËt ®· tiÖt chñng microspore germination and vμ ®-¬ng ®¹i. development. palindrome A segment of double-stranded nu«i cÊy chïm hoa Nu«i cÊy v« trïng c¸c DNA, in which the order of bases, read m¶nh hoa chïm ch-a chÝn ®Ó thóc ®Èy tiÓu 5'?3' in one strand, is the same as that in bμo tö n¶y mÇm vμ ph¸t triÓn. the complementary antiparallel strand, also read 5'?3'. If the sequence is written panmictic population A population in in the normal convention, on two lines with which mating occurs at random. paired bases shown one above the other, quÇn thÓ ngÉu phèi QuÇn thÓ trong ®ã the base order on one strand runs in the giao phèi xuÊt hiÖn ngÉu nhiªn. opposite direction to that on the panmixis Random mating in a population. complementary strand. They are often ngÉu giao Giao phèi ngÉu nhiªn trong found at the ends of transposable mét quÇn thÓ. elements, and recognition sites for type II restriction endonucleases are also paper raft technique kü thuËt bÌ giÊy palindromes. Synonym: inverted repeat. xem: nurse culture. t¸i nhiÔm §o¹n DNA sîi kÐp, trong ®ã thø PAR ViÕt t¾t cña photosynthetically tù cña nh÷ng ba z¬, ®äc tõ 5'? 3' trong active adiation. mét sîi, lμ gièng hÖt nh- trong sîi ®èi song par gene One of a class of genes required song bæ sung, còng ®äc tõ 5'? 3'. NÕu for faithful plasmid segregation at cell tr×nh tù nμy ®-îc viÕt theo quy -íc b×nh division. Initially, par loci were identified on th-êng, trªn hai hμng cã ba z¬ cÆp ®«i cho plasmids, but have also been found on thÊy mét cÆp nμy chång lªn cÆp kh¸c, thø bacterial chromosomes. tù ba z¬ trªn mét sîi ch¹y theo h-íng gen par Mét trong líp gen cÇn thiÕt ®Ó ng-îc víi sîi bæ sung. Chóng th-êng ph©n t¸ch plasmit chÝnh x¸c t¹i ph©n chia xuyªn cã t¹i mót cña phÇn tö g¾n xen, vμ tÕ bμo. Ban ®Çu, æ gen par ®-îc nhËn biÕt vÞ trÝ nhËn biÕt ®Ó c¸c endonucleaza giíi trªn c¸c plasmit, nh-ng còng ®· t×m thÊy h¹n kiÓu II còng t¸i nhiÔm.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: trªn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vi khuÈn. inverted repeat. paracentric inversion A chromosomal palisade parenchyma Elongated cells rearrangement in which a segment of found just beneath the upper epidermis chromosome, excluding the centromere, of leaves, typically rich in chloroplasts. is rotated. nhu m« hμng rμo TÕ bμo kÐo dμi t×m thÊy ®¶o ®o¹n gÇn t©m Sù s¾p xÕp l¹i nhiÔm ngay d-íi biÓu b× l¸, ®Æc biÖt giμu trong s¾c thÓ trong ®ã ®o¹n nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, ngo¹i l¹p thÓ. trõ t©m ®éng, ®-îc ®¶o l¹i. pAMP Ampicillin-resistant plasmid. paraffin [wax] A translucent, white, solid Plasmit kh¸ng Ampicillin. hydrocarbon with a low melting point. One panicle An inflorescence, the main axis of use is as an embedding medium to support which is branched; the branches bear tissue for sectioning for light microscopy loose racemose flower clusters. Rice is a observation. prominent crop plant with a panicle s¸p Mét hy-®r«-cac-bon ®Æc r¾n, mμu inflorescence. tr¾ng vμ trong mê cã ®iÓm nãng ch¶y thÊp. Parafilm· 207 Mét c«ng dông lμm m«i tr-êng g¾n chÆt which the normal cycle is suppressed or víi m« hç trî ®Ó ph©n khu vùc quan s¸t apparently absent. b»ng kÝnh hiÓn vi quang häc. chu tr×nh cËn giíi tÝnh Chu tr×nh giíi tÝnh Parafilm· A stretchable film based on kÐo theo thay ®æi vÒ sè l-îng nhiÔm s¾c paraffin wax; used to seal tubes and Petri thÓ nh-ng kh¸c h¼n vÒ thêi gian vμ vÞ trÝ dishes. Parafilm· is a proprietary name so víi chu tr×nh giíi tÝnh th«ng th-êng; xuÊt which is incorrectly applied colloquially to hiÖn trong c©y nÊm mμ trong ®ã chu tr×nh similar products. b×nh th-êng bÞ teo l¹i hoÆc hoμn toμn v¾ng Parafilm· Mét lo¹i phim cã thÓ c¨ng trªn mÆt. s¸p paraffin; dïng ®Ó bÞt kÝn èng hót vμ ®Üa parasexual hybridization lai gièng cËn Petri. Parafilm· lμ tªn b¶n quyÒn ®-îc ¸p giíi tÝnh Xem: somatic hybridization. dông kh«ng chÝnh x¸c trong khi nãi vÒ c¸c parasite An organism deriving its food s¶n phÈm t-¬ng tù. from the living body of another organism. parahormone A substance with hormone- ký sinh trïng Sinh vËt t×m ®-îc thøc ¨n like properties that is not a secretory cho nã tõ c¬ thÓ sèng cña sinh vËt kh¸c. product (e.g. ethylene; carbon dioxide). parasitism The close association of two cËn hãc m«n ChÊt cã c¸c thuéc tÝnh gièng or more dissimilar organisms, where the nh- hãc m«n nh-ng kh«ng ph¶i lμ s¶n association is harmful to the host, but phÈm néi tiÕt (vÝ dô ª-ti-len; khÝ c¸c b« beneficial to the parasite. nÝch). hiÖn t-îng ký sinh KÕt hîp chÆt cña hai parallel evolution The development of hoÆc nhiÒu sinh vËt kh«ng gièng nhau, n¬i different organisms along similar hiÖn t-îng kÕt hîp cã h¹i cho ký chñ, evolutionary paths due to similar selection nh-ng lîi cho ký sinh. pressures acting on them. parasporal crystal Tightly packaged tiÕn hãa song song Sù ph¸t triÓn cña insect pro-toxin molecules that are nh÷ng sinh vËt kh¸c nhau theo c¸c ®-êng produced by strains of Bacillus tiÕn hãa t-¬ng tù do søc Ðp chän läc t-¬ng thuringiensis during the formation of tù xÈy ra víi chóng. resting spores. paralogous Homologous genes/gene tinh thÓ ngo¹i bμo Ph©n tö tiÒn ®éc tè products that have duplicated and evolved c«n trïng ®ãng gãi chÆt ®-îc s¶n sinh do divergently within a species. e.g. beta- and chñng Bacillus thuringiensis trong qu¸ tr×nh gamma-globulin genes. h×nh thμnh bμo tö nghØ. paralogous S¶n phÈm mét/nhiÒu gen paratope Tõ ®ång nghÜa víi antibody t-¬ng ®ång ®-îc nh©n ®«i vμ tiÕn triÓn binding site. kh¸c nhau trong mét loμi. VÝ dô c¸c gen parenchyma 1. A plant tissue consisting globulin bªta vμ gam-ma of spherical, undifferentiated cells, parameter A value or measurement that frequently with air spaces between them. varies with circumstances, and is used as 2. Loose connective tissue formed by a reference to quantify a situation or a large cells. process. nhu m« 1. M« thùc vËt gåm cã c¸c tÕ bμo tham sè Gi¸ trÞ hoÆc phÐp ®o thay ®æi ch-a biÖt ho¸, h×nh cÇu, th-êng cã kho¶ng trong tõng hoμn c¶nh, vμ ®-îc dïng khi kh«ng khÝ ë gi÷a. 2. M« liªn kÕt láng lÎo ®èi chiÕu ®Ó phÈm ®Þnh mét t×nh tr¹ng hoÆc ®-îc h×nh thμnh bëi c¸c tÕ bμo lín. mét qu¸ tr×nh. parenchymatous thuéc nhu m« (tÝnh tõ) parasexual cycle A sexual cycle involving Xem: parenchyma. changes in chromosome number but parthenocarpy The development of fruit differing in time and place from the usual without fertilization. sexual cycle; occurring in those fungi in parthenogenesis 208 t¹o qu¶ ®iÕc Ph¸t triÓn cña qu¶ kh«ng chuyÓn tÕ bμo tõ m«i tr-êng nu«i cÊy nμy cã thô tinh. sang m«i tr-êng nu«i cÊy kh¸c. parthenogenesis Production of an passage number The number of times embryo from an unfertilized egg. cells in culture have been sub-cultured. sinh s¶n ®¬n tÝnh S¶n xuÊt ph«i thai tõ sè l-îng chuyÓn Sè l-îng cña c¸c lÇn trøng kh«ng thô tinh. c¸c tÕ bμo trong nu«i cÊy ®-îc nu«i cÊy partial digest Incomplete reaction of a phô. restriction enzyme with DNA, such that passage time Time interval between only a proportion of the target sites are successive sub-cultures. cleaved. Partial digests are often performed to give an overlapping collection thêi gian chuyÓn Thêi gian nghØ gi÷a c¸c of DNA fragments for use in the nu«i cÊy phô liªn tiÕp. construction of a gene bank. Synonym: passive immunity 1. Natural acquisition incomplete digest. Opposite: complete of antibodies by the foetus or neonate digest. (newborn) from the mother. 2. The artificial tiªu hãa tõng phÇn Ph¶n øng kh«ng hoμn introduction of specific antibodies by the toμn cña enzim giíi h¹n víi DNA, do vËy injection of serum from an immune animal. chØ mét tØ lÖ cña vÞ trÝ ®Ých ®-îc ph©n t¸ch. In both cases, temporary protection is Tiªu hãa tõng phÇn th-êng ®-îc thùc hiÖn conferred on the recipient. See: ®Ó t¹o ra tËp hîp c¸c ®o¹n DNA gèi líp immunization, immunoprophylaxis. dïng trong cÊu tróc ng©n hμng gen. Tõ miÔn dÞch thô ®éng 1. TiÕp thu tù nhiªn ®ång nghÜa: incomplete digest. ng-îc víi: mét kh¸ng thÓ do bμo thai hoÆc trÎ s¬ sinh complete digest. (míi sinh) tõ mÑ. 2. ChuyÓn nh©n t¹o particle radiation High energy nuclear kh¸ng thÓ riªng biÖt do chuyÓn nhiÔm emissions, used as physical agents of huyÕt thanh tõ ®éng vËt miÔn dÞch. Trong mutagenesis. Three major types typically c¶ hai tr-êng hîp, sù b¶o vÖ t¹m thêi ®-îc used: alpha (A) (positively charged), beta t¹o ra trªn thÓ nhËn. Xem: immunization, (B) (negatively charged), or neutrons immunoprophylaxis. (uncharged). pat gene A gene obtained from bøc x¹ h¹t Ph¸t x¹ h¹t nh©n n¨ng l-îng Streptomyces sp. encoding resistance to cao, ®-îc dïng lμm t¸c nh©n vËt lý g©y glufosinate-ammonium containing ®ét biÕn. Ba kiÓu chÝnh tiªu biÓu ®-îc sö herbicides. (These inhibit plant synthesis dông: alpha (A) (n¹p d-¬ng), Bªta (B) (n¹p of glutamine). Used widely as a means of ©m), hoÆc c¸c n¬tron (kh«ng n¹p). transgenically inducing herbicide resistance in crop plants. Synonym: bar parts per million (Abbreviation: ppm). Unit gene. of concentration: 1ppm = 1mg dissolved matter per litre of solution. gen pat Gen thu ®-îc tõ loμi Streptomyces sp. m· ho¸ tÝnh chèng chÞu ®èi víi c¸c phÇn triÖu (viÕt t¾t: ppm). §¬n vÞ nång ®é: thuèc diÖt cá chøa glufosinate - 1ppm=1 mg chÊt ®-îc hoμ tan trong mét amm«nium. (chóng ng¨n chÆn thùc vËt lit dung dÞch. tæng hîp glutamin). §-îc dïng phæ biÕn parturition The process of giving birth. lμm ph-¬ng tiÖn chuyÓn gen g©y tÝnh sinh ®Î Qu¸ tr×nh sinh në. chèng chÞu thuèc diÖt cá trong c©y trång passage The transfer or transplantation canh t¸c. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: bar gene. of cells from one culture medium to patent A legal permission to hold exclusive another. right - for a defined period of time - to chuyÓn tiÕp ChuyÓn giao hoÆc cÊy manufacture, use or sell an invention. paternal 209 b»ng s¸ng chÕ Sù cho phÐp hîp ph¸p differentiated from others by their ®Ó gi÷ ®éc quyÒn- cho mét qu·ng thêi gian interaction with specific host cultivars. giíi h¹n- ®Ó s¶n xuÊt, sö dông hoÆc b¸n pathovar Chñng vi khuÈn hoÆc nÊm tÊn mét ph¸t minh. c«ng thùc vËt mμ cã kh¶ n¨ng ph©n biÖt paternal Pertaining to the father. víi nh÷ng sinh vËt kh¸c do mèi t-¬ng t¸c bªn néi G¾n liÒn víi phÝa cha. cña chóng víi c¸c c©y trång chñ riªng biÖt. pathogen A disease-causing organism PBR ViÕt t¾t cña plant breeders’ rights. (generally microbial: bacteria, fungi, pBR322 One of the first plasmids used viruses; but can extend to other organisms: for cloning DNA in E. coli. e.g. nematodes etc.). Synonym: infectious pBR322 Mét trong nh÷ng plasmit ®Çu tiªn agent. See: latent agent. sö dông ®Ó nh©n dßng DNA trong E. coli. vËt g©y bÖnh Sinh vËt g©y bÖnh (vi sinh PCR viÕt t¾t cña polymerase chain vËt nãi chung: vi khuÈn, nÊm, virut; nh-ng reaction. cã thÓ më réng tíi c¸c sinh vËt kh¸c: vÝ dô PCR-RFLP Alternative term for cleaved giun trßn v.v.). Tõ ®ång nghÜa: infectious amplified polymorphic sequence. agent. Xem: latent agent. thuËt ng÷ thay thÕ cho: cleaved pathogenesis related protein amplified polymorphic sequence. (Abbreviation: PR protein). One of a group of proteins that are characteristically PCV viÕt t¾t cña: packed cell volume. highly expressed as part of a plant’s pectin A group of naturally occurring response to pathogen attack. Many of complex polysaccharides, containing these proteins are similarly expressed galacturonic acid, found in plant cell walls, following infection with a broad range of where their function is to cement cells pathogens, indicating their role in the together. Used as a thickening agent in hypersensitive response. solid culture media and as a food additive. Protein liªn quan bÖnh lý häc (viÕt t¾t: pÐc tin Nhãm polysaccharides phøc t¹p PR protein). Mét trong nhãm protein biÓu xuÊt hiÖn tù nhiªn, cã chøa axÝt thÞ cao ®Æc tr-ng nh- bé phËn ph¶n øng galacturonic, cã trong v¸ch tÕ bμo thùc vËt, cña thùc vËt víi sù tÊn c«ng vËt g©y bÖnh. Chøc n¨ng cña chóng lμ kÕt chÆt c¸c tÕ NhiÒu protein lo¹i nμy ®-îc biÓu thÞ t-¬ng bμo víi nhau. §-îc dïng lμm t¸c nh©n lμm tù theo sau chuyÓn nhiÔm víi ph¹m vi réng ®Æc trong m«i tr-êng nu«i cÊy ®Æc vμ lμm vËt g©y bÖnh, chØ râ vai trß cña chóng trong chÊt phô gia. ph¶n øng siªu nh¹y c¶m. pectinase Enzyme catalysing the pathogen-free Uncontaminated with hydrolysis of pectin. Used in conjunction pathogen with cellulase to solubilize plant cell walls. phi vËt g©y bÖnh Kh«ng bÞ l©y víi víi vËt pectinaza Enzim xóc t¸c thñy ph©n pÐc g©y bÖnh. tin (chÊt gç). Sö dông phèi hîp víi xelulaza pathotoxin Substance secreted by certain ®Ó hoμ tan v¸ch tÕ bμo thùc vËt. pathogens, in order to attack the host pedicel Stalk or stem of the individual tissue. Some pathotoxins are also toxic to flowers of an inflorescence. non-hosts, especially animals or humans. cuèng nhá Cuèng hoÆc th©n cña c¸c hoa ®éc tè vËt g©y bÖnh ChÊt tiÕt ra do c¸c riªng lÎ cña mét chïm hoa. vËt g©y bÖnh nhÊt ®Þnh, ®Ó tÊn c«ng m« pedigree The ancestry of an individual. chñ. Mét sè ®éc tè vËt g©y bÖnh còng ®éc ph¶ hÖ Nßi gièng cña mét c¸ thÓ. víi c¸c sinh vËt kh«ng ph¶i vËt chñ, ®Æc biÖt víi ®éng vËt hoÆc con ng-êi. peduncle Stalk or stem of a flower that is born singly; the main stem of an pathovar Strain of a plant-attacking inflorescence. bacterium or fungus that can be PEG 210 cuèng hoa Cuèng hoÆc th©n cña mét hoa th- viÖn biÓu thÞ peptit TËp hîp c¸c ph©n ®-îc sinh ra ®¬n ®éc; th©n chÝnh cña mét tö peptit, t¹o ra do tÕ bμo t¸i tæ hîp, trong chïm hoa. ®ã tr×nh tù amino acid ®-îc thay ®æi. PEG ViÕt t¾t cña polyethylene glycol. peptide nucleic acid (Abbreviation: PNA). penetrance The proportion of individuals A synthetic oligonucleotide analogue, in in a population that express the which the sugar backbone is replaced by phenotype expected from their genotype a peptide chain, upon which the with respect to a specific gene. Measures nucleoside residues are strung. Probes the extent to which phenotype predicts made from PNA appear to have greater genotype. specificity than those made from DNA. ®é th©m nhËp TØ lÖ c¸ thÓ trong quÇn thÓ axit nucleic peptit (viÕt t¾t: PNA). T-¬ng biÓu thÞ kiÓu h×nh mong muèn tõ kiÓu di tù oligonucleotit tæng hîp, trong ®ã trôc truyÒn cã liªn quan víi mét gen riªng biÖt. x-¬ng sèng ®-êng ®-îc thay thÕ bëi chuçi §o kho¶ng réng víi kiÓu h×nh ®Ó dù ®o¸n peptit, trªn ®ã c¸c gèc nulceosit ®-îc tung kiÓu gen. ra. C¸c ®Çu dß t¹o ra tõ PNA xuÊt hiÖn ®Ó cã tÝnh ®Æc thï lín h¬n c¸c ®Çu dß t¹o ra peptidase An enzyme that catalyzes the tõ DNA. hydrolysis of a peptide bond. peptide vaccine A short chain of amino peptidaza Enzim xóc t¸c thñy ph©n liªn acids that can induce antibodies against a kÕt peptit. specific infectious agent. peptide A sequence of amino acids linked vacxin peptit Mét chuçi ng¾n amino acid by peptide bonds; a breakdown or build- mμ cã thÓ thóc ®Èy kh¸ng thÓ chèng l¹i up unit in protein metabolism. Typically t¸c nh©n l©y nhiÔm ®Æc biÖt. used to describe low molecular weight species. See: polypeptide. peptidyl transferase An enzyme bound tightly to the large sub-unit of the ribosome, peptit Tr×nh tù cña c¸c amino acid kÕt nèi that catalyses the formation of peptide b»ng liªn kÕt peptit; mét ®¬n vÞ bÞ ph©n bonds between amino acids during huû hoÆc ®-îc t¹o ra khi chuyÓn ho¸ translation. protein. Tiªu biÓu dïng m« t¶ lo¹i träng l-îng ph©n tö thÊp. Xem: polypeptide. enzim chuyÓn peptit Enzim kÕt nèi chÆt víi ®¬n vÞ phô lín cña ribosom, xóc t¸c peptide bond The chemical bond holding h×nh thμnh liªn kÕt peptit gi÷a c¸c amino amino acid residues together in peptides acid khi dÞch m·. and proteins. The (CO-NH) bond is formed by the condensation, with loss of a peptidyl-tRNA binding site water molecule, between the carboxyl (- (Abbreviation: P-site). The site on a COOH) group of one amino acid and the ribosome that hosts the tRNA to which the next amino acid for the growing amino (-NH2) of the next amino acid. polypeptide chain is attached. liªn kÕt peptit Liªn kÕt hãa häc nèi c¸c gèc amino acid víi nhau trong c¸c peptit vÞ trÝ kÕt nèi peptidyl - tRNA (viÕt t¾t: P- vμ protein. Liªn kÕt (CO-NH) ®-îc h×nh site). VÞ trÝ trªn ribosom ®Ó c¸c vËt chñ thμnh do ng-ng tô, vμ mÊt mét ph©n tö tRNA ®-îc g¾n thªm víi amino acid kÕ tiÕp n-íc, gi÷a nhãm c¸c-b«-xyn (-COOH) cña cho chuçi polyeptit ®ang sinh tr-ëng. amino acid vμ nhãm amino (-NH2) cña perennial A plant that flowers continuously amino acid liÒn kÒ. for several years. peptide expression library A collection c©y l©u n¨m C©y mμ ra hoa liªn tôc trong of peptide molecules, produced by nhiÒu n¨m. recombinant cells, in which the amino pericentric inversion A chromosomal acid sequences are varied. rearrangement in which a segment of periclinal 211 chromosome, including the centromere, permeable Referring to a membrane, cell is rotated. or cell system through which small ®¶o ®o¹n vßng S¾p xÕp l¹i nhiÔm s¾c molecules can diffuse. thÓ trong ®ã mét ®o¹n nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, kÓ ®é thÊm §Ò cËp ®Õn mμng, tÕ bμo hoÆc c¶ t©m ®éng, ®-îc ®¶o l¹i. hÖ thèng tÕ bμo mμ c¸c ph©n tö nhá cã periclinal The orientation of cell wall or thÓ truyÒn qua ®ã. plane of cell division parallel to the persistence Ability of an organism to reference surface. remain in a particular setting for a period ph©n ho¸ vßng §Þnh h-íng v¸ch tÕ bμo of time after it is introduced. hoÆc mÆt ph©n chia tÕ bμo song song víi ®é bÒn Kh¶ n¨ng cña mét sinh vËt l-u gi÷ mÆt ngoμi liªn quan. trong mét chç riªng biÖt mét kho¶ng thêi periclinal chimera 1. Genotypically or gian sau khi nã ®-îc ®-a vμo. cytoplasmically different tissues arranged persistent Chemicals with a long in concentric layers. 2. A chimera in which inactivation or degradation time, such as one or more layers of tissue derived from some pesticides. Persistent substances one graft member enclose the central can become dangerously concentrated in tissue derived from the other member of the tissues of organisms at the top end of the graft. a food chain. thÓ qu¸i ph©n ho¸ vßng 1. C¸c m« kh¸c tÝnh bÒn v÷ng C¸c ho¸ chÊt cã thêi gian h¼n nhau vÒ kiÓu di truyÒn hoÆc chÊt tÕ khö ho¹t tÝnh hoÆc ph©n r· dμi, nh- thuèc bμo x¾p xÕp theo nh÷ng líp ®ång t©m. 2. s¸t trïng. C¸c chÊt bÒn v÷ng cã thÓ tËp ThÓ qu¸i trong ®ã mét hoÆc nhiÒu líp m« trung g©y nguy hiÓm trong m« sinh vËt t¹i cã nguån gèc tõ thμnh viªn thÓ ghÐp bao cuèi ®Ønh chuçi thøc ¨n. quanh m« trung t©m cã nguån gèc tõ thμnh PERV ViÕt t¾t cña porcine endogenous viªn kh¸c cña m¶nh ghÐp. retrovirus. pericycle Region of the plant bounded pesticide A toxic chemical product that kills externally by the endodermis and harmful organisms (e.g. insecticides, internally by the phloem. Most roots fungicide, weedicides, rodenticides). originate from the pericycle. thuèc diÖt vËt h¹i S¶n phÈm hãa häc trô b× Vïng thùc vËt d-îc tiÕp gi¸p phÝa ®éc tiªu diÖt ®-îc sinh vËt cã h¹i (vÝ dô ngoμi lμ néi b× vμ phÝa trong lμ m« vá. HÇu thuèc trõ s©u, thuèc s¸t trïng, thuèc diÖt hÕt rÔ c©y b¾t nguån tõ trô b×. cá, thuèc diÖt chuét). periplasm The space between the cell petal One of the parts of the flower that (cytoplasmic) membrane of a bacterium or make up the corolla. fungus and the outer membrane or cell wall. Synonym: periplasmic space. c¸nh hoa Bé phËn cña hoa mμ t¹o ra trμng hoa. chÊt tÕ bμo ngoμi Kho¶ng gi÷a mμng tÕ bμo (thuéc tÕ bμo chÊt) cña vi khuÈn hoÆc petiole Stalk of leaf. See: pedicel; nÊm vμ mμng ngoμi hoÆc v¸ch tÕ bμo. Tõ peduncle. ®ång nghÜa: periplasmic space. cuèng l¸ Cuèng cña l¸ c©y. xem: pedicel; permanent wilting point (Abbreviation: peduncle. PWP). The moisture content of a soil below Petri dish Flat round glass or plastic dish which plants wilt to such an extent that they with a matching lid, used for small-scale fail to recover even when fully watered. culturing of organisms, germinating seeds ®iÓm hÐo vÜnh viÔn (viÕt t¾t: PWP). §é etc. Also referred to as plates, hence to Èm ®Êt mμ d-íi møc ®ã thùc vËt hÐo tíi plate a culture. møc lμm chóng kh«ng thÓ phôc håi ®-îc ®Üa Petri §Üa b»ng chÊt dÎo hoÆc thuû thËm chÝ c¶ khi cung cÊp n-íc ®Çy ®ñ. tinh trßn ph¼ng cã n¾p ®¹y khÝt, dïng ®Ó PFGE 212 nu«i cÊy ph¹m vi nhá c¸c sinh vËt, h¹t n¶y thô, ph©n phèi, chuyÓn ho¸ vμ bμi tiÕt mÇm v©n v©n. Cßn ®-îc ®Ò cËp ®Õn nh- chóng. c¸c m¶ng, do vËy ®Ó ph©n m¶ng mét nu«i phase change The developmental change cÊy. from one maturation state to another. PFGE ViÕt t¾t cña pulsed-field gel chuyÓn pha Thay ®æi ph¸t triÓn tõ mét electrophoresis. tr¹ng th¸i tr-ëng thμnh nμy sang tr¹ng th¸i PG ViÕt t¾t cña polygalacturonase. kh¸c. pH Logarithmic measure of acidity/ phase state The coupling or repulsion alkalinity of a solution. A pH of 7 is neutral of two linked genes. (e.g. pure water), whereas below 7 is acid tr¹ng th¸i pha GhÐp nèi hoÆc t¸ch hai gen and above 7 is alkaline. liªn kÕt. PhÐp ®o l«-ga tÝnh chÊt axit/kiÒm cña dung PHB ViÕt t¾t cña polyhydroxybutyrate dÞch. Gi¸ trÞ pH 7 lμ trung tÝnh (vÝ dô n-íc pH-electrode-based sensor Sensor in thuÇn khiÕt), khi d-íi 7 lμ chua vμ trªn 7 lμ which a standard pH electrode is coated kiÒm. with a biological material. Many biological phage thùc khuÈn ViÕt t¾t cña processes raise or lower pH, and the bacteriophage. changes can be detected by the pH phagemids Cloning vectors that contain electrode. components derived from both phage and c¶m biÕn dùa vμo ®iÖn cùc pH C¶m biÕn plasmid DNA. trong ®ã mét ®iÖn cùc pH chuÈn ®-îc phñ plasmid thùc khuÈn Vect¬ t¸ch dßng vËt liÖu sinh häc. NhiÒu qu¸ tr×nh sinh häc chøa c¸c thμnh phÇn ®-îc b¾t nguån tõ n©ng cao hoÆc h¹ thÊp pH, vμ nh÷ng thay c¶ thùc khuÈn vμ DNA plasmit. ®æi nμy cã thÓ ®-îc ph¸t hiÖn do ®iÖn cùc phagocytes Immune system cells that pH. ingest and destroy viruses, bacteria, fungi phenocopy An environmentally induced, and other foreign substances or cells. non hereditary variation in an organism, thùc bμo TÕ bμo hÖ thèng miÔn dÞch bao resembling a genetically determined trait. bäc vμ tiªu diÖt c¸c virut, vi khuÈn, nÊm vμ hiÖn t-îng sao h×nh BiÕn dÞ kh«ng di c¸c chÊt l¹ hoÆc tÕ bμo kh¸c. truyÒn trong sinh vËt, g©y ra do m«i tr-êng, phagocytosis The process by which gièng víi tÝnh tr¹ng ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh di truyÒn. foreign particles invading the body are phenolic oxidation Common aspect of engulfed and broken down by the wound response in plants. Phenolic phagocytes. oxidation is often indicated by blackening hiÖn t-îng thùc bμo Qu¸ tr×nh c¸c h¹t l¹ of tissue and it may be a precursor to x©m ph¹m c¬ thÓ ®Òu bÞ nuèt vμ ph©n huû growth inhibition or, in severe cases, to do thùc bμo. tissue necrosis and death. pharmaceutical agent Xem: therapeutic «xi hãa phenolic KhÝa c¹nh chung cña agent. ph¶n øng vÕt th-¬ng thùc vËt. £xi hãa phenolic th-êng xuyªn ®-îc chØ b¸o bëi pharmacokinetics The quantitative lμm ®en m« vμ nã cã thÓ lμ mét tiÒn chÊt measurement of how drugs move around ®Ó øc chÕ sinh tr-ëng hoÆc, trong c¸c the body, and the processes which control tr-êng hîp nghiªm träng, lμm ho¹i tö vμ their absorption, distribution, metabolism, chÕt m«. and excretion. phenolics Compounds with hydroxyl ®éng lùc d-îc khoa PhÐp ®o ®Þnh l-îng group(s) attached to the benzene ring, cña c¸c lo¹i thuèc di chuyÓn trong c¬ thÓ forming esters, ethers and salts. Phenolic nh- thÕ nμo, vμ qu¸ tr×nh ®iÒu khiÓn hÊp phenotype 213 substances produced from newly phosphodiester (phospho-diester) explanted tissues are liable to oxidise, and bond A bond in which a phosphate group as a result form coloured compounds joins adjacent carbons through ester visible in nutrient media. linkages. A condensation reaction between adjacent nucleotides results in a phenolic Hîp chÊt cã mét hoÆc nhiÒu phosphodiester bond between 3' and 5' nhãm hidroxyl g¾n vμo vßng benzen, h×nh carbons in DNA and RNA. thμnh c¸c este, ªte vμ muèi. Nh÷ng chÊt phenolic t¹o ra tõ c¸c m« mÉu míi ®Òu cã liªn kÕt phosphodieste Liªn kÕt trong kh¶ n¨ng xÈy ra «xy hãa, vμ lμ hËu qu¶ tõ ®ã mét nhãm phèt ph¸t nèi tiÕp víi c¸c- c¸c hçn hîp ho¸ mμu trong m«i tr-êng bon liÒn kÒ qua liªn kÕt este. Ph¶n øng dinh d-ìng. ng-ng tô gi÷a c¸c nuleotit liÒn kÒ dÉn ®Õn mét liªn kÕt phosphodiester gi÷a c¸c bon phenotype The visible appearance of an 3' vμ 5' cña DNA vμ RNA. individual (with respect to one or more traits) which reflects the reaction of a given phospholipase A2 An enzyme which genotype with a given environment. degrades type A2 phospholipids. kiÓu h×nh Sù xuÊt hiÖn thÊy râ cña mét c¸ Enzin ph©n huû c¸c photpho lipit kiÓu A2. thÓ (liªn quan víi mét hoÆc nhiÒu tÝnh phospholipid A class of lipid molecules tr¹ng) ®Ó ph¶n ¶nh mèi t-¬ng t¸c cña mét in which glycerol is linked to a phosphate kiÓu gen t-¬ng øng víi m«i tr-êng nhÊt group and two fatty acyl groups. Contains ®Þnh. both polar and non-polar regions. A major pheromone A hormone-like substance component of biological membranes. See: that is secreted by an organism into the inositol lipid. environment as a specific signal to another phospholipit Líp ph©n tö lipit trong ®ã organism, usually of the same species. glyxerol ®-îc liªn kÕt víi mét nhãm phèt phª r« m«n Mét chÊt gièng hÖt hãc m«n ph¸t vμ hai nhãm acyl chÊt bÐo. Cã chøa ®-îc tiÕt ra do sinh vËt vμo m«i tr-êng ®Ó c¶ vïng cùc lÉn kh«ng cùc. Mét thμnh phÇn b¸o hiÖu riªng cho sinh vËt kh¸c, th-êng chÝnh cña mμng sinh vËt. xem: inositol lipid. cïng mét loμi. phosphorolysis The cleavage of a bond phloem Specialized vascular plant tissue by orthophosphate; analogous to for the transport of assimilates (generally hydrolysis referring to cleavage by water. sugars) from the point of synthesis (in the thuû ph©n phèt ph¸t Ph©n t¸ch mét liªn leaf) to other parts of the plant. It consists kÕt theo d·y th¼ng photphat; t-¬ng tù thñy of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem ph©n cã liªn quan víi ph©n t¸ch do n-íc. parenchyma and fibres. phosphorylation The addition of a m« vá M« thùc vËt cã m¹ch chuyªn dông phosphate group to a compound. ®Ó chuyÓn vËn c¸c chÊt ®ång ho¸ (th-êng photphoryl hãa G¾n thªm nhãm phèt c¸c chÊt ®-êng) tõ ®iÓm tæng hîp (trong ph¸t vμo hîp chÊt. l¸ c©y) ®Õn c¸c bé phËn kh¸c cña c©y. Nã photoautotroph sinh vËt quang tù gåm cã m¹ch r©y, tÕ bμo kÌm, libe vμ sîi. d-ìng Xem: autotroph, heterotroph. phosphatase An class of enzymes that photo-bioreactor Bioreactor dependent catalyze the hydrolysis of esters of on sunlight, which is taken up by its content phosphoric acid, removing a phosphate of plant material, usually algae. group from an organic compound. b×nh ph¶n øng quang sinh B×nh ph¶n phosphataza Mét líp enzim xóc t¸c thñy øng sinh häc tïy thuéc vμo ¸nh s¸ng mÆt ph©n c¸c este cña axit photphoric, lo¹i trêi, ®-îc t¹o ra do thμnh phÇn vËt liÖu thùc nhãm phèt ph¸t khái hîp chÊt h÷u c¬. vËt cña chóng, th«ng th-êng lμ t¶o. photoheterotroph 214 photoheterotroph sinh vËt quang dÞ c¬. GÇn nh- tÊt c¶ thùc vËt, hÇu hÕt t¶o vμ d-ìng xem: heterotroph. mét sè vi khuÈn ®Òu thuéc quang hîp. photoperiod The length of daylight or photosynthetic efficiency Efficiency of period of daily illumination provided for converting light energy into organic growth. compounds. kú chiÕu s¸ng §é dμi ngμy hoÆc thêi k× hiÖu qu¶ quang hîp HiÖu qu¶ cña viÖc chiÕu s¸ng hμng ngμy cung cÊp cho sinh chuyÓn ®æi n¨ng l-îng ¸nh s¸ng thμnh c¸c tr-ëng. hîp chÊt h÷u c¬. photoperiodism The photoperiod photosynthetic photon flux required by a plant to switch from the (Abbreviation: PPF). A measure of the vegetative to the reproductive stage. intensity of light utilized by plants for quang chu kú Chu kú chiÕu s¸ng ®-îc photosynthetic activity. yªu cÇu bëi c©y trång ®Ó chuyÓn giai ®o¹n dßng ph« t«n quang hîp (viÕt t¾t: PPF). tõ sinh d-ìng sang sinh s¶n. PhÐp ®o c-êng ®é ¸nh s¸ng ®-îc sö dông photophosphorylation The formation of bëi thùc vËt cho ho¹t ®éng quang hîp. ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate photosynthetically active radiation using light energy harvested by (Abbreviation: PAR). The part of the radiant photosynthesis. energy that is capturable by natural quang phosphoryl hãa Sù h×nh thμnh photosynthetic systems (approximately ATP tõ ADP vμ phèt ph¸t v« c¬ cã sö dông equivalent to the natural light spectrum of n¨ng l-îng ¸nh s¸ng thu ®-îc tõ quang wavelengths 400-700nm). hîp. bøc x¹ tÝch cùc quang hîp (viÕt t¾t: photoreactivation A light dependent DNA PAR). PhÇn n¨ng l-îng bøc x¹ cã thÓ hÊp repair process. thu b»ng nh÷ng hÖ thèng quang hîp tù nhiªn (t-¬ng ®-¬ng xÊp xØ víi ph¹m vi ¸nh t¸i ho¹t hãa quang ho¸ Qu¸ tr×nh söa s¸ng tù nhiªn cã b-íc sãng tõ 400-700 ch÷a DNA phô thuéc ¸nh s¸ng. nm). photosynthate The carbohydrates and phototropism The tendency of plants to other compounds produced in direct shoot growth towards the source of photosynthesis. light. quang tæng hîp Hydrat cacbon vμ c¸c tÝnh h-íng quang Xu h-íng thùc vËt ®Þnh hîp chÊt kh¸c t¹o ra trong quang hîp. h-íng sinh tr-ëng chåi vÒ phÝa nguån ¸nh photosynthesis A chemical process by s¸ng. which green plants synthesize organic phylogeny The deduced evolutionary compounds from carbon dioxide and water history of related organisms. in the presence of sunlight. ph¸t triÓn chñng lo¹i LÞch sö tiÕn hãa quang hîp, quang tæng hîp Mét qu¸ ®-îc suy diÔn vÒ nh÷ng sinh vËt liªn quan. tr×nh hãa häc ®Ó c©y xanh tæng hîp c¸c hîp chÊt h÷u c¬ tõ khÝ c¸c b« nÝch vμ n-íc physical map An indication of the víi sù cã mÆt cña ¸nh s¸ng mÆt trêi. separation, in bp, between pairs of linked loci. See: mapping. photosynthetic Able to use sunlight energy to convert atmospheric carbon b¶n ®å vËt chÊt ChØ dÉn sù t¸ch biÖt, dioxide into organic compounds. Nearly all trong c¸c baz¬ nit¬, gi÷a c¸c cÆp cña c¸c plants, most algae and some bacteria are æ gen liªn kÕt. Xem: mapping. photosynthetic. phyto- (Prefix) To do with plants. thuéc quang hîp Kh¶ n¨ng sö dông n¨ng (tiÕp ®Çu ng÷) thuéc vÒ thùc vËt. l-îng ¸nh s¸ng mÆt trêi ®Ó biÕn ®æi khÝ phytochemical Molecules c¸c b« nÝch khÝ quyÓn thμnh hîp chÊt h÷u characteristically found in plants. phytochrome 215 ho¸ thùc vËt C¸c ph©n tö ®Æc tr-ng cã ch÷a trÞ thùc vËt Sö dông thùc vËt ho¹t trong thùc vËt. ®éng ®Ó lo¹i bá chÊt g©y « nhiÔm hoÆc phytochrome A pigment, found in the chÊt « nhiÔm tõ nguån tμi nguyªn ®Êt (vÝ cytoplasm of green plants, which can exist dô c¸nh ®ång bÞ « nhiÔm) hoÆc n-íc (vÝ in two forms Pr (biologically inactive) and dô hå n-íc bÞ « nhiÔm). Mét vÝ dô lμ khai Pfr (biologically active). Pfr is converted th¸c bÌo lôc b×nh Brazil (Eichhornia into Pr by exposure to light of wavelength crassipe) lμm tÝch lòy trong m« cña nã 730 nm. Involved in the timing of many nh÷ng kim lo¹i ®éc hμng ®Çu nh- th¹ch plant processes, e.g. dormancy, leaf tÝn, c¸t-mi, thñy ng©n, nickel, vμ ®ång. formation, flowering and germination. phytosanitary Plant health, including chÊt mμu thùc vËt Mét chÊt mμu, cã trong quarantine. chÊt tÕ bμo thùc vËt xanh, cã thÓ tån t¹i vÖ sinh thùc vËt Søc sèng thùc vËt, bao trong hai d¹ng Pr (kh«ng ho¹t ®éng sinh gåm thêi gian c¸ch ly. häc) vμ Pfr (ho¹t ®éng sinh häc). Pfr ®-îc phytostat Apparatus designed for the chuyÓn ®æi thμnh Pr do ph¬i ra ¸nh s¸ng semi-continuous chemostatic culture of cã b-íc sãng 730 nm. §-îc t¹o ra theo plant cells. thêi gian tÝnh cña nhiÒu qu¸ tr×nh thùc vËt, phitostat ThiÕt bÞ ®-îc chän ®Ó nu«i cÊy vÝ dô qu¸ tr×nh ngñ nghØ, h×nh thμnh l¸, ra æn ®Þnh ho¸ d-ìng nöa liªn tôc cña tÕ bμo hoa vμ n¶y mÇm. thùc vËt. phytohormone A substance that phytosterol One of a group of biologically stimulates growth or other processes in active phytochemicals present in the plants. Major species are auxins, abscisic seeds of certain plants. Evidence suggests acid, cytokinins, gibberellins and that human consumption of certain ethylene. phytosterols, such as ·-sitosterol, can help hãc m«n thùc vËt ChÊt kÝch thÝch sinh to lower total serum cholesterol and low- tr-ëng hoÆc qu¸ tr×nh kh¸c cña thùc vËt. density lipoproteins levels, thereby C¸c lo¹i chÝnh lμ auxin, a-xÝt abscisic, reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. cytokinin, gibberellin vμ ª-ti-len. phytosterol Mét trong nhãm ho¸ thùc vËt phytokinin Xem: cytokinin. ho¹t tÝnh sinh häc cã mÆt trong h¹t cña phytoparasite Parasite on plants. c¸c thùc vËt nhÊt ®Þnh. B»ng chøng nghÜ ký sinh thùc vËt VËt ký sinh trªn thùc r»ng sù tiªu thô cña con ng-êi vÒ c¸c vËt. phytosterol nhÊt ®Þnh, nh- ·-sitosterol, cã kh¶ n¨ng hç trî lμm gi¶m cholesterol huyÕt phytoparasitic (adj.) See: phytoparasite. thanh tæng sè vμ c¸c møc lipoprotein nång thuéc ký sinh thùc vËt (tÝnh tõ) xem : ®é thÊp, do vËy gi¶m thiÓu rñi ro cña bÖnh phytoparasite. tim m¹ch vμnh. phytopathogen A plant pathogen. pigment Compounds that are coloured by g©y bÖnh thùc vËt Mét vËt g©y bÖnh thùc the light they absorb. Light absorption is vËt. exploited by plants both as a means of phytoremediation The use of plants energy capture (see: photosynthesis) actively to remove contaminants or and as a signalling mechanism (see: pollutants from either soils (e.g. polluted phytochrome). fields) or water resources (e.g. polluted s¾c tè Nh÷ng hîp chÊt mμu ®-îc ho¸ mμu lakes). An example is the exploitation of do ¸nh s¸ng chóng hÊp thô. Sù hÊp thu the Brazil water hyacinth (Eichhornia ¸nh s¸ng ®-îc khai th¸c do thùc vËt lμm crassipes) to accumulate in its tissues toxic ph-¬ng tiÖn thu gi÷ n¨ng l-îng (xem: metals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, photosynthesis) vμ ®ång thêi nh- mét c¬ mercury, nickel, and copper. chÕ b¸o hiÖu (xem: phytocrome). pinocytosis 216 pinocytosis The engulfing of a minute cøng. C¸c l-íi th«ng dông lμ anginat, th¹ch droplet of liquid by a living cell. hoÆc polyacrylamide. hiÖn t-îng Èm bμo HiÖn t-îng hÊp thu plant genetic resources (Abbreviation: giät cùc nhá chÊt láng bëi tÕ bμo sèng. PGR). The reproductive or vegetative pipette Widely used device for accurate propagating material of: 1. cultivated dispensing of small volumes of liquids. varieties (cultivars) in current use and newly developed varieties; 2. obsolete èng hót nhá ThiÕt bÞ ®-îc dïng phæ biÕn cultivars; 3. primitive cultivars (landraces); ®Ó ph©n phèi chÝnh x¸c mét khèi l-îng nhá 4. wild and weed species, near relatives chÊt láng. of cultivated varieties; and 5. special pistil Central organ of the flower, typically genetic stocks (including elite and current consisting of ovary, style and stigma. breeder’s lines and mutants). Usually referred to as the female part of a tμi nguyªn di truyÒn thùc vËt (viÕt t¾t: perfect flower. PGR). VËt liÖu sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh hoÆc sinh nhôy C¬ quan trung t©m cña hoa, tiªu biÓu d-ìng cña: 1. Loμi ®-îc canh t¸c (c¸c c©y gåm no·n, vßi nhuþ vμ ®Çu nhuþ. Th-êng trång) hiÖn thêi ®ang cßn sö dông vμ loμi ®Ò cËp tíi nh- bé phËn nhuþ c¸i cña hoa míi ®-îc ph¸t triÓn; 2. C©y trång kh«ng hoμn chØnh. cßn sö dông; 3. C©y trång truyÒn thèng plant breeders’ rights (Abbreviation: (c©y b¶n ®Þa); 4. Loμi cá d¹i vμ hoang d·, PBR). Legal protection of a new plant bμ con gÇn cña loμi ®-îc canh t¸c; vμ 5. variety granted to the breeder or his C¸c gièng gen ®Æc biÖt (bao gåm c¸c dßng successor in title. The effect of PBR is that vμ c¸c thÓ ®ét biÕn cña nhμ t¹o gièng hiÖn prior authorization is required before the hμnh vμ cã gi¸ trÞ cao). material can be used for commercial plant growth regulator An organic purposes. compound, either natural or synthetic, and QuyÒn lîi ng-êi t¹o gièng thùc vËt (viÕt other than a nutrient, that modifies or t¾t: PBR). Sù b¶o vÖ hîp ph¸p mét thø controls one or more specific physiological c©y trång míi giμnh cho ng-êi t¹o gièng processes within a plant. hoÆc ng-êi kÕ nghiÖp. Thùc hiÖn PBR lμ chÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng thùc vËt Hîp ®Ó sù uû quyÒn ng-êi s¸ng t¸c ®-îc ®ßi chÊt h÷u c¬ tù nhiªn hoÆc tæng hîp, vμ hái tr-íc khi vËt liÖu nμy cã thÓ ®-îc sö kh¸c h¼n víi chÊt dinh d-ìng, nã biÕn ®æi dông cho môc ®Ých th-¬ng m¹i. hoÆc ®iÒu khiÓn mét hoÆc nhiÒu qu¸ tr×nh plant cell culture In vitro growth of plant sinh lý riªng biÖt cña thùc vËt. cells. plant hormone hãc m«n thùc vËt Xem: nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo thùc vËt Sù sinh tr-ëng plant growth regulator. trong èng nghiÖm cña tÕ bμo thùc vËt. plant variety protection b¶o vÖ ®a d¹ng plant cell immobilization Entrapment of thùc vËt (viÕt t¾t: PVP). Tõ ®ång nghÜa plant cells in gel matrices so that they are plant breeders’ rights. protected from physical damage. The cells plant variety rights quyÒn lîi ®a d¹ng are suspended in liquified droplets which thùc vËt xem: plant breeders’ rights. are then allowed to harden. Commonly plantibody An antibody expressed used matrices are alginates, agar or transgenically in an engineered plant. polyacrylamide. kh¸ng thÓ thùc vËt Kh¸ng thÓ biÓu thÞ cè ®Þnh tÕ bμo thùc vËt Gi÷ chÆt tÕ bμo chuyÓn gen trong mét thùc vËt ®-îc kü thùc vËt trong chÊt l-íi gel do vËy chóng thuËt. ®-îc b¶o vÖ tr¸nh khái tæn th-¬ng vËt chÊt. Nh÷ng tÕ bμo nμy bÞ ng-ng trong nh÷ng plantlet A small rooted shoot regenerated giät nhá mμ sau ®ã ®-îc cho phÐp lμm from cell culture following embryogenesis or organogenesis. plaque 217 Plantlets can normally develop into normal plasmid An circular self-replicating non- plants when transplanted to soil. chromosomal DNA molecule found in c©y non, c©y míi nhó Chåi nhá ®· bÐn many bacteria, capable of transfer rÔ ®-îc t¸i sinh tõ nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo tiÕp theo between bacterial cells of the same sinh ph«i hoÆc sinh c¬ quan. C©y non cã species, and occasionally of different thÓ ph¸t triÓn mét c¸ch b×nh th-êng thμnh species. Antibiotic resistance genes are c©y b×nh th-êng khi ®-îc trång ra ®Êt. frequently located on plasmids. Plasmids are particularly important as vectors for plaque A clear spot on an otherwise genetic engineering. opaque lawn of bacteria, where cells have been lysed by phage infection. plasmit Ph©n tö DNA d¹ng vßng kh«ng thuéc nhiÔm s¾c thÓ tù sao chÐp cã trong m¶ng VÕt ®èm hiÖn râ trªn b·i cá ®ôc mê vi khuÈn, cã kh¶ n¨ng di chuyÓn gi÷a c¸c cña vi khuÈn theo c¸ch kh¸c nhau, n¬i c¸c tÕ bμo vi khuÈn cïng mét loμi, vμ ®«i khi tÕ bμo ®· ®-îc lμm tan do nhiÔm bÖnh thùc cña loμi kh¸c. Gen chèng kh¸ng sinh khuÈn. th-êng ®Þnh vÞ trªn plasmit. C¸c plasmit plasma The fluid portion of the blood in quan träng ®Æc biÖt nh- c¸c vect¬ ®Ó kü which is suspended the white and red thuËt gen. blood cells. Contains 8-9% solids, of which plasmodesma (pl.: plasmodesmata) Fine 85% is composed of the proteins protoplasmic thread that connects adjacent fibrinogen, albumin, and globulin. The plant cells by passing through the plant cell essential function of plasma is the wall. Exploited by viruses as a conduit for maintenance of blood pressure and the cell to cell movement. transport of nutrients and waste. sîi liªn bμo (sè nhiÒu: plasmodesmata) huyÕt t-¬ng PhÇn chÊt láng cña m¸u Sîi nguyªn sinh chÊt tinh vi nèi tiÕp c¸c tÕ trong ®ã cã c¸c tÕ bμo b¹ch cÇu vμ hång bμo thùc vËt liÒn kÒ ®i qua v¸ch tÕ bμo cÇu treo l¬ löng. Cã chøa 8- 9 % chÊt r¾n, thùc vËt. §-îc khai th¸c do c¸c virut lμm mμ 85% cña chÊt r¾n nμy bao gåm c¸c mét èng ngÇm ®Ó chuyÓn ®éng tõ tÕ bμo protein fibrinogen, al-bu-min, vμ globulin. sang tÕ bμo. Chøc n¨ng chñ yÕu cña huyÕt t-¬ng lμ duy tr× huyÕt ¸p m¸u vμ vËn chuyÓn chÊt dinh plasmolysis Shrinkage of protoplasm d-ìng vμ chÊt th¶i. caused by removal of water from a cell through osmosis when surrounded by a plasma cells Antibody-producing white hypertonic solution. blood cells derived from B lymphocytes. co nguyªn sinh Co chÊt nguyªn sinh g©y bμo t-¬ng TÕ bμo b¹ch huyÕt s¶n xuÊt ra do lo¹i bá n-íc ra khái tÕ bμo qua thÈm kh¸ng thÓ cã nguån gèc tõ lymph« bμo B. thÊu khi ®-îc bao quanh b»ng dung dÞch plasma membrane mμng chÊt nguyªn -u tr-¬ng. sinh xem: plasmalemma. plastid A general term for a number of plasmalemma The lipid bilayer and plant cell organelles which carry non- associated proteins and other molecules nuclear DNA. Includes the pigment- that surrounding the protoplast, within the carrying bodies: 1. chloroplasts in leaves, cell wall. Synonyms: cell membrane; 2. chromoplasts in flowers, and 3. the plasma membrane. starch-synthesizing amyloplasts in seeds. mμng ngo¹i chÊt nguyªn sinh Líp kÐp h¹t t¹p s¾c ThuËt ng÷ chØ chung sè bμo lipit vμ protein ®-îc kÕt hîp vμ c¸c ph©n quan tÕ bμo thùc vËt mang DNA kh«ng tö kh¸c bao quanh chÊt nguyªn sinh, bªn thuéc nh©n. Gåm c¸c thÓ mang mμu: 1. trong v¸ch tÕ bμo. Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: h¹t diÖp lôc cña l¸, 2. h¹t s¾c thÓ cña hoa, cell membrane; plasma membrane. vμ 3. h¹t tinh bét tæng hîp bét trong h¹t. plastoquinone 218 plastoquinone One of a group of PNA ViÕt t¾t cña peptide nucleic acid. compounds involved in the transport of pneumatic reactor lß ph¶n øng h¬i xem: electrons as part of the process of pneumatic reactor. photosynthesis. point mutation A change in DNA Mét trong nhãm hîp chÊt liªn quan chuyÓn sequence at a specific locus. The smallest ®éng ®iÖn tö nh- bé phËn cña qu¸ tr×nh change involves the substitution, deletion quang hîp. or insertion of a single nucleotide. See: plate 1. Verb: to distribute a thin film of single nucleotide polymorphism. micro-organisms or plant cells onto a solid ®ét biÕn ®iÓm Thay ®æi trong tr×nh tù DNA medium. 2. Noun: refers to the two t¹i mét æ gen riªng biÖt. Thay ®æi nhá nhÊt segments of a Petri dish or similar. bao gåm sù thay thÕ, lo¹i bá hoÆc xen vμo m¶ng 1. §éng tõ: §Ó ph©n biÖt mét phim mét nuleotit ®¬n. xem: single nucleotide máng cña vi sinh vËt hoÆc tÕ bμo thùc vËt polymorphism. trªn m«i tr-êng r¾n. 2. Danh tõ: §Ò cËp polar bodies In female animals, the ®Õn hai n¾p cña mét ®Üa petri hoÆc t-¬ng products of a meiotic division that do not tù. develop into a functional ovum. The first platform shaker trÇn rung xem: shaker. polar body comprises one of the two plating efficiency The percentage of products of the first meiotic divisions, which inoculated cells which give rise to cell may fail to divide at the second division. colonies when seeded into culture The second polar body comprises one of vessels. the products of the second division. hiÖu qu¶ m¹ Tû lÖ phÇn tr¨m cña c¸c tÕ thÓ cùc Trong ®éng vËt c¸i, c¸c s¶n phÈm bμo ®-îc ghÐp lμm ph¸t sinh c¸c côm tÕ ph©n chia gi¶m ph©n mμ kh«ng ph¸t triÓn bμo khi kÕt h¹t trong c¸c khoang nu«i cÊy. thμnh no·n ho¹t ®éng. ThÓ cùc ®Çu tiªn gåm cã mét trong sè hai s¶n phÈm ph©n pleiotropic (adj.) See: pleiotropy. chia gi¶m ph©n lÇn ®Çu, cã thÓ kh«ng ®¹t thuéc nhiÒu h-íng (tÝnh tõ) xem: ®-îc ph©n chia t¹i ph©n chia lÇn thø hai. pleiotropy. ThÓ cùc thø hai gåm cã mét trong c¸c s¶n pleiotropy The simultaneous effect of a phÈm ph©n chia lÇn thø hai. given gene on more than one apparently polar mutation A mutation that influences unrelated trait. the functioning of genes that are tÝnh ®a h-íng ¶nh h-ëng ®ång thêi cña downstream from the site of mét gen ®-îc t¹o ra ®Õn nhiÒu h¬n mét mutagenesis but are in the same tÝnh tr¹ng kh«ng liªn quan râ rÖt. transcription unit. ploidy The number of complete sets of ®ét biÕn cùc §ét biÕn cã ¶nh h-ëng tíi chromosomes per cell, e.g. one set: chøc n¨ng cña c¸c gen xu«i dßng tõ vÞ trÝ haploid, two sets: diploid, etc. g©y ®ét biÕn nh-ng ®Òu trong cïng mét møc béi thÓ Sè l-îng bé hoμn chØnh c¸c ®¬n vÞ sao chÐp. nhiÔm s¾c thÓ theo tÕ bμo, vÝ dô mét bé: polar nuclei Two centrally located nuclei ®¬n béi, hai bé: l-ìng béi, v©n v©n. in the embryo sac that unite with a second plumule The first bud of an embryo, or sperm cell in a triple fusion. In some plant that portion of the young shoot above the species (particularly the cotyledons. monocotyledons), the product of this fusion develops into the endosperm. ®ät c©y non MÇm ®Çu tiªn cña mét ph«i, hoÆc phÇn cña chåi t¬ trªn l¸ mÇn. h¹t nh©n cùc Hai nh©n ®Þnh vÞ tËp trung trong tói ph«i ®Ó hîp nhÊt víi mét tÕ bμo pluripotent ®a n¨ng xem: totipotent. tinh trïng thø hai cña dung hîp bé ba. plus tree c©y hä thËp tù xem: elite tree. Trong mét sè loμi thùc vËt (®Æc biÖt c©y polar transport 219

®¬n tö diÖp), s¶n phÈm dung hîp nμy ph¸t nang c©y h¹t trÇn. ThÓ ®¬n bμo, cã h×nh triÓn thμnh néi ph«i nhò. d¹ng vμ kÝch th-íc biÕn ®æi, vμ mét v¸ch polar transport A directed movement cÊu tróc tinh vi. within plants of compounds (usually pollination Transfer of pollen from anther endogenous plant growth regulators) to stigma in the process of fertilization in mostly in one direction; polar transport angiosperms; transfer of pollen from male overcomes the tendency for diffusion in to female cone in the process of fertilization all directions. in gymnosperms. chuyÓn cùc Sù chuyÓn ®éng ®-îc ®Þnh thô phÊn Di chuyÓn phÊn hoa tõ bao phÊn h-íng bªn trong thùc vËt cña c¸c hîp chÊt ®Õn ®Çu nhuþ trong qu¸ tr×nh thô tinh cña (th-êng lμ chÊt ®iÒu tiÕt sinh tr-ëng thùc c©y h¹t kÝn; di chuyÓn phÊn hoa tõ nãn vËt néi sinh) hÇu nh- theo mét h-íng; ®ùc ®Õn nãn c¸i trong qu¸ tr×nh thô tinh chuyÓn cùc kh¾c phôc ®-îc xu h-íng cña c©y h¹t trÇn. khuÕch t¸n theo tÊt c¶ c¸c h-íng. poly-(A)polymerase Enzyme that polarity The observed differentiation of catalyses the addition of adenine residues an organism, tissue or cell into parts to the 3' end of mRNA molecules, forming having opposed or contrasted properties the characteristic poly-(A) tail. or form. poly-(A)polymeraza Enzim xóc t¸c g¾n ph©n cùc Sù biÖt ho¸ ®-îc quan s¸t cña thªm gèc adenin cho mót 3' cña ph©n tö sinh vËt, m« hoÆc tÕ bμo trong c¸c bé phËn mRNA, h×nh thμnh ®u«i poly-(A) ®Æc tr-ng. cã c¸c thuéc tÝnh hoÆc h×nh d¹ng t-¬ng ph¶n hoÆc tr¸i ng-îc nhau. poly-(A) tail ®u«i p« ly- A Xem: polyadenylation. pole cells A group of cells in the posterior of Drosophila embryos that are precursors polyacrylamide gel Inert to the adult germ line. electrophoresis matrix, formed by the polymerization of acrylamide monomer tÕ bμo cùc Nhãm tÕ bμo hËu sinh cña ph«i in the presence of the cross-linker N,N’- ruåi giÊm lμ tiÒn chÊt cho dßng mÇm tr-ëng methylene-bis-acrylamide. Gels are thμnh. usually supported between two glass pollen Mature microspores of seed plates, which need to be removed for post- plants. electrophoresis manipulations. Sometimes phÊn hoa TiÓu bμo tö tr-ëng thμnh cña referred to incorrectly as acrylamide gels. thùc vËt cã h¹t. gel polyacrylamit ChÊt nÒn ®iÖn di pollen culture The in vitro culture and chËm, h×nh thμnh do trïng hîp ®¬n ph©n germination of pollen grains to generate acrylamide khi cã mÆt N,N’-methylene- haploid plants. See: anther culture; bis-acrylamide kÕt nèi chÐo. C¸c chÊt gel microspore culture. th-êng ®-îc ®Æt gi÷a hai m¶ng kÝnh, cÇn nu«i cÊy baophÊn Nu«i cÊy vμ -¬m mÇm lo¹i bá c¸c ¶nh h-ëng sau ®iÖn di. §«i trong èng nghiÖm h¹t phÊn ®Ó ph¸t sinh khi ®Ò cËp kh«ng chÝnh x¸c nh- c¸c gel c©y ®¬n béi. Xem: anther culture; acrylamid. microspore culture. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pollen grain The mature microspore, (Abbreviation: PAGE). Ubiquitous method produced in the pollen sac of angiosperms for separating nucleic acids and proteins or the microsporangium of gymnosperms. on the basis of their molecular size. The Unicellular, with variable shape and size, method relies on the migration through an and an elaborately structured wall. inert matrix (polyacrylamide gel) of electrically charged molecules as a result h¹t phÊn TiÓu bμo tö tr-ëng thμnh, t¹o ra of the imposition of an electric field. trong tói phÊn c©y h¹t kÝn hoÆc tiÓu bμo polyadenylation 220 ®iÖn di gel polyacrylamit (viÕt t¾t: PAGE). vËt). C¸c ph«i nμy ®Òu ®ång nhÊt di truyÒn Ph-¬ng ph¸p phæ biÕn ph©n t¸ch axit víi nhau. nucleic vμ protein trªn c¬ së kÝch th-íc polyethylene glycol (Abbreviation: PEG). ph©n tö cña chóng. Ph-¬ng ph¸p nμy phô A polymer having the general formula thuéc vμo sù di chuyÓn qua ®o¹n khu«n HOCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2OH and available lμm chËm (polyacrylamide gel) cña ph©n in a range of molecular weights. Thus PEG tö ®-îc n¹p ®iÖn do chªnh lÖch ®iÖn 1000 is a polyethylene glycol of average tr-êng. molecular weight 1000. PEG 4000 and polyadenylation Post-transcriptional 6000 are commonly used to promote cell addition of multiple adenine residues to or protoplast fusion, and to facilitate DNA the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA. Also called uptake in the transformation of organisms poly-(A) tailing. The adenine-rich 3' such as yeast. Also used to concentrate terminal segment is called a poly (A) tail. solutions by withdrawing water from them adenin ho¸ Sù g¾n thªm sau phiªn m· via osmosis. c¸c gèc adenin kh¸c nhau cho mót 3' cña polyethylen glicol (viÕt t¾t: PEG). P«lime mRNA sinh vËt nh©n chuÈn. Cßn ®-îc gäi cã c«ng thøc chung lμ ®u«i poly-(A). §o¹n cuèi giμu adenin 3' HOCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2OH vμ tån t¹i ®-îc gäi ®u«i poly (A). thμnh mét d·y dμi cao ph©n tö . Nh- vËy polycistronic A single mRNA that PEG 1000 lμ mét glicol polyetylen cã ph©n contains the information necessary for the tö l-îng trung b×nh 1000. PEG 4000 vμ production of more than one polypeptide. 6000 th-êng ®-îc dïng ®Ó thóc ®Èy dung Particularly characteristic of prokaryotic hîp tÕ bμo hoÆc tÕ bμo trÇn, vμ ®Ó t¹o mRNAs. thuËn lîi viÖc chÊp nhËn DNA trong biÕn n¹p sinh vËt nh- nÊm men. Cßn dïng ®Ó polycistronic Mét mRNA ®¬n mang th«ng lμm t¨ng nång ®é dung dÞch do rót bá n-íc tin cÇn thiÕt ®Ó s¶n xuÊt nhiÒu h¬n mét nhê thÈm thÊu. polyeptit. §Æc tr-ng ®iÓn h×nh cña mRNA sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n. polygalacturonase (Abbreviation: PG). An enzyme which catalyses the polyclonal antibody A serum sample that breakdown of pectin. A tomato engineered contains a mixture of distinct to contain an antisense-PG gene immunoglobulin molecules, each succeeded in delaying the onset of recognizing a different antigenic softening, by inhibiting the expression of determinant of a given antigen. PG. This allowed the fruit to be picked at a kh¸ng thÓ ®a dßng MÉu huyÕt thanh cã riper stage than is conventionally possible, chøa hçn hîp c¸c ph©n tö globulin miÔn and represented the first commercialized dÞch t¸ch biÖt, mçi mÉu nhËn biÕt mét yÕu genetically engineered crop plant. tè quyÕt ®Þnh kh¸ng nguyªn kh¸c nhau cña polygalacturonaza (viÕt t¾t: PG). Mét mét kh¸ng nguyªn ®-îc t¹o ra. enzim xóc t¸c ph©n huû pectin. C©y cμ polycloning site vÞ trÝ ®a nh©n dßng chua kü thuËt ®Ó mang mét gen kh¸ng xem: polylinker. c¶m-PG tiÕp nèi lμm chËm khëi ph¸t mÒm polyembryony The production of more ho¸, do ng¨n chÆn biÓu thÞ PG. §iÒu nμy than one embryo from a single egg cell cho phÐp thu ho¹ch qu¶ trong mét thêi (in animals) or from a range of ®iÓm tËp trung h¬n kh¶ n¨ng b×nh th-êng, embryogenic cell types (in plants). These vμ ®¹i diÖn cho thùc vËt canh t¸c kü thuËt embryos are genetically identical to one di truyÒn ®-îc th-¬ng m¹i hãa ®Çu tiªn. another. polygene One of a number of genes, each sinh ®a ph«i S¶n xuÊt nhiÒu h¬n mét ph«i of small effect, which together act to tõ mét tÕ bμo trøng ®¬n (ë ®éng vËt) hoÆc determine the phenotype of a quantitative tõ hμng lo¹t tÕ bμo ph¸t sinh ph«i (ë thùc trait. The result is continuous variation in polygenic 221 the trait and a seemingly non-Mendelian dông cho qu¸ tr×nh t¸ch dßng.Tõ ®ång mode of inheritance. See: quantitative nghÜa: multiple cloning site (MCS). trait locus, continuous variation. polymer A macromolecule synthesized ®a gen Mét trong sè c¸c gen, mçi gen ®Òu by the chemical joining of many identical cã ¶nh h-ëng nhá, cïng t¸c ®éng ®Ó x¸c or similar monomers. For example, amino ®Þnh kiÓu h×nh cña mét tÝnh tr¹ng sè l-îng. acids, monosaccharides and nucleotides KÕt qu¶ lμ biÕn dÞ liªn tôc trong tÝnh tr¹ng give rise to proteins, polysaccharides and vμ d-êng nh- kiÓu di truyÒn ngoμi Mendel. nucleic acids respectively. Water is xem: quantitative trait locus, continuous eliminated between the monomers as they variation. link to form chains. The individual polygenic Character controlled by many monomer units condensed within a chain genes of small effect. See: polygene. are often referred to as residues, a term which is also employed for the bases thuéc ®a gen §Æc tr-ng kiÓm so¸t do incorporated in polynucleotides. nhiÒu gen hiÖu øng nhá. xem: polygene. polyme Mét ®¹i ph©n tö ®-îc tæng hîp do polyhydroxybutyrate (Abbreviation: kÕt nèi hãa häc nhiÒu ®¬n ph©n ®ång nhÊt PHB). A biopolymer, with physical hoÆc t-¬ng tù. VÝ dô, c¸c amino acid, properties similar to polystyrene, originally monosaccharide vμ nucleotide t¹o ra c¸c discovered in the bacterium Alcaligenes protein, polisacarit vμ axit nucleic t-¬ng eutropus. The gene coding for this øng. N-íc ®-îc lo¹i khái gi÷a c¸c ®¬n compound has since been transformed ph©n khi chóng nèi thμnh chuçi. NhiÒu ®¬n into both other bacteria and into some crop vÞ ®¬n ph©n riªng rÏ ®-îc c« ®Æc trong mét plants in order to produce a source of chuçi th-êng ®-îc ®Ò cËp nh- c¸c gèc, renewable raw material for the plastics thuËt ng÷ cßn ®-îc dïng chØ c¸c ba z¬ hîp industry. It is rapidly degraded by soil nhÊt trong polinucleotit. micro-organisms. polymerase An enzyme that catalyses the poligalacturonaza (viÕt t¾t: PHB). ChÊt formation of polymers from monomers. dÎo sinh häc, víi c¸c thuéc tÝnh vËt lý t-¬ng A DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA from tù nh- polystyrene, ban ®Çu kh¸m ph¸ ë deoxynucleoside triphosphates using a vi khuÈn Alcaligenes eutropus. M· hãa gen complementary DNA strand and a primer. cho hçn hîp nμy cã tõ khi biÕn n¹p trong An RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA c¶ c¸c vi khuÈn vμ mét sè gièng c©y trång from ribonucleoside triphosphates and a kh¸c víi môc ®Ých s¶n xuÊt nguån vËt liÖu complementary DNA strand. sèng cã kh¶ n¨ng ®æi míi nÒn c«ng nghiÖp chÊt dÎo. Nã nhanh chãng ®-îc ph©n huû enzim trïng hîp Lo¹i enzim xóc t¸c h×nh do vi sinh vËt ®Êt. thμnh p«lime tõ c¸c ®¬n ph©n. DNA polymeraza tæng hîp DNA tõ c¸c polylinker A synthetic segment of DNA, deoxynuclosit triphosphat sö dông s¬Þ DNA designed to include a number of different bæ sung vμ ®o¹n måi. RNA polymeraza restriction endonuclease sites. When tæng hîp RNA tõ c¸c ribonucleosit ligated to a DNA fragment that is to be triphosphat vμ sîi DNA bæ sung. cloned, this enables a wide choice of restriction endonucleases to be used for polymerase chain reaction the cloning process. Synonym: multiple (Abbreviation: PCR). A widespread cloning site (MCS). molecular biology procedure that allows the production of multiple copies polylinke §o¹n DNA tæng hîp, ®-îc thiÕt (amplification) of a specific DNA kÕ gåm cã mét sè vÞ trÝ endonucleaza giíi sequence, provided that the base pair h¹n kh¸c biÖt. Khi ®-îc kÕt nèi víi ®o¹n sequence of each end of the target is DNA ®Ó nh©n dßng, nã cho phÐp lùa chän known. It involves multiple cycles of DNA réng r·i c¸c endonucleaza giíi h¹n ®Ó sö denaturation, primer annealing, and polymerization 222 strand extension, and requires a ®· cung cÊp c«ng cô chÈn ®o¸n m¹nh. thermostable DNA polymerase, Xem: DNA diagnostics, microsatellites, deoxyribonucleotides, and specific restriction fragment length polymorphism. oligonucleotides (primers). 2. TÇn suÊt cña hai hoÆc nhiÒu d¹ng h×nh ph¶n øng chuçi enzim trïng hîp (viÕt trong mét quÇn thÓ. Xem: balanced t¾t: PCR). Ph-¬ng ph¸p sinh häc ph©n tö polymorphism, chromosomal ®-îc øng dông réng r·i cho phÐp s¶n xuÊt polymorphism. sè l-îng lín b¶n sao (khuÕch ®¹i) cña tr×nh polynucleotide A linear polymer tù DNA ®-îc ghi râ, cung cÊp ®Ó tr×nh tù composed of covalently linked cÆp baz¬ cña mçi mót ®Ých ®-îc nhËn biÕt. nucleotides. Each link is formed by a Nã kÐo theo chu tr×nh biÕn tÝnh DNA béi, single phosphodiester bond. The term mÒm ho¸ ®o¹n måi vμ më réng sîi, vμ yªu is used to describe DNA and RNA. cÇu mét enzim trïng hîp DNA chÞu nhiÖt, polynucleotit P«lime m¹ch th¼ng gåm cã c¸c deoxyribonucleotit vμ oligonucleotit c¸c nuleotit liªn kÕt ®ång hãa trÞ. Mçi liªn ®Æc biÖt (c¸c ®o¹n måi). kÕt ®-îc h×nh thμnh bëi mét liªn kÕt polymerization The chemical fusion of a phosphodiester ®¬n. ThuËt ng÷ ®-îc dïng number of identical or similar monomers m« t¶ DNA vμ RNA. to form a polymer. Common biological polypeptide A linear polymer composed polymers are starch (polymerized of covalently linked amino acids. Each link monosaccharides), DNA is formed by a single peptide bond. (deoxyribonucleotides) and proteins Sometimes used as a synonym for (amino acids). protein, but also describes non-natural sù trïng hîp Dung hîp hãa häc mét sè and low-molecular-weight polymers. l-îng ®¬n ph©n ®ång nhÊt hoÆc t-¬ng tù polypeptit P«lime m¹ch th¼ng gåm cã c¸c ®Ó h×nh thμnh p«lime. C¸c p«lime sinh häc amino acid liªn kÕt ®ång hãa trÞ. Mçi liªn phæ biÕn lμ tinh bét (monosacarit trïng kÕt ®-îc h×nh thμnh bëi mét liªn kÕt peptit hîp), DNA (c¸c deoxyribonucleotit) vμ ®¬n. NhiÒu khi ®-îc dïng ®ång nghÜa cho protein (c¸c amino acid). protein, nh-ng cßn ®Ó m« t¶ c¸c polyme polymery The phenomenon whereby a träng l-îng ph©n tö thÊp vμ kh«ng thuéc number of genes at different loci (which tù nhiªn. may be polygenes) can act together to polyploid Organism, tissue or cells produce a single effect. having more than two complete sets of hiÖn t-îng trïng hîp HiÖn t-îng nhê ®ã chromosomes. Many crop plants are sè l-îng gen ë c¸c æ gen kh¸c nhau (cÇn polyploid, including bread wheat ph¶i lμ ®a gen) cã kh¶ n¨ng t¸c ®éng lÉn (hexaploid, 6x), cotton and alfalfa nhau g©y ra hiÖu øng ®¬n. (tetraploid, 4x), and banana (triploid, 3x). polymorphism 1. The occurrence of ®a béi Sinh vËt, m« hoÆc c¸c tÕ bμo cã allelic variation at a locus. Polymorphism nhiÒu h¬n hai bé nhiÔm s¾c thÓ hoμn chØnh. in nucleotide sequences has provided NhiÒu thùc vËt canh t¸c lμ ®a béi, bao gåm powerful diagnostic tools. See: DNA lóa m× (thÓ lôc béi, 6 X), b«ng vμ cá linh diagnostics, microsatellites, restriction l¨ng (thÓ tø béi, 4 X), vμ chuèi (thÓ tam fragment length polymorphism. 2. The béi, 3 X). occurrence of two or more forms in a polysaccharide A linear or branched population. See: balanced polymer (e.g. starch, cellulose, etc.) polymorphism, chromosomal composed of covalently linked polymorphism. monosaccharides, including cellulose, tÝnh ®a h×nh 1. TÇn suÊt biÕn dÞ alen t¹i æ pectin and starch. Synonym: gen. TÝnh ®a h×nh trong tr×nh tù nucleotit carbohydrate. polysaccharide capsule 223 polysaccharit P«lime m¹ch th¼ng hoÆc polyvinylpyrrolidone (Abbreviation: ph©n nh¸nh (vÝ dô tinh bét, xen-lu-l«, v.v.) PVP). An occasional constituent of plant ®-îc t¹o thμnh tõ c¸c monosacarit liªn kÕt tissue culture isolation media. PVP is of ®ång ho¸ trÞ, bao gåm xen-lu-l«, pectin vμ variable molecular weight and of general tinh bét. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: carbohydrate. formula (C6H9NO)n. Its antioxidant polysaccharide capsule bao con nhéng properties are used to prevent oxidative polisacarit xem: capsule. browning of excised plant tissues. Less frequently used as an osmoticum in polysome A multi-ribosomal structure culture media. representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by mRNA. polyvinylpyrrolidon (viÕt t¾t: PVP). Thμnh phÇn ngÉu nhiªn cña m«i tr-êng bé rib« thÓ CÊu tróc ribosom ®a cùc ®¹i ph©n lËp nu«i cÊy m« thùc vËt. PVP cã diÖn mét m¶ng m¹ch th¼ng ribosom ®-îc träng l-îng ph©n tö biÕn ®æi vμ c«ng thøc b¸m gi÷ vμo nhau bëi mRNA. chung lμ (C6H9NO)n. C¸c thuéc tÝnh polyspermy The entry of several sperm chèng oxi hãa ®-îc dïng ®Ó ng¨n ngõa nuclei into the egg during fertilization, mμu n©u oxy hãa cña m« thùc vËt bÞ c¾t. although only one actually fuses with the §-îc dïng lμm chÊt thÊm läc trong m«i egg nucleus. tr-êng nu«i cÊy nh-ng kh«ng phæ biÕn. thô tinh ®a tinh trïng Th©m nhËp cña population A defined group of mét vμi nh©n tinh trïng vμo trøng trong khi interbreeding organisms. thô tinh, mÆc dï chØ mét nh©n thËt sù kÕt quÇn thÓ Nhãm giíi h¹n sinh vËt t¹p giao. hîp víi nh©n trøng. population density Number of cells or polytene chromosome Giant individuals per unit. The unit could be an chromosomes produced by interphase area, or a volume of medium. replication without division, and consisting of many identical chromatids arranged mËt ®é quÇn thÓ Sè l-îng tÕ bμo hoÆc side by side. c¸ thÓ tÝnh theo ®¬n vÞ. §¬n vÞ nμy cã thÓ lμ mét vïng, hoÆc mét thÓ tÝch cña m«i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®a sîi NhiÔm s¾c thÓ tr-êng. khæng lå s¶n xuÊt do sao chÐp k× nghØ kh«ng cã ph©n chia, vμ gåm nhiÒu nhiÔm population genetics The branch of s¾c tö ®ång nhÊt x¾p xÕp c¹nh nhau. genetics that deals with frequencies of alleles and genotypes in breeding polyunsaturates Oils in which some of the populations. carbon-carbon bonds are not fully hydrogenated - i.e. of the form -CH=CH-, di truyÒn häc quÇn thÓ Ngμnh cña di truyÒn häc cã quan hÖ víi tÇn sè alen vμ rather than -CH2-CH2-. kiÓu gen trong quÇn thÓ nh©n gièng sinh chÊt bÐo ch-a no ChÊt dÇu trong ®ã mét s¶n. sè liªn kÕt c¸c bon- c¸c bon ch-a ®-îc hydro hãa hoμn toμn nghÜa lμ cña d¹ng - porcine endogenous retrovirus CH=CH-, thay v× -CH2-CH2-. (Abbreviation: PERV). The provirus of a porcine retrovirus. The possibility that polyvalent vaccine A recombinant PERVs could be activated after organism into which antigenic xenotransplantation of pig organs into determinants have been cloned from a humans has raised concern that number of pathogens, for use as a xenotransplantation may result in the vaccine. transfer of novel infections to the human vacxin ®a ho¸ trÞ Sinh vËt t¸i tæ hîp mμ population. trong ®ã nh©n tè quyÕt ®Þnh kh¸ng nguyªn virus lÆn néi sinh sóc vËt (viÕt t¾t: ®-îc t¹o dßng tõ mét sè vËt g©y bÖnh, ®Ó PERV). TiÒn virut cña vi rót lÆn gia sóc. dïng lμm vacxin. position effect 224 Kh¶ n¨ng ®Ó c¸c PERV cã thÓ ®-îc kÝch positive control system A mechanism in ho¹t sau cÊy ghÐp kh¸c th-êng c¸c c¬ which a regulatory protein(s) is required quan gia sóc cho ng-êi lμm ph¸t sinh sù to turn on gene expression. lo l¾ng viÖc cÊy ghÐp kh¸c th-êng cã thÓ hÖ ®iÒu khiÓn d-¬ng tÝnh C¬ chÕ trong dÉn ®Õn chuyÓn nhiÔm bÖnh l¹ cho vïng ®ã protein ®iÒu hoμ ®-îc yªu cÇu lÇn l-ît d©n c-. trªn biÓu thÞ gen. position effect The influence of the positive selectable marker dÊu chuÈn location of a gene (particularly a kh¶ n¨ng lùa chän d-¬ng tÝnh Xem: transgene) on its expression and hence dominant selectable marker. its effect on phenotype. positive selection A method by which ¶ ¶nh h-ëng vÞ trÝ nh h-ëng vÞ trÝ gen (®Æc cells that carry a DNA insert integrated at biÖt gen chuyÓn) ®Õn biÓu thÞ cña nã vμ a specific chromosomal location can be do vËy ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn kiÓu h×nh. selected, since this integration confers a positional candidate gene A gene known predictable phenotype. to be located in the same region as a DNA chän läc d-¬ng tÝnh Ph-¬ng ph¸p theo marker that has been shown to be linked ®ã c¸c tÕ bμo mang ®o¹n chÌn DNA hîp to a single-locus trait or to a QTL, and nhÊt t¹i vÞ trÝ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ riªng biÖt cã whose deduced function suggests that it thÓ ®-îc lùa chän, v× sù hîp nhÊt nμy dù could be the source of genetic variation in tÝnh mét kiÓu h×nh cã thÓ dù ®o¸n. the trait in question. post-replication repair A recombination- gen øng cö vÞ trÝ Gen ®-îc biÕt sÏ ®Þnh dependent mechanism for repairing vÞ trong vïng gièng nhau nh- mét dÊu damaged DNA. chuÈn DNA mμ ®· chØ ra lμ sÏ ®-îc liªn söa ch÷a hËu sao chÐp C¬ chÕ phô kÕt víi mét tÝnh tr¹ng æ gen ®¬n hoÆc víi thuéc t¸i tæ hîp ®Ó söa ch÷a DNA bÞ h- mét æ gen tÝnh tr¹ng sè l-îng (QTL), vμ h¹i. chøc n¨ng suy diÔn cña nã gîi ý r»ng cã thÓ lμ nguån biÕn dÞ di truyÒn cña tÝnh tr¹ng post-translational modification The cßn nghi vÊn. addition of specific chemical residues to a protein after it has been translated. positional cloning A strategy for gene Common residues are phosphate groups cloning that relies on the identification of (phosphorylation) and sugars closely linked markers to the target trait, (glycosylation). and then uses chromosome walking to identify, isolate and characterize the biÕn ®æi sau dÞch m· G¾n thªm c¸c ®u«i gene(s) responsible for the trait. The hãa häc ®Æc biÖt cho protein sau dÞch m·. strategy is particularly appropriate when C¸c ®u«i phæ biÕn lμ c¸c gèc phèt ph¸t the biochemical basis of the target trait is (photphoryl hãa) vμ ®-êng (glycozyl hãa). unclear, thus precluding the use of a potentiometric xem: enzyme electrode. candidate gene approach. PPF ViÕt t¾t cña photosynthetic photon t¹o dßng ®Þnh vÞ ChiÕn l-îc t¹o dßng flux. gen tin t-ëng vμo sù nhËn biÕt c¸c dÊu ppm ViÕt t¾t cña parts per million. chuÈn liªn kÕt chÆt víi tÝnh tr¹ng môc tiªu, PR protein ViÕt t¾t cña pathogenesis vμ sau ®ã sö dông kÐo dμi nhiÔm s¾c thÓ related protein. ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh, ph©n lËp vμ m« t¶ ®Æc tr-ng c¸c gen chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm cho tÝnh tr¹ng precautionary principle The approach nμy. ChiÕn l-îc ®Æc biÖt phï hîp khi c¬ së whereby any possible risk associated with hãa sinh cña tÝnh tr¹ng môc tiªu kh«ng the introduction of a new technology is ®-îc râ rμng, do vËy ng¨n c¶n sö dông avoided, until a full understanding of its th¨m dß gen øng cö . impact on health, environment etc. is precocious germination 225 available. Particularly applied to the miÔn dÞch dù phßng NhiÔm bÖnh víi release of genetically modified organisms, kh¸ng nguyªn kh¬i mμo mét ph¶n øng since unlike many technologies, these kh¸ng thÓ ®Ó b¶o vÖ sinh vËt chèng nhiÔm cannot be recalled if problems arise. bÖnh vÒ sau.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: vaccination. nguyªn t¾c c¶nh b¸o tr-íc, nguyªn t¾c Pribnow box Consensus sequence near phßng ngõa C¸ch tiÕp cËn theo ®ã bÊt kú the mRNA start-point of prokaryotic genes. rñi ro cã thÓ x¶y ra kÕt hîp víi sù chuyÓn See: TATA box. vμo mét c«ng nghÖ míi ®-îc ng¨n ngõa, hép Pribnow Tr×nh tù liªn øng gÇn ®iÓm cho ®Õn khi nμo hiÓu biÕt ®Çy ®ñ ¶nh h-ëng khëi ®éng mRNA cña gen sinh vËt kh«ng cña nã ®Õn søc kháe, m«i tr-êng v©n v©n... nh©n. Xem:TATA box. lμ cã lîi. §-îc ¸p dông riªng ®Ó ph¸t hμnh primary First in order of time or nh÷ng sinh vËt biÕn ®æi gen, v× kh«ng gièng development. nh- nhiÒu c«ng nghÖ, chóng kh«ng thÓ ®-îc lÆp l¹i nÕu cã vÊn ®Ò ph¸t sinh. gèc §iÓm ®Çu tiªn theo thø tù thêi gian hoÆc ph¸t triÓn. precocious germination Early germination of a seed or embryo, prior to primary antibody In an ELISA or other the full maturation of the embryo. immunological assay, the antibody that binds to the target molecule. n¶y mÇm sím Sù n¶y mÇm sím cña h¹t hoÆc ph«i, tr-íc khi ph«i tr-ëng thμnh hoμn kh¸ng thÓ gèc Trong ELISA hoÆc thö toμn. nghiÖm miÔn dÞch kh¸c, kh¸ng thÓ kÕt khèi víi ph©n tö ®Ých. pre-filter A coarse filter used to screen out large particles from a fluid or gas, before it primary cell A cell or cell line taken is passed through a much finer filter. directly from a living organism, which is not immortalized. läc s¬ L-íi läc th« dïng ®Ó ch¾n ngoμi nh÷ng h¹t lín tõ mét chÊt láng hoÆc khÝ, tÕ bμo gèc TÕ bμo hoÆc dßng tÕ bμo ®-îc tr-íc khi nã ®-îc chuyÓn qua mét mμng lÊy ra trùc tiÕp tõ sinh vËt sèng, mμ kh«ng läc tinh vi h¬n. ®-îc hãa bÊt tö. pre-mRNA tiÒn RNA th«ng tin xem: primary cell wall The cell wall layer primary transcript. formed during cell expansion. Plant cells possessing only primary walls may divide pressure potential The pressure or undergo differentiation. generated within a cell, being the net difference between the cell’s osmotic v¸ch tÕ bμo gèc Líp v¸ch tÕ bμo h×nh potential and the water potential of the thμnh khi më réng tÕ bμo. TÕ bμo thùc vËt external environment. chØ cã v¸ch tÕ bμo gèc míi cã thÓ chia c¾t hoÆc chôi biÖt ho¸. thÕ n¨ng ¸p lùc ¸p lùc ph¸t sinh bªn trong tÕ bμo, diÔn ra kh¸c biÖt thùc gi÷a thÕ n¨ng primary culture A culture started from thÈm thÊu cña tÕ bμo vμ thÕ n¨ng n-íc cells, tissues or organs taken directly from cña m«i tr-êng ngoμi. organisms. A primary culture may be regarded as such until it is sub-cultured pre-transplant A stage in for the first time. It then becomes a cell micropropagation - the rooting and line. hardening process prior to transfer to soil. nu«i cÊy s¬ cÊp Nu«i cÊy khëi ®éng tõ tÕ cÊy chuyÓn s¬ Mét giai ®o¹n trong nh©n bμo, m« hoÆc c¬ quan trùc tiÕp lÊy ra tõ gièng vi m«- qu¸ tr×nh bÐn rÔ vμ lμm cøng sinh vËt. Nu«i cÊy s¬ cÊp cã thÓ ®-îc ®Ò c©y tr-íc khi chuyÓn ra ®Êt. nghÞ cho tíi khi ®-îc nu«i cÊy phô lÇn ®Çu. preventive immunization Infection with Sau ®ã trë thμnh mét dßng tÕ bμo. an antigen to elicit an antibody response primary germ layers líp mÇm gèc xem: that will protect the organism against future germ layer. infections. Synonym: vaccination. primary growth 226 primary growth 1. Apical meristem- from which DNA polymerase will derived growth; the tissues of a young synthesize a new DNA strand to produce plant. 2. Explant growth during the initial a duplex molecule. culture period. ®o¹n måi §o¹n oligonucleotit ng¾n ®-îc sinh tr-ëng s¬ cÊp 1. Sinh tr-ëng b¾t ñ thμnh khung mÉu cña DNA sîi ®¬n, cung nguån tõ m« ph©n sinh ®Ønh; c¸c m« cña cÊp cÊu tróc sîi nh©n ®«i tõ ®ã enzim trïng c©y trÎ. 2. Sinh tr-ëng m¶nh ghÐp trong hîp DNA sÏ tæng hîp sîi DNA míi ®Ó s¶n giai ®o¹n nu«i cÊy ban ®Çu. xuÊt ph©n tö xo¾n kÐp. primary immune response The immune primer walking A method for sequencing response that occurs during the first long (>1 kbp) cloned pieces of DNA. The encounter of a mammal with a given initial sequencing reaction reveals the antigen. sequence of the first few hundred ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch s¬ cÊp Ph¶n øng nucleotides of the cloned DNA. Using miÔn dÞch xÈy ra trong khi tiÕp xóc lÇn ®Çu this, a new primer of about 20 nucleotides cña mét ®éng vËt cã vó víi mét kh¸ng is synthesized, which is complementary to nguyªn nhÊt ®Þnh. a sequence near the end of sequenced DNA, and used to sequence the next few primary meristem Meristem of the shoot hundred nucleotides of the cloned DNA. or root tip giving rise to the primary plant This procedure is repeated until the body. complete nucleotide sequence of the m« ph©n sinh s¬ cÊp M« ph©n sinh cña cloned DNA is determined. ®Ønh chåi hoÆc rÔ c©y t¹o ra t¨ng tr-ëng kÐo dμi ®o¹n måi Ph-¬ng ph¸p lμm tr×nh th©n c©y chÝnh. tù dμi (>1kbp) c¸c ®o¹n nèi nh©n dßng primary structure The linear sequence of DNA. Ph¶n øng lμm tr×nh tù ban ®Çu biÓu residues making up a polymer such as a lé tr×nh tù vμi tr¨m nuleotit ®Çu tiªn cña nucleic acid, polysaccharide or protein. DNA nh©n dßng. Sö dông ë ®©y, mét ®o¹n See: secondary structure, tertiary måi míi kho¶ng 20 nuleotit ®-îc tæng hîp, structure and quaternary structure. lμ bæ sung cho tr×nh tù gÇn mót cña DNA cÊu tróc s¬ cÊp Tr×nh tù m¹ch th¼ng cña tr×nh tù, vμ dïng lμm tr×nh tù vμi tr¨m c¸c ®u«i t¹o ra mét lo¹i p«lime nh- axit nuleotit tiÕp theo cña DNA nh©n dßng. nucleic, polisacarit hoÆc protein. xem: C¸ch thøc nμy ®-îc lÆp l¹i cho ®Õn khi tr×nh secondary structure, tertiary structure and tù nucleotit hoμn chØnh cña DNA nh©n dßng quaternary structure. ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh. primary tissue A tissue that has primordium A group of cells which gives differentiated from a primary meristem. rise to an organ. m« s¬ cÊp M« ®· ®-îc biÖt ho¸ tõ m« bao gèc Nhãm tÕ bμo ph¸t sinh c¬ quan. ph©n sinh s¬ cÊp. primosome A protein-replication complex primary transcript The RNA molecule that catalyses the initiation of synthesis of produced by transcription prior to any Okazaki fragments during discontinuous post-transcriptional modifications; also replication of DNA. It involves DNA called a pre-mRNA in eukaryotes. primase and DNA helicase activities. b¶n dÞch gèc Ph©n tö RNA ®-îc t¹o ra thÓ gèc Hçn hîp b¶n sao-protein ®Ó xóc do phiªn m· tr-íc bÊt kú c¸c biÕn ®æi sau t¸c ban ®Çu tæng hîp ®o¹n Okazaki trong phiªn m·; cßn ®-îc gäi lμ tiÒn-mRNA trong khi sao chÐp kh«ng liªn tôc DNA. Nã kÐo sinh vËt cã nh©n. theo ho¹t ®éng DNA primase vμ DNA primer A short oligonucleotide annealed helicase. to a template of single-stranded DNA, prion Xem: proteinaceous infectious providing a doubled stranded structure particle. probability 227 probability The frequency of occurrence gåm yÕu tè sinh vËt, khÝ hËu, kinh tÕ, x· of an event. héi, v¨n hãa vμ chÝnh trÞ, chóng kÕt hîp l¹i x¸c suÊt TÇn sè biÕn cè cña mét sù kiÖn. ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh tiÒm lùc s¶n xuÊt cña mét tæ chøc kinh doanh riªng biÖt. M«i tr-êng s¶n proband The individual in a family in whom xuÊt ®-îc ph©n lo¹i nh- møc thu nhËp cao- an inherited trait is first identified. trung b×nh- vμ thÊp. ®Çu hÖ C¸ thÓ cña mét hä mμ trong c¸ production traits Characteristics of thÓ nμy mét tÝnh tr¹ng di truyÒn ®-îc x¸c animals, such as the quantity or quality of ®Þnh ®Çu tiªn. the milk, meat, fibre, eggs, work, etc., they probe A labelled DNA or RNA sequence (or their progeny) produce, which used to detect the presence of a contribute directly to the value of the complementary sequence by animals for the farmer, and that are hybridization with a nucleic acid sample. identifiable or measurable at the individual ®Çu dß Tr×nh tù DNA hoÆc RNA ®-îc ®¸nh level. dÊu dïng ®Ó ph¸t hiÖn sù cã mÆt cña tr×nh tÝnh tr¹ng kinh tÕ §Æc tr-ng cña ®éng tù bæ sung do lai víi mÉu axit nucleic. vËt, nh- sè l-îng hoÆc chÊt l-îng cña s÷a, procambium A primary meristem that thÞt, sîi, trøng, søc lμm viÖc, v.v., chóng gives rise to primary vascular tissues and, (hoÆc con ch¸u cña chóng) s¶n xuÊt ra, in most woody plants, to the vascular mμ trùc tiÕp ®ãng gãp vμo gi¸ trÞ cña ®éng cambium. vËt cho n«ng d©n, vμ cã thÓ nhËn biÕt hoÆc tiÒn t-îng tÇng M« ph©n sinh s¬ cÊp sinh ®o ®¹c ®-îc ë møc c¸ thÓ. ra m« m¹ch s¬ cÊp vμ, trong hÇu hÕt c©y productivity The amount of economically gç sinh ra m¹ch t-îng tÇng. significant product generated within a procaryote sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n xem:: given period of time from a specified prokaryote, prokaryotic. quantity of resource. procaryotic thuéc sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n n¨ng suÊt Tæng sè s¶n phÈm thiÕt yÕu (tÝnh tõ) xem: procaryote. kinh tÕ ®-îc ph¸t sinh trong suèt mét mïa vô t¹o ra tõ mét sè l-îng tμi nguyªn ®-îc processed pseudo-gene A copy of a ghi râ. functional gene which has no promoter, no introns and which, consequently, is not pro-embryo A group of cells arising from itself transcribed. the division of the fertilized egg cell or somatic embryo before those cells which gen gi¶ ®-îc xö lý B¶n sao gen ho¹t are to become the embryo are ®éng kh«ng cã khëi ®Çu, kh«ng cã vïng recognizable. néi vμ bëi thÕ nã kh«ng tù phiªn m·. tiÒn ph«i Nhãm tÕ bμo xuÊt hiÖn tõ ph©n production environment All input-output chia tÕ bμo trøng thô tinh hoÆc ph«i sinh relationships, over time, at a particular d-ìng tr-íc khi c¸c tÕ bμo nμy sÏ trë thμnh location. The relationships include ph«i thai thùc sù. biological, climatic, economic, social, cultural and political factors, which progeny Synonym of offspring. combine to determine the productive hËu duÖ Tõ ®ång nghÜa víi con ch¸u. potential of a particular enterprise. progeny testing With respect to discrete Production environments are classified as loci, the inference of the allelic state of an high-, medium- and low-input. individual from the pattern of segregation m«i tr-êng s¶n xuÊt TÊt c¶ mèi quan hÖ among its offspring. For a quantitative nhËp- xuÊt, thêi gian kh«ng h¹n chÕ, t¹i trait, the use of progeny performance to mét vÞ trÝ riªng biÖt. C¸c mèi quan hÖ bao estimate the breeding value of an individual. progesterone 228 thö nghiÖm hËu duÖ Cã quan hÖ víi æ proliferation Increase by frequent and gen t¸ch biÖt, sù suy diÔn tr¹ng th¸i alen repeated reproduction; growth by cell cña mét c¸ thÓ tõ mÉu t¸ch riªng theo con division. c¸i. §èi víi mét tÝnh tr¹ng sè l-îng, sö dông sù ph©n chia T¨ng nhanh do sinh s¶n lÆp thμnh tÝch con ch¸u ®Ó ®¸nh gi¸ gi¸ trÞ nh©n l¹i vμ th-êng xuyªn; sinh tr-ëng bëi ph©n gièng sinh s¶n cña mét c¸ thÓ. chia tÕ bμo. progesterone A hormone produced pro-meristem The embryonic meristem primarily by the corpus luteum, but also that is the source of organ initials or by the placenta. Its function in mammals foundation cells. is to prepare the inner lining of the uterus tiÒn m« ph©n sinh M« ph©n sinh thuéc for the implantation of a fertilized egg. Also ph«i lμ nguån gèc cña c¸c khëi ®Çu c¬ made by non-placental animals, including quan hoÆc tÕ bμo c¬ së. fish. promoter 1. A short DNA sequence, progesteron Hãc m«n ®-îc s¶n xuÊt chñ usually upstream of (5' to) the relevant yÕu do thÓ vμng, nh-ng cßn do nhau thai. coding sequence, to which RNA Chøc n¨ng trong ®éng vËt cã vó lμ ®Ó polymerase binds before initiating chuÈn bÞ líp mμng lãt phÝa trong tö cung transcription. This binding aligns the RNA ®Ó g¾n trøng thô tinh. Còng ®-îc t¹o ra do polymerase so that transcription will initiate ®éng vËt kh«ng nhau thai, bao gåm loμi at a specific site. The nucleotide c¸. sequence of the promoter determines the programmed cell death chÕt tÕ bμo nature of the enzyme that attaches to it ®-îc ch-¬ng tr×nh hãa xem: apoptosis, and the rate of RNA synthesis. 2. A p53 gene. chemical substance that enhances the prokaryote A member of the large group transformation of benign cells into of organisms, including bacteria and blue- cancerous cells. See: constitutive green algae, in which the chromosome is promoter. not enclosed within a nucleus, but instead khëi ®Çu 1. Tr×nh tù DNA ng¾n, th«ng exists as a linear or circular strand. th-êng ng-îc dßng cña (tõ 5' ®Õn) tr×nh tù Prokaryotes do not undergo meiosis and m· ho¸ thÝch hîp, ®Õn ®ã RNA polymerase do not have functional organelles such as kÕt nèi tr-íc khi phiªn m· b¾t ®Çu. Sù kÕt mitochondria and chloroplasts. See: nèi nμy s¾p th¼ng hμng RNA polymerase eukaryote. ®Ó phiªn m· b¾t ®Çu t¹i mét vÞ trÝ riªng sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n, tiÒn nh©n, nh©n biÖt. Tr×nh tù nucleotit cña khëi ®Çu x¸c s¬ Thμnh viªn cña nhãm lín sinh vËt, bao ®Þnh tÝnh chÊt enzim g¸n cho nã vμ nhÞp gåm c¶ vi khuÈn vμ ngμnh t¶o xanh n-íc ®é tæng hîp RNA. 2. ChÊt hãa häc lμm biÓn, trong ®ã nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ch-a ®-îc t¨ng c-êng biÕn n¹p tÕ bμo vèn kh«ng bao bäc trong nh©n, nh-ng ®Ó tån t¹i ®-îc nguy hiÓm thμnh tÕ bμo ung th-. Xem: thay thÕ nh- sîi th¼ng hoÆc vßng. Sinh constitutive promoter. vËt kh«ng nh©n kh«ng tr¶i qua gi¶m ph©n promoter sequence tr×nh tù khëi ®Çu vμ kh«ng cã bμo quan chøc n¨ng nh- ty xem: promoter (1). thÓ vμ diÖp lôc. Xem: eukaryote. pro-nuclear micro-injection An early, low prolactin A hormone, produced by the success-rate method to achieve anterior pituitary gland, that stimulates and transgenesis in animals, involving the controls lactation in mammals. micro-injection of many gene copies into Hãc m«n, ®-îc s¶n xuÊt bëi h¹ch thïy one of the two pro-nuclei of a fertilized tr-íc tuyÕn yªn, ®Ó kÝch thÝch vμ ®iÒu khiÓn egg. Now being replaced by micro-injection tiÕt s÷a cña ®éng vËt cã vó. into a culture of cloned embryos produced pro-nucleus 229 by nuclear transfer, which can be tested chromosome of a lysogenic bacterial for expression of the transgene before cell, and replicated along with its host transfer to recipient females. chromosome. b¬m vi m« nh©n tr-íc Ph-¬ng ph¸p tû thÓ thùc khuÈn gèc HÖ gen cña thÓ thùc lÖ thμnh c«ng thÊp, ®Çu tiªn ®¹t ®-îc sù khuÈn hîp nhÊt thμnh nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cña ph¸t sinh gen chuyÓn trong ®éng vËt, liªn tÕ bμo vi khuÈn ph©n gi¶i, vμ ®-îc xo¾n quan sù b¬m vi m« cña nhiÒu b¶n sao gen däc theo nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vËt chñ. vμo mét trong sè hai nh©n tr-íc cña trøng prophase The first stage of nuclear thô tinh. HiÖn nay ®ang ®-îc thay thÕ b»ng division. The stage during which b¬m vi m« vμo nu«i cÊy ph«i ®-îc t¹o dßng chromosome pairing occurs in the first t¹o ra do chuyÓn nh©n, ®Ó cã thÓ ®-îc thö division of meiosis (see: leptonema, biÓu thÞ gen chuyÓn tr-íc khi chuyÓn cho zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, thÓ c¸i nhËn. diakinesis). In mitosis and the second pro-nucleus Either one of the two haploid division of meiosis, the chromosomes gamete nuclei, just prior to their fusion in shorten and thicken as a result of coiling. the fertilized egg. k× ®Çu, tiÒn kú Giai ®o¹n ph©n chia nh©n nh©n tr-íc Mçi mét trong hai nh©n giao ®Çu tiªn. Giai ®o¹n trong ®ã sù cÆp ®«i tö ®¬n béi, ngay tr-íc khi dung hîp trong nhiÔm s¾c thÓ xuÊt hiÖn trong ph©n chia trøng thô tinh. lÇn ®Çu gi¶m ph©n (xem: leptonema, proofreading The scanning of newly- zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, synthesized DNA for structural defects, diakinesis ). Trong nguyªn ph©n vμ ph©n such as mis-matched base pairs. A chia lÇn hai gi¶m ph©n, c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ functional activity of most DNA co ng¾n vμ dμy lªn do kÕt qu¶ cuén vßng. polymerases. protamine A class of small basic proteins ®äc b¶n thö QuÐt DNA võa ®-îc tæng that replace the histones in the hîp cho nh÷ng lçi thuéc cÊu tróc, nh- c¸c chromosomes of some sperm cells. cÆp ba z¬ ch-a phï hîp. Mét ho¹t ®éng protamin Líp protein c¬ së nhá thay thÕ chøc n¨ng cña hÇu hÕt c¸c enzim trïng histon trong nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cña mét sè tÕ hîp DNA. bμo tinh trïng. propagation The duplication of a whole protease An enzyme that catalyses the plant from a range of vegetative materials; hydrolysis of proteins, cleaving the adapted for in vitro culture as peptide bonds that link amino acids in micropropagation. protein molecules. Synonym: peptidase. nh©n gièng Nh©n ®«i c¶ mét thùc vËt tõ proteaza Enzim xóc t¸c thñy ph©n protein, ph¹m vi vËt liÖu sinh d-ìng; thÝch hîp cho t¸ch liªn kÕt peptÝt ®Ó kÕt nèi c¸c amino nu«i cÊy trong èng nghiÖm nh- vi nh©n acid trong ph©n tö protein. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: gièng. peptidase. propagule Any structure capable of giving protein A macromolecule composed of rise to a new plant by asexual or sexual one or more polypeptides, each reproduction, including bulbils, leafbuds, comprising a chain of amino acids linked etc. by peptide bonds. vËt gi©m BÊt kú cÊu tróc nμo cã kh¶ n¨ng protein §¹i ph©n tö gåm cã mét hoÆc sinh ra mét c©y trång míi do sinh s¶n v« nhiÒu polyeptit, mçi polyeptit gåm cã mét tÝnh hoÆc h÷u tÝnh, bao gåm c¸c mÇm non, chuçi amino acid ®-îc kÕt nèi b»ng liªn nô, v©n v©n. kÕt peptit. pro-phage The genome of a protein crystallization The production of bacteriophage integrated into the a pure preparation of a protein. In this protein drug 230 form, the three-dimensional structure of the tæng hîp protein T¹o thμnh protein tõ molecule can be determined. amino acid thμnh phÇn, tháa m·n ®iÒu kiÖn kÕt tinh protein S¶n phÈm cña mét chÕ víi tr×nh tù DNA gen m· hãa. phÈm protein thuÇn khiÕt. Trong d¹ng nμy, proteinaceous infectious particle cÊu tróc kh«ng gian ba chiÒu cña ph©n tö Believed to be the agent responsible for cã thÓ ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh. the class of diseases called spongiform protein drug thuèc protein xem: encephalopathies, including scrapie in therapeutic agent. sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; mad cow disease) in cattle and CJD protein engineering Generating proteins in humans. It is an abnormal form of a brain with modified structures that confer novel protein, and has no detectable nucleic properties such as higher catalytic acid content. Synonym: prion. specificity or thermal stability. h¹t chuyÓn nhiÔm thÓ nhá protein §-îc protein kü thuËt Protein ph¸t sinh víi cÊu coi lμ t¸c nh©n chôi tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ líp tróc biÕn ®æi ®Ó trao ®æi c¸c tÝnh chÊt míi bÖnh h¹i ®-îc gäi lμ bÖnh n·o d¹ng bät l¹ nh- lμ tÝnh ®Æc thï xóc t¸c m¹nh hoÆc biÓn, bao gåm bÖnh n·o cõu, bÖnh n·o bÒn v÷ng nhiÖt. d¹ng bät biÓn gia sóc (BSE; bÖnh bß c¸i protein kinase An enzyme that catalyses ®iªn) trong gia cÇm vμ CJD trong ng-êi. the addition of a phosphate group(s) to a Nã lμ mét d¹ng dÞ th-êng cña protein n·o, protein molecule at the sites of serine, vμ kh«ng cã thÓ nhËn ®-îc dÊu vÕt axit threonine or tyrosine residues. nucleic. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: prion. Enzim xóc t¸c g¾n thªm mét hoÆc nhiÒu proteolysis Enzymatic degradation of a nhãm phèt ph¸t cho mét ph©n tö protein protein. t¹i c¸c vÞ trÝ cña gèc serin, threonine hoÆc ph©n huû protein Sù ph©n r· enzim cña tirosin. mét protein. protein metabolic step One step in the proteolytic Having the ability to degrade chain of reactions that take place in an protein molecules. organism and dictate the composition of that organism. (thuéc) ph©n huû protein Cã kh¶ n¨ng ph©n r· c¸c ph©n tö protein. b-íc chuyÓn ho¸ protein Mét b-íc cña chuçi ph¶n øng x¶y ra trong sinh vËt vμ proteome The complete complement of ®iÒu khiÓn thμnh phÇn cña sinh vËt nμy. proteins made by a given species in all its tissues and growth stages. protein sequencing The process of determining the amino acid sequence of proteome ThÓ bæ sung hoμn chØnh protein a protein. Usually achieved following t¹o ra do mét lo¹i nhÊt ®Þnh trong tÊt c¶ initially partial hydrolysis of the protein c¸c m« bμo vμ giai ®o¹n sinh tr-ëng cña into smaller peptides by enzymatic nã. digestion. proteomics An approach that seeks to lμm tr×nh tù protein Qu¸ tr×nh x¸c ®Þnh identify and characterize complete sets of tr×nh tù amino acid cña protein. Th-êng ®¹t protein, and protein-protein interactions ®-îc tiÕp theo thñy ph©n phÇn ®Çu cña in a given species. See: proteome, protein thμnh c¸c peptit nhá h¬n do tiªu genomics. hãa enzim. hÖ protein C¸ch tiÕp cËn ®Ó t×m kiÕm x¸c protein synthesis The creation of ®Þnh vμ m« t¶ ®Æc ®iÓm c¸c tËp hîp hoμn proteins from their constituent amino chØnh protein, vμ sù t-¬ng t¸c protein- acids, in accordance with the encoding protein trong mét loμi nhÊt ®Þnh. xem: gene DNA sequence. proteome, genomics. protoclone 231 protoclone Regenerated plant derived ®ã b¶o ®¶m r»ng kh«ng xuÊt hiÖn tù thô from protoplast culture or a single phÊn. colony derived from protoplasts in culture. protomeristem tiÒn m« ph©n sinh xem: dßng nguyªn sinh C©y trång t¸i sinh b¾t pro-meristem. nguån tõ nu«i cÊy chÊt nguyªn sinh hoÆc proto-oncogene A normal gene that can khuÈn l¹c ®¬n b¾t nguån tõ chÊt nguyªn be mutated to an oncogene. Synonym: sinh trong nu«i cÊy. cellular oncogene. protocol The step-by-step experiments tiÒn gen ung th- Gen b×nh th-êng nã cã proposed to describe or solve a scientific thÓ ®-îc ®ét biÕn thμnh gen g©y ung th-. problem, or the defined steps of a specific Tõ ®ång nghÜa: cellular oncogene. procedure. protoplasm The essential, complex living nghi thøc Nh÷ng thö nghiÖm tu©n theo substance of cells, upon which all vital tõng b-íc ®-îc nªu ra ®Ó m« t¶ hoÆc gi¶i functions of nutrition, secretion, growth and quyÕt mét vÊn ®Ò khoa häc, hoÆc tõng reproduction depend. b-íc ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh theo mét c¸ch thøc chÊt nguyªn sinh VËt chÊt sèng thiÕt yÕu, ghi râ. phøc hîp cña tÕ bμo, nhê ®ã tÊt c¶ c¸c protocorm A tuberous structure, formed chøc n¨ng sèng cßn cña dinh d-ìng, dù following the germination of orchid seeds, tr÷, sinh tr-ëng vμ sinh s¶n phô thuéc vμo. from which develops a complete plant. It protoplast A bacterial or plant cell for develops from an unorganized embryo in which the cell wall has been removed the seed, comprising only a few hundred either chemically or enzymatically, leaving cells. In culture, vegetative explants of its cytoplasm enveloped by a peripheral several orchid species form round, smooth membrane. Protoplasts are spherical and protocorms which can be multiplied smaller than the elongate, angular shaped indefinitely or induced to regenerate into and often vacuolated cells from which they a whole plant. have been released. mÇm rÔ CÊu tróc h×nh cñ, ®-îc h×nh thμnh tÕ bμo chÊt nguyªn sinh TÕ bμo vi khuÈn sau n¶y mÇm cña gièng c©y phong lan, tõ hoÆc thùc vËt v× do v¸ch tÕ bμo ®-îc lo¹i ®ã ph¸t triÓn c©y hoμn chØnh. Nã ph¸t triÓn bá b»ng hãa häc hoÆc enzim, bá l¹i chÊt tõ ph«i kh«ng cã tæ chøc trong h¹t, bao tÕ bμo ®-îc bäc ngoμi b»ng mμng ngo¹i gåm chØ mét vμi tr¨m tÕ bμo. Trong nu«i vi cña nã. TÕ bμo nguyªn sinh lμ tÕ bμo cÊy m«, c¸c m¶nh nu«i cÊy sinh d-ìng h×nh cÇu vμ nhá kÐo dμi, h×nh thï râ rμng cña mét sè loμi phong lan h×nh thμnh c¸c vμ th-êng cã kh«ng bμo mμ tõ ®ã chóng rÔ mÇm xung quanh, mÞn mμ cã thÓ ®-îc ®-îc gi¶i phãng. nh©n lªn v« h¹n ®Þnh hoÆc ®-îc thóc ®Èy ®Ó t¸i sinh thμnh c¶ c©y. protoplast culture The culturing in vitro of plant protoplasts. Where protoplasts protoderm A primary meristem tissue can be regenerated into whole plants, they that gives rise to epidermis. represent an attractive target for genetic tiÒn biÓu b× M« ph©n sinh gèc sinh ra manipulation. biÓu b×. nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo nguyªn sinh Nu«i cÊy protogyny The condition in which the trong èng nghiÖm tÕ bμo nguyªn sinh thùc female reproductive organs (carpels) of a vËt. N¬i c¸c tÕ bμo nguyªn sinh cã thÓ ®-îc flower mature before the male ones t¸i sinh thμnh toμn bé c©y, chóng ®¹i diÖn (stamens), thereby ensuring that self- mét h-íng cã søc hÊp dÉn ®Ó thao t¸c gen. fertilization does not occur. protoplast fusion The induced or nhôy chÝn tr-íc T×nh tr¹ng mμ trong ®ã spontaneous coalescence of two or more c¬ quan sinh s¶n c¸i (l¸ no·n) cña hoa protoplasts of the same or different tr-ëng thμnh tr-íc gièng ®ùc (nhÞ hoa), do species origin. Where fused protoplasts prototroph 232 can be regenerated into whole plants, the vïng tù sinh d-ìng gi¶ Khu vùc t¹i mét opportunity exists for the creation of novel mót nhiÔm s¾c thÓ X vμ Y v× ®Ó cã mét sù genomic combinations. See: cybrid. t-¬ng ®ång võa ®ñ cho mét kú tiÕp hîp dung hîp tÕ bμo chÊt nguyªn sinh KÕt gi÷a chóng trong gi¶m ph©n. tô nhê c¶m øng hoÆc tù nhiªn cña hai hoÆc pseudocarp A fruit that incorporates, in nhiÒu tÕ bμo nguyªn sinh cña cïng loμi addition to the ovary wall, other parts of hoÆc loμi kh¸c nguån gèc. N¬i tÕ bμo the flower, such as the receptacle (e.g. nguyªn sinh ®-îc dung hîp cã thÓ ®-îc strawberry). Synonym: false fruit. t¸i sinh thμnh toμn bé c©y, c¬ héi tån t¹i qu¶ gi¶ Qu¶ mμ hîp nhÊt, thªm vμo v¸ch ®Ó t¹o ra t¸i tæ hîp míi. Xem: cybrid. no·n, c¸c phÇn kh¸c cña hoa, nh- chç prototroph A nutritionally independent chøa ®ùng (vÝ dô c©y d©u t©y). Tõ ®ång cell. Opposite: auxotroph. nghÜa: false fruit thÓ nguyªn d-ìng TÕ bμo ®éc lËp kiÓu pseudogene An incomplete or mutated dinh d-ìng.Ng-îc víi: auxotroph. copy of a gene which is not transcribed pro-toxin A latent, non-active precursor because it lacks a continuous open form of a toxin. reading frame. Those that lack introns are called processed pseudogenes and tiÒn ®éc tè D¹ng tiÒn chÊt tiÒm Èn, kh«ng are most likely cDNA copies synthesized ho¹t ®éng cña mét ®éc tè. from mRNA by reverse transcriptase protozoan (pl.: protozoa) A microscopic, gen gi¶ B¶n sao kh«ng ®Çy ®ñ hoÆc bÞ single-cell organism. ®ét biÕn cña gen mμ ch-a ®-îc phiªn m· ®éng vËt nguyªn sinh (sè nhiÒu: do nã thiÕu mét khung ®äc më tiÕp theo. protozoa) Sinh vËt ®¬n bμo quan s¸t râ Nh÷ng c¸i thiÕu intron ®Òu ®-îc gäi lμ gen b»ng kÝnh hiÓn vi. gi¶ vμ hÇu hÕt ®Òu gièng c¸c b¶n sao DNA protruding end mót låi xem: extension. bæ sung ®-îc tæng hîp tõ RNA th«ng tin provenance The geographical and/or do enzim phiªn m· ng-îc. genetic origin of an individual. Pseudomonas spp. A widely distributed gèc ph¸t sinh Nguån gèc ®Þa lý vμ/hoÆc Gram-negative bacterial genus. Many of di truyÒn cña mét c¸ thÓ. the soil forms produce a pigment that fluoresces under ultraviolet light, hence the provirus A double stranded DNA copy of descriptive term fluorescent the single RNA strand of a retrovirus, Pseudomonas. which has been integrated into a host genome. Pseudomonas spp. Mét gièng vi khuÈn gram ©m ph©n bè réng r·i. Cã nhiÒu d¹ng tiÒn virut B¶n sao DNA sîi kÐp mét sîi r¾n t¹o ra chÊt mμu ®Ó ph¸t huúnh quang RNA ®¬n cña vi rót lÆn, chóng ®-îc hîp d-íi tia tö ngo¹i, do vËy thuËt ng÷ diÔn t¶ nhÊt vμo hÖ gen vËt chñ. huúnh quang Pseudomonas. pseudo-affinity chromatography A P-site vÞ trÝ P viÕt t¾t cña peptidyl-tRNA chromatographic technique in which a binding site. ligand is immobilized selectively to retain enzymes or other proteins. psychrophile A micro-organism that can grow at temperatures below 30 oC and as s¾c ký ¸i lùc gi¶ Kü thuËt ghi s¾c ký trong low as 0oC. See: mesophile, thermophile. ®ã mét phèi tö ®-îc cè ®Þnh chän läc ®Ó gi÷ l¹i c¸c enzim hoÆc protein kh¸c. sinh vËt -a l¹nh Vi sinh vËt cã thÓ sinh tr-ëng ë nhiÖt ®é d-íi 30oC vμ thÊp ë 0oC. pseudo-autosomal region A section at xem: mesophile, thermophile. one end of the X and Y chromosomes for which there is sufficient homology that PUC A widely used plasmid, containing there is synapsis between them during as a marker a galactosidase gene. meiosis. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis 233 PUC Plasmit ®-îc sö dông réng r·i, mang purin Mét ba z¬ vßng ®«i chøa nit¬ cã mÆt mét dÊu chuÈn lμ gen galactosidase. trong axit nucleic. Adenin (A) vμ guanin (G) pulsed-field gel electrophoresis lμ hai purin b×nh th-êng cã mÆt trong c¸c (Abbreviation: PFGE). A procedure used ph©n tö DNA vμ RNA. to separate very large (50 kbp to several PVP 1. viÕt t¾t cña polyvinylpyrrolidone. Mbp) DNA molecules by alteRNAting the 2. viÕt t¾t cña plant variety protection . direction of electric current in a pulsed PVR viÕt t¾t cña plant variety rights. manner across a gel. PWP viÕt t¾t cña permanent wilting point. ®iÖn di gel rung (viÕt t¾t: PFGE). Ph-¬ng pyrethrins Active constituents of ph¸p dïng ®Ó ph©n t¸ch c¸c ph©n tö DNA pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) rÊt lín (50 kbp tíi vμi Mbp) do dßng ®iÖn flowers, used as insecticides. xoay chiÒu theo kiÓu rung qua chÊt gel. pyrethrin C¸c thμnh phÇn ho¹t ®éng cña punctuated equilibrium The occurrence c©y kim cóc (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), of speciation events in bursts, separated ®-îc dïng lμm thuèc trõ s©u. by long intervals of species stability. pyrimidine A single-ring, nitrogen- c©n b»ng ng¾t qu·ng TÇn suÊt sù kiÖn containing base present in nucleic acids. h×nh thμnh loμi khi bïng næ, ®-îc ph©n t¸ch Cytosine (C) and thymine (T) are present theo c¸c kho¶ng dμi cña c¸c loμi æn ®Þnh. in DNA, whereas uracil (U) replaces T in pure line A strain in which all members RNA. Thymine is a synonym for 5- are genetically nearly identical and are methyluracil. indistinguishable by phenotype. Usually pyrimidin Mét ba z¬ vßng- ®¬n, chøa nit¬ created by repeated generations of self- cã mÆt trong c¸c axit nucleic. Xytosin (C) fertilization or close inbreeding. vμ thimin (T) cã mÆt trong DNA, trong khi dßng thuÇn Mét chñng trong ®ã tÊt c¶ c¸c Uracil (U) thay thÕ T trong RNA. Thimin lμ thμnh viªn lμ gÇn nh- ®ång nhÊt vμ kh«ng mét tõ ®ång nghÜa cho 5-methyluracil. thÓ ph©n biÖt ®-îc b»ng kiÓu h×nh. Th-êng pyrogen Bacterial substance that causes ®-îc t¹o ra bëi c¸c thÕ hÖ lÆp do tù thô fever in mammals. tinh hoÆc néi phèi khÐp kÝn. chÊt g©y sèt ChÊt vi khuÈn g©y bÖnh sèt purification tag ®Çu lμm s¹ch Xem: affinity trong c¸c ®éng vËt cã vó. tag. pyrophosphate A phosphate ion dimer; purine A double-ring, nitrogen-containing may be released on hydrolysis of ATP base present in nucleic acids. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are the two purines phèt ph¸t cao n¨ng Mét chÊt trïng ph©n normally present in DNA and RNA ion phèt ph¸t; cã thÓ ®-îc gi¶i phãng nhê molecules. thñy ph©n ATP. 234 ghÐp bé bèn Di truyÒn cña c¸c alen trong thÓ tø béi tù d-ìng. Mét kiÓu gen AAAa sÏ s¶n xuÊt c¸c giao tö AA, Aa víi tû lÖ 3:1. qualitative trait A trait that shows Qq discontinuous variation - i.e. individuals can be assigned to one of a small number of discrete classes. tÝnh tr¹ng chÊt l-îng Mét tÝnh tr¹ng cho q Denotes the longer of the two thÊy biÕn dÞ kh«ng liªn tôc- nghÜa lμ c¸c c¸ chromosome arms, e.g. human 10q is the thÓ cã thÓ ®-îc g¸n cho mét sè l-îng nhá long arm of human chromosome 10. c¸c líp t¸ch biÖt. q BiÓu thÞ nh¸nh dμi cña hai nh¸nh nhiÔm quantitative genetics The area of s¾c thÓ, vÝ dô ng-êi 10q lμ nh¸nh dμi cña genetics concerned with the inheritance nhiÔm s¾c thÓ sè 10 cña ng-êi. of quantitative traits that show continuous q-beta replicase A viral RNA polymerase variation, as opposed to qualitative traits. secreted by a bacteriophage that infects Since many of the critical targets in both E. coli. It has the property of being able to plant and animal breeding are of this type, copy RNA sequences at a rapid rate. most practical improvement programs involve the application of quantitative q-beta replicaza RNA polymerase virut genetics. ®-îc ph©n tiÕt do thÓ thùc khuÈn l©y nhiÔm E. coli. Cã thuéc tÝnh diÔn ra kh¶ n¨ng sao di truyÒn häc sè l-îng LÜnh vùc di truyÒn chÐp tr×nh tù RNA víi nhÞp ®é nhanh. häc liªn quan víi di truyÒn tÝnh tr¹ng sè l-îng cho thÊy biÕn dÞ liªn tôc, ng-îc víi QSAR viÕt t¾t cña quantitative structure- tÝnh tr¹ng chÊt l-îng. V× nhiÒu môc ®Ých activity relationship phª ph¸n trong nh©n gièng sinh s¶n c¶ QTL viÕt t¾t cña quantitative trait locus. thùc vËt vμ ®éng vËt nu«i ®Òu thuéc lo¹i quadrivalent A chromosome configuration nμy, hÇu hÕt c¸c ch-¬ng tr×nh n©ng cao visible in late prophase and metaphase thùc hμnh bao gåm øng dông di truyÒn häc of the first meiotic division, where four sè l-îng. chromosomes are linked by chiasmata. quantitative inheritance Inheritance of Can occur in autotetraploids when four measurable traits that depend on the homologous chromosomes pair, or in cumulative action of many genes and/or diploids as a result of heterozygosity for involve a significant proportion of non- a reciprocal translocation between two genetic determination. non-homologous chromosomes. di truyÒn sè l-îng Di truyÒn nh÷ng tÝnh ®ång hãa trÞ CÊu h×nh nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh×n tr¹ng ®o ®-îc mμ phô thuéc vμo ho¹t ®éng thÊy râ trong cuèi k× ®Çu vμ k× gi÷a ph©n tÝch tô cña nhiÒu gen vμ/hoÆc bao gåm mét chia gi¶m ph©n lÇn ®Çu, n¬i bèn nhiÔm s¾c tØ lÖ quan träng yÕu tè x¸c ®Þnh kh«ng di thÓ liªn kÕt do b¾t chÐo. Cã thÓ xuÊt hiÖn truyÒn. trong thÓ tø béi tù d-ìng khi bèn nhiÔm quantitative structure-activity s¾c thÓ t-¬ng ®ång cÆp ®«i, hoÆc trong relationship (Abbreviation QSAR). A l-ìng béi lμ hËu qu¶ cña tÝnh dÞ hîp tö v× computer modelling technique that ho¸n vÞ thuËn nghÞch gi÷a hai nhiÔm s¾c enables the prediction of the likely activity thÓ kh«ng t-¬ng ®ång. of a molecule before it is synthesized. quadruplex The inheritance of alleles in QSAR analysis relies on recognizing autotetraploids. A genotype AAAa will associations of molecular structures and produce gametes AA, Aa in the ratio 3:1. activity from historical data. quantitative trait 235 quan hÖ ho¹t ®éng - cÊu tróc sè l-îng quarantine Isolation for a period after (viÕt t¾t QSAR). Mét kü thuËt m« h×nh tÝnh arrival in a new location, to allow any pre- to¸n cho phÐp dù ®o¸n ho¹t ®éng cña mét existing disease symptoms to appear. ph©n tö gièng hÖt tr-íc khi nã ®-îc tæng Used in the context of regulations hîp. Sù ph©n tÝch QSAR tin cËy vμo nh÷ng restricting the sale or shipment of living mèi quan hÖ nhËn biÕt vÒ cÊu tróc ph©n tö organisms, usually to prevent disease or vμ ho¹t ®éng tõ d÷ liÖu tiÒn sö. pest invasion of an area. quantitative trait A measurable trait that c¸ch ly kiÓm dÞch C« lËp mét thêi kú sau shows continuous variation (e.g. height, khi ®Õn vÞ trÝ míi, cho phÐp bÊt kú nh÷ng weight, colour intensity, etc.) - i.e. the triÖu chøng bÖnh vèn cã tõ tr-íc xuÊt hiÖn. population cannot be classified into a few Dïng trong khung ®iÒu chØnh h¹n chÕ hμng discrete classes. b¸n hoÆc xuÊt khÈu c¸c sinh vËt sèng, tÝnh tr¹ng sè l-îng Mét tÝnh tr¹ng ®o ®-îc th-êng ®Ó ng¨n ngõa t¸c nh©n s©u hoÆc cho thÊy biÕn dÞ liªn tôc (vÝ dô chiÒu cao, bÖnh h¹i cña mét vïng. träng l-îng, ®é mμu, v.v.) - nghÜa lμ mét quaternary structure A level of protein quÇn thÓ kh«ng thÓ ph©n lo¹i thμnh mét structure where several individual sè Ýt líp riªng biÖt. molecules assemble together and form a quantitative trait locus (Abbreviation: functional cluster. A classic example is QTL). A locus where allelic variation is haemoglobin, a complex of four myoglobin- associated with variation in a quantitative like units. See: tertiary structure. trait. The presence of a QTL is inferred cÊu tróc bËc bèn Møc cÊu tróc protein from genetic mapping, where the total n¬i mét sè Ýt ph©n tö riªng lÎ tËp hîp l¹i vμ variation is partitioned into components h×nh thμnh mét khèi ho¹t ®éng. Mét vÝ dô linked to a number of discrete kinh ®iÓn lμ haemoglobin, mét phøc hÖ bèn chromosome regions. ®¬n vÞ gièng nh- myoglobin. Xem: tertiary æ gen tÝnh tr¹ng sè l-îng (viÕt t¾t: QTL). structure. Mét æ gen n¬i biÕn dÞ alen cã liªn quan víi quiescent A temporary suspension or biÕn ®æi tÝnh tr¹ng sè l-îng. Sù cã mÆt cña reduction in the rate of activity or growth, mét QTL ®ùîc dù ®o¸n tõ lËp b¶n ®å gen, while retaining the potential to resume prior n¬i tæng sè biÕn dÞ ®-îc ph©n chia thμnh activity. Applies particularly to cell division. c¸c thμnh phÇn liªn kÕt víi sè l-îng c¸c See: dormancy. vïng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ t¸ch biÖt. tiÒm Èn Mét sù ngõng hoÆc gi¶m t¹m thêi quantum speciation The rapid formation nhÞp ®é ho¹t ®éng hoÆc sinh tr-ëng, khi of new species, primarily by genetic drift. duy tr× tiÒm n¨ng thu gän tr-íc khi ho¹t ¸ møc h×nh thμnh loμi Sù h×nh thμnh nhanh ®éng. p dông riªng cho ph©n chia tÕ bμo. c¸c loμi míi, chñ yÕu do tÝch tô gen. Xem: dormancy. 236 cuèng Trôc ng¾n cña mét b«ng nhá. rachis Main axis of a spike; axis of fern leaf (frond) from which pinnae arise; in compound leaves, the extension of the Rr petiole corresponding to the midrib of an entire leaf. sèng Trôc chÝnh cña b«ng; trôc l¸ c©y d-¬ng xØ (h×nh l¸) tõ ®ã l¸ chÐt xuÊt hiÖn; R genes A class of plant genes conferring trong l¸ c©y hçn hîp, phÇn më réng cuèng resistance to a specific strain (or group l¸ t-¬ng øng víi g©n gi÷a toμn bé l¸ c©y. of strains) of a particular pathogen. Their radiation hybrid cell panel (Abbreviation: primary function is to sense the presence RH). A somatic cell hybrid panel in which of the pathogen and to trigger the defence the chromosomes from the species of pathways in the plant. R genes have been interest have been fragmented by cloned from a number of plant species. irradiation prior to cell fusion. The gen R Mét líp gen thùc vËt chuyÓn tÝnh resultant small fragments of chromosomes kh¸ng cho mét chñng (hoÆc nhãm nßi) greatly increase the power of physical nhÊt ®Þnh cña vËt g©y bÖnh riªng biÖt. Chøc mapping in the species of interest. n¨ng gèc cña chóng lμ c¶m nhËn sù cã b¶n tÕ bμo lai bøc x¹ (viÕt t¾t: RH). Mét mÆt cña vËt g©y bÖnh vμ thóc ®Èy ®-êng b¶n lai tÕ bμo x«ma trong ®ã c¸c nhiÔm mßn b¶o vÖ trong thùc vËt. Gen R ®-îc s¾c thÓ tõ loμi quan t©m ®· ®-îc ph©n nh©n dßng tõ mét sè loμi thùc vËt. m¶nh do tr-êng bøc x¹ tr-íc dung hîp tÕ bμo. Nh÷ng ®o¹n nhá kÕt qu¶ cña nhiÔm R1 The first-generation offspring of a recombinant (genetically modified) s¾c thÓ n©ng cao c«ng suÊt lËp b¶n ®å vËt organism. Not standard terminology. See: chÊt cña nh÷ng loμi quan t©m.

T0, T1, and T2. radicle The portion of the plant embryo which develops into the primary root. R1 Con c¸i thÕ hÖ ®Çu tiªn cña sinh vËt t¸i tæ hîp (biÕn ®æi gen). ThuËt ng÷ häc kh«ng rÔ mÇm PhÇn ph«i thùc vËt sÏ ph¸t triÓn chuÈn. Xem: T0, T1, and T2. thμnh rÔ chÝnh. race A distinguishable group of organisms radioimmunoassay (Abbreviation: RIA). of a particular species. Criteria for An assay based on the use of a distinctness can be one or a combination radioactively labelled antibody, where the of geographic, ecological, physiological, amount of radiation detected indicates the morphological, genetic and karyotypic amount of target substance present in the factors. sample. dßng Mét nhãm sinh vËt dÔ ph©n biÖt cña thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch phãng x¹ (viÕt t¾t: loμi riªng biÖt. C¸c tiªu chuÈn ®Ó ph©n biÖt RIA). Thö nghiÖm trªn c¬ së sö dông kh¸ng cã thÓ lμ mét hoÆc kÕt hîp nhiÒu yÕu tè thÓ ®¸nh dÊu phãng x¹, n¬i tæng sè bøc nh- ®Þa lý, sinh th¸i häc, sinh lý häc, h×nh x¹ ph¸t hiÖn chØ sè l-îng vËt chÊt ®Ých hiÖn th¸i häc, di truyÒn häc vμ kiÓu nh©n. cã trong mÉu. raceme An inflorescence in which the radioisotope An unstable isotope that main axis is elongated but the flowers are emits ionizing radiation. Synonym: borne on pedicels that are about equal in radioactive isotope. length. ®ång vÞ phãng x¹ ChÊt ®ång vÞ kh«ng bÒn chïm hoa Chïm hoa cã trôc chÝnh ®-îc v÷ng ph¸t bøc x¹ ion hãa.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: kÐo dμi nh-ng c¸c hoa ®-îc sinh ra trªn radioactive isotope. nh÷ng cuèng nhá cã ®é dμi gÇn b»ng nhau. raft culture nu«i cÊy bÌ xem: nurse rachilla Shortened axis of a spikelet. culture. ramet 237 ramet An individual member of a clone, vμ c¸c deoxyribonucleotit- Mét cña chóng descended from the ortet. ®-îc ®¸nh dÊu- tæng hîp DNA råi ph¸t sinh c¸ thÓ v« tÝnh Thμnh viªn c¸ thÓ dßng v« c¸c b¶n sao ®¸nh dÊu DNA ®Çu dß. tÝnh, ®-îc thõa kÕ tõ c©y gèc. RAPD ViÕt t¾t cña random amplified random amplified polymorphic DNA polymorphic DNA. (Abbreviation: RAPD). A PCR-based rate-limiting enzyme The enzyme whose genotyping technique in which genomic activity controls the output of final product template is amplified with single, short from a multi-enzyme metabolic pathway. (usually 10-mer) randomly chosen enzim giíi h¹n nhÞp ®é Enzim cã ho¹t primers. Typical patterns consist of a small ®éng ®iÒu khiÓn ®Çu ra cña s¶n phÈm cuèi number of amplified products of up to 2 cïng tõ ®-êng mßn chuyÓn hãa ®a enzim. kbp in length, which are separated by rational drug design A systematic method electrophoresis. of creating compounds by analysing their DNA ®a h×nh khuyÕch ®¹i ngÉu nhiªn structure, function and stereochemical (viÕt t¾t: RAPD). Kü thuËt gi¸m ®Þnh gen interactions. dùa vμo PCR trong ®ã khung mÉu hÖ gen thiÕt kÕ thuèc hîp lý Ph-¬ng ph¸p hÖ ®-îc khuyÕch ®¹i víi c¸c khëi ®Çu ®-îc thèng ®Ó t¹o ra c¸c hçn hîp do ph©n tÝch chän ngÉu nhiªn, ®¬n, ng¾n (th-êng lμ 10- cÊu tróc, chøc n¨ng vμ c¸c mèi t-¬ng t¸c mer). C¸c mÉu tiªu biÓu gåm cã mét sè hãa häc lËp thÓ cña chóng. nhá s¶n phÈm khuyÕch ®¹i lªn tíi 2 kbp vÒ ®é dμi, ®-îc ph©n t¸ch bëi hiÖn t-îng reading frame The reading frame defines ®iÖn chuyÓn. which sets of three nucleotides are read as triplets, and hence as codons, in DNA random genetic drift l¹c dßng gen ngÉu transcription. The start point is usually nhiªn, xu thÕ di truyÒn ngÉu nhiªn xem: determined by the initiation codon, AUG. genetic drift. Thus the sequence AUGGCAAAA would random mutagenesis A non-directed be read as AUG/GCA/AAA not as A/UGC/ change of one or more nucleotide pairs CAA/AA. See: open reading frame. in a DNA molecule. khung ®äc Khung ®äc x¸c ®Þnh víi c¸c ®ét biÕn ngÉu nhiªn Thay ®æi kh«ng ®Þnh bé ba nuleotit ®-îc ®äc thμnh c¸c bé ba, h-íng cña mét hoÆc nhiÒu cÆp nuleotit vμ do ®ã nh- c¸c côm m·, trong phiªn m· trong ph©n tö DNA. DNA. §iÓm khëi ®éng th-êng ®-îc x¸c random primer method A method for ®Þnh do bé ba b¾t ®Çu, AUG. Nh- vËy tr×nh labelling DNA probes, mainly for tù AUGGCAAAA sÏ ®-îc ®äc nh- AUG / Southern hybridization experiments. A GCA / AAA mμ kh«ng ph¶i lμ A / UGC / mixture of short oligonucleotides is CAA / AA. Xem: open reading frame. hybridized to a single-stranded DNA read-through Transcription or translation probe. In the presence of DNA that proceeds beyond the normal stopping polymerase and deoxyribonucleotides point because of the absence of the usual - one of which is labelled - DNA synthesis transcription or translation termination then generates labelled copies of probe signal of a gene. DNA. qua ®äc Phiªn m· hoÆc dÞch m· thu ®ù¬c ph-¬ng ph¸p måi ngÉu nhiªn Ph-¬ng bªn ngoμi ®iÓm dõng b×nh th-êng do thiÕu ph¸p ®Ó c¸c ®Çu ®ß DNA ®¸nh dÊu, chñ tÝn hiÖu kÕt thóc phiªn m· hoÆc dÞch m· yÕu cho c¸c thö nghiÖm lai m¹ch ®¬n- th«ng th-êng cña mét gen. Southern hybridization. Hçn hîp recA A protein, found in most bacteria, that oligonucleotit ng¾n ®-îc lai víi ®Çu dß DNA is essential for DNA repair and DNA sîi ®¬n. Khi cã mÆt enzim trïng hîp DNA recombination. recalcitrant 238 recA Mét protein, cã trong hÇu hÕt c¸c vi víi thuèc cã kÕt qu¶ gièng hÖt ho¹t ®éng khuÈn, lμ thiÕt yÕu ®Ó söa ch÷a DNA vμ t¸i b×nh th-êng cña tÕ bμo. tæ hîp DNA. recessive Describing an allele whose recalcitrant Of seeds, unable to survive effect with respect to a particular trait is drying and subsequent storage at low not evident in heterozygotes. Opposite: temperature. See: field gene bank. dominant. -a nãng Èm Cña c¸c h¹t gièng, kh«ng gen lÆn M« t¶ mét alen mμ cã ¶nh h-ëng cßn kh¶ n¨ng ®Ó sèng qua sÊy kh« vμ b¶o liªn quan ®Õn mét tÝnh tr¹ng riªng biÖt lμ qu¶n kÕ tiÕp ë nhiÖt ®é thÊp. xem: field kh«ng ®-îc râ rμng trong dÞ hîp tö. Ng-îc gene bank. víi: dominant. receptacle Enlarged end of the pedicel recessive allele Allelic state of a gene, or peduncle, to which other flower parts where homozygosity is required for the are attached. expression of the relevant phenotype. ®μi hoa PhÇn cuèi më réng cña cuèng nhá Opposite: dominant allele. hoÆc ®Õ hoa, ®Ó g¾n c¸c bé phËn hoa alen lÆn Tr¹ng th¸i alen cña mét gen, n¬i kh¸c. tÝnh ®ång hîp tö cÇn thiÕt ®Ó biÓu thÞ kiÓu receptor A trans-membrane protein h×nh thÝch hîp. Ng-îc víi: dominant allele. located in the plasma membrane that can recessive oncogene A single copy of this bind with a ligand on the extracellular gene is sufficient to suppress cell surface, as a result of which it induces a proliferation; the loss of both copies of the change in activity on the cytoplasmic gene contributes to cancer formation. surface. More generally, a site in a Synonym: anti-oncogene recessive- molecule that allows the binding of a acting oncogene. See: oncogene. ligand. gen g©y ung th- lÆn Mét b¶n sao ®¬n thô thÓ Protein mμng chuyÓn ®-îc ®Þnh cña gen lμ ®ñ ®Ó khèng chÕ t¨ng nhanh tÕ vÞ trªn mμng chÊt nguyªn sinh cã thÓ liªn bμo; mÊt c¶ hai b¶n sao cña gen gãp phÇn kÕt víi mét phèi tö phÝa ngoμi tÕ bμo, lμ h×nh thμnh ung th-. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: anti- hËu qu¶ cña viÖc t¹o ra thay ®æi ho¹t ®éng oncogene recessive-acting oncogene. trªn bÒ mÆt tÕ bμo chÊt. Kh¸i qu¸t h¬n, Xem: oncogene. mét vÞ trÝ cña ph©n tö cho phÐp kÕt nèi mét recessive-acting oncogene gen g©y phèi tö. ung th- ho¹t ®éng lÆn xem: recessive receptor-binding screening Aoncogene. biotechnology-based method for drug reciprocating shaker A platform shaker discovery, which relies on the fact that used for agitating culture flasks, with a many drugs act by binding to specific back and forth action at variable speeds. receptors on or in cells. Since receptors rung thuËn nghÞch Sö dông rung trÇn ®Ó in vivo bind to hormones or to other cells, l¾c c¸c b×nh nu«i cÊy, víi ho¹t ®éng lïi vμ and thereby control the cell’s behaviour, a tiÕn theo tèc ®é biÕn ®æi. receptor bound with a drug will likely affect the normal activity of the cell. recognition sequence tr×nh tù ®o¸n nhËn tõ ®ång nghÜa recognition site. hiÓn thÞ liªn kÕt thô thÓ Ph-¬ng ph¸p dùa vμo c«ng nghÖ sinh häc ®Ó kh¸m ph¸ recognition site A nucleotide sequence, thuèc, tin cËy vμo thùc tÕ mμ nhiÒu lo¹i typically 4-8bp long and often palindromic, thuèc ho¹t ®éng do liªn kÕt víi c¸c thô thÓ that is recognized by, and at which a riªng biÖt ë trªn hoÆc trong tÕ bμo. V× c¸c restriction endonuclease binds to the thô thÓ trong c¬ thÓ ®-îc liªn kÕt víi hãc DNA. For some restriction endonucleases, m«n hoÆc víi tÕ bμo kh¸c, vμ do ®ã ®iÒu the presence of a methylated residue khiÓn hμnh vi tÕ bμo, mét thô thÓ ®-îc g¾n within the recognition site abolishes recombinant 239 recognition. Synonym: recognition nh©n tè t¸i tæ hîp (viÕt t¾t rh). Mét tiÕp sequence; restriction site. ®Çu ng÷ biÓu thÞ nh÷ng ph©n tö ®-îc t¹o vÞ trÝ ®o¸n nhËn Mét tr×nh tù nucleotit, tiªu ra qua sö dông kü thuËt t¸i tæ hîp DNA. biÓu 4- 8 cÆp baz¬ nit¬ dμi vμ th-êng ®äc recombinant protein A protein encoded thuËn nghÞch, ®-îc ®o¸n nhËn do, vμ t¹i by a cloned gene. Synonym: ®ã mét restriction endonucleaza liªn kÕt heterologous protein. víi DNA. V× mét sè endonucleaza giíi h¹n, protein t¸i tæ hîp Mét lo¹i protein m· hãa nªn sù cã mÆt cña mét ®u«i ®-îc methyl do gen ®-îc t¹o dßng. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: ho¸ bªn trong vÞ trÝ ®o¸n nhËn sÏ b·i bá heterologous protein. sù ®o¸n nhËn. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: recognition recombinant RNA RNA molecules joined sequence; restriction site. in vitro by T4 RNA ligase. recombinant A term used in both classical RNA t¸i tæ hîp Nh÷ng ph©n tö RNA kÕt and molecular genetics. 1. In classical nèi trong èng nghiÖm do RNA ligaza T4. genetics: An organism or cell that is the result of meiotic recombination. 2. In recombinant toxin A single multifunctional molecular genetics: A hybrid molecule toxic protein encoded by a recombinant made up of DNA obtained from different gene. organisms. Typically used as an adjective, ®éc tè t¸i tæ hîp Protein ®éc ®a chøc e.g. recombinant DNA. n¨ng ®¬n ®-îc m· hãa do gen t¸i tæ hîp. t¸i tæ hîp Mét thuËt ng÷ dïng c¶ trong di recombinant vaccine A vaccine truyÒn häc truyÒn thèng vμ di truyÒn häc produced from a cloned gene. ph©n tö. 1. Trong di truyÒn häc truyÒn vacxin t¸i tæ hîp Mét lo¹i vacxin s¶n xuÊt thèng: mét sinh vËt hoÆc tÕ bμo lμ kÕt qu¶ tõ gen ®-îc t¹o dßng. t¸i tæ hîp gi¶m ph©n. 2. Trong di truyÒn recombinase A class of enzymes that are häc ph©n tö: Mét ph©n tö lai ®-îc t¹o ra able to alter the arrangement of DNA cña DNA thu ®-îc tõ c¸c sinh vËt kh¸c sequences in a site-specific way. nhau. Dïng tiªu biÓu nh- mét tÝnh tõ, vÝ dô DNA t¸i tæ hîp. enzim t¸i tæ hîp Mét líp enzim cã kh¶ n¨ng thay ®æi sù s¾p xÕp c¸c tr×nh tù DNA recombinant DNA The result of combining theo vÞ trÝ riªng biÖt. DNA fragments from different sources. recombination The production of a DNA DNA t¸i tæ hîp KÕt qu¶ cña viÖc kÕt hîp molecule with segments derived from more c¸c ®o¹n DNA tõ nh÷ng nguån kh¸c nhau. than one parent DNA molecule. In recombinant DNA technology A set of eukaryotes, this is achieved by the techniques for manipulating DNA, reciprocal exchange of DNA between non- including: the identification and cloning of sister chromatids within an homologous genes; the study of the expression of pair of chromosomes during prophase of cloned genes; and the production of large the first meiotic division. quantities of gene product. sù t¸i tæ hîp S¶n xuÊt ph©n tö DNA víi kü thuËt DNA t¸i tæ hîp Mét tËp hîp c¸c nh÷ng ®o¹n b¾t nguån tõ nhiÒu h¬n mét kü thuËt ®Ó thao t¸c DNA, bao gåm: nhËn ph©n tö DNA cha mÑ. Trong sinh vËt cã biÕt vμ t¹o dßng gen; nghiªn cøu biÓu thÞ nh©n, ®¹t ®-îc t¸i tæ hîp nhê trao ®æi t-¬ng gen ®-îc t¹o dßng; vμ s¶n xuÊt sè l-îng hç DNA gi÷a c¸c nhiÔm s¾c tö kh«ng chÞ lín s¶n phÈm gen. em trong mét cÆp NhiÕm s¾c thÓ t-¬ng recombinant human (Abbreviation rh). A ®ång cña k× ®Çu gi¶m ph©n lÇn mét. prefix denoting molecules made through recombination fraction The proportion of the use of recombinant DNA technology. recombinant (with respect to two loci) recombination frequency 240 gametes arising from meiosis. Linkage to the development of organs or plantlets maps are based on estimates of from an explant. See: conversion; recombination fraction between all pair- micropropagation; organogenesis. wise combinations of loci. See: map t¸i sinh Sinh tr-ëng tÕ bμo hoÆc c¬ quan distance. Synonyms: recombination míi ®Ó thay thÕ phÇn tæn th-¬ng hoÆc gi¶m frequency, crossing-over unit. mÊt. Trong nu«i cÊy m« thùc vËt, t¸i sinh phÇn t¸i tæ hîp TØ lÖ giao tö t¸i tæ hîp liªn quan víi ph¸t triÓn c¬ quan hoÆc c©y (®èi víi hai æ gen) xuÊt hiÖn tõ gi¶m ph©n. míi tõ m¶nh ghÐp. Xem: conversion; C¸c b¶n ®å liªn kÕt lμ c¬ së -íc l-îng phÇn micropropagation; organogenesis. t¸i tæ hîp gi÷a tÊt c¶ c¸c kÕt hîp cÆp ®«i regulator Substance regulating growth c¸c æ gen. Xem: map distance. tõ ®ång and development of cells, organs, etc. nghÜa: recombination frequency, crossing- thÓ ®iÒu hoμ ChÊt ®iÒu chØnh sinh tr-ëng over unit. vμ ph¸t triÓn cña tÕ bμo, c¬ quan, v©n v©n. recombination frequency tÇn sè t¸i tæ regulatory gene A gene with the primary hîp tõ ®ång nghÜa recombination function of controlling the rate of synthesis fraction. of the products of one or several other recombinational hot spot A genes or pathways. chromosomal region where recombination gen ®iÒu hßa Mét gen víi chøc n¨ng gèc appears to occur more frequently than ®iÒu khiÓn nhÞp ®é tæng hîp s¶n phÈm cña expected. mét hoÆc mét sè gen hoÆc ®-êng mßn ®iÓm nãng t¸i tæ hîp Vïng nhiÔm s¾c kh¸c. thÓ n¬i t¸i tæ hîp xuÊt hiÖn ®Ó xÈy ra tÇn regulatory sequence A DNA sequence sè lín h¬n mong muèn. involved in regulating the expression of a reconstructed cell A viable transformed gene, e.g. a promoter or operator region cell resulting from genetic engineering. (in the DNA molecule). tÕ bμo t¸i thÕ Mét tÕ bμo ®-îc biÕn ®æi tr×nh tù ®iÒu hoμ Tr×nh tù DNA kÐo theo tÝnh chÊt cã thÓ sèng ®-îc b¾t nguån tõ kü ®iÒu chØnh biÓu thÞ gen, vÝ dô vïng khëi thuËt gen. ®Çu hoÆc vïng chØ huy (trong ph©n tö reduction division The first division of DNA). meiosis in which the chromosome rejuvenation 1. Reversion from adult to number is reduced from the somatic to the juvenile stage. 2. The process of regular gametic number. reproduction of seed stocks or collections ph©n chia gi¶m nhiÔm Ph©n chia gi¶m in gene banks, in order to ensure ph©n lÇn ®Çu trong ®ã sè nhiÔm s¾c thÓ continued viability. ®-îc gi¶m tõ sè x«ma ®Õn phèi tö. trÎ ho¸ 1. Sù ®¶o ng-îc tõ tr-ëng thμnh refugium (pl.: refugia) An area set aside ®Õn giai ®o¹n non. 2. Qu¸ tr×nh t¸i sinh to provide protection/escape from s¶n ®Òu ®Æn cña kho h¹t gièng hoÆc thu ecological consequences occurring thËp ng©n hμng gen, môc ®Ých ®Ó b¶o ®¶m elsewhere. cho kh¶ n¨ng sèng ®-îc liªn tôc. vïng Èn (sè nhiÒu: refugia) Mét tËp hîp relaxed circle vßng më xem: nicked vïng dμnh riªng ®Ó b¶o vÖ/tr¸nh khái circle. nh÷ng hËu qu¶ sinh th¸i x¶y ra ë mét n¬i relaxed circle plasmid plasmit vßng më nμo ®ã. xem: plasmid. regeneration The growth of new tissues relaxed plasmid A plasmid that replicates or organs to replace those injured or lost. independently of the bacterial In plant tissue culture, regeneration refers release factor 241 chromosome and is present in 10-500 d¹ng kh«ng gian ba chiÒu, cho phÐp ph©n copies per cell. tö ho¹t ®éng b×nh th-êng. Sù biÕn tÝnh cña plasmit më Plasmit lÆp l¹i mét c¸ch ®éc nhiÒu protein kh«ng thÓ ®¶o ng-îc, nh-ng lËp cña nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vi khuÈn vμ cã mÆt c¸c ph©n tö DNA ®· biÕn tÝnh sÏ s½n sμng trong kho¶ng 10- 500 b¶n sao trªn mét tÕ håi tÝnh d-íi nh÷ng ®iÒu kiÖn vËt lý vμ hãa bμo. häc thÝch hîp. release factor 1. A soluble protein that rennin An enzyme, secreted by cells lining recognizes termination codons in the stomach in mammals, responsible for mRNAs and terminates translation in the clotting of milk. Used in the response to these codons. 2. A hormone, manufacture of certain dairy products. produced by the hypothalamus, which rennin Mét enzim, ®-îc tiÕt ra bëi nh÷ng stimulates the release of a hormone from tÕ bμo niªm m¹c d¹ dμy cña ®éng vËt cã the anterior pituitary gland into the vó, chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm lμm ®«ng vãn s÷a. bloodstream. Dïng trong s¶n xuÊt s¶n phÈm hμng b¬ nh©n tè ph¸t hμnh 1. Protein hoμ tan ®Ó s÷a nhÊt ®Þnh. ®o¸n nhËn côm m· ®Çu cuèi trong c¸c repeat unit A sequence of nucleotides mRNA vμ hoμn thμnh dÞch m· ®Ó ®¸p l¹i that occurs repeatedly, often in a head-to- c¸c côm m· nμy. 2. Mét hãc m«n, ®-îc tail arrangement (tandemly). s¶n xuÊt bëi vïng cÊu t¹o d-íi ®åi, kÝch ®¬n vÞ lÆp Tr×nh tù c¸c nuleotit xÈy ra lÆp thÝch gi¶i phãng hãc m«n tõ thïy tr-íc l¹i nhiÒu lÇn, th-êng s¾p xÕp tõ ®Çu tíi tuyÕn yªn vμo m¸u. ®u«i (nèi tiÕp nhau). remediation The cleanup or containment repetitive DNA DNA sequences that are of a hazardous waste disposal site to the present in a genome in many copies, satisfaction of the applicable regulatory some of it originating from retrotransposon agency. This can sometimes be activity. A substantial proportion of all accomplished with naturally occurring or eukaryotic genomes is composed of this engineered micro-organisms or plants. class of DNA, whose biological function is See: bioremediation. uncertain. Sometimes referred to as ‘junk söa ch÷a Lμm s¹ch hoÆc ng¨n chÆn mét DNA’. vÞ trÝ s¾p ®Æt phÕ th¶i nguy h¹i tíi viÖc ®Òn DNA lÆp l¹i C¸c tr×nh tù DNA cã mÆt trong båi cña ®¹i lý ®iÒu hμnh cã thÓ ¸p dông. mét hÖ gen cña nhiÒu b¶n sao, mét sè Nã cã thÓ ®«i khi ®-îc hoμn tÊt víi vi sinh ®o¹n b¾t nguån tõ ho¹t ®éng gen nh¶y lÆn. vËt hoÆc thùc vËt xÈy ra tù nhiªn hoÆc ®-îc Mét tØ lÖ ®¸ng kÓ cña tÊt c¶ c¸c hÖ gen kü thuËt. xem: bioremediation. nh©n chuÈn bao gåm líp DNA nμy, chøc renaturation Of DNA, the reforming of two n¨ng sinh häc cña chóng kh«ng râ rμng. complementary molecules into a double- NhiÒu lóc ®-îc coi lμ ‘ R¸c th¶i DNA ‘. stranded structure, following heat or replacement The addition of a cloned chemical induction of dissociation corrected copy of a defective gene. See: (denaturation). Of protein, the resumption homogenotization. of three-dimensional conformation, møc thay thÕ Sù g¾n thªm mét b¶n sao allowing the molecule to function normally. ®-îc t¹o dßng chuÈn x¸c cña mét gen cã Denaturation of many proteins is sai sãt. Xem: homogenotization. irreversible, but denatured DNA molecules will renature readily under appropriate replacement therapy The administration chemical and physical conditions. of metabolites, co-factors or hormones that are deficient as the result of a genetic håi tÝnh Cña DNA, xÕp ®Æt l¹i hai ph©n tö disease. bæ sung thμnh cÊu tróc sîi kÐp, tiÕp theo c¶m øng nhiÖt hoÆc hãa häc cña sù t¸ch liÖu ph¸p thay thÕ §iÒu khiÓn c¸c s¶n ra (lμm biÕn tÝnh). Cña protein, b¾t ®Çu phÈm chuyÓn ho¸, c¸c ®ång yÕu tè hoÆc replica plating 242 hãc m«n bÞ thiÕu hôt do hËu qu¶ cña bÖnh Also used to describe a DNA molecule di truyÒn. capable of independent replication. replica plating Duplicating a population ®¬n vÞ sao chÐp PhÇn cña ph©n tö DNA of bacterial colonies growing on agar cã thÓ ®-îc xo¾n l¹i tõ mét gèc sao chÐp medium in one Petri plate to agar medium ®¬n. C¸c plasmit vμ nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cña vi in another Petri plate. khuÈn, thùc khuÈn thÓ vμ virut kh¸c th-êng ®ãng dÊu Nh©n ®«i mét quÇn thÓ khuÈn cã mét gèc sao chÐp ®¬n v× thÕ toμn bé hÖ l¹c sinh tr-ëng trªn m«i tr-êng th¹ch trong gen cña chóng cÊu thμnh mét ®¬n vÞ sao ®Üa Petri sang m«i tr-êng th¹ch trong ®Üa chÐp ®¬n. NhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n chuÈn cã Petri kh¸c. nhiÒu gèc sao chÐp, do vËy gåm cã mét vμi ®¬n vÞ sao chÐp. Cßn ®-îc dïng m« t¶ replicase A viral enzyme necessary for the mét ph©n tö DNA cã n¨ng lùc sao chÐp replication of the virus in the host cell. ®éc lËp. Mét enzim virul cÇn thiÕt cho b¶n sao cña replisome The complete replication virut trong tÕ bμo chñ. apparatus, present at a replication fork, replication The in vivo synthesis of that carries out the replication of DNA. double-stranded DNA by copying from a thÓ sao chÐp ThiÕt bÞ sao chÐp hoμn single-stranded template. chØnh, cã mÆt t¹i mét nh¸nh sao chÐp, ®Ó sù sao chÐp Ho¹t ®éng tæng hîp DNA thùc hiÖn sao chÐp DNA. sîi kÐp trong c¬ thÓ do sao chÐp tõ khung reporter gene A gene that encodes a mÉu sîi ®¬n. product that can be readily assayed. Used replication fork Y shaped structure as a marker to confirm the incorporation associated with DNA replication. It of a transgene into a cell, organ or tissue, represents the point at which the strands and as a means of testing the efficiency of of double-stranded DNA are separated specific promoters. so that replication can proceed. gen chØ huy Mét gen m· hãa mét s¶n ch¹c sao chÐp CÊu tróc d¹ng ch÷ Y kÕt phÈm mμ cã thÓ s½n sμng ®-îc thö hîp víi sao chÐp DNA. Nã ®¹i diÖn cho nghiÖm. §-îc dïng lμm dÊu chuÈn ®Ó x¸c ®iÓm t¹i ®ã c¸c sîi cña DNA sîi kÐp ®-îc nhËn viÖc hîp nhÊt gen chuyÓn trong mét ph©n t¸ch ®Ó sao chÐp cã thÓ tiÕp tôc. tÕ bμo, c¬ quan hoÆc m«, vμ lμm ph-¬ng replicative form (Abbreviation: RF). The tiÖn kiÓm tra hiÖu qu¶ c¸c khëi ®Çu riªng molecular configuration of viral nucleic biÖt. acid that is the template for replication in repressible enzyme An enzyme whose the host cell. activity can be diminished by the presence d¹ng sao chÐp (viÕt t¾t: RF). CÊu h×nh of a regulatory molecule. ph©n tö axit nucleic virut lμm khung mÉu enzim øc chÕ Mét enzim mμ ho¹t ®éng ®Ó sao chÐp trong tÕ bμo chñ. cña nã cã thÓ bÞ thu hÑp do cã mÆt mét replicon The portion of a DNA molecule ph©n tö ®iÒu hoμ. which can be replicated from a single repressible gene A gene whose origin of replication. Plasmids and the expression can be diminished or chromosomes of bacteria, phages and extinguished by the presence of a other viruses usually have a single origin regulatory molecule. of replication so that their entire genome gen øc chÕ Mét gen mμ biÓu thÞ cña nã constitutes a single replicon. Eukaryotic cã thÓ bÞ thu hÑp hoÆc bÞ dËp t¾t do cã mÆt chromosomes have multiple origins of mét ph©n tö ®iÒu hoμ. replication, so comprise several replicons. repressor 243 repression Inhibition of transcription by residue 1. See: polymer. 2. Materials preventing RNA polymerase from remaining after degradation and/or binding to the transcription initiation site. attempted removal, e.g. pesticide øc chÕ, k×m h·m Khëi ®Çu phiªn m· do residues in food. ng¨n chÆn RNA polymerase kÕt khèi víi vÞ gèc 1. xem: polymer. 2. Nh÷ng vËt chÊt trÝ b¾t ®Çu phiªn m·. cßn l¹i sau ph©n gi¶i vμ/hoÆc ®-îc cè g¾ng repressor A protein which binds to a xo¸ bá, vÝ dô c¸c gèc hãa chÊt diÖt c«n specific DNA sequence upstream from the trïng trong thøc ¨n. transcription initiation site of a gene and resistance The ability to withstand abiotic prevents RNA polymerase from (high temperature, drought etc.) or biotic commencing mRNA synthesis. (disease) stress, or a toxic substance. chÊt øc chÕ, nh©n tè k×m h·m Mét lo¹i Often in the context of genetic protein kÕt hîp víi tr×nh tù DNA ®Æc biÖt determination of resistance. ng-îc dßng tõ vÞ trÝ khëi ®Çu phiªn m· cña tÝnh kh¸ng Kh¶ n¨ng lμm gi¶m c¨ng mét gen vμ ng¨n chÆn RNA polymerase tth¼ng v« sinh (nhiÖt ®é cao, kh« h¹n v.v.) tõ sù b¾t ®Çu tæng hîp mRNA. hoÆc sinh häc (bÖnh h¹i), hoÆc mét chÊt reproduction 1. Sexual reproduction: the ®éc. Lu«n thuéc néi dung x¸c ®Þnh di truyÒn regular alteRNAtion of meiosis and cña tÝnh kh¸ng. fertilization which provides for the resistance factor A plasmid that confers production of offspring. The main antibiotic resistance to a bacterium. biological significance of sexual t¸c nh©n kh¸ng Mét lo¹i plasmit t¹o ra reproduction lies in the phenomenon of tÝnh kh¸ng víi mét lo¹i vi khuÈn. recombination. 2. Asexual or agamic rest period A physiological condition of reproduction: the development of a new viable seeds, buds or bulbs that prevents individual from a single cell or group of cells growth even in the presence of otherwise in the absence of meiosis. See: apomixis. favourable environmental conditions. sinh s¶n 1. Sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh: Lu©n phiªn Synonym: dormancy. ®Òu cña gi¶m ph©n vμ thô tinh ®Ó cung k× nghØ T×nh tr¹ng sinh lý cña h¹t, chåi cÊp cho s¶n xuÊt con c¸i. ý nghÜa sinh häc hoÆc cñ cã thÓ tån t¹i ®Ó ng¨n c¶n sù sinh chÝnh cña sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh n»m trong hiÖn tr-ëng thËm chÝ trong khi cã ®iÒu kiÖn m«i t-îng t¸i tæ hîp. 2. Sinh s¶n v« tÝnh hoÆc tr-êng thuËn lîi. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: prevents. ®¬n tÝnh: Ph¸t triÓn c¸ thÓ míi tõ tÕ bμo ®¬n hoÆc nhãm tÕ bμo khi kh«ng cã gi¶m restitution nucleus A single nucleus ph©n. xem: apomixis. arising from a failure of nuclear division, either during meiosis, in which a gamete repulsion A double heterozygote in which is formed with the unreduced the dominant (or wild-type) allele at one chromosome number; or at mitosis to locus and the recessive (or mutant) allele give a cell with a doubled chromosome at a second linked locus occur on the same number. chromosome (genetic constitution Ab/aB). Synonym: trans configuration. Opposite: nh©n t¸i t¹o Nh©n ®¬n xuÊt hiÖn do thiÕu coupling, cis configuration. sãt ph©n chia nh©n, khi gi¶m ph©n, trong ®ã mét giao tö ®-îc h×nh thμnh cã sè l-îng ®Èy ng-îc DÞ hîp tö kÐp trong ®ã alen nhiÔm s¾c thÓ kh«ng gi¶m; hoÆc ë nguyªn tréi (hoÆc kiÓu d¹i) ë mét æ gen vμ alen ph©n ®Ó t¹o ra mét tÕ bμo cã sè nhiÔm tho¸i hãa (hoÆc ®ét biÕn) ë mét æ gen liªn s¾c thÓ gÊp ®«i. kÕt lÇn hai xÈy ra trªn cïng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ (cÊu tróc di truyÒn Ab/aB). Tõ ®ång nghÜa: restriction endonuclease A class of trans configuration. Ng-îc víi: coupling, enzymes that cut DNA after recognizing a cis configuration. specific sequence. The three types of restriction endonuclease are: I. Where the restriction enzym 244 cut occurs within a random sequence at DNA is treated with restriction sites>1kbp from the recognition endonucleases. Differences in fragment sequence, and has both restriction and lengths arise due to genetic variation with methylation activities. II: Cuts within, or respect to the presence or absence of near a short, usually palindromic specific recognition site(s). RFLPs were recognition sequence. A separate enzyme initially detected by Southern methylates the same recognition hybridization but are now detected by sequence. III: Cuts 24-26bp downstream electrophoresis of digested PCR product. from a short, asymmetrical recognition tÝnh ®a h×nh ®é dμi ®o¹n giíi h¹n (viÕt sequence, requires ATP and has both t¾t: RFLP). Mét líp dÊu chuÈn gen dùa vμo restriction and methylation activities. Type sù dß t×m cña biÕn dÞ ®é dμi cña c¸c ®o¹n II enzymes are the class used for most giíi h¹n ph¸t sinh khi DNA ®-îc xö lý víi molecular biology applications. c¸c endonucleaza giíi h¹n. Sù kh¸c biÖt endonucleaza giíi h¹n Mét líp ennzim chiÒu dμi ®o¹n xÈy ra do biÕn dÞ di truyÒn ®Ó c¾t DNA sau khi nhËn ra mét tr×nh tù liªn quan víi sù cã mÆt hoÆc v¾ng mÆt c¸c ®Æc biÖt. Cã ba kiÓu endonucleaza giíi h¹n vÞ trÝ ®o¸n nhËn riªng biÖt. C¸c RFLP tho¹t lμ: I. N¬i c¾t xÈy ra trong mét tr×nh tù ngÉu tiªn ®-îc ph¸t hiÖn do lai m¹ch ®¬n Nam nhiªn ë nh÷ng vÞ trÝ > 1 kbp kÓ tõ tr×nh tù (Southern hybridization) nh-ng hiÖn nay ®o¸n nhËn, vμ cã c¶ ho¹t ®éng h¹n chÕ ®-îc ph¸t hiÖn bëi diÖn di cña s¶n phÈm vμ methyl ho¸. II: KiÓu c¾t bªn trong, hoÆc PCR tiªu hãa. gÇn mét tr×nh tù ®o¸n nhËn ng¾n, th-êng restriction map The linear arrangement ®äc thuËn nghÞch. Mét enzim t¸ch biÖt of restriction endonuclease recognition chuyÓn methyl cho cïng tr×nh tù ®o¸n sites along a DNA molecule. nhËn. III: KiÓu c¾t 24-26 cÆp baz¬ nit¬ xu«i b¶n ®å giíi h¹n Sù s¾p xÕp th¼ng hμng dßng tõ mét tr×nh tù ®o¸n nhËn ng¾n, c¸c vÞ trÝ ®o¸n nhËn endonucleaza giíi h¹n kh«ng ®èi xøng, yªu cÇu ATP vμ cã c¶ ho¹t däc theo ph©n tö DNA. ®éng methyl ho¸ vμ giíi h¹n. C¸c enzim kiÓu II lμ líp sö dông cho hÇu hÕt c¸c øng restriction site vÞ trÝ giíi h¹n tõ ®ång dông sinh häc ph©n tö. nghÜa recognition site. restriction enzym enzim giíi h¹n tõ ®ång reticulocyte A slightly immature red blood nghÜa restriction endonuclease. cell. restriction exonuclease A class of hång cÇu l-íi TÕ bμo m¸u mμu ¸nh ®á. enzymes that degrade DNA or RNA, retro-element Any of the integrated starting from either the 5'- or the 3'-end. retroviruses or the transposable exonuclesza giíi h¹n Mét líp enzim ph©n elements that resemble them. r· DNA hoÆc RNA, b¾t ®Çu tõ mót 5' hoÆc phÇn tö lÆn C¸c virut lÆn tÝch hîp bÊt kú 3'. hoÆc c¸c phÇn tö vËn ®éng mμ gièng víi restriction fragment A shortened DNA chóng. molecule generated by the cleavage of a retroposon A transposable element that larger molecule by one or more restriction moves via reverse transcription but lacks endonucleases. the long terminal repeat sequences ®o¹n giíi h¹n Ph©n tö DNA ®-îc rót ng¾n necessary for autonomous transposition. ph¸t sinh do ph©n nh¸nh mét ph©n tö lín Much of the repetitive DNA that makes do mét hoÆc nhiÒu endonucleaza giíi h¹n. up a large proportion of eukaryotic genomes consists of silenced (i.e. inactive) restriction fragment length retroposons. Synonym: retro-transposon. polymorphism (Abbreviation: RFLP). A class of genetic marker based on the gen nh¶y PhÇn tö vËn ®éng di chuyÓn qua detection of variation in the length of phiªn m· ng-îc nh-ng thiÕu c¸c tr×nh tù restriction fragments generated when lÆp ®u«i dμi cÇn thiÕt ®Ó ®¶o vÞ tù ®éng. retroviral vectors 245 NhiÒu DNA lÆp ®Ó t¹o ra mét tØ lÖ lín hÖ phiªn m· ng-îc Tæng hîp DNA tõ mét gen nh©n chuÈn gåm cã c¸c gen nh¶y c©m khung mÉu RNA, hoμn thμnh do enzim (nghÜa lμ kh«ng ho¹t ®éng). Tõ ®ång nghÜa: phiªn m· ng-îc. retro-transposon. reversion Restitution of a mutant gene retroviral vectors Gene transfer systems to the wild-type condition, or at least to a based on viruses that have RNA as their form that gives the wild-type phenotype; genetic material. more generally, the appearance of a trait vect¬ virut lÆn HÖ thèng chuyÓn gen dùa expressed by a remote ancestor. vμo nh÷ng virut mμ cã RNA nh- vËt liÖu di Synonym: reverse mutation. truyÒn cña chóng. håi biÕn Hoμn gen ®ét biÕn thμnh t×nh retrovirus A class of eukaryotic RNA tr¹ng kiÓu d¹i, hoÆc Ýt nhÊt thμnh mét d¹ng viruses that, by using reverse dÉn tíi kiÓu h×nh d¹i; tæng qu¸t h¬n, sù transcription, can form double-stranded xuÊt hiÖn mét tÝnh tr¹ng biÓu thÞ bëi mét tæ DNA copies of their genomes, which can tiªn xa. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: reverse mutation. integrate into the chromosomes of an RF viÕt t¾t cña replicative form. infected cell. Pathogenic retroviruses RFLP viÕt t¾t cña restriction fragment include HIV and the causative agents of length polymorphism. many vertebrate animal cancers. rh viÕt t¾t cña recombinant human. virut lÆn Líp virut RNA nh©n chuÈn ®Ó cã rhizobacterium A micro-organism whose thÓ h×nh thμnh c¸c b¶n sao DNA sîi kÐp natural habitat is near, on, or in, plant roots. cña c¸c hÖ gen do sö dông phiªn m· ng-îc, cã thÓ hîp nhÊt thμnh c¸c nhiÔm rhizobacterium Mét lo¹i vi sinh vËt c- tró s¾c thÓ cña tÕ bμo l©y nhiÔm. C¸c virut lÆn tù nhiªn ë gÇn, trªn hoÆc bªn trong rÔ thùc g©y bÖnh bao gåm HIV vμ nh÷ng t¸c nh©n vËt. g©y bÖnh cña nhiÒu lo¹i ung th- cho ®éng Rhizobium (pl.: Rhizobia) Prokaryotic vËt cã x-¬ng sèng. species which are able to establish a reversal transfer Transfer of a culture symbiotic relationship with leguminous from a callus-supporting medium to a plants, as a result of which elemental shoot-inducing medium. nitrogen is fixed or converted to ammonia. See: nitrogen fixation. chuyÓn ng-îc ChuyÓn mét nu«i cÊy tõ mét m«i tr-êng hç trî m« sÑo thμnh mét vi khuÈn nèt rÔ (sè nhiÒu: Rhizobia) c¸c m«i tr-êng thóc ®Èy chåi. loμi sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n cã kh¶ n¨ng thiÕt lËp mèi quan hÖ céng sinh víi c©y trång reverse genetics di truyÒn häc ®¶o xem: hä ®Ëu ®ç, lμ kÕt qu¶ cña viÖc nit¬ ph©n tö positional cloning. ®-îc cè ®Þnh hoÆc chuyÓn ®æi thμnh reverse mutation ®ét biÕn nghÞch xem: am«ni¾c. Xem: nitrogen fixation. reversion. rhizosphere The soil region in the reverse transcriptase An enzyme that immediate vicinity of growing plant roots. uses an RNA molecule as a template for vïng rÔ Vïng ®Êt l©n cËn liÒn kÒ víi rÔ the synthesis of a complementary DNA thùc vËt ®ang sinh tr-ëng. strand. Synonym: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Ri plasmid A class of large conjugative plasmids found in the soil bacterium enzim phiªn m· ng-îc enzim sö dông Agrobacterium rhizogenes, which can ph©n tö RNA lμm khung mÉu ®Ó tæng hîp infect certain plants and cause hairy root DNA sîi bæ sung. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: RNA- disease. Like Ti plasmids, Ri plasmids dependent DNA polymerase. include sequences that are transferred to reverse transcription The synthesis of plant cells and inserted into the plant’s DNA DNA from a template of RNA, as part of the infection process. accomplished by reverse transcriptase. RIA 246 Ri plasmit Mét líp plasmit tiÕp hîp lín cã tÊt c¶ c¸c deoxyribonucleosit, trong vi khuÈn ®Êt Agrobacterium deoxyribonucleotit vμ DNA. rhizogenes, nã cã thÓ l©y nhiÔm c¸c thùc ribosomal binding site A sequence of vËt nhÊt ®Þnh vμ g©y bÖnh rÔ t¬. Nh- c¸c nucleotides near the 5' end of a bacterial plasmit Ti, plasmit Ri gåm cã c¸c tr×nh tù mRNA molecule that facilitates the binding ®-îc chuyÓn cho tÕ bμo thùc vËt vμ chÌn of the mRNA to the small ribosomal sub- vμo DNA cña thùc vËt nh- bé phËn cña unit. Also called the Shine-Delgarno qu¸ tr×nh nhiÔm bÖnh. sequence. RIA viÕt t¾t cña radioimmunoassay. ®iÓm b¸m ribosom Tr×nh tù nuleotit gÇn ribonuclease (Abbreviation: RNAse). Any mót 5' cña ph©n tö mRNA vi khuÈn mμ lμm enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of dÔ dμng viÖc kÕt nèi mRNA víi ®¬n vÞ phô RNA. nhá møc d-íi ribosom. Cßn ®-îc gäi tr×nh ribonucleaza (viÕt t¾t: RNAse). Enzim bÊt tù Delgarno to¶ s¸ng. kú xóc t¸c thñy ph©n RNA. ribosomal DNA The coding locus for ribonucleic acid (Abbreviation: RNA). An ribosomal RNA. This is generally a large organic acid polymer composed of and complex locus, typically composed of adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and a large number of repeat units, separated uridine ribonucleotides. The genetic from one another by the intergenic material of some viruses, but more spacer. A repeat unit comprises a gene generally is the molecule, derived from copy for each individual ribosomal RNA DNA by transcription, that either carries component, separated from one another information (messenger RNA), provides by the internal transcribed spacer. sub-cellular structure (ribosomal RNA), DNA ribosom Mét æ gen m· ho¸ cho RNA transports amino acids (transfer RNA), ribosom. Nãi chung ®©y lμ mét æ gen phøc or facilitates the biochemical modification t¹p vμ lín, tiªu biÓu kÕt hîp mét sè lín of itself or other RNA molecules. c¸c ®¬n vÞ lÆp, ®· t¸ch ra tõ mét ®¬n vÞ axit ribonucleic (viÕt t¾t: RNA). Mét kh¸c do vïng ®Öm liªn gen. Mét ®¬n vÞ lÆp p«lime axÝt h÷u c¬ gåm cã adenosine, gåm cã mét b¶n sao gen cho mçi mét guanosine, cytidine vμ uridine thμnh phÇn RNA ribosom riªng biÖt, ®-îc ribonucleotides. VËt liÖu di truyÒn cña mét ph©n t¸ch tõ mét ®o¹n kh¸c do vïng ®Öm sè loμi virut, nh-ng phæ biÕn h¬n lμ ph©n phiªn m· trong. tö, b¾t nguån tõ DNA do phiªn m·, ®Ó ribosomal RNA (Abbreviation: rRNA). The mang th«ng tin (RNA th«ng tin), cung cÊp RNA molecules that are essential structural cÊu tróc møc d-íi tÕ bμo (RNA ribosom), and functional components of ribosomes, vËn chuyÓn c¸c amino acid (RNA vËn where protein synthesis occurs. Different chuyÓn), hoÆc lμm dÔ dμng biÕn ®æi hãa classes of rRNA molecule are identified by sinh cña chÝnh nã hoÆc nh÷ng ph©n tö RNA their sedimentation (S) values. E. coli kh¸c. ribosomes contain one 16S rRNA molecule ribonucleosid xem: nucleoside. (1541 nucleotides long) in one (small) ribosomal sub-unit, and a 23S rRNA (2904 ribonucleotide xem: nucleotide. nucleotides) and a 5S rRNA (120 ribose A monosaccharide found in all nucleotides) in the other (large) sub-unit. ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and RNA. These three rRNA molecules are Its close analogue, 2-deoxyribose, is synthesized as part of a large precursor similarly found in all deoxyribonucleosides, molecule which also contains the deoxyribonucleotides and DNA. sequences of a number of tRNAs. Special riboza Mét monosacarit cã trong tÊt c¶ c¸c processing enzymes cleave this large ribonucleosit, ribonucleotit vμ RNA. Sù precursor to generate the functional gièng hÖt nhau cña 2-deoxyribose trong molecules. Constitutes about 80% of total ribosome 247 cellular RNA. other RNAs. Synonyms: catalytic RNA, RNA ribosom (viÕt t¾t: rRNA). C¸c ph©n gene shears. tö RNA lμ thμnh phÇn chøc n¨ng vμ cÊu ribozim Ph©n tö RNA mμ cã thÓ xóc t¸c tróc thiÕt yÕu cña ribosom, n¬i xÈy ra ho¹t ph©n nh¸nh hãa häc cña chÝnh nã hoÆc ®éng tæng hîp protein. Nh÷ng líp Kh¸c cña c¸c RNA kh¸c. Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: nhau cña ph©n tö rRNA ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh bëi catalytic RNA, gene shears. gi¸ trÞ kÕt tÇng cña chóng. C¸c ribosom E. ribulose A keto-pentose sugar (C5H11O5) coli cã chøa mét ph©n tö 16S rRNA (dμi involved in the carbon dioxide fixation 1541 nuleotit) trong ®¬n vÞ phô ribosomal pathway of photosynthesis. (nhá), vμ mét 23S rRNA (2904 nuleotit) vμ ribuloza Mét lo¹i ®-êng keto-pentoza mét 5S rRNA (120 nuleotit) trong ®¬n vÞ (C H O ) liªn quan trong ®-êng mßn cè phô (lín) kh¸c. Ba ph©n tö rRNA nμy ®-îc 5 11 5 ®Þnh khÝ c¸c b« nÝch cña quang hîp. tæng hîp nh- bé phËn cña ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt lín nã cßn mang tr×nh tù cña mét sè ribulose biphosphate (Abbreviation: tRNA. ViÖc xö lý riªng biÖt c¸c enzim ph©n RuBP). A five-carbon sugar combined with c¾t tiÒn chÊt lín ®Ó ph¸t sinh c¸c ph©n tö carbon dioxide to form a six-carbon ho¹t ®éng. T¹o thμnh kho¶ng 80% cña intermediate in the first stage of the dark tæng sè RNA tÕ bμo. reaction of photosynthesis. ribosome The sub-cellular structure that ribuloza hai phèt ph¸t (viÕt t¾t: RuBP). contains both RNA and protein molecules Mét lo¹i ®-êng n¨m c¸c bon kÕt hîp víi and is the site for the translation of mRNA khÝ c¸c b« nÝch ®Ó h×nh thμnh mét trung into protein. Ribosomes comprise large gian cã s¸u c¸c bon trong giai ®o¹n ®Çu and small sub-units. cña ph¶n øng tèi quang hîp. ribosom CÊu tróc møc d-íi tÕ bμo cã RNA rinderpest Cattle plague; a viral infection vμ ph©n tö protein vμ lμ n¬i dÞch m· mRNA of cattle, sheep and goats. vμo protein. Ribosom gåm cã c¸c ®¬n vÞ bÖnh dÞch G©y h¹i gia sóc; sù chuyÓn phô nhá vμ lín. nhiÔm virut cña gia sóc, cõu vμ dª. ribosome-inactivating protein RIP viÕt t¾t cña ribosome-inactivating (Abbreviation: RIP). A class of plant protein. proteins that inhibit normal ribosome risk analysis A process consisting of three function, and are thus highly toxic. Type 1 components: risk assessment, risk RIPs consist of single polypeptide chain management and risk communication proteins; type 2 (e.g. ricin) consist of two performed to understand the nature of proteins linked by a disulphide bridge, unwanted, negative consequences to one the toxin and the other a lectin that human and animal health, or the attaches to recognition sites on a target environment. cell. ph©n tÝch rñi ro Qu¸ tr×nh gåm ba yÕu tè: protein khö ho¹t tÝnh ribosom (viÕt t¾t: ®¸nh gi¸ rñi ro, qu¶n lý rñi ro vμ th«ng b¸o RIP). Mét líp protein thùc vËt ng¨n chÆn rñi ro ®-îc thùc hiÖn ®Ó hiÓu b¶n chÊt cña ho¹t ®éng ribosom b×nh th-êng, vμ lμ chÊt nh÷ng hËu qu¶ ©m tÝnh vμ kh«ng mong ®éc cùc m¹nh. KiÓu 1 RIPs gåm cã c¸c muèn ®èi víi søc kháe con ng-êi vμ ®éng protein chuçi polyeptit ®¬n; kiÓu 2 (vÝ dô vËt, hoÆc m«i tr-êng. ricin- chÊt ®éc ë h¹t c©y thÇu dÇu) gåm cã risk assessment a scientifically based hai protein kÕt nèi do mét cÇu disulphid, process consisting of the following steps: mét ®éc tè vμ chÊt kh¸c mét lectin ®Ó g¾n i) hazard identification; ii) hazard vμo c¸c ®iÓm ®o¸n nhËn trªn tÕ bμo ®Ých. characterization; iii) exposure assessment; ribozyme An RNA molecule that can and iv) risk characterization. catalyse chemical cleavage of itself or of risk communication 248 ®¸nh gi¸ rñi ro Mét qu¸ tr×nh dùa vμo ph©n conditions where RNA-DNA duplexes are tÝch khoa häc gåm cã c¸c b-íc sau: i) nhËn more stable than DNA-DNA duplexes. ra m¹o hiÓm; ii) ®Æc tr-ng m¹o hiÓm; iii) vßng ®¬n R Nh÷ng vïng DNA sîi ®¬n ®¸nh gi¸ khuynh h-íng; vμ iv) ®Æc tr-ng trong vËt lai RNA - DNA h×nh thμnh trong rñi ro. èng nghiÖm d-íi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn n¬i mμ c¸c risk communication The interactive cÆp ®«i RNA-DNA lμ æn ®Þnh h¬n c¸c cÆp exchange of information and opinions ®«i DNA-DNA. throughout the risk analysis process RNA viÕt t¾t cña axit ribonucleic . concerning hazards and risks, risk-related RNA editing Post-transcriptional factors and risk perceptions, among risk processes that alter the information assessors, risk managers, consumers, encoded in RNAs. industry, the academic community and other interested parties, including the so¹n th¶o RNA Qu¸ tr×nh sau phiªn m· explanation of risk assessment findings lμm thay ®æi th«ng tin m· hãa trong c¸c and the basis of risk management RNA. decisions. RNA polymerase A polymerase enzyme th«ng b¸o rñi ro Trao ®æi lÉn nhau vÒ that catalyses the synthesis of RNA from th«ng tin vμ nh÷ng quan ®iÓm vÒ tÊt c¶ a DNA template. nh÷ng xö lý ph©n tÝch rñi ro liªn quan m¹o Mét enzim trïng hîp xóc t¸c ho¹t ®éng hiÓm vμ rñi ro, c¸c yÕu tè liªn quan rñi ro tæng hîp RNA tõ mét khung mÉu DNA. vμ nhËn thøc rñi ro, gi÷a ng-êi ®¸nh gi¸ RNAase ViÕt t¾t cña ribonuclease. rñi ro, nhμ qu¶n lý rñi ro, ng-êi tiªu dïng, RNA-dependent DNA polymerase Xem: c«ng nghiÖp, céng ®ång khoa häc vμ reverse transcriptase nh÷ng thμnh phÇn ®¶ng ph¸i quan t©m kh¸c, bao gåm viÖc gi¶i thÝch c¸c t×m kiÕm RNase viÕt t¾t cña ribonuclease. ®¸nh gi¸ rñi ro vμ c¬ së cña c¸c quyÕt ®Þnh rol genes A family of genes, present on qu¶n lý rñi ro. the Ri plasmid of Agrobacterium risk management The process, distinct rhizogenes, that when transferred to a from risk assessment, of weighing policy plant upon infection by the bacterium, alternatives, in consultation with all induce the formation of roots. Used as a interested parties, considering risk means of root induction on different assessment and other factors relevant for species and cultivars of micropropagated the health protection of consumers and for fruit trees. the promotion of fair trade practices, and, gen rol Mét hä gen, cã mÆt trªn Ri plasmit if needed, selecting appropriate prevention cña Agrobacterium rhizogenes, ®Ó khi and control options. ®-îc chuyÓn cho c©y d-íi sù chuyÓn qu¶n lý rñi ro Qu¸ tr×nh, ph©n biÖt râ rμng nhiÔm do vi khuÈn, sÏ thóc ®Èy h×nh thμnh tõ viÖc ®¸nh gi¸ rñi ro, cña c¸c lùa chän rÔ. §-îc dïng lμm ph-¬ng ph¸p c¶m øng chÝnh s¸ch cøng r¾n, cã tham kh¶o víi tÊt rÔ trªn c¸c loμi vμ c©y trång cña nh÷ng c¶ c¸c thμnh phÇn quan t©m, c¸ch xem dßng c©y ¨n qu¶ vi nh©n gièng kh¸c biÖt. xÐt viÖc ®¸nh gi¸ rñi ro vμ nh÷ng yÕu tè root The descending axis of a plant, kh¸c thÝch hîp ®Ó b¶o vÖ søc kháe ng-êi normally below ground, which serves to tiªu dïng vμ ®Ó thóc ®Èy thùc hμnh th-¬ng anchor the plant and to absorb and m¹i chÝnh ®¸ng, vμ nÕu cÇn cã thÓ tiÕn conduct water and mineral nutrients. hμnh lùa chän chÝnh s¸ch ng¨n chÆn vμ rÔ Trôc ®©m xuèng cña thùc vËt, b×nh ®iÒu khiÓn hîp lý. th-êng d-íi nÒn ®Êt, nã gióp c©y v÷ng R-loops Single-stranded DNA regions in vμng ®Ó hót, vμ dÉn n-íc vμ dinh d-ìng RNA-DNA hybrids formed in vitro under kho¸ng. root apex 249 root apex The apical meristem of a root; root tuber Thickened root that stores very similar to the shoot apical meristem carbohydrates. in that it forms the three meristematic th©n cñ RÔ ®-îc lμm dμy ®Ó dù tr÷ hydrat areas: the protoderm (develops into the cacbon. epidermis); the procambium (the stele); root zone The volume of soil or growing and the growth meristem (the cortex). medium containing the roots of a plant. In ®Ønh rÔ M« ph©n sinh ®Ønh cña rÔ; rÊt soil science, the depth of the soil profile in gièng víi m« ph©n sinh ®Ønh chåi trong ®ã which roots are normally found. nã h×nh thμnh ba vïng m« ph©n sinh: tiÒn tÇng rÔ Vïng ®Êt hoÆc m«i tr-êng sinh m« ph©n sinh (ph¸t triÓn thμnh biÓu b×); tr-ëng cã chøa chïm rÔ thùc vËt. Trong tiÒn t-îng tÇng (trung trô); vμ m« ph©n sinh khoa häc ®Êt, ®é s©u cña phÉu diÖn ®Êt t¨ng tr-ëng (vá). trong ®ã chïm rÔ h×nh thμnh b×nh th-êng. root cap A mass of reinforced cells rootstock The trunk or root material to covering and protecting the apical which buds or scions are inserted in meristem of a root. grafting. See: stock. nãn rÔ Khèi l-îng c¸c tÕ bμo ®-îc t¨ng gèc ghÐp VËt liÖu th©n hoÆc rÔ ®Ó c¸c c-êng bao trïm vμ b¶o vÖ m« ph©n sinh m¾t ngñ hoÆc chåi c©y ®-îc chÌn vμo khi ®Ønh rÔ. ghÐp. Xem: stock. root culture The culture of isolated apical rotary shaker Rotating apparatus with a or lateral root tips to produce in vitro root platform on which liquid media or cultures systems with indeterminate growth habits. can be continuously shaken. Used to study mycorrhizal, symbiotic and plant-parasitic relationships. thiÕt bÞ rung ThiÕt bÞ quay cïng víi nÒn mμ trªn ®ã m«i tr-êng láng hoÆc nu«i cÊy nu«i cÊy rÔ Nu«i cÊy c¸c ®Ønh rÔ chãp cã thÓ ®-îc rung liªn tôc. hoÆc rÔ bªn ph©n lËp ®Ó s¶n xuÊt c¸c hÖ rÔ trong èng nghiÖm cã tËp qu¸n sinh Roundup-readyä Describing transgenic tr-ëng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh. Dïng ®Ó nghiªn crop varieties that carry the bacterial gene cøu c¸c mèi quan hÖ ký sinh thùc vËt, céng which detoxifies the herbicide sinh vμ bÖnh rÔ nÊm. glyphosate, thereby making them root cutting Cutting made from sections resistant to its application. of roots alone. Roundup-readyä M« t¶ c¸c lo¹i c©y trång nh©n rÔ Nh©n ®o¹n c¾t ®-îc t¹o ra tõ c¸c chuyÓn gen mang gen vi khuÈn ®Ó gi¶i ®éc c¸c phÇn rÔ riªng. thuèc herbicit glyphosat, Do ®ã lμm chóng chôi ®ùng khi sö dông thuèc. root hairs Outgrowths from epidermal cell walls of the root, specialized for water and rRNA viÕt t¾t cña ribosomal RNA. nutrient absorption. RuBP viÕt t¾t cña ribulose biphosphate. l«ng hót C¸c mÊu låi tõ c¸c v¸ch tÕ bμo ruminant Animal having a rumen - a large biÓu b× cña rÔ, chuyªn dông hÊp thô n-íc digestive sac in which fibrous plant material vμ chÊt dinh d-ìng. is fermented by commensal microbes, prior root nodule A small round mass of cells to its digestion in a “true” stomach (the attached to the roots of leguminous plants, abomasum). Common farm ruminants are containing symbiotic nitrogen-fixing cattle and sheep. bacteroids, particularly Rhizobium spp. loμi nhai l¹i §éng vËt cã mét d¹ cá-mét nèt sÇn, nèt rÔ Mét khèi bao quanh nhá tói tiªu hãa lín trong ®ã vËt liÖu c©y cã sîi c¸c tÕ bμo ®-îc g¾n vμo rÔ c©y hä ®Ëu, cã ®-îc lªn men do c¸c vi khuÈn céng sinh, chøa c¸c loμi vi khuÈn cè ®Þnh ®¹m céng tr-íc khi tiªu ho¸ trong mét d¹ dμy “ thËt “ sinh, ®Æc biÖt vi khuÈn nèt rÔ Rhizobium (d¹ mói khÕ). C¸c loμi nhai l¹i ®ång cá phæ spp. biÕn lμ tr©u bß vμ cõu. runner 250 runner A lateral stem that grows appearance of spores is reminiscent of horizontally along the ground surface and metallic rust, although the colour varies, gives rise to new plants either from axillary according to species, from yellow to or terminal buds. Synonym: stolon. reddish-brown. th©n bß Mét th©n bªn sinh tr-ëng ngang gØ sÐt M« t¶ chung cho nhiÒu t¸c nh©n theo bÒ mÆt ®Êt vμ sinh ra nh÷ng c©y míi g©y bÖnh nÊm nguy hiÓm kh¸c nhau, tõ c¸c mÇm n¸ch hoÆc c¶ mÇm cuèi. Tõ chóng l©y nhiÔm l¸ vμ mÇm cña c¸c c©y ®ång nghÜa: stolon. trång. Sù xuÊt hiÖn c¸c bμo tö lμ sù gîi l¹i rust A generic descriptor for various vÕt rØ kim lo¹i, mÆc dÇu cã nhiÒu thay ®æi serious fungal plant pathogens, which vÒ mμu, tuú theo c¸c loμi, tõ vμng ®Õn n©u- infect the leaves and stems of crops. The ®á nh¹t. 251 salt tolerance The ability of a plant in soil or in culture to withstand a concentration of common salt (sodium chloride) which is damaging or lethal to most other plants. Ss Breeding and selection for increased tolerance and resistance in crop plants is of great current interest. Synonym: saline resistance. An organism with extreme salt tolerance is a halophyte. S phase The phase in the cell cycle during which DNA synthesis occurs. tÝnh chÞu mÆn Kh¶ n¨ng chôi ®ùng cña thùc vËt víi nång ®é muèi tæng sè (natri pha S Pha trong chu tr×nh tÕ bμo xÈy ra clorua) trong ®Êt hoÆc trong nu«i cÊy mμ ho¹t ®éng tæng hîp. g©y h¹i hoÆc lμm chÕt hÇu hÕt c¸c lo¹i c©y

S1 mapping A method to characterise trång kh¸c. Nh©n gièng sinh s¶n vμ chän post-transcriptional modifications in läc ®Ó n©ng cao søc chÞu ®ùng vμ tÝnh RNA (removal of introns etc.) by kh¸ng cña c©y trång canh t¸c ®ang ®-îc hybridizing RNA with single-stranded hÕt søc quan t©m. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: saline

DNA and treating with S1 nuclease. resistance. Mét loμi sinh vËt cã tÝnh chÞu lËp b¶n ®å S1 Ph-¬ng ph¸p m« t¶ ®Æc muèi cao nhÊt lμ c©y chÞu mÆn. ®iÓm nh÷ng biÕn ®æi sau phiªn m· trong sap Fluid content of the xylem and RNA (lo¹i bá c¸c intron v.v.) b»ng c¸ch lai phloem cells of plants. Fluid content of RNA víi DNA sîi ®¬n vμ xö lý víi nucleaza the vacuole generally referred to as cell S1. sap.

S1 nuclease An enzyme obtained from the nhùa c©y Thμnh phÇn láng cña c¸c tÕ bμo filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae m¹ch gç vμ vá thùc vËt. Thμnh phÇn láng which specifically degrades RNA or cña kh«ng bμo nãi chung ®-îc ®Ò cËp nh- single-stranded DNA into its constituent nhùa tÕ bμo. mononucleotides, and cleaves nicked saprophyte An organism (generally a double-stranded DNA at the nick. fungus) that depends on dead plant or

S1 nucleaza Enzim thu ®-îc tõ nÊm mèc animal tissue for its source of nutrition and Aspergillus oryzae ph©n c¾t riªng biÖt RNA metabolic energy. hoÆc DNA sîi ®¬n thμnh nh÷ng loμi ho¹i sinh Mét sinh vËt (th-êng lμ mononucleotit thμnh phÇn, vμ t¸ch DNA nÊm) dùa vμo c©y chÕt hoÆc m« ®éng vËt sîi kÐp hë t¹i ngay chç hë. ®Ó lμm nguån dinh d-ìng vμ n¨ng l-îng saccharifaction Following liquefaction, trao ®æi chÊt. the hydrolysis of polysaccharides by satellite DNA Highly repetitive DNA in glucoamylase to maltose and glucose. plant and animal genomes, consisting of ®-êng ph©n TiÕp theo sù hãa láng, thñy millions of copies of sequences typically ph©n polisacarit thμnh ®-êng maltoza vμ in the range 5-500 bp long. Thousands of glucoza b»ng glucoamylaza. copies occur tandemly (head-to-tail) at saline resistance tÝnh chôi mÆn tõ ®ång each of many sites. It can be isolated from nghÜa víi salt tolerance. the rest of the genomic DNA by density Salmonella A genus of rod-shaped, Gram- gradient centrifugation. negative bacteria that are a common cause DNA vÖ tinh DNA lÆp l¹i møc ®é cao trong of food poisoning. hÖ gen thùc vËt vμ ®éng vËt, gåm cã hμng Salmonella Gièng vi khuÈn Gram-©m, triÖu b¶n sao tr×nh tù tiªu biÓu trong ph¹m h×nh que lμ nguyªn nh©n phæ biÕn ngé ®éc vi dμi tõ 5- 500bp. Hμng ngh×n b¶n sao thøc ¨n. xuÊt hiÖn kiÓu cÆp ®«i (®Çu nèi víi ®u«i) ë mçi cÆp trong nhiÒu vÞ trÝ. Cã thÓ ®-îc ph©n satellite RNA 252 lËp tõ phÇn cßn l¹i cña DNA hÖ gen do ly lμm mßn vá Xö lý ho¸ häc hoÆc vËt lý cho t©m gradien mËt ®é. c¸c h¹t gièng nhÊt ®Þnh cã mang vá cøng satellite RNA A small, self-splicing RNA kh«ng thÊm n-íc víi môc ®Ých lμm thñng molecule that accompanies several plant hoÆc lμm máng vá h¹t ®ñ ®Ó dÉn n-íc vμ viruses, including tobacco ringspot virus. n¶y mÇm. Synonym: viroid. SCE viÕt t¾t cña sister chromatid RNA vÖ tinh Ph©n tö RNA nhá, tù ghÐp exchange. nèi ®Ó kÕt hîp víi mét sè virut thùc vËt, scion A twig or bud used for grafting onto bao gåm virut ®èm trßn thuèc l¸. Tõ ®ång another plant or rootstock. nghÜa: viroid. chåi ghÐp Cμnh non hoÆc mÇm dïng SC ViÕt t¾t cña synaptonemal complex. ghÐp lªn trªn c©y hoÆc gèc ghÐp kh¸c. SCA ViÕt t¾t cña specific combining scion-stock interaction The effect of a ability. rootstock on a scion (and vice versa) in scaffold The central proteinaceous core which a particular scion grafted onto a structure of condensed eukaryotic specific s performs differently than it would chromosomes. The scaffold is composed either on its own roots or on a different of non-histone chromosomal proteins. rootstock. dμn gi¸o CÊu tróc lâi protein trung t©m t-¬ng t¸c gèc-chåi Sù ¶nh h-ëng cña cña nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n chuÈn dÇy ®Æc. gèc ghÐp trªn chåi ghÐp (vμ ng-îc l¹i) Dμn gi¸o bao gåm c¸c protein nhiÔm s¾c trong ®ã mét chåi ghÐp riªng biÖt ®-îc thÓ kh«ng histon. ghÐp trªn mét vi sai chän läc ®Æc biÖt thùc hiÖn kh¸c biÖt h¬n víi trªn rÔ cña chÝnh nã scale up Conversion of a process, such hoÆc trªn gèc ghÐp kh¸c biÖt. as fermentation of a micro-organism, from a small laboratory scale to a larger sclerenchyma A strengthening tissue in industrial scale. plants, composed of cells with heavily lignified cell walls. quy m« t¨ng ChuyÓn ®æi mét qu¸ tr×nh, nh- lªn men vi sinh vËt, tõ quy m« nhá phñ cøng M« t¨ng c-êng cña thùc vËt, phßng thÝ nghiÖm ®Õn quy m« lín c«ng bao gåm tÕ bμo cã c¸c v¸ch ho¸ gç m¹nh. nghiÖp. SCP viÕt t¾t cña single-cell protein. scanning electron microscope scrapie A spongiform encephalopathy (Abbreviation: SEM). An electron-beam- disease of sheep. See: proteinaceous based microscope used to examine, in a infectious particle. three dimensional screen image, the bÖnh n·o Mét lo¹i bÖnh n·o d¹ng bät biÓn surface structure of prepared specimens. cña cõu Xem: proteinaceous infectious kÝnh hiÓn vi ®iÖn tö quÐt (viÕt t¾t: SEM). particle. KÝnh hiÓn vi dùa vμo chïm ®iÖn tö dïng screen Preliminary characterization of a ®Ó kiÓm tra cÊu tróc bÒ mÆt cña nh÷ng b¶n sample collection on the basis of a set of mÉu ®-îc lμm s½n trªn mμn ¶nh hiÓn thÞ simple established criteria (biochemical, kh«ng gian ba chiÒu. anatomical, physiological, etc.). Often SCAR viÕt t¾t cña sequence applied to the process of selection for characterized amplified region specific purposes, such as for disease scarification The chemical or physical resistance or for improved agronomic treatment given to certain seeds having performance in crop plants. hard, impermeable seed coats in order to hiÓn thÞ, sμng läc §Æc tr-ng gèc cña mét puncture or weaken the seed coat tËp hîp mÉu dùa vμo bé tiªu chuÈn thiÕt sufficiently to permit water uptake and lËp ®¬n (hãa sinh, gi¶i phÉu, sinh lý häc, germination. v.v.). Th-êng ¸p dông cho qu¸ tr×nh chän SDS 253 läc môc tiªu ghi râ, nh- tÝnh kh¸ng bÖnh secondary messenger A chemical hoÆc n©ng cao thùc hμnh n«ng häc cña compound within a cell that is responsible thùc vËt canh t¸c. for initiating the response to a signal from SDS viÕt t¾t cña sodium dodecyl a chemical messenger (such as a sulphate. hormone) that cannot enter the target cell itself. SDS-PAGE viÕt t¾t cña: sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel th«ng tin thø cÊp Mét hîp chÊt hãa häc electrophoresis. bªn trong tÕ bμo chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm ®Ó triÓn khai ®¸p l¹i tÝn hiÖu tõ th«ng tin hãa häc secondary antibody In an ELISA or other (nh- hãc m«n) mμ kh«ng thÓ tù tiÕn vμo tÕ immunological assay system, the antibody bμo ®Ých. designed to bind to the primary antibody, and to which a label is generally attached. secondary metabolism The production by living organisms of substances not kh¸ng thÓ thø cÊp Trong ELISA hoÆc hÖ essential for primary metabolic functions thèng thö nghiÖm miÔn dÞch kh¸c, kh¸ng or physiology. Their role is associated with thÓ thiÕt kÕ ®Ó liªn kÕt víi kh¸ng thÓ gèc, interaction with the environment, for vμ n¬i th-êng ®-îc g¾n nh·n . example for defence, as elicitors or as secondary cell wall The innermost layer attractants. Some of these have useful of cell wall, giving rigidity to the cells. pharmacological or nutritional properties, Characterized by its highly organized while others are toxic. microfibrillar structure, and only formed in chuyÓn ho¸ thø cÊp S¶n xuÊt nh÷ng chÊt certain cells after cell elongation has kh«ng ph¶i lμ thiÕt yÕu cho ho¹t ®éng ceased. chuyÓn ho¸ s¬ cÊp hoÆc sinh lý häc do v¸ch tÕ bμo thøc cÊp Líp ®¸y cña v¸ch sinh vËt sèng. Vai trß cña chóng ®-îc kÕt tÕ bμo, t¹o cøng cho tÕ bμo. §-îc ®Æc hîp t-¬ng hç víi m«i tr-êng, vÝ dô ®Ó b¶o tr-ng bëi cÊu tróc sîi vi m« cã tæ chøc cao, vÖ, nh- chÊt xua ®uæi hoÆc chÊt dÉn dô. vμ chØ h×nh thμnh trong c¸c tÕ bμo nhÊt Mét sè trong ®ã cã c¸c thuéc tÝnh d-îc ®Þnh sau khi sù kÐo dμi tÕ bμo ®· ngõng häc hoÆc dinh d-ìng h÷u Ých, trong khi h¼n. nh÷ng lo¹i kh¸c th× l¹i ®éc. secondary growth Type of growth secondary metabolite Product of characterized by an increase in the secondary metabolism. thickness of stem and root, and resulting chÊt chuyÓn ho¸ thø cÊp S¶n phÈm cña from the formation of secondary vascular qu¸ tr×nh chuyÓn ho¸ thø cÊp. tissues by the vascular cambium. secondary oocyte no·n bμo thø cÊp sinh tr-ëng thø cÊp KiÓu sinh tr-ëng xem: oocyte. ®-îc ®Æc tr-ng bëi t¨ng theo bÒ dμy th©n vμ gèc, vμ b¾t nguån tõ h×nh thμnh m« secondary phloem Phloem tissue formed m¹ch thø cÊp do m¹ch t-îng tÇng. by the vascular cambium during secondary growth in a vascular plant. secondary immune response The rapid immune response that occurs during the libe thø cÊp M« libe h×nh thμnh do t-îng second (and subsequent) encounters of tÇng trong qu¸ tr×nh sinh tr-ëng thø cÊp the immune system of a mammal with a cña c©y m¹ch gç. specific antigen. See: primary immune secondary plant product s¶n phÈm thùc response. vËt thø cÊp xem: secondary metabolite. ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch thø cÊp Ph¶n øng secondary root A branch or lateral root. miÔn dÞch nhanh xuÊt hiÖn trong b¾t cÆp rÔ thø cÊp RÔ nh¸nh hoÆc rÔ bªn. lÇn hai (vμ kÕ tiÕp) cña hÖ miÔn dÞch ®éng secondary spermatocyte tinh bμo thø vËt cã vó víi mét kh¸ng nguyªn ®Æc thï. cÊp xem: spermatocyte. Xem: primary immune response. secondary structure 254 secondary structure Localized three anything which may be sown; i.e. seed dimensional conformations adopted by potatoes (which are vegetative tubers); macromolecules, in particular nucleic seed of wheat (karyopses) etc. acids and polypeptides. These arise as a result of the action of non-covalent forces gièng, h¹t gièng Theo nghÜa thùc vËt häc, generated by interactions between no·n tr-ëng thμnh kh«ng cã c¸c phÇn phô. residues which are brought into close NghÜa th«ng th-êng, bÊt cø bé phËn nμo contact with one another. Examples are cã thÓ gieo trång; nghÜa lμ khoai t©y gièng alpha-helix regions and beta-pleated (lμ th©n cñ sinh d-ìng); h¹t lóa m× (mÇu sheets in proteins, and hairpin loops in nh©n) v©n v©n. nucleic acids. See: primary structure, seed storage proteins Proteins tertiary structure, quaternary structure. accumulated in large amounts in protein cÊu tróc bËc hai H×nh th¸i kh«ng gian ba bodies within seeds. They act as a source chiÒu ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh chÊp nhËn bëi c¸c ®¹i of amino acids during germination. Of ph©n tö, trong c¸c nucleic acid and interest in biotechnology: 1. As a major polypeptid riªng biÖt. CÊu tróc bËc hai xuÊt source of human and animal nutritional hiÖn lμ hËu qu¶ cña ho¹t ®éng lùc c-ìng protein. 2. As a model expression system. bøc kh«ng ®ång hãa trÞ ph¸t sinh do t-¬ng Since they are produced in large amounts t¸c gi÷a c¸c gèc khi ®-a vμo tiÕp xóc gÇn relative to other proteins, and are stored nhau. VÝ dô vïng xo¾n alpha vμ nÕp gÊp in stable, compact bodies in the plant seed, beta cña protein, vμ nót h×nh cÆp tãc cña it may be possible to engineer transgenes axit nucleic. Xem: primary structure, which are expressed in the same way as tertiary structure, quaternary structure. seed storage proteins - i.e. in large amounts and in a convenient form. secondary thickening Deposition of secondary cell wall materials which result protein tÝch lòy h¹t gièng Protein ®-îc in an increase in thickness in stems and tÝch luü víi sè l-îng lín c¸c lo¹i protein roots. h¹t gièng. Chóng lμm nguån amino acid khi n¶y mÇm. Mèi quan t©m trong ngμnh lμm dμy thø cÊp §ãng kÕt vËt liÖu v¸ch tÕ c«ng nghÖ sinh häc: 1. Lμm mét nguån bμo thø cÊp dÉn ®Õn lμm dμy th©n vμ rÔ. chÝnh cña protein dinh d-ìng ng-êi vμ secondary vascular tissue Vascular ®éng vËt. 2. Lμm hÖ thèng biÓu thÞ mÉu. V× tissue (xylem and phloem) formed by the chóng ®-îc s¶n sinh víi sè l-îng lín so vascular cambium during secondary víi protein kh¸c, vμ ®-îc cÊt gi÷ trong c¸c growth in a vascular plant. thÓ gän, æn ®Þnh trong h¹t gièng thùc vËt, m« m¹ch thø cÊp M« m¹ch (m¹ch gç vμ cã kh¶ n¨ng thiÕt kÕ gen chuyÓn ®Ó biÓu vá c©y) ®-îc h×nh thμnh do m¹ch t-îng thÞ theo cïng mét c¸ch nh- protein tÝch tr÷ tÇng trong qu¸ tr×nh sinh tr-ëng thø cÊp h¹t gièng - nghÜa lμ trong mét sè l-îng lín cña c©y m¹ch gç. vμ trong mét d¹ng tiÖn lîi. secondary xylem thí gç thø cÊp xem: segment-polarity gene A gene that secondary vascular tissue. functions to define the anterior and secretion The transport of a molecule posterior components of body segments from the inside of a cell through the cell in Drosophila. membrane. gen ph©n ®èt Gen ho¹t ®éng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh (sù) ph©n tiÕt ChuyÓn vËn mét ph©n tö thμnh phÇn sau vμ tr-íc tõng ®èt th©n tõ trong tÕ bμo qua mμng tÕ bμo. ruåi giÊm. seed Botanically, the matured ovule segregant An individual derived from a without accessory parts. Colloquially, cross between two unlike parents. segregation 255 thÓ ph©n ly C¸ thÓ b¾t nguån tõ lai chÐo proportionate reduction in the gametic gi÷a hai cha mÑ kh«ng gièng nhau. contribution of a particular genotype, segregation For genes, the separation of compared with the (generally most allele pairs from one another and their favoured) standard genotype. resulting assortment into different cells at hÖ sè chän läc PhÐp ®o c-êng ®é chän meiosis. For chromosomes, the läc t¹i æ gen, th-êng ®-îc viÕt gän lμ s. Nã separation and re-assortment of the two ®¹i diÖn thu nhá c©n ®èi sù ®ãng gãp phèi homologues in anaphase of the first tö cña mét kiÓu gen riªng biÖt, so s¸nh víi meiotic division. For individuals, the kiÓu gen chuÈn (®-îc thõa nhËn phæ biÕn occurrence of different genotypes and/or nhÊt). phenotypes among offspring, resulting selection culture A selection based on from chromosome or allele separation in difference(s) in environmental conditions their heterozygous parents. or in culture medium composition, such ph©n ly Cña gen, Ph©n t¸ch c¸c cÆp alen that preferred variant cells or cell lines víi nhau vμ ph©n lo¹i kÕt qu¶ trong tÕ bμo (presumptive or putative mutants) are kh¸c nhau ë gi¶m ph©n. Cña nhiÔm s¾c favoured over other variants or the wild thÓ, ph©n t¸ch vμ ph©n lo¹i hai ®ång hîp type. tö trong k× sau gi¶m ph©n lÇn ®Çu. Cña c¸ nu«i cÊy chän läc Chän läc dùa vμo mét thÓ, biÕn cè kiÓu gen vμ/hoÆc kiÓu h×nh hoÆc nhiÒu ®iÓm kh¸c nhau cña ®iÒu kiÖn kh¸c nhau gi÷a con c¸i, b¾t nguån tõ ph©n ngo¹i c¶nh hoÆc thμnh phÇn m«i tr-êng t¸ch nhiÔm s¾c thÓ hoÆc alen cña cha mÑ nu«i cÊy, sao cho c¸c tÕ bμo biÕn thÓ thÝch dÞ hîp. hîp hoÆc nh÷ng dßng tÕ bμo (c¸c ®ét biÕn selectable Having a gene product that, suy ®o¸n hoÆc gi¶ ®Þnh) ®-îc -u tiªn h¬n when present, enables the identification mäi biÕn thÓ kh¸c hoÆc kiÓu d¹i. and preferential propagation of a selection differential The difference particular genotype. See: reporter gene. between the mean of the individuals kh¶ n¨ng chän läc §Ó cã mét s¶n phÈm selected to be parents and the mean of gen mμ, khi cã mÆt, cho phÐp nhËn ra vμ the overall population; it represents the nh©n gièng -u tiªn cña mét kiÓu gen riªng average superiority of the selected biÖt. Xem: reporter gene. parents; commonly abbreviated as S. selectable marker A gene whose vi sai chän läc Sai Kh¸c gi÷a trung b×nh expression allows the identification of a c¸c c¸ thÓ lùa chän lμm cha mÑ vμ trung specific trait or gene in an organism. b×nh toμn bé quÇn thÓ; ®¹i diÖn trung b×nh dÊu chuÈn kh¶ n¨ng chän läc Gen mμ tèt h¬n cña cha mÑ ®-îc lùa chän; th-êng biÓu thÞ cña nã cho phÐp nhËn ra tÝnh tr¹ng viÕt t¾t lμ S. hoÆc gen ghi râ trong sinh vËt. selection pressure The intensity of selection 1. Differential survival and selection acting on a population of reproduction of phenotypes. 2. A system organisms or on cells in culture. Its for either isolating or identifying specific effectiveness is measured in terms of genotypes in a mixed population. differential survival and reproduction, and consequently in changes in allele chän läc 1. Sinh tån vμ sinh s¶n kh¸c nhau frequency in a population. cña c¸c kiÓu h×nh. 2. HÖ thèng ®Ó võa ph©n lËp hoÆc võa x¸c ®Þnh c¸c kiÓu gen riªng søc Ðp chän läc C-êng ®é chän läc t¸c biÖt trong quÇn thÓ hçn hîp. ®éng lªn quÇn thÓ sinh vËt hoÆc tÕ bμo trong nu«i cÊy. Mäi ¶nh h-ëng nhá cña nã selection coefficient A measure of the ®-îc ®o trong c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn sinh tån vμ intensity of selection at a locus, commonly sinh s¶n kh¸c nhau, vμ hËu qu¶ do thay abbreviated as s. It represents the ®æi tÇn sè alen cña quÇn thÓ. selection response 256 selection response The difference in culture by periodically draining off the between the mean of the individuals medium and replenishing it with fresh selected to be parents and the mean of medium. their offspring. Predicted response is nu«i cÊy b¸n liªn tôc TÕ bμo trong tr¹ng calculated as the product of narrow-sense th¸i ph©n chia tÝch cùc ®-îc duy tr× khi nu«i heritability and selection differential. cÊy b»ng c¸ch rót kiÖt m«i tr-êng vμ cung ph¶n øng chän läc Sai kh¸c gi÷a trung cÊp thªm m«i tr-êng míi theo ®Þnh kú. b×nh c¸c c¸ thÓ ®-îc chän läc lμm cha mÑ semi-permeable membrane A natural or vμ trung b×nh con c¸i cña chóng. Ph¶n øng synthetic material which selectively allows dù ®o¸n ®-îc tÝnh to¸n nh- s¶n phÈm di the passage of certain ions or molecules. truyÒn c¶m nhËn hÑp vμ vi sai chän läc. mμng b¸n thÊm VËt liÖu tæng hîp hoÆc tù self-incompatibility In plants, the inability nhiªn mμ cho phÐp chän läc c¸c ion hoÆc of the pollen to fertilize ovules (female ph©n tö nhÊt ®Þnh thÊm qua. gametes) of the same plant. semi-sterility The condition of partial kh«ng tù t-¬ng hîp Trong thùc vËt, tÝnh fertility. Often associated with bÊt thô cña phÊn hoa lμm thô tinh no·n chromosomal aberrations or the result of (phèi tö c¸i) cña cïng c©y. mutagenesis. self-replicating elements b¸n v« sinh T×nh tr¹ng thô tinh bé phËn. Extrachromosomal DNA elements that Th-êng kÕt hîp víi sai lÖch nhiÔm s¾c thÓ have origins of replication for the hoÆc kÕt qu¶ g©y ®ét biÕn. initiation of their own DNA synthesis. senescence A late stage in the phÇn tö tù lÆp C¸c phÇn tö DNA ngoμi development of multicellular organisms, nhiÔm s¾c thÓ cã c¸c gèc b¶n sao ®Ó b¾t during which irreversible loss of function ®Çu tæng hîp DNA cña chÝnh b¶n th©n and degradation of biological components chóng. occur. The physiological ageing process self-sterility kh«ng tù sinh s¶n tõ ®ång in which cells and tissues deteriorate and nghÜa self-incompatibility. finally die. SEM viÕt t¾t cña scanning electron l·o ho¸ Giai ®o¹n muén trong sù ph¸t triÓn microscope. cña sinh vËt ®a bμo, khi mμ xÈy ra mÊt semen sexing x¸c ®Þnh giíi tÝnh tinh chøc n¨ng vμ ph©n r· kh«ng thÓ ®¶o ng-îc dÞch tõ ®ång nghÜa sperm sexing. c¸c thμnh phÇn sinh häc. Qu¸ tr×nh giμ ho¸ sinh lý khi tÕ bμo vμ m« suy gi¶m dÇn vμ semi-conservative replication During cuèi cïng chÕt. DNA duplication, each strand of a parent DNA molecule acts as a template for the sense RNA The RNA transcript of the synthesis of a new complementary coding strand DNA (often represented as strand. Thus, one half of a pre-existing the (+)-strand). Opposite: antisense RNA. DNA molecule is conserved during each When both sense and antisense round of replication. transcripts of a gene are present simultaneously, gene silencing is often b¶n sao b¸n b¶o tån Trong khi nh©n ®«i the result. DNA, mçi sîi cña mét ph©n tö DNA cha mÑ lμm mét khung mÉu tæng hîp mét sîi RNA xu«i chiÒu, cã nghÜa B¶n sao RNA bæ sung míi. Nh- vËy, mét nöa ph©n tö cña DNA sîi m· hãa (th-êng ®-îc biÓu DNA vèn cã tõ tr-íc (tiÒn kiÕp) ®-îc b¶o diÔn lμ sîi (+)). Ng-îc víi: RNA ®èi nghÜa. tån trong mçi vßng sao chÐp. Khi c¶ c¸c b¶n sao cã nghÜa vμ ®èi nghÜa cña mét gen ®ång thêi cïng cã mÆt, th-êng semi-continuous culture Cells in an dÉn ®Õn bÊt ho¹t gen. actively dividing state which are maintained sensitivity 257 sensitivity In diagnostic tests, the smallest ph©n kú tr×nh tù Sai kh¸c phÇn tr¨m trong amount of the target molecule that the tr×nh tù nucleotit gi÷a c¸c tr×nh tù nucleic assay can detect. acid liªn quan, hoÆc trong tr×nh tù amino ®é nh¹y c¶m Trong phÐp thö chÈn ®o¸n, acid khi so s¸nh gi÷a c¸c protein liªn quan. sè l-îng nhá nhÊt cña ph©n tö ®Ých mμ sequence hypothesis The concept that thö nghiÖm cã thÓ ph¸t hiÖn. genetic information exists as a linear sepsis Destruction of tissue by DNA code, and that DNA and gene product pathogenic micro-organisms or their sequence are collinear. toxins, especially through infection of a gi¶ thuyÕt tr×nh tù Kh¸i niÖm m« t¶ th«ng wound. tin di truyÒn cã mét côm m· DNA tuyÕn nhiÔm trïng m¸u Ph¸ hñy m« do vi sinh tÝnh, vμ DNA vμ tr×nh tù s¶n phÈm gen lμ vËt g©y bÖnh hoÆc ®éc tè cña chóng, ®Æc ®ång tuyÕn tÝnh. biÖt qua chuyÓn nhiÔm vÕt th-¬ng. sequence tandem repeat (Abbreviation: septate (thuéc) v¸ch ng¨n (tÝnh tõ) xem: STR). See: tandem repeat. septum. lÆp tandem tr×nh tù (viÕt t¾t: STR). Xem: septum A dividing wall or partition, which tandem repeat. splits a structure into separate cells or sequence-tagged site (Abbreviation: compartments. STS). Short unique DNA sequence (200- v¸ch ng¨n V¸ch ng¨n c¸ch hoÆc ph©n 500 bp long) that can be amplified by PCR chia, t¸ch cÊu tróc ra thμnh c¸c tÕ bμo hoÆc and is thus tagged to the site on the c¸c gian rêi. chromosome from which it was amplified. sequence The linear order of nucleotides vÞ trÝ ®¸nh dÊu tr×nh tù (viÕt t¾t: STS). along a DNA or RNA molecule, and the Tr×nh tù DNA duy nhÊt ng¾n (chiÒu dμi 200- process of obtaining this. Genome 500 bp) ®Ó cã thÓ ®-îc khuyÕch ®¹i bëi sequencing aims to generate the linear PCR vμ ®-îc ®¸nh dÊu vÞ trÝ trªn nhiÔm order of all nucleotides present in the s¾c thÓ ngay tõ chç ®-îc khuyÕch ®¹i. nuclear DNA of an organism. serial division Splitting of excised shoot- tr×nh tù Thø tù tuyÕn tÝnh nuleotit däc theo tip material growing in vitro, in order to ph©n tö DNA hoÆc RNA, vμ qu¸ tr×nh ®¹t induce the development of greater ®-îc. Lμm tr×nh tù hÖ gen víi môc ®Ých numbers of plantlets. sinh thø tù tuyÕn tÝnh cña tÊt c¶ c¸c nuleotit ph©n l« Sù ph©n chia sinh tr-ëng vËt liÖu cã mÆt trong DNA nh©n cña mét sinh vËt. ®Ønh chåi ®-îc c¾t trong èng nghiÖm, víi sequence characterized amplified môc ®Ých thóc ®Èy ph¸t triÓn sè l-îng lín region (Abbreviation: SCAR). A molecular c¸c c©y míi. marker obtained by the conversion to a serial float culture A technique whereby sequence-tagged site of a single random immature anthers are floated on a liquid amplified polymorphic DNA product. medium, and continue their development vïng khuyÕch ®¹i ®Æc tr-ng tr×nh tù (viÕt through to the release of pollen. t¾t: SCAR). DÊu chuÈn ph©n tö ®¹t ®-îc nu«i cÊy næi theo l« Kü thuËt theo ®ã do chuyÓn ®æi tíi vÞ trÝ ®¸nh dÊu tr×nh tù nhôy hoa cßn xanh ®-îc th¶ næi trªn m«i s¶n phÈm DNA ®a h×nh khuyÕch ®¹i ngÉu tr-êng láng, vμ tiÕp tôc ph¸t triÓn nhê gi¶i nhiªn ®¬n. phãng phÊn hoa. sequence divergence The percent serology The study of serum reactions difference in the nucleotide sequence between an antigen and its antibody. between related nucleic acid sequences, Mainly used to identify and distinguish or in the amino acid sequence in a between antigens, such as those specific comparison between related proteins. to particular micro-organisms or viruses. serum 258 huyÕt thanh häc Nghiªn cøu ph¶n øng tÝnh c¸ thÓ. §èi víi tÊt c¶ c¸c ®éng vËt cã huyÕt thanh gi÷a kh¸ng nguyªn víi kh¸ng vó, mét sè Ýt loμi c©y ra hoa vμ nhiÒu loμi thÓ cña nã. Chñ yÕu dïng ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh vμ c«n trïng, c¸ thÓ c¸i mang mét cÆp nhiÔm ph©n biÖt gi÷a c¸c kh¸ng nguyªn, nh- tÝnh s¾c thÓ X, vμ c¸ thÓ ®ùc mang mét X vμ ®Æc thï víi vi sinh vËt hoÆc virut riªng biÖt. mét Y. §èi víi c¸c loμi chim, bß s¸t vμ hÇu serum Blood plasma that has had its hÕt c¸c l-ìng c-, con ®ùc mang mét cÆp clotting factor removed. nhiÔm s¾c thÓ W, vμ con c¸i mang mét W vμ mét Z. Trong mét sè loμi c«n trïng chØ huyÕt thanh HuyÕt t-¬ng m¸u ®· ®-îc mét lo¹i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ giíi tÝnh, X, vμ giíi lo¹i bá nh©n tè ®ãng côc. tÝnh ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh bëi sè l-îng hiÖn cã serum albumin A globular protein nμy. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: allosome. ng-¬c víi: obtained from blood and body fluids. autosome. Bovine and human serum albumins are sex determination Any method by which abbreviated BSA and HSA respectively. the distinction between males and females anbumin huyÕt thanh Protein h×nh cÇu is established in a species, particularly at thu ®-îc tõ m¸u vμ c¸c chÊt láng c¬ thÓ. an early stage of foetal development. C¸c anbumin huyÕt thanh ng-êi vμ gia sóc x¸c ®Þnh giíi tÝnh Mäi ph-¬ng ph¸p mμ ®-îc viÕt t¾t t-¬ng øng lμ HSA vμ BSA . ph©n biÖt gi÷a ®ùc vμ c¸i ®-îc thiÕt lËp sewage treatment A widespread trong mét loμi, ®Æc biÖt ë giai ®o¹n sím biotechnological processes in developed ph¸t triÓn thai nhi. economies. Methods vary widely, but all sex duction The incorporation of bacterial are designed for the biological break-down genes into F factors and their subsequent of human and animal waste in order to transfer, by conjugation, to a recipient allow safe discharge into the environment. cell. xö lÝ phÕ th¶i Mét qu¸ tr×nh c«ng nghÖ dÉn giíi tÝnh Hîp nhÊt c¸c gen vi khuÈn sinh häc phæ biÕn thuéc c¸c ngμnh kinh tÕ thμnh nh©n tè F vμ chuyÓn tiÕp theo tíi tÕ ph¸t triÓn. C¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p thay ®æi rÊt bμo nhËn do tiÕp hîp. nhiÒu, nh-ng tÊt c¶ ®Òu thiÕt kÕ ®Ó ph©n huû sinh häc cña phÕ th¶i ng-êi vμ ®éng sex factor A bacterial episome (e.g. the vËt víi môc ®Ých th¶i an toμn vμo m«i F plasmid in E. coli) that enables the cell tr-êng. to be a donor of genetic material. The sex factor may be propagated in the sex chromosome Differentiated cytoplasm, or it may be integrated into the chromosome which is responsible for the bacterial chromosome. determination of sex of the individual. For all mammals, a small number of flowering nh©n tè giíi tÝnh ThÓ ngoμi sinh d-ìng vi plants and many insects, female khuÈn (vÝ dô F plasmit trong E. coli) cã thÓ individuals carry a pair of X chromosomes, biÕn tÕ bμo thμnh thÓ cho vËt liÖu di truyÒn. and males carry one X and one Y. For Nh©n tè giíi tÝnh cã thÓ truyÒn lan trong birds, reptiles and most amphibians, male chÊt tÕ bμo, hoÆc cã thÓ tÝch hîp vμo trong individuals carry a pair of W chromosomes, nhiÔm s¾c thÓ vi khuÈn. and females carry one W and one Z. In sex hormones Steroid hormones that some insects there is only one sex control sexual development in animals. chromosome, X, and sex is determined by hãc m«n sinh dôc C¸c hãc m«n steroid the number of these present. Synonym: ®iÒu khiÓn ph¸t triÓn giíi tÝnh cña ®éng vËt. allosome. Opposite: autosome. sex linkage Referring to genes present on nhiÔm s¾c thÓ giíi tÝnh NhiÔm s¾c thÓ one of the sex chromosomes, thus kh¸c biÖt liªn quan ®Õn viÖc x¸c ®Þnh giíi genetically linked to the sex of the individual. sex mosaic 259 liªn kÕt giíi tÝnh Liªn quan víi c¸c gen containing liquid cell cultures. Also cã trªn mét lo¹i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ giíi tÝnh, do described as a platform shaker. vËy ®-îc kÕt nèi di truyÒn víi giíi tÝnh cña vËt rung Mét trÇn, cã ®iÒu khiÓn tèc ®é æn c¸ thÓ. ®Þnh hoÆc biÕn thiªn, dïng ®Ó rung b×nh sex mosaic thÓ kh¶m giíi tÝnh tõ ®ång chøa c¸c nu«i cÊy tÕ bμo thÓ láng. Cßn nghÜa gynandromorph. ®-îc m« t¶ nh- mét trÇn rung. sexed embryos Embryos separated shear Literally the sliding of one layer according to sex. across another, with deformation and ph«i ph©n giíi tÝnh Ph«i ®-îc ph©n t¸ch fracturing in the direction parallel to the theo giíi tÝnh. movement. In the present context, used to describe 1. the forces that cells are sex-influenced dominance The tendency subjected to in a bioreactor or a for gene action to vary between the sexes mechanical device used for cell breakage. within a species. For example, the 2. the intentional or unintentional presence of horns in some breeds of sheep fragmentation of large DNA molecules, appears to be dominant in males but achieved commonly by passing a recessive in females. concentrated DNA solution through a tÝnh tréi ¶nh h-ëng giíi tÝnh Xu h-íng hypodermic needle. This treatment ®Ó ho¹t ®éng gen lμm thay ®æi gi÷a giíi generates random breaks in the DNA, and tÝnh trong cïng mét loμi. VÝ dô, viÖc cã sõng the average size of fragments can be trong mét sè gièng cõu xuÊt hiÖn lμ tréi manipulated by varying the bore of the trong con ®ùc nh-ng tho¸i hãa trong con needle. c¸i. xo¾n, g·y Theo ®óng nghÜa viÖc lμm tr-ît sex-limited Expression of a trait in only cña líp nμy ngang qua líp kh¸c, cã biÕn one sex; e.g. milk production in mammals; d¹ng vμ lμm gÉy theo h-íng song song egg production in chickens. víi chuyÓn ®éng. Trong thùc tÕ hiÖn nay, h¹n chÕ giíi tÝnh BiÓu thÞ mét tÝnh tr¹ng dïng ®Ó m« t¶ 1. Lùc ®-a tÕ bμo vμo b×nh chØ trong mét giíi tÝnh; vÝ dô s¶n l-îng s÷a ph¶n øng hoÆc thiÕt bÞ c¬ khÝ dïng lμm vì cña ®éng vËt cã vó; ®Î trøng cña gμ. tÕ bμo. 2. Ph©n ®o¹n ®Þnh tr-íc hoÆc sexual reproduction The process kh«ng ®Þnh tr-íc cña c¸c ph©n tö DNA lín, whereby two gametes fuse to form one th-êng ®¹t ®-îc do qua dung dÞch DNA c« fertilized cell (zygote). ®Æc th«ng qua kim chÝch. C¸ch xö lý nμy t¹o ra c¸c m¶nh vì ngÉu nhiªn DNA, vμ sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh Qu¸ tr×nh hai giao tö kÝch th-íc trung b×nh cña nh÷ng m¶nh vì dung hîp ®Ó h×nh thμnh mét tÕ bμo (hîp cã thÓ ®-îc thao t¸c b»ng thay ®æi lç kim. tö) ®-îc thô tinh. Shine-Dalgarno sequence A conserved shake culture An agitated suspension in sequence of prokaryotic mRNAs that is culture providing adequate aeration for complementary to a sequence near the cells in the liquid medium. Usually 5' terminus of the 16S ribosomal RNA and achieved using platform shakers, or by is involved in the initiation of translation. constant stirring with a magnetic stirrer. See: ribosomal binding site. nu«i cÊy rung HuyÒn phï ®-îc kÝch ®éng tr×nh tù Shine-Dalgarno Tr×nh tù mRNA trong nu«i cÊy nh»m cung cÊp th«ng khÝ sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n ®-îc b¶o qu¶n ®Ó bæ thÝch hîp cho tÕ bμo trong m«i tr-êng láng. sung cho tr×nh tù gÇn c¸c ®Çu 5' cña RNA Th-êng ®¹t ®-îc khi sö dông trÇn rung, ribosom 16 S vμ ®-îc kÐo theo khëi ®Çu hoÆc xung ®éng kh«ng thay ®æi víi g©y sao chÐp. Xem: ribosomal binding site. xung tõ tÝnh. shoot apex ®Ønh chåi xem: shoot tip. shaker A platform, with set or variable speed control, used to agitate vessels shoot differentiation The development of shoot tip 260 growing points, leaf primordia and finally short-day plant A plant which will not shoots from a shoot tip, axial bud, or callus flower until triggered to do so by exposure surface. to one or a number of dark periods equal biÖt ho¸ chåi Ph¸t triÓn c¸c ®iÓm sinh to or longer than its critical period. Other tr-ëng, bao l¸ vμ chåi cuèi tõ ®Ønh chåi, plant species are long-day and some are mÇm chÝnh, hoÆc bÒ mÆt m« sÑo. daylength neutral. Genetic variation for daylength sensitivity is present in many shoot tip The terminal bud (0.1 - 1.0 mm) crop species. of a plant, which consists of the apical meristem (0.05 - 0.1 mm) and the c©y ngμy ng¾n Mét loμi c©y mμ sÏ kh«ng immediately surrounding leaf primordia ra hoa cho ®Õn khi ®-îc thóc ®Èy ra hoa and developing leaves, and adjacent stem do chiÕu s¸ng víi mét hoÆc mét sè giai tissue. Synonym: shoot apex. ®o¹n tèi b»ng hoÆc dμi h¬n thêi kú tíi h¹n cña nã. Nh÷ng loμi c©y kh¸c lμ c©y ngμy ®Ønh chåi MÇm khëi ®Çu (0.1- 1.0 mm) dμi vμ mét sè lμ c©y ngμy dμi trung b×nh. cña thùc vËt, bao gåm m« ph©n sinh ®Ønh BiÕn dÞ di truyÒn ®Ó nh¹y c¶m ®é dμi ngμy (0.05- 0.1 mm) vμ bao gèc l¸ phô cËn trùc lu«n cã mÆt trong nhiÒu gièng canh t¸c. tiÕp vμ c¸c l¸ ®ang ph¸t triÓn, vμ m« th©n liÒn kÒ. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: shoot apex. shotgun genome sequencing A strategy for sequencing a whole genome, in which shoot-tip graft A shoot tip or meristem the genomic DNA is initially fragmented tip grafted onto a prepared seedling or into pieces small enough to be sequenced. micropropagated rootstock in culture. Specialized computer software is then Meristem tip grafting is mainly used for in used to piece together the individual vitro virus elimination from Citrus spp. and sequences to create long contiguous tracts other plants. Synonym: micrograft. of sequenced DNA. ghÐp ®Ønh chåi §Ønh chåi hoÆc ®Ønh m« lμm tr×nh tù hÖ gen hμng lo¹t ChiÕn l-îc ph©n sinh ghÐp lªn c©y non cã s½n hoÆc lμm tr×nh tù toμn bé hÖ gen, trong ®ã DNA gèc ghÐp vi nh©n gièng trong nu«i cÊy. hÖ gen ®-îc ph©n m¶nh ®Çu tiªn thμnh GhÐp ®Ønh m« ph©n sinh chñ yÕu ®-îc sö nh÷ng m¶nh ®ñ nhá ®Ó ®-îc tr×nh tù. PhÇn dông trong èng nghiÖm ®Ó lo¹i virut khái mÒm m¸y tÝnh chuyªn dông sau ®ã ®-îc c¸c gièng cam quÝt vμ nh÷ng c©y kh¸c. Tõ dïng ®Ó ch¾p c¸c tr×nh tù c¸ lÎ víi nhau ®ång nghÜa: micrograft. ®Ó t¹o ra nh÷ng kho¶ng réng liªn tôc theo short interspersed nuclear element chiÒu dμi cña DNA ®· tr×nh tù. (Abbreviation: SINE). Families of short shuttle vector A plasmid capable of (150-300 bp), moderately repetitive DNA replicating in two different host organisms elements of eukaryotic genomes. They because it carries two different origins of appear to be DNA copies of certain tRNA replication and can therefore be used to molecules, created presumably by the transfer genes from one to the other. unintended action of reverse Synonym: bifunctional vector. transcriptase during retroviral infection. vect¬ con thoi Mét plasmit cã kh¶ n¨ng phÇn tö nh©n xÕp ng-îc ng¾n (viÕt t¾t: sao l¹i trong hai sinh vËt chñ kh¸c biÖt v× SINE). Hä ng¾n (50- 300bp), nh÷ng phÇn nã mang hai b¶n gèc sao chÐp kh¸c nhau tö DNA lÆp trung b×nh cña c¸c hÖ gen nh©n vμ cã thÓ do vËy ®-îc sö dông ®Ó chuyÓn chuÈn. Chóng xuÊt hiÖn nh- lμ b¶n sao gen tõ sinh vËt nμy cho sinh vËt kh¸c. Tõ DNA cña ph©n tö tRNA nhÊt ®Þnh, ®-îc t¹o ®ång nghÜa: bifunctional vector. ra mét c¸ch cã thÓ ®o¸n tr-íc do ho¹t ®éng kh«ng ®Þnh h-íng cña enzim phiªn m· sib-mating The deliberate crossing of ng-îc khi l©y nhiÔm vi rót lÆn. siblings. Generally done where self- siderophore 261 incompatibility prevents the production sigma factor The sub-unit of prokaryotic of self-fertilized progeny. RNA polymerases responsible for the kÕt ®«i chÞ em Sù b¾t chÐo tù do gi÷a anh initiation of transcription at specific chÞ em. §a sè thùc hiÖn ë n¬i mμ tÝnh tù initiation sequences. kh«ng t-¬ng thÝch ng¨n ngõa sù s¶n sinh nh©n tè sigma §¬n vÞ møc d-íi cña RNA cña con ch¸u tù thô tinh. polymerase nh©n s¬ liªn quan khëi ®Çu siderophore A low molecular weight entity sao chÐp t¹i nh÷ng tr×nh tù khëi ®Çu riªng that binds very tightly to iron. Siderophores biÖt. are synthesized by a variety of soil micro- signal peptide peptit tÝn hiÖu xem: organisms to ensure that the organism is signal sequence. able to obtain sufficient amounts of iron signal sequence A stretch of 15-30 amino from the environment. acid residues at the N terminus of a thùc bμo chøa s¾t Mét thùc thÓ ph©n tö protein, which is thought to enable the l-îng thÊp mμ liªn kÕt chÆt víi kim lo¹i. protein to be secreted (pass through a cell C¸c thùc bμo chøa s¾t ®-îc tæng hîp do membrane). The signal sequence is loμi vi sinh vËt ®Êt ®Ó b¶o ®¶m r»ng sinh removed as the protein is secreted. vËt nμy cã thÓ hÊp thô sè l-îng ®Çy ®ñ Synonyms: signal peptide, leader kim lo¹i tõ m«i tr-êng. peptide. sieve cell A long and slender sieve tr×nh tù tÝn hiÖu Mét qu·ng c¸c gèc15-30 element in vascular plants, characterized amino acid t¹i ®Çu cuèi N cña protein, ®-îc by relatively unspecialized sieve areas and nghÜ tíi viÖc cho phÐp ph©n tiÕt protein (di tapering end walls that lack sieve plates. chuyÓn qua mμng tÕ bμo). Tr×nh tù tÝn hiÖu tÕ bμo m¹ch r©y PhÇn tö m¹ch r©y dμi vμ ®-îc lo¹i bá khi ph©n tiÕt protein. Nh÷ng m¶nh cña thùc vËt m¹ch gç, ®Æc tr-ng bëi tõ ®ång nghÜa: signal peptide, leader c¸c vïng m¹ch r©y t-¬ng ®èi kh«ng biÖt peptide. ho¸ vμ c¸c v¸ch kÕt thóc nhá dÇn lμm thiÕu signal transduction The biochemical c¸c tÊm m¹ch r©y. events that conduct the signal of a sieve element The phloem cell concerned hormone or growth factor from the cell with longitudinal conduction of food exterior, through the cell membrane, and materials. into the cytoplasm. This involves a number of molecules, including receptors, ligands phÇn tö m¹ch r©y TÕ bμo vá c©y liªn quan and messengers. víi viÖc dÉn nguyªn liÖu thøc ¨n theo chiÒu däc. chuyÓn ®æi tÝn hiÖu Sù kiÖn hãa sinh ®Ó h-íng dÉn tÝn hiÖu hãc m«n hoÆc yÕu tè sieve plate Perforated wall area in a sieve t¨ng tr-ëng tõ ngoμi tÕ bμo, qua mμng tÕ tube element, through which strands bμo, vμ vμo trong chÊt tÕ bμo. ChuyÓn ®æi connecting sieve tube protoplasts can tÝn hiÖu kÐo theo mét sè ph©n tö, bao gåm pass. thÓ thô c¶m, phèi tö vμ thÓ ®-a tin. tÊm m¹ch r©y Vïng v¸ch xuyªn thñng signal-to-noise ratio A specifically cña phÇn tö èng m¹ch r©y, sîi nèi tiÕp chÊt produced response (signal) compared to nguyªn sinh èng m¹ch r©y cã thÓ chuyÓn the response level (noise) when no specific qua ®ã. stimulus (activity) is present. sieve tube A tube within the phloem tissue tû lÖ tõ tÝn hiÖu tíi tiÕng ån Mét sù ®¸p of a plant, composed of joined sieve l¹i (tÝn hiÖu) ®-îc s¶n sinh ®Æc biÖt so s¸nh elements. víi møc ®¸p l¹i (tiÕng ån) khi sù kÝch thÝch èng m¹ch r©y Mét lo¹i èng bªn trong m« (ho¹t ®éng) kh«ng ®Æc biÖt cã mÆt. vá c©y trång, bao gåm c¸c phÇn tö m¹ch silencing Loss of gene expression either r©y kÕt nèi. through an alteration in the DNA silent mutation 262 sequence of a structural gene, or its single base deletions. Such variation is regulatory region; or because of extensive throughout all genomes, and interactions between its transcript and offers the particular advantage of being other mRNAs present in the cell (see: detectable without the need for gel antisense RNA). electrophoresis. lÆn, tiÒm Ên MÊt biÓu thÞ gen qua thay ®æi tÝnh ®a h×nh nuleotit ®¬n (viÕt t¾t: SNP). tr×nh tù DNA cña mét gen cÊu tróc, hoÆc DÊu chuÈn gen b¾t nguån tõ biÕn dÞ trong vïng ®iÒu hoμ; hoÆc bëi t-¬ng t¸c gi÷a b¶n tr×nh tù t¹i vÞ trÝ ®Æc biÖt bªn trong tr×nh tù sao vμ c¸c RNA th«ng tin kh¸c cã mÆt trong DNA. C¸c SNP ®a sè lμ hËu qu¶ cña nh÷ng tÕ bμo (xem: antisense RNA). thay ®æi ®ång ho¸n (A cho G, T cho C), silent mutation ®ét biÕn lÆn xem: ngo¹i trõ dÞ ho¸n (G hoÆc A cho T hoÆc C) mutation. vμ xãa ba z¬ ®¬n. Nh- vËy biÕn dÞ më réng c¶ hÖ gen, vμ cung cÊp lîi thÕ ®Æc biÖt ®Ó simple sequence repeat lÆp tr×nh tù ®¬n tiÕn hμnh dß t×m mμ kh«ng cÇn thiÕt ®Õn (viÕt t¾t: SSR). xem: microsatellite. hiÖn t-îng ®iÖn chuyÓn chÊt gel. SINE viÕt t¾t cña short interspersed single primer amplification reaction nuclear element. (Abbreviation: SPAR). A PCR-based single-cell line dßng tÕ bμo ®¬n xem: genotyping technique in which genomic cell strain template is amplified with a single primer. single-cell protein (Abbreviation: SCP). ph¶n øng khuÕch ®¹i khëi ®Çu ®¬n (viÕt Protein produced by micro-organisms, t¾t: SPAR). Mét kü thuËt gi¸m ®Þnh gen dùa particularly yeast. Used as either a feed vμo PCR trong ®ã khung mÉu hÖ gen ®-îc or a food additive. khuyÕch ®¹i víi mét khëi ®Çu ®¬n. protein tÕ bμo ®¬n (viÕt t¾t: SCP). Protein single-strand conformational s¶n xuÊt do vi sinh vËt, ®Æc biÖt nÊm men. polymorphism (Abbreviation: SSCP). A Lμm thøc ¨n hoÆc phô gia thùc phÈm. technique for detection of mutations in a single copy A gene or DNA sequence defined DNA sequence. Single-stranded which occurs only once per (haploid) polynucleotides are electrophoretically genome. Many structural genes are single separated on non-denaturing gels. copy. Intrachain base pairing results in a limited b¶n sao ®¬n Gen hoÆc tr×nh tù DNA mμ number of conformers stabilized by xuÊt hiÖn chØ mét lÇn (®¬n béi) theo hÖ gen. intrachain loops, and mutated DNA shows NhiÒu gen cÊu tróc lμ b¶n sao ®¬n. on electrophoresis an altered assortment of such conformers. single domain antibody kh¸ng thÓ miÒn ®¬n xem: dAb. tÝnh ®a h×nh h×nh th¸i sîi ®¬n (viÕt t¾t: SSCP). Mét kü thuËt ®Ó dß t×m ®ét biÕn single node culture Culture of separate trong tr×nh tù DNA ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh. Nh÷ng lateral buds, each carrying a piece of stem polinucleotit sîi ®¬n ®-îc ph©n t¸ch tissue. chuyÓn ®iÖn trªn c¸c gel kh«ng lμm biÕn nu«i cÊy nót ®¬n Nu«i cÊy chåi bªn t¸ch tÝnh. C¸c kÕt qu¶ cÆp ®«i baz¬ cïng chuçi rªng, mçi nót ®Òu mang mét m¶nh m« trong mét sè giíi h¹n h×nh th¸i ®-îc æn th©n. ®Þnh do c¸c vßng cïng chuçi, vμ DNA ®-îc single nucleotide polymorphism ®ét biÕn chØ ra trªn hiÖn t-îng ®iÖn chuyÓn (Abbreviation: SNP). A genetic marker mét ph©n lo¹i ®-îc biÕn ®æi cña c¸c h×nh resulting from variation in sequence at a th¸i nh- vËy. particular position within a DNA sequence. single-strand DNA binding protein A SNPs are commonly the result of protein that coats single-stranded DNA, transition changes (A for G, T for C), but preventing renaturation and so also transversions (G or A for T or C) and maintaining the DNA in an extended state. single-stranded DNA 263 protein b¸m dÝnh DNA sîi ®¬n Mét mét tr×nh tù x¸c ®Þnh trong mét ph©n tö protein mμ phñ lªn DNA sîi ®¬n, ng¨n DNA hoÆc RNA. ngõa håi tÝnh vμ do vËy duy tr× DNA trong site-specific mutagenesis The induction mét tr¹ng th¸i më réng. of mutations, by molecular biology single-stranded DNA (Abbreviation: techniques, in one or more specific ssDNA). DNA molecules separated from nucleotides within a defined coding their complementary strand, either by its sequence in order to create altered forms absence or following denaturation. of the gene product. Used to define the DNA sîi ®¬n (viÕt t¾t: ssDNA). Ph©n tö active sites of proteins and for protein DNA ®-îc ph©n t¸ch tõ sîi bæ sung cña engineering. chóng, do thiÕu hoÆc biÕn tÝnh tiÕp theo. sinh ®ét biÕn ®Æc tr-ng ®iÓm G©y ®ét single-stranded nucleic acid Nucleic biÕn, b»ng kü thuËt sinh häc ph©n tö, trong acid molecules consisting of only one mét hoÆc nhiÒu nuleotit ®Æc biÖt bªn trong polynucleotide chain. The genomes of tr×nh tù m· ho¸ ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh víi môc ®Ých many viruses are single-stranded DNA ®Ó t¹o ra c¸c d¹ng biÕn ®æi s¶n phÈm gen. molecules, as are most biologically §-îc dïng ®Þnh nghÜa nh÷ng ®iÓm ho¹t effective RNAs. Many RNA molecules do ®éng cña c¸c protein vμ ®Ó kü thuËt include double-stranded regions formed by protein. the intra-strand base-pairing of self- sitosterol xem: phytosterol. complementary sequences, and these six-base cutter Type II restriction determine the 3-dimensional shape endonucleases whose recognition site (conformation) that they adopt in vivo. and cleavage site consist of a axit nucleic sîi ®¬n Ph©n tö axit nucleic characteristic sequence of six nucleotide bao gåm chØ mét chuçi polinucleotit. C¸c pairs. See: four-base cutter. hÖ gen cña nhiÒu lo¹i virut lμ ph©n tö DNA ph©n c¾t s¸u ba z¬ Endonucleaza giíi sîi ®¬n, nh- hÇu hÕt c¸c RNA hiÖu øng h¹n kiÓu II mμ vÞ trÝ ®o¸n nhËn vμ vÞ trÝ sinh häc. Ph©n tö RNA bao gåm c¸c vïng ph©n rÏ cña nã bao gåm mét tr×nh tù ®Æc sîi kÐp ®-îc h×nh thμnh do sù cÆp ®«i ba tr-ng cña s¸u cÆp nuleotit. xem: four-base z¬ sîi ngoμi cña tr×nh tù tù bæ sung, vμ cutter. x¸c ®Þnh h×nh d¹ng kh«ng gian ba chiÒu small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (h×nh th¸i) mμ chóng chÊp nhËn trong c¬ (Abbreviation: snRNP). A complex of small thÓ. nuclear RNA and nuclear protein, heavily sire Male animal chosen for breeding. involved in the post-transcriptional ®ùc gièng §éng vËt gièng ®ùc ®-îc chän processing of mRNA, especially the ®Ó båi dôc. removal of introns. snRNPs are a major sister chromatid exchange component of spliceosomes. (Abbreviation: SCE). Reciprocal ribonucleoprotein nh©n nhá (viÕt t¾t: interchanges of the two chromatid arms snRNP). Mét phøc hîp cña RNA nh©n nhá within a single chromosome. vμ protein nh©n, tham gia m¹nh mÏ vμo trao ®æi nhiÔm s¾c tö chÞ em (viÕt t¾t: xö lý hËu phiªn m· cña RNA th«ng tin, ®Æc SCE). Ho¸n ®æi lu©n phiªn cña hai nh¸nh biÖt lo¹i bá c¸c intron. C¸c snRNP lμ thμnh nhiÔm s¾c tö trong mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®¬n. phÇn chÝnh cña phÇn tö ghÐp nèi. site-specific A term used to describe any small nuclear RNA (Abbreviation: process or enzyme which acts at a defined snRNA). RNA transcripts of 100-300 bp sequence within a DNA or RNA molecule. that associate with proteins to form small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles. ®Æc tr-ng ®iÓm ThuËt ng÷ ®Ó m« t¶ mét Most snRNAs are components of the sè qu¸ tr×nh hoÆc enzim mμ t¸c ®éng t¹i spliceosomes. SNP 264 RNA nh©n nhá (viÕt t¾t: snRNA). B¶n sao c¶i thiÖn ®Êt C¶i t¹o c¸c lo¹i ®Êt nghÌo. RNA 100- 300 bp mμ kÕt hîp víi protein Bao gåm ph©n huû nÊm vμ vi khuÈn ®Ó ®Ó h×nh thμnh h¹t ribonucleoprotein nh©n biÕn chÊt h÷u c¬ thùc vËt thμnh mïn; gi¶i nhá. HÇu hÕt c¸c snRNA lμ nh÷ng thμnh phãng kho¸ng chÊt -nh- c¸c phèt ph¸t- phÇn cña phÇn tö ghÐp nèi. cho ®Êt, lμm t¨ng ®é ph× cho c©y; cè ®Þnh SNP viÕt t¾t cña single nucleotide nit¬. Cã thÓ ®«i khi cßn bao gåm phÇn tö polymorphism. ch÷a trÞ sinh häc. snRNA viÕt t¾t cña small nuclear RNA. soil-less culture Growing plants in nutrient solution without soil. Synonym: snRNP viÕt t¾t cña small nuclear hydroponics. ribonucleoprotein. canh t¸c kh«ng ®Êt Thùc vËt trång trong sodium dodecyl sulphate (Abbreviation: dung dÞch chÊt dinh d-ìng kh«ng cã ®Êt. SDS). A detergent used to solubilize Tõ ®ång nghÜa : hydroponics. protein and DNA from biological materials. Specific use in sodium dodecyl sulphate solid medium Nutrient medium solidified polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. by the addition of a gelling agent, commonly agar. thuèc tÈy sun ph¸t (viÕt t¾t: SDS). Mét lo¹i thuèc tÈy lμm hoμ tan protein vμ DNA m«i tr-êng ®Æc Dung dÞch chÊt dinh tõ nguyªn liÖu sinh vËt. §Æc biÖt sö dông d-ìng ®-îc lμm ®Æc b»ng c¸ch thªm vμo trong ®iÖn di gel polycrylamit sul-fat mét t¸c nh©n t¹o gel, phæ biÕn lμ th¹ch. dodecyl natri. somaclonal variation Epigenetic or sodium dodecyl sulphate genetic changes induced during the callus polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis phase of plant cells cultured in vitro. (Abbreviation: SDS-PAGE). A widely Sometimes visible as changed phenotype employed electrophoretic method for the in plants regenerated from culture. separation of proteins from biological biÕn dÞ t¹o dßng x«ma C¸c thay ®æi biÓu samples. The sodium dodecyl sulphate sinh hoÆc di truyÒn g©y ra trong pha m« gives a uniform charge density to the sÑo cña tÕ bμo thùc vËt trong èng nghiÖm. surface of proteins or nucleic acids, so that §«i khi ng-êi ta cã thÓ thÊy mét kiÓu h×nh their rate of migration through the gel is ®-îc thay ®æi cña thùc vËt t¸i sinh tõ nu«i determined largely by their molecular cÊy. weight. somatic Referring to cell types, structures ®iÖn di gel polycrylamit thuèc tÈy sun and processes other than those associated ph¸t (viÕt t¾t: SDS - PAGE). Ph-¬ng ph¸p with the germ line. ®iÖn di ®-îc dïng phæ biÕn ®Ó t¸ch c¸c (thuéc)thÓ, x«ma, sinh d-ìng §Ò cËp tíi protein khái mÉu sinh vËt. ChÊt sul-fat kiÓu, cÊu tróc vμ qu¸ tr×nh tÕ bμo thay v× dodecyl natri t¹o ra mËt ®é tÝch n¹p ®ång chóng ®-îc kÕt hîp víi dßng mÇm. d¹ng víi bÒ mÆt protein hoÆc axit nucleic, somatic cell Cells not involved in sexual do vËy tû lÖ di chuyÓn cña chóng qua chÊt reproduction, i.e. not germ cells. gel ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh phÇn lín do träng l-îng ph©n tö cña chóng. tÕ bμo x«ma, tÕ bμo thÓ C¸c tÕ bμo kh«ng tham gia vμo sinh s¶n h÷u tÝnh, soil amelioration The improvement of nghÜa lμ kh«ng ph¶i tÕ bμo mÇm. poor soils. Includes the fungal and bacterial break down of plant organic matter, to form somatic cell embryogenesis The humus; the release of minerals - such as process of differentiation of somatic phosphates - to the soil, making them embryos either from explant cells (direct available to plants; the fixation of nitrogen. embryogenesis), or from callus generated Can sometimes include an element of from explants (indirect embryogenesis). bioremediation. Synonym: asexual embryogenesis. somatic cell gene therapy 265 sinh ph«i tÕ bμo x«ma Qu¸ tr×nh biÖt ho¸ similar to a zygotic embryo it is initiated ph«i x«ma tõ tÕ bμo m¶nh ghÐp (ph¸t sinh from somatic plant cells. Under in vitro ph«i trùc tiÕp) hoÆc tõ m« sÑo ph¸t sinh tõ conditions, somatic embryos go through m¶nh ghÐp (ph¸t sinh ph«i gi¸n tiÕp). Tõ developmental processes similar to ®ång nghÜa : asexual embryogenesis. embryos of zygotic origin. Each somatic somatic cell gene therapy The delivery embryo is potentially capable of developing of a transgene(s) to a somatic tissue in into a normal plantlet. order to correct a physiological defect. ph«i x«ma CÊu tróc gièng hÖt ph«i cã tæ liÖu ph¸p gen tÕ bμo thÓ ChuyÓn giao chøc. MÆc dÇu t-¬ng tù vÒ h×nh th¸i häc mét hoÆc nhiÒu gen chuyÓn cho m« x«ma víi ph«i hîp tö nã ®-îc b¾t ®Çu tõ c¸c tÕ môc ®Ých ®Ó söa ch÷a khuyÕt tËt sinh lý bμo thùc vËt x«ma. D-íi ®iÒu kiÖn trong häc. èng nghiÖm, c¸c ph«i x«ma lÇn l-ît tr¶i qua c¸c qu¸ tr×nh ph¸t triÓn t-¬ng tù nh- somatic cell hybrid panel A panel of cells ph«i gèc hîp tö. Mçi mét ph«i x«ma ®Òu created by cell fusion, typically involving cã kh¶ n¨ng tiÒm tμng ®Ó ph¸t triÓn thμnh a reference species (e.g. hamster) and the mét c©y non b×nh th-êng. species of interest (e.g. sheep) with each member of the panel containing a different somatic hybridization Naturally occurring mixture of chromosomes from the two or induced fusion of somatic protoplasts species. By relating the presence or or cells of two genetically different parents. absence of cloned fragments (via in situ The difference may be as wide as hybridization) or PCR products to the interspecific. Wide synthetic hybrids presence or absence of particular formed in this way (i.e. not via gametic chromosomes from the species of interest, fusion) are known as cybrids. Not all such panels can be used for physical cybrids contain the full genetic mapping. information (nuclear and non-nuclear) of both parents. b¶ng lai tÕ bμo thÓ B¶ng c¸c tÕ bμo t¹o ra do dung hîp tÕ bμo, ®iÓn h×nh liªn quan Lai x«ma Sù dung hîp xÈy ra tù nhiªn ®Õn mét loμi tham kh¶o (vÝ dô chuét b¹ch) hoÆc ®-îc c¶m øng cña chÊt nguyªn sinh vμ loμi quan t©m (vÝ dô cõu) víi mçi mét x«ma hoÆc tÕ bμo cña hai cha mÑ kh¸c thμnh viªn cña b¶ng cã chøa hçn hîp kh¸c nhau di truyÒn. Sù kh¸c nhau cã thÓ réng nhau c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ tõ hai loμi. Do cã gi÷a c¸c loμi. C¸c con lai tæng hîp xa h×nh quan hÖ víi sù cã mÆt hoÆc thiÕu v¾ng c¸c thμnh theo c¸ch nμy (tøc kh«ng ph¶i qua ®o¹n ®-îc t¹o dßng (nhê lai ph©n tö t¹i dung hîp giao tö) ®-îc biÕt nh- c¸c vËt lai chç) hoÆc s¶n phÈm PCR víi sù cã mÆt bμo chÊt. Kh«ng ph¶i lμ tÊt c¶ c¸c vËt lai hoÆc thiÕu v¾ng c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ riªng bμo chÊt ®Òu chøa th«ng tin di truyÒn (cã biÖt tõ loμi quan t©m, nh÷ng b¶ng nh- vËy nh©n vμ kh«ng nh©n) ®Çy ®ñ cña c¶ hai cã dïng ®Ó lËp b¶n ®å vËt chÊt. cha mÑ. somatic cell variant A somatic cell with somatic hypermutation The high unique characters not present in the other frequency of mutation that occurs in the cells, and which could be selected for by gene segments encoding the variable an appropriate screen. regions of immunoglobulins during the differentiation of B lymphocytes into biÕn thÓ tÕ bμo x«ma TÕ bμo x«ma cã antibody producing plasma cells. nh÷ng ®Æc tÝnh duy nhÊt kh«ng cã mÆt trong tÕ bμo kh¸c, vμ cã thÓ ®-îc lùa chän ®ét biÕn siªu x«ma TÇn sè cao ®ét biÕn v× do hiÓn thÞ thÝch hîp. xÈy ra trong tõng ®o¹n gen m· hãa nhiÒu vïng kh¸c nhau cña globulin miÔn dÞch khi somatic embryo An organized embryo- biÖt ho¸ limph« bμo B trong tÕ bμo huyÕt like structure. Although morphologically t-¬ng s¶n sinh kh¸ng thÓ. somatic reduction 266 somatic reduction Halving of the Southern blot A nitrocellulose or nylon chromosomal number of somatic cells; a membrane to which DNA fragments possible method of producing “haploids” previously separated by gel from somatic cells and calli by artificial electrophoresis, have been transferred means. by capillary action. See: blot. phôc håi x«ma Chia ®«i sè l-îng nhiÔm dÊu vÕt Nam Mét mμng nitroxeluloza hoÆc s¾c thÓ cña tÕ bμo x«ma; mét ph-¬ng ph¸p ni l«ng ®Ó nh÷ng ®o¹n DNA ®-îc ph©n t¸ch cã kh¶ n¨ng s¶n sinh “®¬n béi” tõ tÕ bμo tr-íc ®ã b»ng ®iÖn di trªn gel, ®-îc chuyÓn x«ma vμ m« sÑo b»ng c¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p tíi b»ng ho¹t ®éng mao dÉn. Xem: blot. nh©n t¹o. Southern hybridization A procedure in somatocrinin Growth hormone-releasing which a cloned, labelled segment of DNA hormone. See: growth hormone. is hybridized to DNA restriction fragments Hãc m«n gi¶i phãng hãc m«n sinh tr-ëng. on a Southern blot. Xem: growth hormone. lai ph©n tö Nam Ph-¬ng ph¸p trong ®ã somatostatin Growth hormone-inhibiting mét ®o¹n ®¸nh dÊu, t¹o dßng cña DNA hormone. See: growth hormone. ®-îc lai víi c¸c ®o¹n giíi h¹n DNA trªn dÊu vÕt Nam. Hãc m«n ng¨n chÆn hãc m«n sinh tr-ëng. Xem: growth hormone. spacer sequence A DNA sequence separating neighbouring genes; spacer somatotropin Xem: growth hormone. sequences are not usually transcribed. sonication Disruption of cells or DNA tr×nh tù kho¶ng ®Öm Tr×nh tù DNA ph©n molecules by high frequency sound waves. t¸ch c¸c gen gÇn nhau; c¸c tr×nh tù kho¶ng bøc sãng ©m Tan r· tÕ bμo hoÆc ph©n tö ®Öm th-êng kh«ng ®-îc sao chÐp. DNA do sãng ©m tÇn sè cao. SPAR Abbreviation for single primer SOS response The synthesis of a whole amplification reaction. set of DNA repair, recombination and SPAR ViÕt t¾t cña single primer replication proteins in bacteria suffering amplification reaction. severe DNA damage (e.g. following exposure to UV light). sparger A device that introduces, into a bioreactor, air in the form of fine bubbles. ph¶n øng SOS Tæng hîp cña hÇu nh- toμn bé söa ch÷a DNA, protein t¸i tæ hîp thÓ dÉn Mét thiÕt bÞ ®Ó dÉn kh«ng khÝ trong vμ nh©n ®«i trong c¸c vi khuÈn chôi ®ùng d¹ng nh÷ng bät nhá vμo b×nh ph¶n øng. sù huû h¹i DNA rÊt lín (vÝ dô ph¬i trÇn d-íi spatial autocorrelation statistics A set tia cùc tÝm). of statistical parameters aimed to depict source DNA The DNA from an organism the spatial (geographical) pattern of that contains a target gene, and used as genetic diversity in a population. the starting material in a cloning thèng kª t-¬ng quan kh«ng gian TËp experiment. hîp tham sè thèng kª nh»m miªu t¶ mÉu DNA nguån DNA tõ mét sinh vËt mμ cã kh«ng gian (®Þa lý) cña tÝnh ®a d¹ng di chøa mét gen ®Ých lμm vËt liÖu khëi ®Çu truyÒn trong mét quÇn thÓ. trong thö nghiÖm t¹o dßng. speciation The evolutionary differentiation source organism A bacterium, plant or of a pre-existing species into one or more animal from which DNA is purified and distinct species. used in a cloning experiment. h×nh thμnh loμi Sai kh¸c tiÕn hãa tõ mét sinh vËt nguån Vi khuÈn, thùc vËt hoÆc loμi thμnh mét hoÆc nhiÒu loμi kh¸c biÖt. ®éng vËt mμ tõ ®ã DNA ®-îc lμm s¹ch vμ species A class of individuals capable of sö dông trong thö nghiÖm t¹o dßng. interbreeding, but which is reproductively specific combining ability 267 isolated from other such groups having sperm sexing The separation of many characteristics in common. A mammalian sperm into those bearing an somewhat arbitrary and sometimes blurred X chromosome and those bearing a Y classification; but still quite useful in many chromosome, in order to be able to situations. produce, via artificial insemination or in loμi Mét líp c¸ thÓ cã kh¶ n¨ng giao lai vitro fertilization, animals of a specified gièng, nh-ng ®-îc t¸ch riªng t¸i sinh s¶n sex. Methods for achieving this include the tõ chÝnh c¸c nhãm kh¸c mang nhiÒu ®Æc inactivation of X-bearing or Y-bearing tr-ng chung. Mét sù ph©n lo¹i ®«i chót tuú sperm by antibodies recognizing sex- tiÖn vμ ®«i khi bÞ bá qua; nh-ng vÉn cßn specific sperm surface peptides, and h÷u Ých trong nhiÒu t×nh huèng. fluorescence-activated cell sorting. specific combining ability (Abbreviation: x¸c ®Þnh giíi tÝnh tinh trïng Sù ph©n SCA). A component of genetic variance t¸ch tinh dÞch loμi cã vó thμnh lo¹i mang calculable where a number of genotypes mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓ X vμ lo¹i mang mét are intercrossed in all possible nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Y, môc ®Ých cã thÓ s¶n xuÊt, combinations. The SCA measures the qua thô tinh nh©n t¹o hoÆc thô tinh trong deviation of the performance of a èng nghiÖm, c¸c ®éng vËt mang mét giíi particular cross from the average general tÝnh ®Æc thï. C¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p ®Ó ®¹t ®-îc combining ability of its two parents. ®iÒu nμy bao gåm khö ho¹t tÝnh cña tinh dÞch mang X hoÆc Y do kh¸ng thÓ ®o¸n kh¶ n¨ng tæ hîp riªng (viÕt t¾t: SCA). Mét nhËn c¸c peptit bÒ mÆt tinh trïng chØ giíi thμnh phÇn ph-¬ng sai di truyÒn cã thÓ tÝnh, vμ ph©n lo¹i tÕ bμo kÝch ho¹t huúnh tÝnh to¸n ®-îc n¬i mμ mét sè kiÓu gen ®-îc quang. b¾t chÐo ngoμi víi tÊt c¶ c¸c kh¶ n¨ng kÕt hîp. SCA ®o sù sai lÖch vÒ thμnh tÝch cña spermatid Immature spermatozoon. One con lai riªng biÖt tõ kh¶ n¨ng tæ hîp genn of the four cells formed at the end of the trung b×nh cña hai cha mÑ. second meiotic division in spermatogenesis. specificity For diagnostic tests, the ability of a probe to react precisely and uniquely tinh tö Mét trong sè bèn tÕ bμo thμnh with its target molecule. h×nh vμo lóc cuèi ph©n chia gi¶m ph©n lÇn hai trong sinh tinh trïng. tÝnh ®Æc thï Cña c¸c phÐp thö chÈn ®o¸n, kh¶ n¨ng cña mét ®Çu dß ®Ó ph¶n øng spermatocyte The premeiotic parental cell chÝnh x¸c vμ duy nhÊt víi ph©n tö ®Ých. of the spermatids; the primary spermatocyte before the initiation of the spent medium After sub-culture, medium first meiotic division; the secondary which is discarded because it has been spermatocyte after completion of the first depleted of nutrients, dehydrated, or meiotic division, but before the initiation of accumulated toxic metabolic products. the second division. Synonym: sperm m«i tr-êng tiªu thô Sau nu«i cÊy phô, mother cell. m«i tr-êng mμ ®-îc bá ®i bëi v× ®· rót hÕt tinh bμo TÕ bμo cha mÑ theo ph©n chia c¸c chÊt dinh d-ìng, khö n-íc, hoÆc tÝch cña c¸c tinh tö; tinh bμo gèc tr-íc khëi ®Çu lòy c¸c s¶n phÈm chuyÓn hãa ®éc. ph©n chia gi¶m ph©n lÇn mét; tinh bμo thø sperm viÕt t¾t cña spermatozoon. cÊp sau khi hoμn thμnh ph©n chia gi¶m sperm competition Competition between ph©n lÇn mét, nh-ng tr-íc khi b¾t ®Çu ph©n different spermatozoa to fertilize the egg chia lÇn hai. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: sperm mother cell of a single female. cell. c¹nh tranh tinh trïng C¹nh tranh gi÷a spermatogenesis The series of cell c¸c tinh trïng kh¸c biÖt ®Ó thô tinh tÕ bμo divisions in the testis as a result of which trøng cña thÓ c¸i ®¬n. the formation and the maturation of the male gametes (i.e. sperm) are achieved. spermatogonium 268 sinh tinh trïng C¸c ®ît ph©n chia tÕ bμo sessile. 2. The deliberate addition of a trong tinh hoμn lμ kÕt qu¶ cña sù h×nh known quantity of a known substance to thμnh vμ tr-ëng thμnh nh÷ng giao tö gièng an analytical sample, used to validate the ®ùc (nghÜa lμ tinh trïng). analytical technique. spermatogonium (pl.: spermatogonia) b«ng 1. Mét b«ng hoa trong ®ã trôc chÝnh Primordial male germ cell. These can ®-îc kÐo dμi vμ c¸c hoa lμ l¸ kh«ng cuèng. either divide by mitosis to produce 2. Sù g¾n thªm cã chñ ý sè l-îng mét chÊt daughter cells, or enter a growth phase ®· biÕt vμo mÉu ph©n tÝch, th-êng lμm t¨ng and differentiate into a primary hiÖu lùc kü thuËt ph©n tÝch. spermatocyte. spikelet The unit of inflorescence in tinh nguyªn bμo (sè nhiÒu: grasses, made up of a small group of spermatogonia). TÕ bμo mÇm gièng ®ùc florets. nguyªn thuû. Cã thÓ ph©n chia do nguyªn giÐ nhá §¬n vÞ b«ng hoa trong c©y hoμ ph©n ®Ó s¶n sinh c¸c tÕ bμo con, hoÆc do th¶o, t¹o ra mét nhãm hoa nhá. chuyÓn sang mét pha sinh tr-ëng vμ biÖt spindle An intracellular fibrous structure, ho¸ thμnh tinh bμo gèc. involved in the control of chromosome spermatozoon (Abbreviation: sperm). (pl.: movement in mitosis and meiosis. spermatozoa) The mature, mobile gametic h×nh thoi CÊu tróc sîi tÕ bμo, liªn quan cell of male animals, produced in the testis. ®Õn ®iÒu khiÓn chuyÓn ®éng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ tinh trïng (viÕt t¾t: sperm). (sè nhiÒu: trong nguyªn ph©n vμ gi¶m ph©n. spermatozoa) TÕ bμo phèi tö tr-ëng thμnh, spliceosome A complex of small nuclear vËn ®éng cña ®éng vËt gièng ®ùc, s¶n xuÊt ribonucleoproteins and other proteins trong tinh hoμn. that assemble on an immature mRNA and spharoblast Nodule of wood which can catalyse the excision of an intron. See: give rise to adventitious shoots with splicing. juvenile characteristics. phÇn tö ghÐp nèi Mét phøc hîp cña m¾t ngñ MÊu nhá cña c©y gç mμ cã thÓ ribonucleoprotein nh©n nhá vμ c¸c protein sinh ra chåi phô cã c¸c ®Æc tr-ng non trÎ. kh¸c ®-îc tËp hîp trªn mét RNA th«ng tin spheroplast (AlteRNAtive spelling: ch-a hoμn chØnh vμ xóc t¸c c¾t mét intron. sphaeroplast). A microbial or plant cell from Xem: splicing. which most of the cell wall has been splicing 1. During the maturation of removed, usually by enzymatic treatment. eukaryotic mRNA, the process that Strictly, in a spheroplast, some of the cell removes intron sequences and covalently wall remains, while in a protoplast the cell joins exon sequences. Synonym: editing. wall has been completely removed. In 2. In recombinant DNA technology, the practice, the two words are often used term refers to the ligation of two fragments interchangeably. of DNA together. tÕ bμo trÇn (cßn gäi lμ: sphaeroblast). TÕ ghÐp nèi 1. Trong thêi gian tr-ëng thμnh bμo vi trïng hoÆc thùc vËt mμ hÇu hÕt v¸ch cña RNA th«ng tin nh©n thùc, qu¸ tr×nh lo¹i tÕ bμo ®· ®-îc lo¹i bá, th-êng do xö lý bá tr×nh tù intron vμ kÕt hîp ®ång hãa trÞ enzim. ChÝnh x¸c, trong tÕ bμo trÇn, mét tr×nh tù exon.Tõ ®ång nghÜa: c¾t xÐn. 2. sè v¸ch tÕ bμo gi÷ l¹i, cßn trong tÕ bμo Trong kü thuËt DNA t¸i tæ hîp, thuËt ®Ò chÊt nguyªn sinh v¸ch tÕ bμo ®· ®-îc lo¹i cËp tíi sù kÕt buéc hai ®o¹n DNA víi nhau. bá hoμn toμn. Trong thùc tÕ, hai tõ th-êng splicing junction The DNA sequence ®-îc sö dông thay thÕ cho nhau. immediately surrounding the boundary spike 1. An inflorescence in which the between an exon and an intron. There is main axis is elongated and the flowers are a degree of sequence conservation in split gene 269 these regions, allowing the identification of bμo tö 1. Mét tÕ bμo sinh s¶n ®Ó ph¸t triÓn introns in newly sequenced genes. thμnh c¸ thÓ mμ kh«ng liªn hiÖp víi c¸c tÕ ®Çu mèi ghÐp nèi Tr×nh tù DNA bao quanh bμo kh¸c; mét sè bμo tö nh- c¸c bμo tö ngay ranh giíi gi÷a exon vμ intron. CÊp ®¬n béi lμ s¶n phÈm cña mét dßng mÇm, ®é b¶o tån tr×nh tù trong c¸c vïng nμy, cho nh-ng sè kh¸c lμ dßng v« tÝnh trong tù phÐp nhËn ra intron trong c¸c gen míi ®-îc nhiªn. 2. Mét thÓ nhá ®ang ngñ nghØ, ®-îc lμm tr×nh tù. b¶o vÖ, th-êng do c¸c vi sinh vËt tæng hîp khi dinh d-ìng ë møc thÊp. split gene In eukaryotes, the encoding DNA of many structural genes is made up spore mother cell tÕ bμo mÑ bμo tö. Tõ of exons and introns. This commonly ®ång nghÜa: sporocyte found pattern of interruption in the coding sporocyte A diploid germ line cell that is sequence is referred to as a ‘split gene’. the parent of the four haploid spores gen ph©n chia Trong sinh vËt cã nh©n, generated by meiosis. DNA m· hãa gen cÊu tróc ®-îc t¹o ra tõ kÐn bμo tö Mét tÕ bμo dßng mÇm l-ìng nh÷ng exon vμ intron. §iÒu th-êng t¹o ra béi lμ bè cña bèn bμo tö ®¬n béi ph¸t sinh khung mÉu gi¸n ®o¹n trong tr×nh tù m· ho¸ do gi¶m ph©n. ®-îc ®Ò cËp nh- mét ‘gen ph©n chia’. sporophyll A leaf that bears sporangia. spontaneous mutation A mutation l¸ bμo tö Mét l¸ mang tói bμo tö. occurring in the absence of any known sporophyte The diploid generation in the mutagen. life cycle of a plant, and that produces ®ét biÕn tù ph¸t Mét ®ét biÕn xÈy ngoμi haploid spores by meiosis. bÊt kú ®ét biÕn nμo ®· biÕt. thÓ bμo tö Sù ph¸t sinh l-ìng béi trong sporangium (pl.: sporangia) A vßng ®êi c©y trång, vμ ®Ó t¹o ra nh÷ng bμo reproductive structure in plants that tö ®¬n béi do gi¶m ph©n. produces spores. A megasporangium sport An individual plant, or portion produces megaspores, which give rise to thereof, showing a recognizably different the female gametophyte; in seed plants it phenotype from the parent, presumably is represented by the ovule. A as a result of spontaneous mutation. Novel microsporangium produces microspores, traits displayed by some sports can which give rise to the male gametophyte; become of great agricultural worth, but it is represented in seed plants by the generally they are disadvantageous. pollen sac. c©y biÕn dÞ Mét c©y c¸ thÓ, hoÆc mét phÇn tói bμo tö (sè nhiÒu: sporangia) Mét cÊu cña nã, cho thÊy mét kiÓu h×nh kh¸c biÖt tróc sinh s¶n cña thùc vËt mμ sinh ra c¸c cã thÓ nhËn ra tõ cha mÑ, cã thÓ ®o¸n bμo tö. Mét tói bμo tö c¸i s¶n xuÊt c¸c ®¹i chõng lμ hËu qu¶ cña ®ét biÕn tù ph¸t. C¸c bμo tö, sinh ra thÓ giao tö c¸i; trong thùc tÝnh tr¹ng míi biÓu hiÖn do mét sè c©y biÕn vËt cã h¹t nã ®-îc ®¹i diÖn do no·n. Mét dÞ cã thÓ trë thμnh gi¸ trÞ n«ng nghiÖp cao, tói phÊn s¶n xuÊt c¸c bμo tö nhá, sinh ra nh-ng nãi chung chóng bÊt lîi. thÓ giao tö gièng ®ùc; nã ®-îc ®¹i diÖn trong thùc vËt cã h¹t do tói phÊn. ssDNA DNA sîi ®¬n viÕt t¾t cña single- stranded DNA. spore 1. A reproductive cell that develops into an individual without union with other SSR viÕt t¾t cña: simple sequence cells; some spores such as meiospores are repeat. Xem: microsatellite. the product of the germ line, but others stacked genes Refers to the insertion of are asexual in nature. 2. A small, protected two or more genes into the genome of an resting body, often synthesized by micro- organism. An example would be a plant organisms when nutrient levels are low. carrying a Bt transgene giving insect stages of culture (I-IV) 270 resistance, and a bar transgene giving broken down into simple metabolisable resistance to a specific herbicide. sugars in vivo by the action of amylases. gen xÕp chång §Ò cËp tíi sù xen lång ®-êng bét ChÊt dù tr÷ hydrat cacbon thùc cña hai hoÆc nhiÒu gen vμo trong hÖ gen vËt chÝnh, riªng biÖt nh-ng kh«ng chØ cã cña mét sinh vËt. Mét vÝ dô lμ mét c©y mang riªng trong h¹t, vμ ®-îc dïng lμm nguån Bt transgene cho tÝnh kh¸ng c«n trïng, vμ thøc ¨n vμ nu«i d-ìng vμ cña c¸c qu¸ tr×nh mét bar transgene cho tÝnh kh¸ng thuèc c«ng nghiÖp kh¸c nhau. Mét nhãm lín hçn diÖt cá ®Æc hiÖu. t¹p kh«ng tan trong n-íc cña polisacarit, stages of culture (I-IV) giai ®o¹n nu«i gåm tØ lÖ kh¸c nhau cña hai d·y p«lime cÊy ( I - IV) xem: micropropagation. glucoza lμ amyloza vμ amylopectin. §-êng bét ®-îc ph©n gi¶i thμnh c¸c ®-êng staggered cuts Symmetrically cleaved chuyÓn ho¸ ®¬n gi¶n trong c¬ thÓ do ho¹t phosphodiester bonds that lie on both ®éng cña amylaza. strands of double-stranded DNA, but are not opposite one another. start codon The codon which specifies the first amino acid of a polypeptide chain c¾t ch÷ chi C¸c mèi liªn kÕt and at which the ribosome starts the phosphodiester ®-îc ph©n chia ®èi xøng process of translation. In bacteria, this is n»m trªn c¶ c¸c sîi cña DNA sîi kÐp, either AUG (translated as n-formyl nh-ng kh«ng ®èi diÖn víi nhau. methionine) or, rarely, GUG (valine). In stamen Floral structure made up of an eukaryotes, it is always AUG and is anther and a filament. The stamen is the translated as methionine. The start codon male organ of a flower. sets the reading frame for translation. nhÞ hoa CÊu tróc hoa t¹o ra tõ bao phÊn Synonym: initiation codon. vμ tua nhÞ nhá. NhÞ hoa lμ c¬ quan ®ùc bé m· khëi ®éng Bé m· ghi chÐp râ cña hoa. amino acid ®Çu tiªn cña mét chuçi polyeptit standard deviation A statistical measure vμ t¹i ®ã ribosom khëi ®éng qu¸ tr×nh dÞch of variability in a population of individuals m·. Trong vi khuÈn, chóng lμ AUG (®-îc or in a set of data. dÞch lμ n-formyl methionine) hoÆc, hiÕm ®é lÖch chuÈn PhÐp ®o thèng kª tÝnh biÕn khi, GUG (valin). Trong sinh vËt cã nh©n, thiªn trong mét quÇn thÓ nhiÒu c¸ thÓ hoÆc lu«n lμ AUG vμ ®-îc dÞch lμ methionine. trong mét tËp hîp d÷ liÖu. Bé m· khëi ®éng ®Æt ra khung ®äc cho b¶n dÞch. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: initiation codon. standard error A statistical measure that indicates the predictive accuracy over all starter culture Micro-organisms that are individuals of a mean value derived from deliberately added to foods to alter flavour, a sample population. colour, texture, smell, or taste. lçi chuÈn Mét phÐp ®o thèng kª ®Ó chØ ra nu«i cÊy khëi ®éng C¸c vi sinh vËt ®-îc dù ®o¸n chÝnh x¸c toμn bé c¸c c¸ thÓ vÒ chñ ®éng thªm vμo thøc ¨n ®Ó thay ®æi gi¸ trÞ trung b×nh b¾t nguån tõ quÇn thÓ h-¬ng th¬m, mμu, kÕt cÊu, mïi, hoÆc vÞ. mÉu. stationary culture A culture maintained starch The major plant carbohydrate without agitation. storage substance, particularly but not nu«i cÊy tÜnh Mét nu«i cÊy ®-îc duy tr× exclusively found in seeds, and used both thiÕu sù rung ®éng. as food and feed source and for various tationary phase The plateau of the growth industrial processes. A large water- curve, during which cell number remains insoluble heterogenous group of relatively constant, following the polysaccharides, consisting of various logarithmic phase. See: growth phases. proportions of the two glucose polymers, pha dõng MÆt b»ng cña ®-êng cong sinh amylose and amylopectin. Starch is tr-ëng, khi ®ã sè l-îng tÕ bμo cßn l¹i kh«ng steady state 271 thay ®æi mét c¸ch t-¬ng ®èi, tiÕp theo pha sterile room Dedicated space for the loga. Xem: growth phases. carrying out of activities that require sterile steady state In a continuous conditions. Can usually be achieved more fermentation process, the condition under economically with a laminar air-flow which the number of cells removed with cabinet. the outflow is exactly balanced by the phßng v« trïng Kho¶ng kh«ng gian ®-îc number of newly synthesized cells. dμnh cho viÖc t¹o ra c¸c ho¹t ®éng mμ tr¹ng th¸i c©n b»ng ®éng Trong qu¸ tr×nh yªu cÇu ®iÒu kiÖn v« trïng. Cã thÓ th-êng lªn men liªn tôc, t×nh tr¹ng trong ®ã sè ®¹t ®-îc hiÖu qu¶ kinh tÕ lín h¬n so víi l-îng tÕ bμo lo¹i bá víi dßng ch¶y ra ®-îc buång dßng khÝ phiÕn. c©n b»ng chÝnh x¸c do sè l-îng tÕ bμo míi sterility Complete or partial failure of an tæng hîp. individual to produce functional gametes stele The central vascular cylinder, inside or viable zygotes under a given set of the cortex, of roots and stems of higher environmental conditions. plants. tÝnh v« sinh Sù thÊt b¹i hoμn toμn hoÆc trung trô Trô m¹ch trung t©m, phÝa bªn bé phËn cña mét c¸ thÓ ®Ó s¶n xuÊt giao trong vá, cña rÔ vμ th©n thùc vËt bËc cao. tö ho¹t ®éng hoÆc hîp tö cã thÓ sinh tån d-íi mét tËp hîp ®iÒu kiÖn ngo¹i c¶nh ®-îc stem The main body of the above-ground ®Æt ra. portion of a tree, shrub, herb or other plant; the ascending axis, whether above or sterilize 1. The elimination of micro- below ground, of a plant. organisms, using heat, irradiation, filtration or chemicals. 2. The operation th©n c©y Th©n chÝnh phÇn trªn mÆt ®Êt of making an animal incapable of cña mét c©y, bôi rËm, cá hoÆc loμi c©y producing offspring. kh¸c; trôc h-íng thiªn, dï ë trªn hay d-íi mÆt ®Êt, cña thùc vËt. tiÖt trïng, tiÖt dôc 1. Lo¹i bá vi sinh vËt, cã dïng nhiÖt, bøc x¹, läc hoÆc hãa chÊt. stem cell An undifferentiated somatic cell 2. Thao t¸c ®Ó lμm cho mét ®éng vËt kh«ng that is capable of either division to give rise cßn kh¶ n¨ng s¶n sinh con c¸i. to daughter stem cells, or differentiating into any specialized cell type given the Steward bottle Flask developed for the appropriate signals. Cultured stem cells growth of cells and tissues in a liquid are critical to the concept of therapeutic medium, in which they can be periodically cloning. submerged during rotation. tÕ bμo gèc Mét tÕ bμo x«ma kh«ng biÖt b×nh Steward Chai cæ dμi ph¸t triÓn ®Ó hãa mμ cã kh¶ n¨ng ph©n chia ®Ó sinh ra sinh tr-ëng tÕ bμo vμ m« trong m«i tr-êng c¸c tÕ bμo gèc con, hoÆc biÖt ho¸ thμnh láng, trong ®ã chóng cã thÓ ®-îc ng©m mét sè kiÓu tÕ bμo chuyªn biÖt sinh ra dÊu ch×m ®Þnh kú trong khi quay. hiÖu thÝch hîp. C¸c tÕ bμo gèc ®-îc nu«i sticky end mót b¸m xem: extension. cÊy lμ sù phª ph¸n ý niÖm t¹o dßng ch÷a stigma Receptive portion of the style, to bÖnh. which pollen adheres. sterile 1. Medium or object free of viable ®Çu nhôy PhÇn dÔ thu nhËn cña vßi nhuþ, micro-organisms (see: disinfect). 2. tíi ®ã phÊn hoa dÝnh chÆt. Incapable of producing viable gametes. stirred-tank fermenter A growth vessel in v« trïng, v« sinh 1. M«i tr-êng hoÆc ®èi which cells or micro-organisms are mixed t-îng kh«ng cã vi sinh vËt tån t¹i (xem: by mechanically-driven impellers. disinfect). 2. Kh«ng cã kh¶ n¨ng s¶n xuÊt lªn men thïng ®éng B×nh sinh tr-ëng giao tö sèng. trong ®ã c¸c tÕ bμo hoÆc vi sinh vËt ®-îc stock 272 trén lÉn b»ng c¸c cÇn ®Èy ®iÒu khiÓn c¬ miÖng cña ®éng vËt kh«ng x-¬ng sèng khÝ. biÕn thÓ. 2. KhÝ khæng trªn biÓu b× l¸ hoÆc stock The lower portion of a graft. See: th©n thùc vËt, cho phÐp trao ®æi khÝ, bao rootstock. gåm h¬i n-íc, vμo vμ ra tõ khoang gian bμo. §«i khi ®-îc dïng kh«ng chÆt chÏ ®Ó gèc ghÐp PhÇn thÊp phÝa d-íi m¶nh ghÐp. chØ lç thë song song víi cÆp ®-îc kÕt hîp Xem: rootstock. víi nã cña tÕ bμo b¶o vÖ. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: stock plant The source plant from which stomate. Xem: stomatal complex. cuttings or explants are obtained. Stock stomatal complex Includes the stoma, plants should be well maintained to together with its guard cells and, when optimize explant and cutting quality. present, any related subsidiary cells. c©y gèc ghÐp C©y nguån mμ tõ ®ã nh÷ng phøc hîp khÝ khæng Bao gåm c¸c lç khÝ, ®o¹n hom hoÆc m¶nh ghÐp ®-îc thu nhËn. cïng víi tÕ bμo b¶o vÖ vμ, khi cã mÆt, bÊt Nh÷ng c©y gèc cÇn ph¶i ®-îc duy tr× tèt kú c¸c tÕ bμo phô thuéc liªn quan. ®Ó lμm tèi -u chÊt l-îng hom vμ m¶nh ghÐp. stomatal index A measurement of the surface density of stomata. This stock solution Pre-prepared solution of parameter has been found useful in commonly used reagents. comparing leaves of different sizes. dung dÞch gèc Dung dÞch chuÈn bÞ tr-íc Relative humidity and light intensity during cña c¸c chÊt ph¶n øng ®-îc sö dông phæ leaf development affect the value of biÕn. stomatal index. stolon A lateral stem that grows chØ sè khÝ khæng PhÐp ®o mËt ®é bÒ mÆt horizontally along the ground surface. cña c¸c khÝ khæng. Tham sè nμy cã Ých khi Used by some plant species as a so s¸nh c¸c l¸ c©y cã kÝch th-íc kh¸c mechanism for dispersal, since stolon nhau. §é Èm t-¬ng ®èi vμ c-êng ®é ¸nh nodes can differentiate into normal stems s¸ng trong suèt thêi gian ph¸t triÓn l¸ c©y and roots, giving rise to a daughter plant cã ¶nh h-ëng gi¸ trÞ chØ sè khÝ khæng. removed from the parent. stop codon A set of three nucleotides th©n bß Mét th©n bªn sinh tr-ëng theo for which there is no corresponding tRNA ph-¬ng n»m ngang theo mÆt ®Êt. §-îc molecule to insert an amino acid into the mét sè loμi thùc vËt dïng lμm c¬ chÕ ®Ó polypeptide chain. Protein synthesis is ph©n t¸n, v× c¸c nót th©n bß cã thÓ biÖt hence terminated and the completed ho¸ thμnh th©n vμ rÔ b×nh th-êng, ph¸t sinh polypeptide released from the ribosome. mét c©y con c¸ch xa c©y mÑ. Three stop codons are known: UAA stoma (pl.: stomata) 1. Any of various (ochre), UAG (amber) and UGA (opal). small openings or pores in an animal body, Synonyms: chain terminator; nonsense especially an opening resembling a mouth codon, termination codon. in various invertebrates. 2. A pore in the bé m· dõng Mét bé ba nuleotit v× kh«ng epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, cã ph©n tö tRNA t-¬ng øng ®Ó chÌn mét which allows the exchange of gases, amino acid vμo chuçi polyeptit. Tæng hîp including water vapour, to and from the protein do polyeptit ®-îc chÊm døt tõ ®©y intercellular spaces. Sometimes used vμ hoμn chØnh ®Ó gi¶i phãng khái ribosom. loosely to refer to the pore along with its Ba ®¬n vÞ m· kÕt thóc ®-îc biÕt lμ: UAA associated pair of guard cells. Synonym: (ochre- hoμng thæ), UAG (amber- hæ stomate. See: stomatal complex. ph¸ch) vμ UGA (opal- ®¸ m¾t mÌo). Nh÷ng khÝ khæng (sè nhiÒu: stomata) 1. BÊt kú tõ ®ång nghÜa: chain terminator; nonsense mét kiÓu më hoÆc lç thë nhá trong c¬ thÓ codon, termination codon. ®éng vËt, ®Æc biÖt lμ kiÓu më gièng víi STR viÕt t¾t cña sequence tandem repeat. Xem: tandem repeat. strain 273 strain A group of individuals derived by mμ ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn qu¸ tr×nh lμm dÎo DNA descent from a single individual within a hoÆc RNA sîi ®¬n ®Ó t¹o ra DNA sîi kÐp species. hoÆc RNA, hoÆc cÆp lai DNA/ RNA. Khi chñng, nßi Mét nhãm c¸ thÓ cã nguån tÝnh chÆt chÏ cao, xo¾n kÐp chØ ®-îc h×nh gèc tõ mét c¸ thÓ ®¬n trong mét loμi. thμnh gi÷a c¸c sîi cã bæ sung hoμn chØnh; tÝnh chÆt chÏ thÊp h¬n cho phÐp lμm dÎo stratification Subjection of moist seeds cña nh÷ng sîi cã møc ®é kh«ng thÝch hîp. to a period of low temperature (+2 to +4 0C) to break dormancy. stringent plasmid A plasmid that can only replicate at the same time as does the main xu©n ho¸ Sù lÖ thuéc cña nh÷ng h¹t gièng bacterial chromosome, and is present as Èm -ít vμo mét thêi kú nhiÖt ®é thÊp (+2 a single or, at most, several copies per cell. 0C tíi +40C ) ®Ó ph¸ ngñ nghØ. plasmit chÆt chÏ Mét plasmit cã thÓ chØ streptavidin A microbial protein with a ®-îc lÆp l¹i ë cïng thêi ®iÓm t¹o ra nhiÔm high affinity for the B complex vitamin s¾c thÓ vi khuÈn chÝnh, vμ cã mÆt riªng lÎ biotin. The specific interaction of these two hoÆc, t¹i hÇu hÕt, trong mét sè b¶n sao tÕ molecules has been exploited in labelling bμo. technology and in applications where a specific molecule needs to be captured or stroma The supporting connective tissue purified. of an organ or plastid. Protein vi trïng cã mét ¸i lùc cao víi B chÊt nÒn, m« ®Öm M« liªn hîp n©ng ®ì complex vitamin biotin. Sù t-¬ng t¸c ®Æc cña mét c¬ quan hoÆc plastid. biÖt cña hai ph©n tö nμy ®-îc khai th¸c structural gene A gene that encodes a trong c«ng nghÖ ®¸nh dÊu vμ trong c¸c polypeptide, with either enzymatic or øng dông n¬i mét ph©n tö riªng biÖt cÇn structural functions, and that is required for thiÕt ®-îc b¾t gi÷ hoÆc lμm s¹ch. the normal metabolism and growth of a stress Non-optimal conditions for growth. cell or organism. Stresses may be imposed by biotic gen cÊu tróc Mét gen m· hãa polyeptit, (pathogens, pests) or abiotic cã c¶ c¸c chøc n¨ng cÊu tróc hoÆc enzim, (environment, such as heat, drought etc.) vμ ®-îc yªu cÇu ®Ó trao ®æi chÊt vμ sinh factors. tr-ëng b×nh th-êng cña mét tÕ bμo hoÆc sèc, c¨ng th¼ng C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn kh«ng sinh vËt. thuËn lîi cho sinh tr-ëng. NhiÒu c¨ng th¼ng structure-functionalism The scientific cã thÓ bÞ b¾t buéc do c¸c t¸c nh©n sinh tradition that stresses the relationship häc (vËt g©y bÖnh, s©u h¹i) hoÆc v« sinh between a physical structure and its (m«i tr-êng, nh- nhiÖt, kh« h¹n v.v.) function, e.g. the related disciplines of stress protein protein sèc Xem: heat anatomy and physiology. shock protein. thuyÕt ho¹t ®éng cÊu tróc TruyÒn thèng stringency Reaction conditions (notably khoa häc nhÊn m¹nh mèi quan hÖ gi÷a temperature, salt concentration and pH) mét cÊu tróc vËt chÊt vμ chøc n¨ng cña that affect the annealing process of single- nã, vÝ dô c¸c nguyªn lý liªn quan gi÷a gi¶i stranded DNA or RNA to make double- phÉu häc vμ sinh lý häc. stranded DNA or RNA, or DNA/RNA STS viÕt t¾t cña sequence-tagged site. hybrids. At high stringency, duplexes form style Slender column of tissue that arises only between strands with perfect from the top of the ovary and terminates complementarity; lower stringency allows in the stigma, and through which the the annealing of strands with some degree pollen tube must grow to achieve of mismatch. fertilization. tÝnh nghiªm ngÆt C¸c ®iÒu kiÖn ph¶n øng vßi nhuþ Mét èng m¶nh cña m« xuÊt hiÖn (®¸ng chó ý nhiÖt ®é, nång ®é muèi vμ pH) tõ ®Ønh buång trøng vμ kÕt thóc t¹i ®Çu sub-clone 274 nhuþ, vμ qua ®ã èng phÊn cÇn v-¬n dμi individuals having properties or markers ®Ó ®¹t ®-îc thô tinh. not shared by the strain as a whole. sub-clone A procedure in which a large chñng phô §-îc b¾t nguån tõ mét chñng cloned DNA molecule is divided into nhê ph©n lËp mét c¸ thÓ hoÆc nhãm c¸c smaller fragments, each one of which is c¸ thÓ cã c¸c thuéc tÝnh hoÆc dÊu chuÈn then separately cloned. kh«ng ®-îc t¹o ra do chñng nμy hoμn toμn. dßng phô Mét ph-¬ng ph¸p trong ®ã mét substrate 1. A compound that is altered ph©n tö DNA lín ®-îc t¹o dßng ph©n chia by an enzyme. 2. Food source for growing thμnh nh÷ng m¶nh nhá h¬n, tõng m¶nh cells or micro-organisms. 3. Material on nμy sau ®ã ®-îc t¹o dßng riªng. which a sedentary organism lives and sub-culture Division and transfer of a grows. portion of a culture to fresh medium. c¬ chÊt, gi¸ thÓ 1. Mét hîp chÊt ®-îc biÕn Sometimes used to denote the adding of ®æi bëi enzim. 2. Nguån thøc ¨n cho tÕ bμo fresh liquid to a suspension culture. hoÆc vi sinh vËt sinh tr-ëng. 3. VËt chÊt Synonym: passage. mμ trªn ®ã sinh vËt sinh sèng vμ tr-ëng nu«i cÊy phô Ph©n chia vμ chuyÓn mét thμnh. ®ît nu«i cÊy vμo m«i tr-êng míi. §«i khi sub-unit vaccine One or more dïng ®Ó biÓu thÞ viÖc thªm chÊt láng míi immunogenic proteins, either purified from cho nu«i cÊy næi. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: passage. the pathogen itself or produced from a sub-culture interval The time between cloned pathogen gene. A vaccine consecutive sub-cultures of cells. composed of a purified antigenic determinant that is separated from the kho¶ng c¸ch nu«i cÊy phô Thêi gian gi÷a virulent organism. c¸c ®ît nu«i cÊy phô liªn tiÕp cña c¸c tÕ bμo. vacxin ®¬n vÞ phô Mét hoÆc nhiÒu protein g©y miÔn dÞch, hoÆc ®-îc lμm s¹ch ngay sub-culture number The number of times tõ b¶n th©n vËt g©y bÖnh hoÆc s¶n xuÊt tõ cells, etc., have been sub-cultured.. gen vËt g©y bÖnh ®-îc t¹o dßng. Mét lo¹i sè nu«i cÊy phô Sè l-îng cña c¸c lÇn vacxin bao gåm yÕu tè quyÕt ®Þnh kh¸ng c¸c tÕ bμo,v.v., ®-îc nu«i cÊy phô... nguyªn ®· lμm s¹ch mμ ®-îc ph©n t¸ch subgenomic promoter A promoter tõ sinh vËt ®éc h¹i. added to a virus for a specific sucker A shoot that arises from an heterologous gene, resulting in the underground root or stem. Of particular formation of mRNA for that gene alone. significance to grafted plants, since the khëi ®iÓm hÖ gen phô Mét khëi ®iÓm g¾n sucker will be genotypically rootstock, thªm virut cho mét gen dÞ hîp tö riªng biÖt, rather than scion. dÉn ®Õn h×nh thμnh RNA th«ng tin cho chåi Mét chåi c©y xuÊt hiÖn tõ rÔ hoÆc th©n riªng gen nμy. ngÇm. Cã ý nghÜa ®Æc biÖt víi c¸c c©y ®-îc subspecies Population(s) of organisms ghÐp, v× chåi ghÐp sÏ lμ kiÓu di truyÒn gèc sharing certain characteristics that are not ghÐp, thay v× chåi. present in other populations of the same suckering Type of vegetative species. propagation where lateral buds grow out loμi phô Mét hoÆc nhiÒu quÇn thÓ sinh vËt to produce an individual that is a clone of chia sÎ c¸c ®Æc tr-ng nhÊt ®Þnh mμ kh«ng the parent. cã mÆt trong c¸c quÇn thÓ kh¸c cña cïng nh©n chåi KiÓu sinh s¶n sinh d-ìng n¬i mét loμi. c¸c chåi bªn sinh tr-ëng v-ît tréi ®Ó s¶n sub-strain Derived from a strain by the sinh mét c¸ thÓ lμ mét dßng v« tÝnh cña isolation of an individual or group of cha mÑ. sucrose density gradient centrifugation 275 sucrose density gradient centrifugation plasmit siªu xo¾n D¹ng ®iÓn h×nh trong A procedure used to fractionate nucleic c¬ thÓ cña hÇu hÕt c¸c plasmit, trong ®ã acids on the basis of their size. DNA ®-îc quÊn xung quanh c¸c protein ly t©m møc ®é ®-êng Mét ph-¬ng ph¸p gièng nh- histon. Khi c¸c protein hç trî dïng ®Ó ph©n chia c¸c axit nucleic trªn c¬ ®-îc tho¸t ra trong thêi gian trÝch ly DNA së kÝch th-íc cña chóng. tõ tÕ bμo vi khuÈn, ph©n tö plasmit còng tù h-íng tíi siªu xo¾n xung quanh nã trong superbug Jargon for a particular èng nghiÖm. engineered strain of Pseudomonas, in which various hydrocarbon-degrading supergene A group of tightly linked genes genes, derived from different plasmids, that are co-inherited, and may be were combined into one genotype. This functionally related. provided the basis for the precedent- gen siªu tréi Mét nhãm c¸c gen ®-îc liªn setting legal decision that declared that kÕt chÆt ®-îc ®ång di truyÒn, vμ cã thÓ genetically engineered organisms were liªn quan chøc n¨ng. patentable. See: Chakrabarty decision supernatant The liquid phase remaining siªu bä ThuËt ng÷ chuyªn m«n chØ mét after insoluble materials are pelleted by chñng Pseudomonas ®-îc kü thuËt riªng centrifugation or precipitation. biÖt, trong ®ã nhiÒu lo¹i gen ph©n r· hy- næi trªn mÆt Pha láng cßn l¹i sau khi c¸c ®r«-cac-bon kh¸c nhau, b¾t nguån tõ nguyªn liÖu kh«ng tan ®-îc kÕt vãn do ly nh÷ng plasmit kh¸c nhau, ®· ®-îc kÕt hîp t©m hoÆc kÕt tña. thμnh mét kiÓu gen. Nã cung cÊp c¬ së suppressor mutation A mutation that cho quyÕt ®Þnh hîp ph¸p ®Æt ra tiÒn lÖ ®Ó reverses the effect of an earlier mutation, th«ng b¸o r»ng c¸c sinh vËt ®-îc kü thuËt e.g. a mutation in a gene for a tRNA that gen ®· lμ cã thÓ cÊp b»ng. xem: permits it to read and override an amber Chakrabarty decision mutation. supercoil The conformation of a double- ®ét biÕn øc chÕ §ét biÕn lμm ®¶o ng-îc stranded DNA molecule placed under kÕt qu¶ cña ®ét biÕn tr-íc ®ã, vÝ dô ®ét torsional stress as a result of interactions biÕn trong mét gen ®Ó mét tRNA cña gen with proteins. The stress is cho phÐp ®äc vμ ®Ì lªn ®ét biÕn amber. accommodated by a twist imposed on the duplex. A left-handed supercoil favours suppressor-sensitive mutant An unwinding of the double helix; a right- organism that can grow in the presence, handed supercoil favours tighter winding. but not in the absence of a second genetic factor (the suppressor). chuçi siªu xo¾n H×nh th¸i ph©n tö DNA sîi kÐp ®Æt d-íi sù c¨ng th¼ng lμ hËu qu¶ ®ét biÕn c¶m øc chÕ Mét sinh vËt cã thÓ cña t-¬ng t¸c víi protein. Sù c¨ng th¼ng sinh tr-ëng khi cã mÆt, nh-ng kh«ng sinh nμy ®-îc ®iÒu tiÕt do mét chç cong b¾t tr-ëng khi v¾ng mÆt nh©n tè di truyÒn thø buéc trªn xo¾n kÐp. Mét chuçi siªu xo¾n cÊp (thÓ øc chÕ). tr¸i thuËn cho th¸o chuçi xo¾n kÐp; mét susceptible Inability to withstand injury chuçi siªu xo¾n ph¶i thuËn cho cuén chÆt due to biotic or abiotic stress. Opposite: h¬n. resistance, tolerance. supercoiled plasmid The predominant in tÝnh mÉn c¶m TÝnh dÔ bÞ ¶nh h-ëng ®Ó vivo form of most plasmids, in which the chèng l¹i vÕt th-¬ng do c¨ng th¼ng sinh DNA is coiled around histone-like häc hoÆc v« sinh. Ng-îc víi:resistance, proteins. When supporting proteins are tolerance. stripped away during DNA extraction from suspension culture A type of culture in the bacterial cell, the plasmid molecule which cells and/or clumps of cells grow and also tends to supercoil around itself in vitro. multiply while suspended in a liquid medium. symbiont 276 nu«i cÊy næi Mét kiÓu nu«i cÊy trong ®ã synaptonemal complex (Abbreviation: c¸c tÕ bμo vμ/hoÆc nh÷ng khèi tÕ bμo sinh SC). A ribbon-like proteinaceous structure tr-ëng vμ nh©n lªn khi næi trong m«i tr-êng formed between paired homologous láng. chromosomes at the end of the first symbiont An organism living in symbiosis meiotic prophase. The SC binds the with another, dissimilar organism. chromatids along their length, and facilitates crossing over. sinh vËt céng sinh Mét sinh vËt sèng céng sinh víi sinh vËt kh¸c, kh«ng gièng phøc hÖ liªn hîp sîi ghÐp (viÕt t¾t: SC). nã. Mét cÊu tróc protein gièng hÖt ruy b¨ng ®-îc h×nh thμnh h×nh gi÷a c¸c nhiÔm s¾c symbiosis The close association of two thÓ t-¬ng ®ång cÆp ®«i t¹i cuèi k× ®Çu gi¶m different kinds of living organisms where ph©n lÇn mét. SC kÕt nèi c¸c nhiÔm s¾c tö there is benefit to both or where both theo chiÒu däc, vμ lμm thuËn lîi b¾t chÐo receive an advantage from the association. ngoμi. A prominent example is the colonization of Rhizobium spp. inside the roots of synchronous culture A culture in which leguminous plants. the cell cycle is synchronized for the majority of the cells present. Synchrony céng sinh KÕt hîp mËt thiÕt hai lo¹i h×nh can be induced by the addition of drugs kh¸c nhau cña sinh vËt sèng, n¬i cã lîi Ých which arrest the cell cycle at specific cho c¶ hai hoÆc n¬i c¶ hai nhËn mét lîi stages. thÕ tõ kÕt hîp. Mét vÝ dô ®iÓn h×nh lμ sù ®ång ho¸ cña loμi vi khuÈn nèt sÇn bªn nu«i cÊy ®ång bé Nu«i cÊy trong ®ã chu trong c¸c c©y hä ®Ëu. tr×nh tÕ bμo ®-îc ®ång bé hãa ®Ó phÇn lín nh÷ng tÕ bμo xuÊt hiÖn. Sù ®ång bé cã thÓ sympatric speciation The evolution of ®-îc g©y ra do thªm vμo thuèc ®Ó h·m new species by populations that inhabit chu tr×nh tÕ bμo t¹i c¸c giai ®o¹n riªng biÖt. the same or overlapping geographic regions. syncytium A group of cells in which cytoplasmic continuity is maintained; the h×nh thμnh loμi theo vïng ph©n bè Sù effect is of a multinucleate cell. tiÕn hãa cña loμi míi do c¸c quÇn thÓ mμ c- tró ë còng vïng ®Þa lý gièng nhau hoÆc hîp bμo Mét nhãm tÕ bμo trong ®ã sù liªn chång gèi nhau. tôc chÊt tÕ bμo ®-îc duy tr×; kÕt qu¶ lμ cña mét tÕ bμo ®a nh©n. sympodial A type of plant development in which the terminal bud of the stem stops syndrome A group of specific characters growing due either to its abortion, or to its that occur together, and are characteristic differentiation into a floral meristem. of a particular disease or genetic condition Frequently, the uppermost lateral bud (e.g. Down’s syndrome). then takes over the further axial growth of héi chøng Mét nhãm cña c¸c ®Æc tr-ng the stem. riªng cïng xuÊt hiÖn, vμ lμ ®Æc tr-ng cña cμnh v-ît Mét kiÓu ph¸t triÓn c©y trång mét bÖnh ®Æc biÖt hoÆc mét t×nh tr¹ng gen trong ®ã mÇm cuèi cña th©n c©y dõng sinh (vÝ dô héi chøng down). tr-ëng do chÕt yÓu, hoÆc do biÖt ho¸ thμnh synergid One of the two haploid nuclei m« ph©n sinh hoa. Th-êng, chåi bªn ë trªn at the micropylar end of the embryo sac cïng råi tiÕp ®Õn n¾m quyÒn sinh tr-ëng of higher plants. The third nucleus is the trôc tiÕp theo cña th©n c©y. egg. synapsis Synonym of chromosome hîp bμo Mét trong sè hai nh©n ®¬n béi t¹i pairing. cuèi lç no·n cña tói ph«i thùc vËt bËc cao. tiÕp hîp Tõ ®ång nghÜa cña cÆp ®«i nhiÔm H¹t nh©n thø ba lμ trøng. s¾c thÓ. suspension culture 277 suspension culture An interaction hybridization is called a heterokaryon. between two organisms (e.g. Rhizobium nh©n hîp Nh©n lai khëi ®Çu cña hîp tö, and legumes) in which the growth of one h×nh thμnh do dung hîp nh©n phèi tö lóc is helped by the other. Opposite: thô tinh. Mét nh©n lai ®-îc h×nh thμnh do antagonism. dung hîp hai tÕ bμo x«ma kh¸c nhau trong trî lùc Mét sù t-¬ng t¸c gi÷a hai sinh vËt khi lai tÕ bμo x«ma ®-îc gäi lμ dÞ nh©n. (vÝ dô vi khuÈn nèt rÔ vμ c©y hä ®Ëu) trong synteny The occurrence of two or more ®ã sù t¨ng tr-ëng cña mét sinh vËt ®-îc loci on the same chromosome, without hç trî do sinh vËt kh¸c. Ng-îc víi: regard to their genetic linkage. Increasingly antagonism. used to describe the conservation of syngamy giao hîp tõ ®ång nghÜa gene order between related species. fertilization. hiÖn t-îng liªn hîp BiÕn cè cña hai hoÆc synkaryon The initial hybrid nucleus of nhiÒu æ gen trªn cïng nhiÔm s¾c thÓ, the zygote, formed by the fusion of the kh«ng liªn quan ®Õn liªn kÕt gen. Ngμy gametic nuclei upon fertilization. A hybrid cμng ®-îc dïng ®Ó m« t¶ b¶o tån thø tù gen gi÷a c¸c loμi cËn th©n. nucleus formed by the fusion of two different somatic cells during somatic cell 278

vμ thÕ hÖ con cña T1 lμ nh÷ng c©y T2 v©n v©n. Mèi quan t©m ®Æc biÖt lμ tÝnh æn ®Þnh

biÓu thÞ gen chuyÓn tõ T0 tíi T2, vμ tiÕp theo. Tt T4 DNA ligase An enzyme, present in bacteria infected with bacteriophage T4, which catalyses the joining (ligation) of, and repairs nicks in, duplex DNA T ViÕt t¾t cña thymine. molecules. Ligation activity requires that one DNA molecule has a 5'-phosphate T cell Lymphocytes which pass through group, and that the other has a free 3'- the thymus gland during maturation. hydroxyl group. Different kinds of T cells play important roles in the immune response. Synonym: T4 DNA ligaza Mét lo¹i enzim, cã mÆt T lymphocyte. See: T-cell-mediated trong c¸c vi khuÈn l©y nhiÔm víi thÓ thùc (cellular) immune response. khuÈn T4, xóc t¸c tham gia (kÕt buéc) cña c¸c ph©n tö DNA xo¾n kÐp, vμ söa ch÷a tÕ bμo T Limph« bμo chuyÓn qua tuyÕn chç hë trong c¸c ph©n tö nμy. Ho¹t ®éng øc khi tr-ëng thμnh. C¸c lo¹i tÕ bμo T kh¸c kÕt buéc yªu cÇu ph©n tö DNA cã mét nhau ®Òu ®ãng vai trß quan träng trong nhãm phèt ph¸t 5', vμ ph©n tö DNA kh¸c ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: cã mét nhãm hidroxyl 3' tù do. Tlymphocyte T. Xem: T-cell-mediated (cellular) immune response. tag nh·n xem: label. T cell receptor An antigen-binding tailing The in vitro addition, to the 3'- protein, located on the surface of hydroxyl ends of a double-stranded DNA mammalian killer T cells, which mediates molecule, of multiple copies of a single the cellular immune response. T cell nucleotide by the enzyme terminal antigen encoding genes are assembled transferase. Synonym: homopolymeric from gene segments by somatic tailing. recombination processes that occur nèi dμi ®u«i G¾n thªm c¸c b¶n dÞch ®a during lymphocyte differentiation. chøc n¨ng nuleotit ®¬n do enzim terminal thÓ nhËn tÕ bμo T Mét protein liªn kÕt transferaza trong èng nghiÖm, cho mót 3'- kh¸ng nguyªn, ®Ýnh trªn bÒ mÆt c¸c tÕ bμo hidroxyl cña ph©n tö DNA sîi kÐp. Tõ ®ång T ¨n thÞt thuéc loμi cã vó, lμm trung gian nghÜa: homopolymeric tailing. ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch tÕ bμo. C¸c gen m· tandem array m¶ng kiÓu kÑp ®«i xem: ho¸ kh¸ng nguyªn tÕ bμo T ®-îc tËp hîp tandem repeat. tõ c¸c ®o¹n gen do qu¸ tr×nh t¸i tæ hîp tandem repeat Two (or more) contiguous x«ma xÈy ra khi biÖt ho¸ limph« bμo. identical DNA sequences. The orientation T lymphocyte b¹ch huyÕt cÇu T xem: T can be either head-to-tail, or head-to-head. cell. Synonyms: tandem array, sequence tandem repeat. T0, T1 and T2 Successive generations of plants following a transformation event. lÆp kiÓu kÑp ®«i Hai (hoÆc nhiÒu) tr×nh tù DNA ®ång nhÊt liÒn kÒ. §Þnh h-íng cã thÓ The parent transformed plant is T0, its tõ ®Çu tíi ®u«i, hoÆc tõ ®Çu tíi ®Çu. Nh÷ng immediate progeny is T1, and the progeny tõ ®ång nghÜa: tandem array, sequence of the T1 are T2 plants etc. Of particular interest is the stability of transgene tandem repeat. expression from T0 to T2, and beyond. tank bioreactor A fermentation vessel designed to grow large scale quantities of T0, T1 vμ T2 C¸c thÕ hÖ kÕ tiÕp cña thùc vËt theo sau sù kiÖn biÕn n¹p. C©y biÕn a micro-organism (bacteria, yeast or fungi). Most tank bioreactors are designed n¹p cha mÑ lμ T0, thÕ hÖ con kÕ liÒn lμ T1, tap root 279 to be stirred mechanically, since this allows nh©n ®«i khi mét phÇn tö chuyÓn vÞ chÌn effective distribution throughout the culture vμo c¸c æ gen míi; th«ng th-êng cã t¹i of gas and nutrients. Alternative mçi mót cña ®o¹n xen. bioreactors use fibre or membrane targeted drug delivery A method of surfaces to immobilize the cultured cells. delivering the activated form of a drug thïng ph¶n øng sinh häc Mét b×nh lªn molecule to the site in the body where it is men thiÕt kÕ ®Ó cÊy trång sè l-îng quy m« needed, rather than allowing it reach the lín mét lo¹i vi sinh vËt (vi khuÈn, nÊm men target by uncontrolled diffusion. hoÆc c©y nÊm). HÇu hÕt thïng ph¶n øng chuyÓn thuèc cã môc tiªu Mét ph-¬ng sinh häc ®-îc thiÕt kÕ ®Ó ®-îc khuÊy ®éng ph¸p chuyÓn giao d¹ng ®-îc kÝch ho¹t tõ c¬ häc, v× nã cho phÐp ph©n phèi hiÖu qu¶ cña mét ph©n tö thuèc tíi vÞ trÝ trong c¬ khÝ vμ c¸c chÊt dinh d-ìng suèt qu¸ tr×nh thÓ n¬i nã ®-îc yªu cÇu, thay v× cho phÐp nu«i cÊy. C¸c thïng ph¶n øng sinh häc nã ®¹t ®Õn ®Ých do khuyÕch t¸n kh«ng ®-îc thay thÕ dïng sîi hoÆc c¸c bÒ mÆt mμng kiÓm so¸t. ®Ó gi÷ cè ®Þnh c¸c tÕ bμo ®-îc nu«i cÊy. targeting vector A cloning vector carrying tap root Root system in which the primary a DNA sequence capable of participating root has a much larger diameter than any in a recombinational event at a specified lateral roots (e.g. carrot). Opposite: chromosomal location in the host cell. fibrous root. vect¬ h-íng ®Ých Mét vect¬ t¹o dßng rÔ trô HÖ rÔ mμ trong ®ã rÔ chÝnh cã ®-êng mang tr×nh tù DNA cã kh¶ n¨ng tham gia kÝnh to h¬n bÊt kú c¸c rÔ bªn (vÝ dô cμ rèt). vμo sù kiÖn t¸i tæ hîp t¹i mét vÞ trÝ nhiÔm Ng-îc víi: fibrous root. s¾c thÓ ®-îc ghi râ trong tÕ bμo chñ. Taq polymerase A heat-stable DNA TATA box A widely conserved adenine- polymerase isolated from the thermophilic and thymine-rich DNA sequence found 25- bacterium Thermus aquaticus, widely used 30 bp upstream of the transcription in PCR. initiation point of many eukaryotic genes. enzim trïng hîp taq Mét enzim trïng hîp The TATA box is implicated in the DNA æn ®Þnh nhiÖt ®-îc ph©n lËp tõ vi promotion of gene transcription as it acts khuÈn -a nhiÖt Thermus aquaticus, dïng as a binding site for RNA polymerase. phæ biÕn trong PCR . Analogous to the Pribnow box in target In diagnostic tests, the molecule or prokaryotic promoters. Synonym: Hogness nucleic acid sequence assayed in a box. sample. In mutagenesis, the gene hép TATA Mét tr×nh tù DNA giμu adenin sequence that needs to be altered to vμ thimin ®-îc b¶o tån réng cã 25- 30 bp generate the desired change in ng-îc dßng cña ®iÓm khëp ®Çu phiªn m· phenotype. cña nhiÒu gen nh©n chuÈn. Hép TATA cã ®Ých, môc tiªu Trong phÐp thö chÈn ®o¸n, liªn quan ®Õn thóc ®Èy phiªn m· gen v× nã ph©n tö hoÆc tr×nh tù axit nucleic thö lμm vÞ trÝ kÕt nèi RNA polymeraza. T-¬ng nghiÖm trong mét mÉu. Trong g©y ®ét biÕn, tù nh- hép Pribnow cña c¸c khëi ®Çu nh©n tr×nh tù gen cÇn thiÕt thay ®æi ®Ó ph¸t sinh s¬. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: Hogness box. thay ®æi mong muèn cña kiÓu h×nh. tautomeric shift The transfer of a target site duplication A short sequence hydrogen atom from one position in an of DNA duplicated when a transposable organic molecule to another position. element inserts at a new locus; usually Tautomers can have widely different found at each end of the insertion. biological activities, as the shift can induce a significant change in the conformation nh©n ®«i vÞ trÝ ®Ých Tr×nh tù DNA ng¾n of the molecule. tautomerism 280 di chuyÓn tautome ChuyÓn mét nguyªn required repetitive sequences to the ends tö hy-®r« tõ mét vÞ trÝ cña ph©n tö h÷u c¬ of eukaryotic chromosomes. ®Õn vÞ trÝ kh¸c. C¸c tautome cã thÓ cã ho¹t telomeraza Enzim duy tr× cÊu tróc cña tÝnh sinh häc réng kh¸c th-êng, khi chuyÓn ®o¹n cuèi bëi g¾n thªm c¸c tr×nh tù lÆp cã thÓ thóc ®Èy sù thay ®æi h×nh th¸i ph©n cÇn thiÕt tíi c¸c mót nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n tö. chuÈn. tautomerism A type of isomerism in which telomere The structure found at the end the two isomers arising from a tautomeric of eukaryotic chromosomes containing shift are in equilibrium. specialized repetitive (and widely hiÖn t-îng tautome Mét kiÓu ®ång ph©n conserved across species) DNA trong ®ã hai chÊt ®ång ph©n sinh ra tõ di sequences, which are necessary to assure chuyÓn tautome lμ lu«n c©n b»ng. the completion of a cycle of DNA T-cell-mediated (cellular) immune replication. response The synthesis of antigen- ®o¹n cuèi CÊu tróc cã t¹i mót nhiÔm s¾c specific T cell receptors and the thÓ nh©n chuÈn chøa tr×nh tù DNA lÆp development of killer T cells in response chuyªn biÖt (vμ b¶o tån réng qua loμi), lμ to an encounter of immune system cells cÇn thiÕt ®Ó ®¶m b¶o hoμn thμnh mét chu with an unrecognized immunogenic tr×nh sao chÐp DNA. molecule. telophase The last stage in each mitotic ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch (thuéc tÕ bμo)trung or meiotic division, in which the gian tÕ bμoT Tæng hîp c¸c thô thÓ tÕ bμo chromosomes coalesce at each pole of the T chuyªn biÖt kh¸ng nguyªn vμ ph¸t triÓn dividing cell. c¸c tÕ bμo T ¨n thÞt ®Ó ph¶n øng vèi sù tÊn k× cuèi Giai ®o¹n cuèi trong mçi lÇn ph©n c«ng cña c¸c tÕ bμo hÖ miÔn dÞch víi ph©n chia nguyªn ph©n hoÆc gi¶m ph©n, trong tö g©y miÔn dÞch kh«ng ®-îc thõa nhËn. ®ã c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ hîp l¹i t¹i mçi cùc T-DNA The DNA segment of the Ti cña tÕ bμo ®ang ph©n chia. plasmid, present in pathogenic temperate phage A phage (virus) that Agrobacterium tumefaciens, that is invades but does not normally destroy transferred to plant cells and inserted into (lyse) the host bacterial cell. Under specific the plant’s DNA as part of the infection circumstances, the lytic cycle is induced, process. Wild type T-DNA encodes resulting in the release of infective phage enzymes that induce the plant to particles. synthesize specific opines that are phage «n hoμ ThÓ thùc khuÈn (virut) x©m required for bacterial growth. In engineered ph¹m nh-ng b×nh th-êng kh«ng ph¸ hñy T-DNAs, these genes are replaced by a (ph©n gi¶i) tÕ bμo vi khuÈn chñ. D-íi hoμn transgene(s). c¶nh ®Æc biÖt, chu tr×nh ph©n gi¶i ®-îc thóc t-DNA §o¹n DNA cña Ti plasmit, cã mÆt ®Èy, dÉn ®Õn gi¶i phãng c¸c h¹t thÓ thùc trong c¸c Agrobacterium tumefaciens g©y khuÈn l©y nhiÔm. bÖnh, ®-îc chuyÓn tíi tÕ bμo thùc vËt vμ temperature-sensitive mutant An chÌn vμo DNA thùc vËt thμnh bé phËn xö organism that can grow at one temperature lý l©y nhiÔm. T-DNA kiÓu d¹i m· hãa c¸c but not at another. enzim ®Ó thóc ®Èy thùc vËt tæng hîp s¶n phÈm ng-ng tô ®Æc biÖt cÇn thiÕt cho sinh ®ét biÕn c¶m nhiÖt Sinh vËt cã thÓ sinh tr-ëng vi khuÈn. Trong c¸c T-DNA kü thuËt, tr-ëng t¹i mét nhiÖt ®é nμo ®ã mμ kh«ng gen ®-îc thay thÕ bëi mét hoÆc nhiÒu gen ph¶i nhiÖt ®é kh¸c. chuyÓn. temperature-sensitive protein A protein telomerase An enzyme that maintains the that is functional at one temperature but structure of the telomere by adding the loses function at another (usually higher) temperature. tautomerism 281 protein c¶m nhiÖt Protein cã chøc n¨ng synthesizing mRNA. 2. A term used in ho¹t ®éng t¹i mét nhiÖt ®é nh-ng l¹i mÊt GMO technology for a transgenic method chøc n¨ng t¹i nhiÖt ®é kh¸c (th-êng cao which genetically sterilizes the progeny of h¬n). the planted seed, thereby preventing the tautomerism An RNA or single-stranded use of farm-saved seed. DNA molecule, used by polymerases to thÓ kÕt thóc 1. Mét tr×nh tù DNA võa míi generate a complementary nucleotide xu«i dßng cña ®o¹n ®ang m· ho¸ mét gen, strand. ®-îc ®o¸n nhËn bëi RNA polymerase nh- khu«n mÉu Mét ph©n tö RNA hoÆc DNA mét tÝn hiÖu dõng tæng hîp mRNA 2. Mét sîi ®¬n, ®-îc sö dông do c¸c enzim trïng thuËt ng÷ dïng trong c«ng nghÖ GMO ®Ó hîp ®Ó ph¸t sinh sîi nucleotid bæ sung. chØ mét ph-¬ng ph¸p chuyÓn gen cã khö di truyÒn con ch¸u cña h¹t ®-îc gieo trång, template strand sîi khu«n mÉu xem: v× thÕ ng¨n ngõa sö dông h¹t gièng ®-îc anticoding strand. b¶o qu¶n n«ng tr¹i. terminal bud A branch tip, an undeveloped terminator codon m· kÕt thóc xem: stop shoot containing rudimentary floral buds codon. or leaves, enclosed within protective bud scales. terminator gene A specific variety-level genetic use restriction technology. A mÇm cuèi Mét ®Ønh nh¸nh, Mét chåi kh«ng patented technique. ph¸t triÓn cã chøa mÇm hoa hoÆc l¸, kÌm theo v¶y mÇm b¶o vÖ. gen kÕt thóc Kü thuËt h¹n chÕ sö dông gen thuéc møc ®é thø loμi chØ râ. Mét kü terminal transferase An enzyme that thuËt ®-îc cÊp b»ng s¸ng chÕ. catalyses the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of a DNA molecule. terminator region A DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription. enzim truyÒn cuèi Mét enzim xóc t¸c g¾n thªm c¸c nuleotit cho mót 3' cña ph©n tö vïng kÕt thóc Mét tr×nh tù DNA b¸o hiÖu DNA. diÓm cuèi cïng cña phiªn m·. terminalization Repelling movement of tertiary structure The three-dimensional the centromeres of bivalents in the conformation taken up by complete diplotene stage of the meiotic prophase, macromolecules as a result of that appears to move visible chiasmata intramolecular interactions, such as toward the ends of the bivalents. hydrogen-bonding. See: primary structure, secondary structure, sù kÕt thóc Sù chuyÓn ®éng ®Èy lïi c¸c quaternary structure. t©m ®éng ho¸ trÞ hai trong giai ®o¹n sîi kÐp cña k× ®Çu gi¶m ph©n, xuÊt hiÖn ®Ó di cÊu tróc bËc ba H×nh th¸i kh«ng gian ba chuyÓn chç b¾t chÐo thÊy râ vÒ phÝa c¸c chiÒu ®-îc t¹o ra do c¸c ®¹i ph©n tö hoμn mót ho¸ trÞ hai. chØnh lμ kÕt qu¶ cña c¸c mèi t-¬ng t¸c trong ph©n tö, nh- liªn kÕt hy-®r«. xem: termination codon bé ba kÕt thóc xem: primary structure, secondary structure, stop codon. quaternary structure. termination signal In transcription, a testcross A cross between a genetically nucleotide sequence that specifies RNA unknown individual and a recessive tester chain termination. to determine whether the individual in tÝn hiÖu kÕt thóc Trong phiªn m·, tr×nh tù question is heterozygous or nucleotit ghi râ ®Çu cuèi chuçi RNA. homozygous for a certain allele. It can terminator 1. A DNA sequence just also used as a method to test for linkage, downstream of the coding segment of a i.e. to estimate recombination fraction. gene, which is recognized by RNA lai ph©n tÝch Lai gi÷a mét c¸ thÓ kh«ng polymerase as a signal to stop biÕt râ di truyÒn vμ vËt thö lÆn ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh testis 282 liÖu cã ph¶i c¸ thÓ cßn nghi ngê lμ dÞ hîp whereas the remainder of its hoÆc ®ång hîp tö cho mét alen nhÊt ®Þnh. chromosome complement is diploid. Nã cßn cã thÓ dïng lμm ph-¬ng ph¸p kiÓm Chromosome formula: 2n + 2. tra kÕt nèi, nghÜa lμ -íc l-îng phÇn t¸i tæ thuéc tø béi (danh tõ: tetrasome). G¾n hîp. liÒn víi mét nh©n hoÆc mét sinh vËt víi testis (pl.: testes) Male sex organ where bèn thμnh viªn cña mét lo¹i nhiÔm s¾c thÓ spermatozoa mature and are stored. cña nã, trong khi phÇn gèc cña bæ sung tinh hoμn (sè nhiÒu: testes) c¬ quan sinh nhiÔm s¾c thÓ lμ l-ìng béi. C«ng thøc dôc ®ùc n¬i tinh trïng tr-ëng thμnh vμ dù nhiÔm s¾c thÓ: 2n+2. tr÷. tetratype In fungi, a tetrad of spores that testosterone Male hormone, synthesized contains four different types; e.g. AB, aB, in the testis of mammals; used to induce Ab and ab. sex reversal in fish. kiÓu bèn Trong c©y nÊm, mét bé bèn cña kÝch thÝch tè Hãc m«n gièng ®ùc, tæng c¸c bμo tö mμ mang bèn kiÓu kh¸c nhau; hîp trong tinh hoμn cña ®éng vËt cã vó; vÝ dô: AB, aB, Ab vμ ab. ®-îc dïng g©y thay ®æi giíi tÝnh cña c¸. TGGE ViÕt t¾t cña thermal gel gradient test-tube fertilization thô tinh èng thö electrophoresis. nghiÖm xem: in vitro fertilization. thallus Plant body without true roots, tetracycline An antibiotic that interferes stems, or leaves. with protein synthesis in prokaryotes. A T¶n Mét thÓ thùc vËt kh«ng cã rÔ, th©n, gene encoding resistance to tetracycline hoÆc l¸ thËt. has been widely used as a marker to therapeutic agent A compound used for distinguish between transformed and non- the treatment of a disease or for improving transformed cells in the production of the well-being of an organism. Synonyms: transgenic plants. pharmaceutical agent, drug. tetraciclin Mét lo¹i kh¸ng sinh ng¨n c¶n t¸c nh©n trÞ liÖu Hîp chÊt dïng ®Ó ®iÒu tæng hîp protein cña sinh vËt kh«ng nh©n. trÞ bÖnh hoÆc ®Ó n©ng cao thÓ lùc sinh vËt. Mét gen m· hãa tÝnh chèng chôi tetraxiclin Nh÷ng tõ ®ång nghÜa: pharmaceutical ®-îc dïng réng r·i lμm dÊu chuÈn ®Ó ph©n agent, drug. biÖt gi÷a tÕ bμo chuyÓn gen víi tÕ bμo therapeutic cloning The potential use of kh«ng chuyÓn gen trong s¶n xuÊt c©y stem cells to grow, in vitro, tissue or chuyÓn gen. organs for use in transplantation. Because tetrad The four haploid cells formed after these cells would be obtained from, and the second meiotic division in plants (pollen would therefore be genetically identical to tetrads) or fungi (ascospores). the patient’s own cells, problems of bé bèn Bèn tÕ bμo ®¬n béi h×nh thμnh sau transplant rejection would be overcome. ph©n chia gi¶m ph©n II cña thùc vËt (bé The technique would also remove the bèn phÊn hoa) hoÆc c©y nÊm (bμo tö difficulty of identifying an organ donor. nang). nh©n dßng trÞ liÖu TiÒm n¨ng sö dông tetraploid An organism, or a tissue whose c¸c tÕ bμo gèc ®Ó sinh tr-ëng, trong èng cells contain four haploid sets of nghiÖm, m« hoÆc nh÷ng c¬ quan ®Ó dïng chromosomes. tromg cÊy ghÐp. V× c¸c tÕ bμo nμy sÏ thu thÓ tø béi Mét sinh vËt, hoÆc m« mμ tÕ ®-îc tõ tÕ bμo nhËn, vμ do vËy sÏ ®ång bμo mang bèn bé nhiÔm s¾c thÓ ®¬n béi. nhÊt di truyÒn víi chÝnh nã, vÊn ®Ò th¶i bá chuyÓn ghÐp sÏ ®-îc thùc hiÖn. Kü thuËt tetrasomic (Noun: tetrasome). Pertaining nμy còng lo¹i bá khã kh¨n x¸c ®Þnh mét to a nucleus or an organism with four thÓ cho c¬ quan. members of one of its chromosomes, thermal gel gradient electrophoresis 283 thermal gel gradient electrophoresis thermosensitivity Loss of biological (Abbreviation: TGGE). A method for activity of a molecule at high temperature. separating DNA fragments according to mÉn c¶m nhiÖt MÊt ho¹t tÝnh sinh häc cña their mobility under increasingly denaturing ph©n tö ë nhiÖt ®é cao. conditions imposed by heat. thermostable A molecule which retains its ®iÖn di møc ®é gel nhiÖt (viÕt t¾t: TGGE). biological activity at some specified higher Ph-¬ng ph¸p ph©n t¸ch c¸c ®o¹n DNA temperature. Opposite: thermolabile. theo sù vËn ®éng cña chóng d-íi c¸c ®iÒu chÞu nhiÖt Mét ph©n tö mμ gi÷ ho¹t tÝnh kiÖn biÕn tÝnh t¨ng do do nhiÖt. sinh häc ë mét sè nhiÖt ®é cao ®Æc biÖt. thermal shock Exposure to reduced or Ng-îc víi: thermolabile. increased temperature for a significant thermotherapy Exposure to elevated period. temperatures, a technique mainly used for sèc nhiÖt Ph¬i trÇn ®Ó gi¶m bít hoÆc n©ng virus or mycoplasma elimination, taking cao nhiÖt ®é cho mét giai ®o¹n thiÕt yÕu. advantage of the higher thermostability of thermolabile Not resistant to heat, often the host over its pathogen. Synonym: in the context of a molecule which is heat therapy. unstable upon heating. Opposite: liÖu ph¸p nhiÖt Ph¬i trÇn ®Ó nhiÖt ®é n©ng thermostable. lªn, mét kü thuËt chñ yÕu dïng ®Ó lo¹i bá kh«ng chÞu nhiÖt kh«ng chÞu ®ùng nhiÖt, virut hoÆc chÊt nguyªn sinh, lîi dông tÝnh th-êng trong hoμn c¶nh ph©n tö kh«ng cã chôi nhiÖt cao cña ký chñ h¬n h¼n vËt g©y kh¶ n¨ng chÞu ®èt nãng. Ng-îc víi: bÖnh. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: heat therapy. thermostable. thinning 1. Removal of older stems to thermophile An organism which is promote new growth. 2. Removal of excess adapted to high temperatures, such as in fruits to improve the size and quality of the hot springs and geysers, smoker vents on remaining fruits. 3. Removal of seedlings the sea floor, and domestic hot water pipes. spaced too closely for optimum growth. A wide range of bacteria, fungi and simple tØa th-a 1. Lo¹i bá gèc giμ ®Ó ®Èy m¹nh plants and animals can grow at sinh tr-ëng gèc non. 2. Lo¹i bá qu¶ thõa 0 temperature up to 50 C ; thermophiles ®Ó c¶i thiÖn kÝch th-íc vμ chÊt l-îng qu¶ 0 grow and reproduce at above 50 C. They cßn l¹i. 3. Lo¹i bá c©y gièng kho¶ng c¸ch can be classified, according to their optimal qu¸ gÇn ®Ó sinh tr-ëng cùc thuËn. growth temperature, into simple thymidine The deoxyribonucleoside thermophiles (50-65 0C); thermophiles (65- resulting from the combination of the base 85 0C), and extreme thermophiles (>85 0C). thymine (T) and the sugar 2-deoxy-D- See: mesophile, psychrophile. ribose. See: TTP. sinh vËt -a nhiÖt Sinh vËt thÝch nghi víi thymidin Deoxyribonucleosit kÕt qu¶ do nhiÖt ®é cao, nh- mïa xu©n Êm ¸p vμ suèi kÕt hîp ba z¬ thimin (T) vμ ®-êng 2-deoxy- n-íc nãng thiªn nhiªn, c¸c èng khãi trªn D-riboza. Xem: TTP. bong tμu thuû, vμ èng n-íc nãng gia ®×nh. Mét ph¹m vi réng c¸c vi khuÈn, c©y nÊm thymidine kinase (Abbreviation: tk). An vμ c¸c thùc vËt vμ ®éng vËt ®¬n gi¶n cã enzyme that allows a cell to utilize an thÓ sinh tr-ëng tíi gÇn 50 0C; c¸c loμi -a alternate metabolic pathway for nhiÖt sinh tr-ëng vμ sinh s¶n trªn 50 0C. incorporating thymidine into DNA. Used Chóng cã thÓ ®-îc ph©n lo¹i, theo nhiÖt as a selectable marker to identify ®é t¨ng tr-ëng tèi -u, thμnh c¸c nhãm -a transfected eukaryotic cells. nhiÖt ®¬n (50-65 0C); nhãm -a nhiÖt (65- thymidine kinaza (ViÕt t¾t: tk). Mét lo¹i 85 0C), vμ nhãn -a nhiÖt cao (> 85 0C). enzim cho phÐp tÕ bμo dïng ®-êng mßn Xem: mesophile, psychrophile. chuyÓn hãa xen kÏ ®Ó hîp nhÊt thymidin thymidine triphosphate 284 vμo DNA. §-îc dïng lμm dÊu chuÈn lùa m«i tr-êng dinh d-ìng d-íi c¸c ®iÒu kiÖn chän ®Ó nhËn biÕt c¸c tÕ bμo nh©n chuÈn nghiªm ngÆt. ®-îc chuyÓn. titre 1. The concentration of infectious thymidine triphosphate Abbreviation: virus particles present in a suspension. 2. TTP; dTTP is strictly correct but rarely A measure of antibody concentration, used. given by the highest dilution of the sample thymidin triphosphat ViÕt t¾t: TTP; dTTP that results either in a useable lμ hoμn toμn chÝnh x¸c nh-ng Ýt khi dïng. immunoassay, or in the formation of visible precipitate when challenged by the thymidylic acid (Abbreviation: TMP or appropriate antigen. dTMP). Synonym for thymidine 5'- monophosphate, a deoxyribonucleotide chuÈn ®é 1. MËt ®é c¸c h¹t virut l©y nhiÔm containing the nucleoside thymidine. cã trong huyÒn phï. 2. PhÐp ®o mËt ®é kh¸ng thÓ, t¹o ra do pha lo·ng mÉu ë møc axÝt thymidylic (ViÕt t¾t: TMP hoÆc cao nhÊt mμ c¸c kÕt qu¶ trong mét thö dTMP). Tõ ®ång nghÜa cho thymidin 5'- nghiÖm miÔn dÞch cã thÓ sö dông, hoÆc monophosphate, Mét deoxyribonucleotit trong sù h×nh thμnh chÊt kÕt tña thÊy râ cã chøa thymidin nulceosit. khi ®-îc kÝch thÝch b»ng kh¸ng nguyªn thymine (Abbreviation: T). One the bases thÝch hîp. found in DNA. See: thymidine. tk ViÕt t¾t cña thymidine kinase. thymin (ViÕt t¾t: T). Mét ba z¬ cã trong TMP ViÕt t¾t cña deoxyribonucleotide DNA. xem: thymidine. thymidine 5'-monophosphate xem: Ti plasmid Tumour-inducing plasmid. A thymidylic acid. large plasmid present in pathogenic tolerance Incomplete resistance to a Agrobacterium tumefaciens, responsible given biotic or abiotic stress. Tolerant for the induction of tumours in plant with genotypes are less inhibited by the stress, crown gall disease. Engineered forms of but are not immune. this plasmid are central to the production of transgenics in many crop species. See: tÝnh chèng chÞu TÝnh kh¸ng kh«ng hoμn T-DNA. toμn víi c¨ng th¼ng h÷u sinh hoÆc v« sinh t¹o ra. C¸c kiÓu gen tÝnh chèng chôi Ýt bÞ Ti plasmit Plasmit thóc ®Èy khèi u. Mét øc chÕ do c¨ng th¼ng, nh-ng kh«ng ph¶i lo¹i plasmit lín cã mÆt trong c¸c lμ miÔn dÞch. Agrobacterium tumefaciens thuéc vËt g©y bÖnh, chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm thóc ®¶y khèi u tonoplast The cytoplasmic membrane trong thùc vËt mang bÖnh nèt sÇn. C¸c bordering the vacuole of plant cells. It d¹ng ®-îc kü thuËt cña plasmit nμy lμ trung plays a prominent role in regulating the t©m ®Ó s¶n xuÊt gen chuyÓn trong nhiÒu osmotic pressure exerted by the cell sap. lo¹i gièng c©y trång. Xem: T - DNA. mμng tr-¬ng Mμng chÊt tÕ bμo bã quanh tissue A group of cells of similar structure kh«ng bμo cña tÕ bμo thùc vËt. §ãng vai which sometimes performs a special trß næi bËt trong ®iÒu chØnh ¸p suÊt thÈm function. thÊu kiÒm chÕ do dÞch tÕ bμo. m« Mét nhãm tÕ bμo cã cÊu tróc gièng topo-isomerase Enzim ®ång ph©n ®Þnh nhau ®«i khi thùc hiÖn mét chøc n¨ng ®Æc vÞ xem: DNA topo-isomerase. biÖt. totipotency The ability of a cell or tissue tissue culture The in vitro culture of cells, to be induced to regenerate into a complete tissues or organs in a nutrient medium organism. under sterile conditions. tÝnh toμn n¨ng Kh¶ n¨ng cña tÕ bμo hoÆc nu«i cÊy m« Nu«i cÊy trong èng nghiÖm m« ®-îc thóc ®Èy ®Ó ph¸t sinh thμnh sinh c¸c tÕ bμo, m« hoÆc c¬ quan trong mét vËt hoμn h¶o. totipotent 285 totipotent tÝnh toμn n¨ng (tÝnh tõ) xem: trans heterozygote A double totipotency. heterozygote that contains two mutations toxicity The extent to which a toxic arranged in the trans configuration. compound negatively affects a given trait. dÞ hîp tö trans Mét dÞ hîp tö kÐp mang tÝnh ®éc Ph¹m vi ®Ó mét hîp chÊt ®éc hai ®ét biÕn x¾p xÕp trong cÊu h×nh trans. ¶nh h-ëng ©m tÝnh ®Õn mét tÝnh tr¹ng ®-îc trans test phÐp thö trans xem: t¹o ra. complementation test. toxin A compound produced by one trans-acting 1. A term describing organism, which is deleterious to the substances that are diffusable and that can growth and/or survival of another organism affect spatially separated entities within of the same or different species. cells. 2. A genetic element (e.g. a ®éc tè Mét hîp chÊt do sinh vËt s¶n xuÊt, promoter sequence) that is effective only nã lμ ®éc víi sinh tr-ëng vμ/hoÆc tån t¹i when present in the trans configuration. cña sinh vËt kh¸c trong cïng mét loμi hoÆc ho¹t ®éng trans 1. ThuËt ng÷ m« t¶ chÊt kh¸c loμi. cã thÓ truyÒn vμ cã thÓ ¶nh h-ëng c¸c thùc tracer A substance (typically a radioactive thÓ ph©n biÖt kh«ng gian trong tÕ bμo. 2. isotope or a fluorescent dye) that can be Mét phÇn tö gen (vÝ dô mét tr×nh tù khëi detected by physical means, and which is ®Çu) chØ cã ¶nh h-ëng khi cã mÆt trong used to analyse the progress of a chemical cÊu h×nh trans. reaction or a biological process. trans-acting factor Any of the multiple nguyªn tè ®¸nh dÊu Mét chÊt (tiªu biÓu ancillary DNA-binding proteins that lμ mét ®ång vÞ phãng x¹ hoÆc chÊt nhuém interact with the cis-regulatory DNA huúnh quang) mμ cã thÓ ®-îc ph¸t hiÖn sequences to control gene expression. b»ng c¸c ph-¬ng ph¸p vËt lý, vμ nã dïng nh©n tè ho¹t ®éng trans BÊt kú protein ®Ó ph©n tÝch qu¸ tr×nh cña mét ph¶n øng nμo liªn kÕt DNA phô thuéc ®a chøc n¨ng hãa häc hoÆc mét qu¸ tr×nh sinh vËt. mμ t-¬ng t¸c víi tr×nh tù DNA ®iÒu chØnh tracheid An elongated, tapering xylem cis ®Ó kiÓm tra biÓu thÞ gen. cell, with lignified pitted walls, adapted for transcapsidation The partial or full solute conduction and physical support. coating of the nucleic acid of a virus Found in conifers, ferns and related plants. particle with the coat protein of a different qu¶n bμo TÕ bμo m¹ch gç h×nh nãn, kÐo virus. dμi, cã v¸ch ho¸ gç bÞ thñng, thÝch nghi ®Ó Phñ axit nucleic tõng phÇn hoÆc ®Çy ®ñ truyÒn dÉn dung dÞch vμ chèng ®ì c¬ thÓ. cña mét phÇn tö virut cã protein vá bäc Cã trong tïng b¸ch, d-¬ng xØ vμ thùc vËt cña virut kh¸c biÖt. liªn quan gÇn. transcript An RNA molecule that has been trait One of the many characteristics that synthesized from a specific DNA template. define an organism. The phenotype is a In eukaryotes, the primary transcript description of one or more traits. Synonym: produced by RNA polymerase is often character. processed or modified in order to form tÝnh tr¹ng Mét trong nhiÒu ®Æc tr-ng ®Ó functional mRNA, rRNA or tRNA. See: x¸c ®Þnh mét sinh vËt. KiÓu h×nh lμ sù m« splicing. t¶ cña mét hoÆc nhiÒu tÝnh tr¹ng.Tõ ®ång b¶n sao Ph©n tö RNA ®· ®-îc tæng hîp nghÜa: character. tõ khung mÉu DNA ®Æc thï. Trong sinh vËt trans configuration cÊu h×nh trans xem: cã nh©n, b¶n sao gèc s¶n xuÊt bëi enzim repulsion. RNA polymeraza lu«n ®-îc xö lý hoÆc söa ®æi ®Ó h×nh thμnh RNA th«ng tin, RNA transcription 286 ribosom hoÆc RNA vËn chuyÓn ho¹t ®éng. ransduction 1. Genetic: the transfer by Xem: splicing. means of a viral vector of a DNA sequence transcription Synthesis of RNA from a from one cell to another. 2. Signal: any DNA template via RNA polymerase. process that helps to produce biological responses to events in the environment phiªn m· Sù tæng hîp RNA tõ mét khung (e.g. transduction of hormone binding into mÉu DNA nhê enzim RNA polymeraza. cellular events by hormone receptors). transcription factor A protein that chuyÓn n¹p 1. Di truyÒn häc: ChuyÓn regulates the transcription of genes. b»ng ph-¬ng tiÖn vect¬ virut mét tr×nh tù nh©n tè phiªn m· Mét potein ®iÒu chØnh DNA tõ tÕ bμo nμy sang tÕ bμo kh¸c. 2. phiªn m· gen. TÝn hiÖu: qu¸ tr×nh bÊt kú hç trî s¶n xuÊt transcription unit A segment of DNA that ph¶n øng sinh häc víi sù kiÖn trong m«i contains signals for the initiation and tr-êng (vÝ dô chuyÓn hãc m«n liªn kÕt víi termination of transcription, and is sù kiÖn tÕ bμo do thÓ nhËn hãc m«n). transcribed into one RNA molecule. transfection The infection of a cell with ®¬n vÞ phiªn m· Mét ®o¹n DNA cã chøa isolated viral DNA (or RNA), resulting in c¸c dÊu hiÖu ®Ó b¾t ®Çu vμ kÕt thóc phiªn the production of intact viral particles. m·, vμ ®-îc phiªn m· trong mét ph©n tö g©y nhiÔm NhiÔm bÖnh tÕ bμo víi DNA RNA. (hoÆc RNA) virut ®-îc ph©n lËp, kÕt qu¶ transcriptional anti-terminator A protein dÉn ®Õn s¶n xuÊt c¸c h¹t virut nguyªn vÑn. that prevents RNA polymerase from transfer RNA RNA vËn chuyÓn xem: terminating transcription at specific tRNA. transcription termination sequences. transferase A class of enzymes that kh¸ng kÕt thóc phiªn m· Mét protein catalyses the transfer of a group of atoms ng¨n c¶n RNA polymeraza kÕt thóc phiªn from one molecule to another. m· t¹i c¸c tr×nh tù kÕt thóc phiªn m· riªng enzim vËn chuyÓn Mét líp enzim xóc t¸c biÖt. chuyÓn mét nhãm nguyªn tö tõ ph©n tö transcriptional roadblock A DNA-binding nμy sang ph©n tö kh¸c. protein which affects the rate at which transformant A cell or organism that has RNA polymerases transcribe genes. The been genetically altered through the protein/DNA complex interferes with the integration of a transgene(s). Primary: the passage of the elongation complex. In first generation following the some cases these obstacles are readily transformation event. Secondary: bypassed, but in others a significant level progeny of the primary transformant. of pausing or termination occurs, and this can then act as a control point for gene thÓ biÕn n¹p Mét tÕ bμo hoÆc sinh vËt thay expression. ®æi di truyÒn qua hîp nhÊt mét hoÆc nhiÒu gen chuyÓn. ThÓ biÕn n¹p gèc: thÕ hÖ ®Çu vËt c¶n phiªn m· Protein kÕt nèi DNA tiªn sau sù kiÖn biÕn n¹p. ThÓ biÕn n¹p mμ lμm ¶nh h-ëng nhÞp ®é t¹i ®ã RNA thø cÊp: thÕ hÖ con ch¸u cña thÓ biÕn n¹p polymeraza sao chÐp gen. Phøc hÖ gèc. protein/DNA lμm ¶nh h-ëng ®Õn sù kÐo dμi phøc hÖ. Trong mét sè tr-êng hîp transformation 1. The uptake and nh÷ng ch-íng ng¹i nμy s½n sμng ®-îc bá integration of DNA in a cell, in which the qua, nh-ng trong c¸c tr-êng hîp kh¸c møc introduced DNA is intended to change the ®é thiÕt yÕu cña viÖc t¹m ngõng hoÆc sù phenotype of the recipient organism in a kÕt thóc xuÊt hiÖn, vμ ®iÒu nμy cã thÓ sau predictable manner. 2. The conversion, by ®ã lμm mét ®iÓm kiÓm tra ®Ó biÓu thÞ gen. various means, of cultured animal cells from controlled to uncontrolled cell growth, transducing phage thùc khuÈn t¶i n¹p typically through infection with a tumour xem: transduction. transformation efficiency or frequency 287 virus or transfection with an oncogene. transgenic An individual in which a biÕn n¹p 1. ChÊp nhËn vμ hîp nhÊt DNA transgene has been integrated into its trong mét tÕ bμo, trong ®ã DNA ®-a vμo genome. In transgenic eukaryotes, the ®-îc dù ®Þnh lμm thay ®æi kiÓu h×nh cña transgene must be transmitted through sinh vËt nhËn trong mét kiÓu cã thÓ ®o¸n meiosis to allow its inheritance by the tr-íc. 2. Sù chuyÓn ®æi, b»ng nhiÒu offspring. ph-¬ng tiÖn, cña c¸c tÕ bμo ®éng vËt ®-îc thuéc chuyÓn gen Mét c¸ thÓ cã mét gen nu«i cÊy tõ sù t¨ng tr-ëng tÕ bμo kiÓm so¸t chuyÓn ®· hîp nhÊt vμo hÖ gen cña nã. ®Õn kh«ng kiÓm so¸t ®-îc, ®Æc biÖt qua Trong sinh vËt cã nh©n chuyÓn gen, gen nhiÔm bÖnh víi mét virut khèi u hoÆc l©y chuyÓn nμy cÇn ph¶i ®-îc chuyÒn ®¹t qua nhiÔm víi mét gen g©y ung th-. gi¶m ph©n ®Ó cho phÐp di truyÒn bëi con transformation efficiency or frequency c¸i. The fraction of a cell population that takes transgressive variation The appearance, up and integrates the introduced in a segregating generation, of individuals transgene; expressed as the number of showing expression of a trait outside the transformed cells recovered divided by the extremes defined by the parent of the total number of cells in a population. cross that was used to generate the hiÖu qu¶ hoÆc tÇn sè biÕn n¹p PhÇn population. nhá cña mét quÇn thÓ tÕ bμo ®Ó t¹o ra vμ biÕn dÞ gen chuyÓn Sù xuÊt hiÖn, trong hîp nhÊt gen chuyÓn ®-îc ®-a vμo; biÓu mét thÕ hÖ t¸ch riªng, cña nh÷ng c¸ thÓ thÞ sè l-îng tÕ bμo ®-îc biÕn n¹p söa l¹i cho thÊy biÓu thÞ mét tÝnh tr¹ng bªn ngoμi ®-îc ph©n chia bëi tæng sè tÕ bμo trong c¸c th¸i cùc x¸c ®Þnh do cha mÑ cña gièng mét quÇn thÓ. lai mμ ®· ®-îc sö dông ®Ó ph¸t sinh quÇn transforming oncogene A gene that, thÓ nμy. upon transfection, converts a previously transient expression Short-term activity immortalized cell to the malignant of a transgene following its introduction phenotype. into target tissue. Transient expression gen g©y ung th- biÕn ®æi Mét gen ®Ó, usually implies non-integration of the khi chuyÓn nhiÔm, chuyÓn ®æi mét tÕ bμo transgene into the host genome. hãa bÊt tö tr-íc ®ã thμnh kiÓu h×nh ¸c tÝnh. biÓu thÞ nhÊt thêi Ho¹t ®éng ng¾n h¹n transgene An isolated gene sequence cña mét gen chuyÓn tiÕp theo sù chuyÓn used to transform an organism. Often, but vμo m« ®Ých. BiÓu thÞ nhÊt thêi th-êng ngô not always, the transgene has been ý sù kh«ng hîp nhÊt cña gen chuyÓn vμo derived from a different species than that hÖ gen chñ. of the recipient. transition The substitution in DNA or RNA gen chuyÓn Tr×nh tù gen ®-îc ph©n lËp of one purine by another purine, or of one dïng ®Ó biÕn ®æi sinh vËt. Th-êng xuyªn, pyrimidine by another pyrimidine. See: nh-ng kh«ng ph¶i lu«n lu«n, gen chuyÓn transversion, base substitution. nμy ®ù¬c t¹o ra tõ nh÷ng loμi kh¸c víi cña ho¸n vÞ, ®ång ho¸n Thay thÕ trong DNA thÓ nhËn. hoÆc RNA mét purin nμy b»ng purin kh¸c, transgenesis The introduction of a gene hoÆc cña mét pyrimi®in b»ng pyrimi®in or genes into animal or plant cells, which kh¸c. xem: transversion, base substitution. leads to the transmission of the input gene transition stage The period between (transgene) to successive generations. juvenile and reproductive stages of growth. sinh gen chuyÓn ChuyÓn mét gen hoÆc giai ®o¹n chuyÓn tiÕp Thêi kú gi÷a c¸c nhiÒu gen cho tÕ bμo ®éng hoÆc thùc vËt, giai ®o¹n sinh tr-ëng ch-a tr-ëng thμnh mμ dÉn tíi sù chuyÒn ®¹t cña gen nhËp vμ sinh tr-ëng sinh s¶n. (gen chuyÓn) tíi c¸c thÕ hÖ tiÕp theo. transition-state intermediate 288 transition-state intermediate In a yÕu tè (di truyÒn) vËn ®éng Mét phÇn tö chemical reaction, an unstable and high- DNA cã thÓ chuyÓn tõ mét vÞ trÝ trong hÖ energy configuration assumed by gen ®Õn vÞ trÝ kh¸c. Tõ ®ång nghÜa: reactants on the way to making products. transposon. Enzymes are thought to bind and stabilize transposase An enzyme encoded by a the transition state, thus lowering the transposon gene that catalyses the energy of activation needed to drive the movement of a DNA sequence to a reaction to completion. different site in a DNA molecule. gi÷a tr¹ng th¸i chuyÓn tiÕp Trong ph¶n enzim chuyÓn vÞ Mét enzim ®-îc m· hãa øng hãa häc, mét cÊu h×nh kh«ng bÒn v÷ng do mét gen nh¶y ®Ó xóc t¸c di chuyÓn mét vμ n¨ng l-îng cao ®-îc gi¶ thiÕt do c¸c tr×nh tù DNA tíi vÞ trÝ kh¸c trong ph©n tö chÊt ph¶n øng trªn con ®-êng tíi hoμn DNA. thiÖn s¶n phÈm. C¸c enzim ®-îc nghÜ tíi transposition The process whereby a ®Ó kÕt nèi vμ lμm æn ®Þnh tr¹ng th¸i chuyÓn transposon or insertion sequence tiÕp, nh- vËy lμm gi¶m thÊp n¨ng l-îng inserts itself into a new site on the same kÝch ho¹t cÇn thiÕt ®Ó ®-a ph¶n øng tíi or another DNA molecule. The exact hoμn toμn. mechanism is not fully understood and translation The process of polypeptide different transposons may transpose by synthesis in which the amino acid different mechanisms. Transposition in sequence is determined by mRNA, bacteria does not require extensive DNA mediated by tRNA molecules, and carried homology between the transposon and out on ribosomes. the target DNA. dÞch m· Qu¸ tr×nh tæng hîp polyeptit trong ®¶o vÞ Qu¸ tr×nh lμm thÕ nμo ®Ó mét gen ®ã tr×nh tù amino acid ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh do nh¶y hoÆc tr×nh tù ®o¹n xen chÌn vμo mét RNA th«ng tin, lμm trung gian bëi c¸c ph©n vÞ trÝ míi trªn cïng ph©n tö DNA hoÆc ph©n tö RNA chuyÓn vËn, vμ thùc hiÖn trªn c¸c tö kh¸c. C¬ chÕ chÝnh x¸c ch-a ®-îc hiÓu ribosom. biÕt ®Çy ®ñ vμ c¸c gen nh¶y kh¸c nhau cã translational initiation signal tÝn hiÖu thÓ chuyÓn chç do nh÷ng c¬ chÕ kh¸c khëi ®Çu dÞch m· Xem: initiation codon. nhau. §¶o vÞ trong vi khuÈn kh«ng yªu cÇu translational start codon bé ba khëi sù t-¬ng hîp DNA më réng gi÷a gen nh¶y ®éng dÞch m· Xem: initiation codon. vμ DNA ®Ých. translational stop signal tÝn hiÖu dõng transposon Synonym of transposable dÞch m· Xem: termination codon. genetic element. translocation 1. The movement of gen nh¶y Tõ ®ång nghÜa transposable nutrients or products of metabolism from genetic element. one location to another. 2. Change in transposon tagging A method of gene position of a segment of a chromosome isolation that exploits the disruption of to another, non-homologous chromosome. normal gene expression that is the result chuyÓn vÞ 1. ChuyÓn ®éng cña chÊt dinh of an insertion of a transposon within, or d-ìng hoÆc s¶n phÈm chuyÓn ho¸ tõ vÞ trÝ close to the target. Since the sequence of nμy sang vÞ trÝ kh¸c. 2. ChuyÓn ®æi vÞ trÝ the transposon is known, this can be used cña mét ®o¹n nhiÔm s¾c thÓ víi ®o¹n as a DNA probe to define the DNA nhiÔm s¾c thÓ kh¸c, nhiÔm s¾c thÓ kh«ng fragment containing the target gene. t-¬ng ®ång. Large-scale experiments to generate populations of gene mutations are transposable (genetic) element A DNA colloquially referred to as gene machines. element that can move from one location in the genome to another. Synonym: g¾n nh·n gen nh¶y Ph-¬ng ph¸p ph©n transposon. lËp gen ®Ó khai th¸c sù ph¸ vì biÓu thÞ transversion 289 gen b×nh th-êng lμ hËu qu¶ cña g¾n xen tripartite mating A process in which mét gen nh¶y vμo bªn trong hoÆc b¸m vμo conjugation is used to transfer a plasmid ®Ých. V× tr×nh tù gen nh¶y ®-îc biÕt, nªn vector to a target cell when the plasmid cã thÓ dïng lμm ®Çu dß DNA x¸c ®Þnh ®o¹n vector is not self-mobilizable. DNA cã chøa gen ®Ých. NhiÒu thö nghiÖm lai tam nguyªn Qu¸ tr×nh trong ®ã sù tiÕp quy m« lín ph¸t sinh nh÷ng quÇn thÓ ®ét hîp ®-îc sö dông ®Ó chuyÓn vect¬ plasmit biÕn gen th-êng ®-îc ®Ò cËp nh- c¸c m¸y tíi tÕ bμo ®Ých khi vect¬ plasmit kh«ng tù gen. vËn ®éng. transversion The substitution in DNA or triplet A sequential group of three RNA of one purine by a pyrimidine or vice nucleotides in DNA or RNA. See: codon. versa. See: transition, base substitution. bé ba Nhãm liªn tôc cña ba nuleotit trong dÞ ho¸n Thay thÕ trong DNA hoÆc RNA DNA hoÆc RNA. Xem: co®on. cña mét purin b»ng mét pyrimi®in hoÆc triploid A cell, tissue or organism ng-îc l¹i. Xem: transition, base containing three times the haploid number substitution. of chromosomes. tribrid protein A fusion protein that has tam béi Mét tÕ bμo, m« hoÆc sinh vËt cã three segments, each encoded by parts sè nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nhiÒu gÊp ba lÇn sè ®¬n of different genes. béi. protein thÓ ba Protein dung hîp cã ba trisomic thuéc thÓ ba (tÝnh tõ) xem: ®o¹n, mçi ®o¹n gen ®Òu ®-îc m· hãa do trisomy. bé phËn gen kh¸c nhau. trisomy The presence in a diploid cell or trichome A short filament of cells, resulting organism of an extra chromosome of one in a hair-like structure. homologue (chromosome formula: 2n+1). Mét tua ng¾n tÕ bμo, g©y ra mét cÊu tróc See: disomy; monosomic. gièng hÖt sîi tãc. thÓ ba Sù hiÖn diÖn trong tÕ bμo hoÆc sinh tri-hybrid The hybrid offspring of a cross vËt l-ìng béi mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓ phô thªm between parents carrying contrasting cña mét ®ång hîp tö (c«ng thøc nhiÔm s¾c alleles at three loci. thÓ: 2n+ 1). Xem: disomy; monosomic. lai tam béi Con ch¸u cña lai chÐo gi÷a triticale The hybrid man-made species cha mÑ mang c¸c alen ng-îc nhau t¹i ba formed by the crossing of tetraploid or æ gen. hexaploid wheat with diploid rye. trinucleotide repeat Tandem repeats of gièng tam nguyªn C¸c loμi cã bè lai ®-îc three nucleotides that are present in h×nh thμnh do lai chÐo lóa m× thÓ tø béi many genes. Commonly trinucleotide hoÆc lôc béi víi lóa m¹ch ®en l-ìng béi. repeats have undergone variable tRNA Abbreviation for transfer RNA. Small expansion in copy number, forming the RNA molecules that transfer amino acids basis of microsatellite markers, and to the ribosome during protein synthesis. occasionally resulting in the formation of Each tRNA binds just one species of alleles giving rise to genetic disease. amino acid and recognizes a specific qu·ng lÆp bé ba nucleotide Nh÷ng codon in the mRNA, thus implementing qu·ng lÆp kiÓu cÆp ®«i cña ba nuleotit cã the genetic code. mÆt trong nhiÒu gen. Th«ng th-êng nh÷ng RNA vËn chuyÓn ViÕt t¾t cña transfer qu·ng lÆp bé ba nμy tr¶i qua më réng biÕn RNA. Ph©n tö RNA nhá mμ chuyÓn giao thÓ cña mét sè b¶n dÞch, dÉn ®Õn c¬ së amino acid cho ribosom trong khi tæng hîp dÊu chuÈn vÖ tinh nhá, vμ thØnh tho¶ng dÉn protein. Mçi mét tRNA chØ kÕt nèi víi mét ®Õn sù h×nh thμnh c¸c alen ph¸t sinh bÖnh lo¹i amino acid vμ ghi nhËn mét bé ba ghi gen. tropism 290 râ trong RNA th«ng tin, nh- vËy ®Ó thùc Thμnh phÇn protein chÝnh cña c¸c vi hiÖn m· di truyÒn. èng tÕ bμo nh©n chuÈn. tropism Plant response to an external tumble tube A glass tube mainly used in stimulus, resulting in the bending/turning vitro to agitate and consequently aerate of stem or root growth. Typical tropisms suspension cultures. The tube, which is are phototropism (light), geotropism commonly attached to a slowly revolving (gravity) or hydrotropism (water). platform, is closed at both ends, with a tÝnh h-íng Ph¶n øng thùc vËt víi mét kÝch side-neck opening. thÝch bªn ngoμi, g©y ra sù uèn/quay cña èng rèi Mét èng thuû tinh chñ yÕu dïng sinh tr-ëng th©n hoÆc rÔ. Nh÷ng tÝnh h-íng trong thÝ nghiÖm ®Ó l¾c rung vμ t¹o bät hîp tiªu biÓu lμ tÝnh h-íng s¸ng (¸nh s¸ng), lý c¸c nu«i cÊy næi. èng nμy, th-êng ®-îc h-íng ®Þa (søc nÆng) hoÆc h-íng thñy g¾n víi nÒn quay chËm, ®-îc nót chÆt ë (n-íc). c¶ hai ®Çu, cã miÖng hë bªn c¹nh. true-to-type Conforming to the tumor-suppressor gene A gene that phenotype of the breed/variety. regulates cell growth. If such a gene thùc ®Õn kiÓu Lμm cho phï hîp víi kiÓu becomes dysfunctional, and potentiating h×nh cña gièng/thø loμi. damage occurs to the cell, then uncontrolled growth and a cancer may trypsin A proteolytic enzyme used in vivo result. See: p53 gene, oncogene. for the digestion of peptides. It acts by hydrolysing peptide bonds on the carboxyl gen øc chÕ khèi u Mét lo¹i gen ®iÒu chØnh side of the amino acids arginine and lysine. sinh tr-ëng tÕ bμo. NÕu mét gen nh- vËy trë nªn kh«ng ho¹t ®éng, vμ sù h- h¹i tiÒm Mét enzim ph©n gi¶i protein ®-îc sö dông Èn xÈy ra víi tÕ bμo, th× sau ®ã sinh tr-ëng trong c¬ thÓ ®Ó tiªu hãa c¸c peptit. Ho¹t kh«ng kiÓm so¸t ®-îc vμ cã thÓ dÉn ®Õn ®éng do liªn kÕt peptit khö hydro ë bªn ung th-. xem: p53 gene, oncogene. phÝa c¸c-b«-xyn cña c¸c amino acid acginin vμ lysine. tumour virus A virus capable of transforming a cell to a malignant trypsin inhibitor Substances inactivating phenotype. trypsin, typically found in seed tissue of certain plants, where they are thought to virut t¹o u Mét virut cã kh¶ n¨ng biÕn ®æi have evolved as anti-feedant agents mét tÕ bμo thμnh kiÓu h×nh ®éc. against insect predators. tumour-inducing plasmid plasmit thóc thÓ h·m tripsin C¸c chÊt khö ho¹t tÝnh ®Èy khèi u xem: Ti plasmit. tripsin, tiªu biÓu cã trong m« h¹t cña c¸c tunica The outer one- to four-cell layer c©y nhÊt ®Þnh, n¬i chóng ®-îc thu nhËn region of the apical meristem, where cell ®Ó ph¸t triÓn lμm t¸c nh©n g©y ng¸n nh»m division is anticlinal, i.e. perpendicular to chèng l¹i c¸c con thó ¨n thÞt c«n trïng. the surface. See: apical meristem. TTP Abbreviation for thymidine 5'- mò Mét vïng xÕp líp tõ mét ®Õn bèn tÕ triphosphate. TTP is required for DNA bμo kÓ tõ phÝa ngoμi cña m« ph©n sinh synthesis since it is a direct precursor thuéc ®Ønh, n¬i sù ph©n chia tÕ bμo lμ molecule. See: thymidine, thymidylic th-îng thuéc ®Ønh, nghÜa lμ trùc diÖn. Xem: acid. apical meristem. TTP ViÕt t¾t cña thymidin 5 ‘- triphosphat. turbidostat An open continuous culture TTP lu«n cÇn thiÕt ®Ó tæng hîp DNA v× nã in which a pre-selected biomass density lμ mét ph©n tö tiÒn chÊt trùc tiÕp. Xem: is uniformly maintained by automatic thymidine, thymidylic acid. removal of excess cells. The fresh medium tubulin The major protein component of flows in response to an increase in the the microtubules of eukaryotic cells. turbidity (usually corresponding to cell density) of the culture. turgid 291 turbidostat Mét nu«i cÊy liªn tôc më trong turgor pressure The pressure within a cell ®ã mËt ®é sinh khèi chän tr-íc ®-îc duy resulting from the absorption of water into tr× kh«ng hoμn chØnh do tù ®éng lo¹i bá tÕ the vacuole and the imbibition of water bμo thõa. Nh÷ng dßng m«i tr-êng míi ®¸p by the protoplasm. øng sù gia t¨ng dμy ®Æc (th-êng t-¬ng ¸p suÊt tr-¬ng Søc Ðp bªn trong mét tÕ xøng víi mËt ®é tÕ bμo) cña nu«i cÊy. bμo b¾t nguån tõ sù hót n-íc vμo trong turgid Swollen, distended; referring to a kh«ng bμo vμ hÊp thô n-íc do chÊt nguyªn cell that is extended as a result of sinh. adequate water uptake. Loss of turgidity turion An underground bud or shoot from in plant cells is a sign of water deficit. which an aerial stem arises. See: sucker. tr-¬ng n-íc Sù ph×nh ra, c¨ng phång; liªn mÇm Mét mÇm hoÆc chåi c©y ngÇm d-íi quan víi tÕ bμo mμ ®-îc më réng lμ hËu ®Êt mμ ë ®ã th©n khÝ sinh xuÊt hiÖn. xem: qu¶ cña èng m¹ch dÉn n-íc t-¬ng xøng. sucker. MÊt tr-¬ng n-íc trong tÕ bμo thùc vËt lμ twin One of two individuals originating from mét dÊu hiÖu thiÕu n-íc. the same zygote. turgor potential thÕ n¨ng tr-¬ng xem: sinh ®«i Mét trong sè hai c¸ thÓ b¾t nguån pressure potential. tõ cïng mét hîp tö. 292 repeated DNA sequences, which can pair out of register. lai chÐo kh«ng c©n b»ng Sù kiÖn gi¶m ph©n dÞ th-êng, trong ®ã mét nhiÔm s¾c tö Uu cã chøa sù nh©n ®«i vμ mét nhiÔm s¾c tö kh¸c ®øt ®o¹n. Th-êng xuÊt hiÖn trong mét vïng chøa tr×nh tù DNA lÆp, nã cã thÓ cÆp ®«i ngoμi ph¹m vi. U viÕt t¾t cña uracil. unicellular Tissues, organs or organisms ubiquitin A small protein, present in all consisting of a single cell. eukaryotic cells, which plays an important ®¬n bμo C¸c m«, c¬ quan hoÆc sinh vËt role in tagging proteins destined for gåm cã tÕ bμo ®¬n. proteolytic cleavage (because they are uniparental inheritance The inheritance damaged or no longer needed). of genes exclusively from one parent, e.g. ubiquitin Protein ph©n tö nhá, cã mÆt chloroplast DNA is inherited either trong tÊt c¶ c¸c tÕ bμo nh©n chuÈn, ®ãng maternally (many angiosperms) or vai trß quan träng trong c¸c protein g¾n paternally (most gymnosperms). nh·n ph©n t¸ch thñy ph©n protein (bëi v× di truyÒn mét cha/mÑ Di truyÒn cña chóng bÞ huû hoÆc kh«ng cÇn l©u). nh÷ng gen chØ riªng tõ mét cha/mÑ, vÝ dô ultrasonication sãng siªu ©m xem: DNA lôc l¹p ®-îc di truyÒn theo mÑ (nhiÒu sonication. c©y h¹t kÝn) hoÆc theo cha (hÇu hÕt c©y UMP ViÕt t¾t cña (ribo)nucleotide uridine h¹t trÇn). 5'-monophosphate. Xem: uridylic acid. unisexual Higher organisms (animals or understock Host plant for a grafted scion, plants) possessing either male or female a branch or shoot from another plant; an reproductive organs, but not both. understock may be a fully grown tree or a ®¬n tÝnh C¸c sinh vËt bËc cao (c©y trång stump with a living root system. vμ vËt nu«i ) cã c¬ quan sinh s¶n ®ùc hoÆc gèc ghÐp C©y chñ mang chåi ghÐp, mét lμ c¸i, nh-ng kh«ng gåm c¶ hai. nh¸nh hoÆc chåi cña c©y kh¸c; mét gèc univalent An unpaired chromosome at the ghÐp cã thÓ lμ c©y sinh tr-ëng ®Çy ®ñ hoÆc first division of meiosis. mét gèc ®èn cã bé rÔ khoÎ. hãa trÞ mét NhiÔm s¾c thÓ kh«ng cÆp ®«i undifferentiated Undifferentiated cells are t¹i ph©n chia gi¶m ph©n lÇn ®Çu. those which have not been committed to universal donor cell Cells that, after become part of a specialized tissue. introduction into a recipient, will not induce kh«ng ph©n hãa C¸c tÕ bμo kh«ng ®-îc an immune response that leads to their biÖt hãa lμ tÕ bμo kh«ng ®-îc giao phã ®Ó rejection. trë thμnh bé phËn cña mét m« chuyªn tÕ bμo cho phæ qu¸t Nh÷ng tÕ bμo mμ, dông. sau khi chuyÓn vμo thÓ nhËn, sÏ kh«ng unencapsidated A virus not enclosed by t¹o ra ph¶n øng miÔn dÞch mμ dÉn ®Õn a coat protein or capsid. th¶i bá chóng. thiÕu vá bäc Mét virut kh«ng ®-îc bäc universality Referring to the genetic code, bëi mét protein phñ ngoμi hoÆc vá bäc. the triplet codons are translated to the unequal crossing over Abnormal meiotic same amino acid, with minor exceptions, event, in which one chromatid contains a in virtually all species. duplication and the other a deletion. sù phæ qu¸t §Ò cËp ®Õn côm m· di truyÒn, Often arises in a region containing c¸c côm m· bé ba ®-îc dÞch cho cïng mét unorganized growth 293 lo¹i amino acid, cã nh÷ng ngo¹i lÖ sai sãt found in RNA. See: uridine. nhá, trong hÇu nh- tÊt c¶ c¸c loμi. uracil (viÕt t¾t: U). Mét lo¹i ba z¬ cã trong unorganized growth In vitro formation of RNA. Xem: uridine. tissues with few differentiated cell types uridine The (ribo)nucleoside resulting and no recognizable structure; typical from the combination of the base uracil structure of calli formed in tissue culture. (U) and the sugar D-ribose. See: uridylic Opposite: organized growth. acid, uridine triphosphate. t¨ng tr-ëng thiÕu tæ chøc Trong èng uridin (ribo)nucleosit do kÕt hîp gi÷a ba nghiÖm sù h×nh thμnh m« víi mét Ýt kiÓu tÕ z¬ uracil (U) vμ ®-êng D - riboza. xem: bμo biÖt ho¸ vμ cÊu tróc kh«ng ®-îc nhËn axit uridylic, uridine triphosphate. biÕt; cÊu tróc ®iÓn h×nh cña m« sÑo h×nh uridine triphosphate (uridine 5'- thμnh trong nu«i cÊy m«. Ng-îc víi: triphosphate) (Abbreviation: UTP). organized growth. Required for RNA synthesis since it is a upstream 1. The stretch of DNA lying in direct precursor molecule. See: uridylic the 5' direction from the site being acid. considered. Where the reference point is uridin ba phèt ph¸t (viÕt t¾t: UTP). CÇn the initiation of transcription, the first thiÕt ®Ó tæng hîp RNA v× lμ mét ph©n tö transcribed base is designated +1 and tiÒn chÊt trùc tiÕp. Xem: uridylic acid. upstream nucleotides are marked with minus signs, e.g. -1, -10; 2. In chemical uridylic acid Synonym for uridine 5'- engineering, those phases of a monophosphate (abbreviation: UMP), a manufacturing process that precede the (ribo)nucleotide containing the base biotransformation step. Refers to the uracil. See: uridine triphosphate. preparation of raw materials for a axit uridylic Tõ ®ång nghÜa uridin 5'- fermentation process. Also called monophosphat (viÕt t¾t: UMP), mét upstream processing. (ribo)nucleotit chøa ba z¬ uracil. xem: ng-îc dßng 1. D·y DNA n»m theo h-íng uridine triphosphate. 5' tõ vÞ trÝ ®ang xem xÐt. N¬i ®iÓm xem xÐt utilization of farm animal genetic lμ b¾t ®Çu phiªn m·, ba z¬ ®-îc phiªn m· resources The use and development of ®Çu tiªn ®-îc chØ ®Þnh +1 vμ nh÷ng nuleotit animal genetic resources for the ng-îc dßng ®-îc ®¸nh dÊu trõ, vÝ dô -1, - production of food in a sustainable system 10; 2. Trong kü thuËt hãa häc, c¸c pha cña of agriculture. qu¸ tr×nh s¶n xuÊt tr-íc b-íc biÕn ®æi sinh sö dông tμi nguyªn gen ®éng vËt n«ng häc. §Ò cËp chÕ phÈm nguyªn liÖu t-¬i nghiÖp Sö dông vμ sù ph¸t triÓn tμi sèng cña qu¸ tr×nh lªn men. Còng gäi lμ nguyªn di truyÒn ®éng vËt ®Ó s¶n xuÊt xö lý ng-îc dßng. l-¬ng thùc trong hÖ thèng n«ng nghiÖp bÒn upstream processing xö lý ng-îc dßng v÷ng. xem: upstream (2). UTP Xem: uridine triphosphate. uracil (Abbreviation: U). One the bases 294 vacuole A fluid-filled membrane-bound cavity inside many plant cells, in which various plant products and by-products are stored. V v kh«ng bμo Mét hèc h×nh thμnh mμng chøa ®Çy dÞch láng cã trong nhiÒu tÕ bμo thùc vËt, trong ®ã c¸c lo¹i s¶n phÈm thùc vËt vμ c¸c s¶n phÈm phô ®-îc cÊt tr÷. V region Variable region in antibodies. variable domain Regions of antibody See: CDR. molecules that have different amino acid vïng V Vïng biÕn ®æi cña kh¸ng thÓ. Xem: sequences in different antibody molecules. CDR. These regions are responsible for the antigen-binding specificity of the antibody. v/v Abbreviation for volume per volume. The relative proportion of each liquid in a miÒn biÕn Vïng ph©n tö kh¸ng thÓ cã tr×nh mixture. tù amino acid kh¸c nhau trong c¸c ph©n tö kh¸ng thÓ kh¸c biÖt. C¸c vïng nμy cã tØ lÖ v/v ViÕt t¾t cña thÓ tÝch/thÓ tÝch. TØ lÖ vai trß liªn kÕt kh¸ng nguyªn ®Æc hiÖu cña t-¬ng ®èi cña mçi chÊt láng trong mét hçn kh¸ng thÓ. hîp. variable expressivity Variation in the vaccination tiªm chñng Xem: preventive phenotype caused by different alleles of immunization. the same gene and/or by the action of vaccine A preparation of dead or other genes and/or by the action of non- attenuated (weakened) pathogens, or of genetic factors. derived antigenic determinants, that can biÓu thÞ biÕn dÞ BiÕn dÞ trong kiÓu h×nh induce the formation of antibodies in a g©y ra bëi nh÷ng alen kh¸c biÖt cña cïng host, and thereby produce host immunity mét gen vμ/hoÆc do ho¹t ®éng cña nh÷ng against the pathogen. See: sub-unit gen kh¸c vμ/hoÆc do ho¹t ®éng cña c¸c vaccine, viral vaccine, DNA vaccine, nh©n tè kh«ng di truyÒn. inoculum. variable number tandem repeat v½c xin ChÕ phÈm cña c¸c vËt g©y bÖnh (Abbreviation: VNTR). A DNA sequence, chÕt hoÆc lμm yÕu (suy nh-îc), hoÆc cña present as tandem repeats, for which the c¸c yÕu tè quyÕt ®Þnh kh¸ng nguyªn t¹o number of copies varies greatly between thμnh, mμ cã thÓ thóc ®Èy h×nh thμnh unrelated genotypes. kh¸ng thÓ trong vËt chñ, vμ do ®ã s¶n xuÊt tÝnh miÔn dÞch vËt chñ chèng l¹i vËt g©y lÆp kiÓu cÆp ®«i sè biÕn (viÕt t¾t: VNTR). bÖnh. Xem: sub-unit vaccine, viral vaccine, Tr×nh tù DNA, cã mÆt c¸c lÆp l¹i kiÓu cÆp DNA vaccine, inoculum. ®«i, v× thÕ sè l-îng c¸c b¶n sao thay ®æi lín gi÷a c¸c kiÓu gen kh«ng quan hÖ. Vaccinia The cowpox virus used to vaccinate against smallpox and, variable surface glycoprotein experimentally, as a carrier of genes for (Abbreviation: VSG). One of a battery of antigenic determinants cloned from other antigenic determinants expressed by a disease organisms. micro-organism to elude immune detection. ng-u ®Ëu Virut bÖnh ®Ëu bß dïng ®Ó tiªm chñng chèng l¹i bÖnh ®Ëu mïa vμ, ®-îc glicoprotein mÆt biÕn (viÕt t¾t: VSG).Mét thùc nghiÖm, khi mét thÓ mang gen cho trong bé nguån c¸c yÕu tè quyÕt ®Þnh c¸c yÕu tè quyÕt ®Þnh kh¸ng nguyªn nh©n kh¸ng nguyªn ®-îc biÓu thÞ do mét vi sinh dßng tõ sinh vËt mang bÖnh kh¸c. vËt ®Ó tr¸nh dß t×m miÔn dÞch. variance 295 variance A statistical term representing a m¹ch M« thùc vËt chuyªn dïng ®Ó dÉn measure of the dispersion of data from the n-íc hoÆc chÊt dinh d-ìng overall mean. Used to quantify the vascular bundle A strand of tissue variability of a population. containing primary xylem and primary ph-¬ng sai ThuËt ng÷ thèng kª m« phloem (and procambium if present) and t¶Ótung b×nh ®é ph©n t¸n cña d÷ liÖu tõ frequently enclosed by a bundle sheath of toμn bé phÐp ®o. Dïng x¸c ®Þnh sè l-îng parenchyma or fibres. biÕn thiªn cña mét quÇn thÓ. bã m¹ch Sîi m« chøa thí gç s¬ cÊp vμ variant An individual that is genetically libe s¬ cÊp (vμ tiÒn t-îng tÇng nÕu cã) vμ distinct from others in the population. th-êng xuyªn ®-îc bao bäc bëi mμng bäc biÕn thÓ Mét c¸ thÓ mμ kh¸c kiÓu di truyÒn xung quanh nhu m« hoÆc sîi. víi c¸c c¸ thÓ kh¸c trong quÇn thÓ. vascular cambium In biennials and variation Differences between individuals perennials, cambium giving rise to within a population or among populations. secondary phloem and secondary xylem. biÕn dÞ Sù kh¸c nhau gi÷a nh÷ng c¸ thÓ trong mét quÇn thÓ hoÆc gi÷a c¸c quÇn tÇng ph¸t sinh m¹ch Trong c¸c c©y hai thÓ. n¨m vμ c©y l©u n¨m, tÇng ph¸t sinh t¹o ra libe thø cÊp vμ thí gç thø cÊp. variegation The occurrence, within a single tissue, organ or organism, of vascular plant Plant species possessing mosaicism. Usually referring to plants organized vascular tissues. showing either both green and albino thùc vËt cã m¹ch C¸c loμi thùc vËt lu«n colouration in a leaf, or flecks of contrasting cã c¸c m« m¹ch ®-îc tæ chøc. colour in a flower. The origin of variegation vascular system 1. A specialized network can be through viral infection, nutritional of vessels for the circulation of fluids deficiency, or genetic instability caused throughout the body tissue of an animal. by transposon activity. See also: chimera 2. The system of vascular tissue in plants. biÕn kh¶m BiÕn cè, bªn trong mét m« ®¬n, hÖ m¹ch, hÖ dÉn 1. M¹ng èng m¹ch c¬ quan hoÆc sinh vËt, cña hiÖn t-îng chuyªn dông ®Ó l-u hμnh c¸c chÊt láng kh¶m. Th-êng liªn quan víi c¸c thùc vËt qua kh¾p c¸c m« c¬ thÓ ®éng vËt. 2. HÖ cho thÊy c¶ mμu xanh lôc vμ mμu b¹ch thèng m« m¹ch cña thùc vËt. t¹ng trong mét l¸ c©y, hoÆc nh÷ng ®èm vector 1. An organism, usually an insect, s¸ng mμu t-¬ng ph¶n cña mét hoa. Nguån that carries and transmits pathogens. 2. gèc biÕn ®æi kh¶m cã thÓ qua nhiÔm virut, A small DNA molecule (plasmid, virus, thiÕu hôt dinh d-ìng, hoÆc tÝnh kh«ng æn bacteriophage, artificial or cut DNA ®Þnh di truyÒn g©y ra bëi ho¹t ®éng gen molecule) that can be used to deliver DNA nh¶y. Xem: chimera into a cell. Vectors must be capable of variety 1. A naturally occurring subdivision being replicated and contain cloning sites of a species, with distinct morphological for the introduction of foreign DNA. characters. 2. A defined strain of a crop vect¬ 1. Mét sinh vËt, th-êng lμ c«n trïng plant, selected on the basis of phenotypic mμ cã mang vμ truyÒn dÉn vËt g©y bÖnh. (sometimes genotypic) homogeneity. 2. Mét ph©n tö DNA nhá (plasmit, virut, thÓ thø loμi 1. Sù chia nhá x¶y ra tù nhiªn thùc khuÈn, ph©n tö DNA nh©n t¹o hoÆc cña loμi, víi c¸c ®Æc tr-ng h×nh th¸i ph©n c¾t ®o¹n) cã thÓ dïng ®Ó chuyÓn giao DNA biÖt. 2. Chñng x¸c ®Þnh cña mét gièng c©y cho tÕ bμo. C¸c vect¬ cÇn ph¶i cã kh¶ trång, lùa chän trªn c¬ së di truyÒn ®ång n¨ng xo¾n l¹i vμ chøa c¸c vÞ trÝ t¹o dßng nhÊt kiÓu h×nh (®«i khi lμ kiÓu gen). nhÊt ®Þnh ®Ó chuyÓn DNA l¹. vascular Plant tissue specialized for the vegetative propagation sinh s¶n sinh conduction of water or nutrients d-ìng Xem: asexual propagation. velocity density gradient centrifugation 296 velocity density gradient centrifugation viability The capability to live and develop A procedure used to separate normally. macromolecules based on their rate of kh¶ n¨ng sinh tån Kh¶ n¨ng ®Ó sèng vμ movement through a density gradient. ph¸t triÓn b×nh th-êng. ly t©m møc ®é mËt ®é vËn tèc Ph-¬ng viability test Assay of the number or ph¸p dïng ®Ó t¸ch c¸c ®¹i ph©n tö dùa percent of living cells or plants in a vμo nhÞp ®é chuyÓn ®éng cña chóng th«ng population following a specific treatment. qua gradient mËt ®é. Often used to describe quality of seed velogenetics The combined use of following long-term storage. marker-assisted selection and embryo thö kh¶ n¨ng sèng Thö nghiÖm sè l-îng technologies such as OPU, IVM and IVF, hoÆc phÇn tr¨m tÕ bμo hoÆc thùc vËt sèng in order to increase the rate of genetic trong mét quÇn thÓ theo mét ph-¬ng ph¸p improvement in animal populations. riªng. Th-êng dïng ®Ó m« t¶ chÊt l-îng velogenetic ViÖc sö dông kÕt hîp chän h¹t gièng sau b¶o qu¶n dμi h¹n. läc cã hç trî dÊu chuÈn vμ c«ng nghÖ ph«i viable Capable of normal completion of life nh- lμ OPU, IVM vμ IVF, ®Ó t¨ng thªm nhÞp cycle. ®é c¶i thiÖn gen cña quÇn thÓ ®éng vËt. cã kh¶ n¨ng sèng Kh¶ n¨ng hoμn thμnh vermiculite Material made from expanded b×nh th-êng chu tr×nh sèng. mica used as a rooting medium and as a vibrio Comma-shaped bacterium. soil additive. vi khuÈn phÈy Vi khuÈn cã h×nh d¹ng dÊu ermiculit VËt chÊt lμm tõ mica ®-îc më phÈy. réng dïng lμm m«i tr-êng -¬m rÔ vμ phô gia ®Êt. vir genes A set of genes on a Ti plasmid that prepare the T-DNA segment for vernalization Chilling juvenile plants for a transfer into a plant cell. minimum period in order to induce flowering. Some plants require gen vir TËp hîp gen trªn mét Ti plasmit veRNAlization to flower, but others have ®Ó chuÈn bÞ ®o¹n c¾t T-DNA chuyÓn cho no such requirement. tÕ bμo thùc vËt. xu©n hãa Thùc vËt non ch-a ph¸t triÓn viral coat protein A protein present in the lμm l¹nh mét giai ®o¹n tèi thiÓu víi môc layer surrounding the nucleic acid core ®Ých thóc ®Èy ra hoa. Mét sè thùc vËt yªu of a virus. cÇu xu©n hãa ®Ó ra hoa, nh-ng mét sè protein phñ virut Protein cã mÆt trong líp kh¸c kh«ng cã yªu cÇu nh- vËy. xung quanh lâi axit nucleic cña virut. vessel A series of xylem elements whose viral oncogene A viral gene that promotes function is to conduct water and nutrients tumour development in a host. in plants. gen g©y ung th- virut Mét gen virut thóc èng m¹ch Mét lo¹t c¸c phÇn tö thí gç cã ®Èy ph¸t triÓn khèi u trong vËt chñ. chøc n¨ng dÉn n-íc vμ chÊt dinh d-ìng viral pathogen A disease-causing virus. trong thùc vËt. vËt g©y bÖnh virut Mét virut g©y bÖnh. vessel element A type of cell occurring viral vaccine Vaccine consisting of live within the xylem of flowering plants. Many viruses, genetically engineered to avoid are water-conducting vessels. causing the disease itself. phÇn tö èng m¹ch Mét kiÓu tÕ bμo xuÊt vacxin virut Vacxin gåm cã virut sèng, hiÖn trong m¹ch gç cña thùc vËt ra hoa. ®-îc kÜ thuËt gen ®Ó tr¸nh tù g©y ra bÖnh NhiÒu phÇn tö èng m¹ch lμ c¸c èng dÉn h¹i. n-íc. virion 297 virion A complete infectious virus particle. chøng kh«ng cã virut hoÆc chøa nh÷ng h¹t h¹t ®éc H¹t virut l©y nhiÔm hoμn chØnh. virut kh«ng thÓ nhËn biÕt. viroid A plant pathogenic agent, composed virus-tested Description of a organism or of an infectious single-stranded low a cell stock certified as being free of certain molecular weight RNA, and no coat specified viruses following recognized protein. procedures of virus diagnosis. thÓ vi rót T¸c nh©n g©y bÖnh thùc vËt, kiÓm tra virut M« t¶ mét sinh vËt hoÆc gåm cã RNA ph©n tö l-îng thÊp sîi ®¬n mét tæ tÕ bμo ®-îc chøng nhËn lμ s¹ch cã kh¶ n¨ng l©y nhiÔm, vμ kh«ng cã protein virut ®-îc ghi chÐp cô thÓ tiÕp theo sau vá bäc c¸c thñ tôc ghi nhËn chÈn ®o¸n virut. virulence The degree of ability of an vitamin Naturally occurring organic organism to cause disease. The relative substance required by living organisms in infectiousness of a bacterium or virus, or small amounts to maintain normal health. its ability to overcome the resistance of the vitamin ChÊt h÷u c¬ xuÊt hiÖn tù nhiªn do host metabolism. sinh vËt sèng yªu cÇu víi sè l-îng nhá ®Ó tÝnh ®éc Møc ®é kh¶ n¨ng cña sinh vËt duy tr× søc kháe b×nh th-êng. ®Ó g©y bÖnh h¹i. Sù nhiÔm ®éc t-¬ng ®èi vitrified Cultured tissue having leaves cña vi khuÈn hoÆc virut, hoÆc kh¶ n¨ng ®Ó and sometimes stems with a glassy, chiÕn th¾ng tÝnh kh¸ng cña sù chuyÓn ho¸ transparent or wet and often swollen vËt chñ. appearance. The process of vitrification is virulent phage A phage that destroys its a general term for a variety of physiological host bacterium. disorders that lead to shoot tip and leaf necrosis. Synonym: water soaked. thùc khuÈn ®éc Mét thùc khuÈn thÓ ph¸ hñy vi khuÈn chñ. ho¸ thuû tinh M« ®-îc nu«i cÊy mang l¸ vμ ®«i khi lμ th©n cã vÕt trong mê, trong viruliferous A vector (usually insect) suèt hoÆc Èm -ít vμ lu«n xuÊt hiÖn s-ng organism that carries virions and spreads phång. Qu¸ tr×nh hãa thñy tinh lμ mét thuËt the virus from host to host by mechanical ng÷ chung chØ mét d¹ng rèi lo¹n sinh lý means. dÉn tíi chøng ho¹i tö ®Ønh chåi vμ l¸ non. chøa virut Sinh vËt vect¬ (th«ng th-êng Tõ ®ång nghÜa: water soaked. lμ c«n trïng) mang h¹t ®éc vμ chuyÓn virut viviparous thuéc sinh con (tÝnh tõ) Xem: tõ ký chñ ®Õn ký chñ b»ng ph-¬ng ph¸p vivipary. c¬ häc. vivipary 1. A form of reproduction in virus An infectious particle composed of animals in which the developing embryo a protein capsule and a nucleic acid core obtains its nourishment directly from the (DNA or RNA), which is dependent on a mother via a placenta or by other means. host organism for replication. 2. A form of asexual reproduction in vi rót H¹t l©y nhiÔm gåm cã mét vá bäc certain plants, in which the flower develops protein vμ mét lâi axit nucleic (DNA hoÆc into a bud-like structure that forms a new RNA), nã dùa vμo sinh vËt chñ ®Ó sao plant when detached from the parent. 3. chÐp. The development of young plants in the virus-free Plant, animal, cell, tissue or inflorescence of the parent plant. meristem which exhibits no viral sinh con 1. D¹ng sinh s¶n cña ®éng vËt symptoms or contains no identifiable virus trong ®ã ph«i ph¸t triÓn hÊp thu thøc ¨n particles. trùc tiÕp tõ mÑ qua mét rau thai hoÆc b»ng s¹ch virut Thùc vËt, ®éng vËt, tÕ bμo, m« c¸c ph-¬ng c¸ch kh¸c. 2. D¹ng sinh s¶n hoÆc m« ph©n sinh biÓu hÞªn nh÷ng triÖu v« tÝnh trong thùc vËt nhÊt ®Þnh, trong ®ã V max 298 hoa ph¸t triÓn thμnh mét cÊu tróc gièng (toμn bé sè l-îng enzim)vμ Kcat (h»ng nh- chåi nô ®Ó h×nh thμnh c©y míi khi ®-îc sè tèc ®é xóc t¸c). t¸ch khái c©y mÑ. 3. Ph¸t triÓn cña c¸c VNTR viÕt t¾t cña variable number c©y non trong hoa cña c©y mÑ. tandem repeat. Vmax The maximal rate of an enzyme- volatilization The conversion of a solid or catalysed reaction. Vmax is the product of liquid into a gas or vapour. E (the total amount of enzyme) and K o cat th¨ng hoa Sù chuyÓn ®æi cña chÊt r¾n (the catalytic rate constant). hoÆc chÊt láng thμnh khÝ hoÆc h¬i. V max Tèc ®é tèi ®a cña mét ph¶n øng xóc VSG ViÕt t¾t cña variable surface t¸c enzim. Vmax lμ s¶n phÈm cña Eo glycoprotein. 299 c¨ng th¼ng n-íc XÈy ra khi c©y trång kh«ng thÓ hót ®ñ n-íc ®Ó thay thÕ viÖc mÊt m¸t do tho¸t h¬i. C¨ng th¼ng n-íc nhÊt thêi dÉn tíi gi¶m tr-¬ng n-íc (lμm Ww hÐo). C¨ng th¼ng kÐo dμi dÉn tíi ®×nh chØ sinh tr-ëng, vμ dÇn dÇn c©y chÕt. wax Water-insoluble esters of long-chain acids with long-chain alcohols. Waxes form w/v Abbreviation for weight per volume. protective waterproof layers on leaves, The relative proportions of solid and liquid stems, fruits, animal fur and integuments in a solution. of insects. w/v ViÕt t¾t cña khèi l-îng/thÓ tÝch.TØ lÖ s¸p C¸c ester kh«ng tan trong n-íc kÕt t-¬ng ®èi cña chÊt r¾n so víi chÊt láng hîp gi÷a a-xÝt chuçi dμi víi r-îu chuçi dμi. trong mét dung dÞch. C¸c líp s¸p h×nh thμnh líp b¶o vÖ chèng thÊm n-íc trªn l¸, th©n, qu¶, l«ng thó vËt walking kÐo dμi xem: chromosome vμ vÈy c¸nh c«n trïng. walking; primer walking. weed A plant growing where it is not wall pressure Pressure that a cell wall wanted. Generally used to describe plants exerts against the turgor of the cell which colonize readily, and can compete contents. Wall pressure is equal and for resources with a planted crop. opposite to the turgor potential. cá d¹i Thùc vËt sinh tr-ëng ë n¬i nã kh«ng ¸p suÊt v¸ch Søc Ðp ®Ó v¸ch tÕ bμo dïng ®-îc mong muèn. Th-êng ®Ó m« t¶ thùc chèng l¹i sù tr-¬ng phång cña c¸c thμnh vËt dÔ x©m lÊn, vμ cã thÓ c¹nh tranh tμi ¸ phÇn tÕ bμo. p suÊt v¸ch c©n b»ng vμ nguyªn víi thùc vËt canh t¸c. ng-îc chiÒu víi kh¶ n¨ng tr-¬ng phång. weediness The ability of a plant to wash-out The loss of the slower growing colonize a disturbed habitat and compete micro-organism when two organisms are with cultivated species. being grown together. ho¸ cá d¹i Kh¶ n¨ng cña thùc vËt x©m röa s¹ch Lμm mÊt vi sinh vËt sinh tr-ëng lÊn m«i tr-êng sèng bÞ tμn ph¸ vμ c¹nh chËm h¬n khi hai sinh vËt ®ang cïng sinh tranh víi nh÷ng loμi canh t¸c. tr-ëng. western blot A technique whereby a water potential The pressure gradient that complex mixture of size-separated induces the flow of water, particularly with proteins is fixed to a solid support, and reference to plant water uptake from the then probed with a labelled antibody. soil, comprising the net effects of suction, Useful, for example, for the measurement solutes and matric forces. of levels of production of a specific protein tiÒm lùc n-íc Gradien ¸p suÊt thóc ®Èy in a particular tissue or at particular luång n-íc, ®Æc biÖt cã liªn quan m¹ch developmental stage. n-íc thùc vËt b¾t nguån tõ ®Êt, bao gåm dÊu vÕt T©y Mét kü thuËt ®Ó cho mét hçn c¸c hiÖu øng thuÇn cña sù hót, hoμ tan vμ hîp phøc t¹p cña c¸c protein ph©n t¸ch lùc mao dÉn. kÝch cì ®-îc cè ®Þnh víi chÊt hç trî r¾n, water soaked sèc n-íc xem: vitrified. vμ sau ®ã ®-îc th¨m dß víi kh¸ng thÓ ®¸nh water stress Occurs when plants are dÊu. RÊt h÷u Ých, vÝ dô, cho viÖc ®o ®¹c unable to absorb enough water to replace c¸c møc ®é s¶n xuÊt protein chØ râ trong that lost by transpiration. Short-term water mét m« riªng biÖt hoÆc t¹i giai ®o¹n ph¸t stress leads to turgor loss (wilting). triÓn riªng biÖt. Prolonged stress leads to cessation of wet weight khèi l-îng t-¬i xem: fresh growth, and eventually plant death. weight. wetting agent 300 wetting agent A substance (usually a soil at which plants start to wilt, but not to detergent) that improves the contact of a the extent that they fail to recover when liquid to a solid surface by reducing its placed in a humid atmosphere. See: surface tension. permanent wilting point. t¸c nh©n lμm Èm Mét chÊt (th-êng lμ ®iÓm hÐo §é Èm cña ®Êt mμ ®Õn møc thùc thuèc tÈy) ®Ó lμm t¨ng tiÕp xóc cña chÊt vËt b¾t ®Çu hÐo, nh-ng kh«ng tíi ph¹m vi láng víi bÒ mÆt r¾n do viÖc gi¶m søc c¨ng ®Ó chóng kh«ng thÓ phôc håi khi ®-îc ®Æt bÒ mÆt. vμo n¬i cã kh«ng khÝ Èm. Xem: permanent wild type The most frequent allele or wilting point. genotype found in nature, or a specified wobble hypothesis An explanation of how organism against which mutants are one tRNA may recognize more than one defined. codon. The first two bases of the mRNA kiÓu d¹i D¹ng alen hoÆc kiÓu gen th«ng codon and anticodon pair properly, but the th-êng nhÊt cã trong tù nhiªn, hoÆc mét third base in the anticodon has some sinh vËt riªng biÖt chèng l¹i c¸c ®ét biÕn flexibility that permits it to pair with either ®-îc x¸c ®Þnh. the expected base or an alternative. wilt Drooping of stems and foliage due to gi¶ thuyÕt linh ho¹t C¸ch gi¶i thÝch vÒ loss of cell turgor. May be caused by water viÖc mét tRNA cã thÓ nhËn biÕt nhiÒu h¬n stress or by disease. mét côm m·. Hai ba z¬ ®Çu tiªn cña côm m· mRNA vμ thuéc tÝnh cÆp ®«i côm ®èi hÐo rò Lμm rò hÐo th©n c©y vμ t¸n l¸ do m·, nh-ng ba z¬ thø ba cña côm ®èi m· mÊt tr-¬ng n-íc tÕ bμo. Cã thÓ do c¨ng cã mét sè tÝnh linh ho¹t nμo ®ã ®Ó cho phÐp th¼ng n-íc hoÆc bÖnh h¹i g©y ra. cÆp ®«i víi hoÆc ba z¬ mong muèn hoÆc wilting point The moisture content of soil mét ba z¬ thay thÕ. 301 héi lo¹i bá, ®-îc sinh tr-ëng trong mét ®éng vËt cña loμi kh¸c ®Ó cÊy truyÒn tiÒm Èn cho con ng-êi. xenotransplantation The transplantation of tissue or organs from one species to Xx another species, typically from pigs to humans. Zoonoses are an important issue. cÊy truyÒn ngo¹i lai Sù cÊy ghÐp m« x The basic number of chromosomes in a hoÆc nh÷ng c¬ quan cña mét loμi nμy cho polyploid series, monoploid/haploid = x; loμi kh¸c, ®iÓn h×nh cña lîn cho con ng-êi. diploid = 2x; triploid = 3x; etc. C¸c bÖnh ®éng vËt l©y sang con ng-êi lμ c¬ sè x C¬ sè nhiÔm s¾c thÓ trong mét mét vÊn ®Ò hÕt søc nghiªm träng. d·y ®a béi, thÓ ®¬n béi = x; thÓ l-ìng béi xerophyte A plant very resistant to = 2 x; thÓ tam béi = 3 x; v©n v©n. drought, typically adapted to extremely dry xanthophyll A yellow oxygen-containing environments. carotenoid, present in chloroplasts. c©y chÞu kh« h¹n Mét loμi thùc vËt rÊt diÖp hoμng tè Mét lo¹i carotenoit cã chøa chôi kh« h¹n, ®Æc tÝnh thÝch nghi víi c¸c oxygen mμu vμng, cã trong lôc l¹p. m«i tr-êng rÊt kh« h¹n. X-chromosome See: sex chromosome. X-linked The presence of a gene on the nhiÔm s¾c thÓ X xem: sex chromosome. X-chromosome. xenia The immediate effect of pollen on liªn kÕt X Sù cã mÆt cña mét gen trªn some characters of the endosperm. nhiÔm s¾c thÓ X. Sù ¶nh h-ëng nhÊt thêi cña phÊn hoa ®Õn X-linked disease A genetic disease mét sè ®Æc tr-ng cña néi ph«i nhò. caused by an allele at a locus on the X- chromosome. xenobiotic A chemical compound that is not produced by, and often cannot be bÖnh liªn kÕt X Mét bÖnh di truyÒn g©y degraded by, living organisms. ra do mét alen t¹i mét æ gen trªn nhiÔm s¾c thÓ X. dÞ sinh Mét hîp chÊt hãa häc mμ kh«ng ®-îc s¶n sinh do c¸c sinh vËt cßn sèng, xylem A complex tissue specialized for vμ th-êng kh«ng ®-îc ph©n huû do chóng. the conduction of water and mineral nutrients in solution. Xylem may also xenogeneic Refers to organs, genetically function as a supporting tissue, particularly engineered (“humanized”) to decrease the secondary xylem. chance of rejection, that have been grown in an animal of another species for m¹ch gç Mét lo¹i m« phøc t¹p chuyªn potential transplant to humans. truyÒn dÉn n-íc vμ c¸c chÊt dinh d-ìng kho¸ng trong dung dÞch. M¹ch gç cã thÓ gen l¹ §Ò cËp ®Õn c¸c c¬ quan, (“ nh©n cïng chøc n¨ng nh- m« chèng ®ì, ®Æc b¶n”) ®-îc kü thuËt gen lμm suy yÕu c¬ biÖt m¹ch gç thø cÊp. 302

the cloning of large DNA fragments (hundreds of kilobase pairs). nhiÔm s¾c thÓ nh©n t¹o nÊm men (viÕt t¾t: YAC). Mét vect¬ mμ cã thÓ ®-îc truyÒn Yy lan trong nÊm men n¶y chåi (Saccharamyces pombe), gåm cã nh÷ng phÇn tö tèi thiÓu cÇn thiÕt ®Ó mét nhiÔm s¾c thÓ sao chÐp, vμ cho phÐp t¹o dßng YAC ViÕt t¾t cña: yeast artificial nh÷ng ®o¹n DNA lín (hμng tr¨m cÆp ®«i chromosome. kilobaz¬). Y-chromosome nhiÔm s¾c thÓ Y xem: yeast episomal vector (Abbreviation: sex chromosome. YEp). A cloning plasmid vector for the yeast A unicellular ascomycete fungus, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly found as a contaminant in plant maintained as an extrachromosomal tissue culture. nuclear DNA molecule. nÊm men Mét loμi nÊm ascomycete ®¬n vÐc t¬ ngoμi nÊm men (viÕt t¾t: YEp). Mét bμo, th-êng nhË thÊy nh- mét chÊt g©y « vect¬ plasmit nh©n dßng ®Ó nÊm men nhiÔm trong cÊy m« thùc vËt. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ®-îc duy tr× yeast artificial chromosome nh- mét ph©n tö DNA nh©n ngoμi nhiÔm (Abbreviation: YAC). A vector which can s¾c thÓ. be propagated in budding yeast yeast extract A mixture of substances (Saccharamyces pombe), consisting of the from yeast. See: organic complex.. minimal elements required for a chiÕt xuÊt nÊm men Mét hçn hîp c¸c chÊt chromosome to replicate, and allowing for cña nÊm men. xem: organic complex. 303 zoo blot Hybridization of cloned DNA from one species to DNA from a range of other organisms to determine the extent to which the cloned DNA is evolutionarily conserved. Zz dÊu vÕt v-ên thó Kü thuËt lai DNA ®-îc t¹o dßng tõ mét loμi víi DNA tõ mét lo¹t sinh vËt kh¸c ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh ph¹m vi tíi ®ã DNA ®· nh©n dßng ®-îc b¶o tån tiÕn ho¸. Z-DNA A form of DNA, in which the double zoo FISH Fluorescence in situ helix is wound in a left-hand, instead of a hybridization technique, probing right-hand, manner. DNA adopts the Z metaphase chromosomes of one species conformation when purines and with DNA from another species. The pyrimidines alternate on each strand, e.g. technique allows inferences to be made 5’CGCGCGCG 3' or 3’GCGCGCGC5'. regarding the evolutionary relationships Synonym: zig-zag DNA. between species. See: Fluorescence in Z-DNA Mét d¹ng DNA, Trong ®ã chuçi situ hybridization. xo¾n kÐp ®-îc quay theo mét c¸ch nμo zoo FISH kü thuËt lai gièng t¹i chç huúnh ®ã h-íng tr¸i, thay v× h-íng ph¶i, DNA quang, dß b¾t c¸c nhiÔm s¾c thÓ k× gi÷a chÊp nhËn h×nh th¸i Z khi c¸c purin vμ cña mét loμi víi DNA tõ nh÷ng loμi kh¸c. pyrimi®in xen kÏ trªn tõng sîi, vÝ dô 5' Kü thuËt cho phÐp suy diÔn ®Ó t¹o sù liªn CGCGCGCG 3' hoÆc 3' GCGCGCGC5'.Tõ hÖ víi mèi liªn quan tiÕn hãa gi÷a c¸c loμi. ®ång nghÜa: zi- zag DNA. Xem: Fluorescence in situ hybridization. zig - zag DNA xem: Z - DNA. zoonosis A disease that is communicable zinc finger A DNA-binding protein motif, from animals to humans. characterized by two closely spaced bÖnh ®éng vËt truyÒn sang ng-êi Mét cysteine and two histidine residues that lo¹i bÖnh mμ cã thÓ giao tiÕp tõ ®éng vËt serve as ligands for a single Zn2+ ion. sang ng-êi. When bound, the structure takes on a zoospore A spore that possesses flagella conformation in which amino acid side and is therefore motile. chains protrude in a way that allows bμo tö ®éng vËt Mét bμo tö cã l«ng roi interaction with the DNA major groove. vμ v× vËy cö ®éng dÔ dμng. In vÕt kÏm Mét kiÓu protein liªn kÕt DNA, zygonema Stage of meiotic prophase ®-îc ®Æc tr-ng bëi hai gèc cysteine s¸t during which chromosome synapsis gÇn víi hai histidin ®Ó phôc vô lμm c¸c phèi occurs. tö cho mét ion Zn2+ ®¬n. Khi ®-îc bã l¹i, cÊu tróc t¹o ra mét h×nh th¸i trong ®ã c¸c sîi giãng ®«i Giai ®o¹n cña kú ®Çu gi¶m chuçi bªn amino acid kÐo dμi theo mét ph©n khi tiÕp hîp nhiÔm s¾c thÓ xÈy ra. c¸ch ®Ó cho phÐp t-¬ng t¸c víi khe lín zygospore A thick-walled resistant spore DNA. developing from a zygote resulting from zone of elongation The section of the the fusion of gametes in the course of young root or shoot just behind the apical isogamy. meristem, in which the cells are enlarging hîp bμo tö Bμo tö ®Ò kh¸ng v¸ch ®-îc and elongating rapidly. lμm dμy ph¸t triÓn tõ mét hîp tö b¾t nguån vïng kÐo dμi Ph©n chia thμnh khu vùc tõ dung hîp c¸c giao tö trong qu¸ tr×nh cña rÔ hoÆc chåi non ngay sau m« ph©n ®ång giao phèi. sinh ®Ønh, trong ®ã c¸c tÕ bμo ph×nh to vμ zygote The diploid cell formed by the kÐo dμi nhanh chãng. fusion of two haploid gametes during zygotene 304 fertilization in eukaryotic organisms with zygonema. sexual reproduction. zymogen Inactive enzyme precursor that hîp tö TÕ bμo l-ìng béi h×nh thμnh do after secretion is chemically altered to the dung hîp hai giao tö ®¬n béi qu¸ tr×nh thô active form of the enzyme. tinh cña sinh vËt cã nh©n vμ sinh s¶n h÷u chÊt g©y men TiÒn chÊt men kh«ng ho¹t tÝnh. ®éng ®Ó sau khi ph©n tiÕt ®-îc biÕn ®æi zygotene kú hiÖp ty (tÝnh tõ) xem: hãa häc thμnh d¹ng ho¹t ®éng cña enzim.