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Flower Development of the Chinese Gooseberry (Actinidia Chinensis Planch.) and Some Factors Influencing It

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Flower Development of the Chinese Gooseberry (Actinidia Chinensis Planch.) and Some Factors Influencing It Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. MASSEY UNIVERSITY .. l . ' I giv e perm1ss1011 for my thesis, entitled .-. ..l ~ . ~P. ~. .r;.~ . : .. .Q. t;;Y.~ .~P.f.M .~ . N.~ .... Q.f.. ... 1.~ .~..... S ~~ .1.N ~. ~ ... .~.P.9.'?, . ~e . ~~Y .... lt\~~v:~.1.~.,~ ... ~.~~.~.~~,.~ .... P.!~.r,1.~~ ... ) ...... f"s ..~.9 ... .~.Q.M.~ .. e~.fIQB.~..... !N.f..t.,l,.).~.N.~~.N.!9-.. ....JJ.' ................ to be made avail;ible to readers in the Library under the conditions determined by the Librarian. (Ii ) I agree to my thesis, if asked for by another institution, being sent aw;iy on temporary loan under conditions determined by the Librarian. (c) also agree ,that my thesis may be microfilmed for Library use. to be made available to readers or to be sent other institutions without my written consent within the next two y Signed .. tJt)£Y¥.J:td.dt.. .............. Date J6.~ .. ~Q~~ef. ...~.1.~ ..... Strike out the sentence or phrase which does not apply. The Library Ma ssry University P;i l merston North, N .z. The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author. Readers must sign their name in th e sp;ice below to show that they recognise this. They are asked to add their permanent address. Name and Address r .. Date ..... ... .......... .. ........ 1/...£~ ... :.... ~ .0 . ~ .. 18.N .G. iJfi~9.<RIO... (.. ~ ..l..~J.J.J ....... .~~ .. 12/.~ . 1 ...... ?.?.:.J..tfk«-; ..f'.J~ ., .... 1£./.:??!~f.'. ........... 'f"!?l.~. c:. , . A. ""'"' I 0 A--pK'i c;i I ..!D.: ..o.kl~ .. ¥.?t'A .. ~d. .. ~~ . ~ . t.A.f!.~0.1 .. Uf:JA .... ... .. .. ' ....... ........... ... .. .. .... , .... ' .. .. .. .. ............... ...... ... .. ''"" ""."''' ..... '"' ................. ,, ........ " .. .. ..................... .. : .... FLOWER DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHINESE GOOSEBERRY (ACTINIDIA CHINENSIS PLANCH.) AND SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING IT A thesis presented in partial fulfiJ..nent of the require:rrents for the degree of Ma.ster of Horticultural Science at Ma.ssey University DAVID JOHN BRUNDELL 1973 Frontispiece top Hayward shoots, full bloom stage bottom left Uninitiated flower prirrordium, Hayward bottom right Terminal flower, Hayward TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter ACKNCWLEDGEMENTS .ABSTRACT 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE FiaVER DEVEIDPMENT lli TEMPERATE AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT TREES AND VINES A. INTRODUCTION 2- B. 'lHE FI.aVERING PROCESS 2 c. GROVVTH AND FI.a\JERING CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTINIDIA SPECIES 4 D. 'lHE RELATIONSHIP BE'IWEEN VEGETATIVE .AND REPRODUCTIVE GRCWI'H AND 'lHE EFFECT OF SHOOT REMJVAL 7 E. 'lHE ROLE OF LEAVES AND BUD SCALES AND 'lHE EFFECT OF DEFOLIATION 9 F. THE ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS 11 G. THE ROLE OF 'IRE REST PERIOD AND THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE 12 H. 'lHE ROLE OF HORM)NES AND 'lHE EFFECT OF APPLIED GRCW'IH REGULA'IDRS 15 I. 'IEE ROLE OF LIGHT AND 'lHE EFFECT OF SHADE 17 J. arHER FAC'IDRS mFLUENClliG FLG\1ER DEVEIDPMENT 18 I 'I.he effect of water 18 II 'I.he effect of girdling 18 III 'Ihe effect of the crop 19 IV 'lhe effect of gravity 19 2 MATERIAIS AND METHODS A. INTROIXJCTION 20 B. EXPERIMENTAL PID'IS AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 21 I Experimental plantings 21 II Sampling Techniques and Pararreters Recorded 21 (a) Flower developmental studies (1971) 21 Chapter Page (b) Field experimental studies (1971) 21 (c) Single node hardwood cutting studies 23 (i) Tipping, shading and defoliation treatrrents (1971) 23 (ii) Chilling treatments (1972) 25 (d) Flower distribution survey (1971) 26 III 'furminology 26 3 'IHE COURSE OF .FLCJNER AND SHOOI' DEVEIDPMENI' A. INTRODUCTION 28 B. .. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS 28 I Bud Growth 28 (a) Bud developrrent 28 (b) The winter bud 30 II Vegetative Growth 32 (a} Bud burst 32 (b) Shoot developrrent 35 (i) Extension growth 35 (ii} Thickening growth 35 (c) D2af development 35 (i) Heteroblastic changes 35 (ii) IJ2af production 39 (d) Internode developrrent 42 (e) Basal bud development 42 (i) Nurrber of basal buds 42 (ii) Post bud burst development 42 III Reproductive Growth 44 (a} FlCMer bud developrrent 44 (i} 'Ihe course of terminal bud developrrent 44 (ii) Aborted (aberrant} flCJNer developnent 48 (iii) Lateral f lc:wer bud development 50 (b) FlCMer distribution 53 (i) Nurrber of reproductive axils per shoot along a lateral 53 (ii) Nurrber of functional flowering axils per shoot 53 (iii) Variation in f lONer bud developnent along a shoot 53 Chapter (c) Flooer bud grcwth patterns 58 (i) Flooer bud growth 58 (ii) Ovary grcwth 60 (iii) Grcwth of flc::iv.;er parts over late stages of development 60 (iv) Quantitative differences between terminal and lateral blooms 60 IV Phyllotaxis 60 (a) Description of the phyllotaxy 60 (b) Direction of the phyllotactic helix 64 C. DISCUSSION 66 4 'IEE EFFECT OF DEFOLIATION, SHADING, AND TIPP1NG ON FLOWER DEVELOPMENT AND CONCURRENT VEGETATIVE GROW'IH A. INTRODUCTION 73 B. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS .M1D RESULTS 76 I Reproductive Grcwth 76 (a) Number of flc::iv.;ers per shoot 76 (b) Average ovary or f looer bud size per shoot 80 II Vegetative Grcwth 81 (a) .leaf gravth 81 (i} leaf production per shoot 81 (ii) Average leaf size per shoot 84 (b} Shoot grcwth 84 (i) Shoot length 84 (ii) Shoot thickness 86 III New Bud Development 87 c. DISCUSSION 88 5 'IHE EFFECT OF CHILL1NG ON THE TERMINATION OF REST AND FLOWERING A. INTRODUCTION 95 B. EXPERIMEN'l1...AL OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS 96 Chapter I Bud Burst 96 (a) Days to bud burst 96 (b) Percentage bud burst 96 II Flovver Bud D3veloprrent 99 (a) Number of reproductive axils per shoot 99 (b) Number of aborted reproductive axils per shoot 99 (c) Number of fl<::M'er buds per shoot 102 (i) Terminal flCM"er buds 102 (ii) Lateral f l<::M'er buds 102 (iii) Total number of flower buds 104 (d) Average flovver bud size per shoot 104 (i) Terminal flovver buds 104 (ii) Lateral fl<::M'er buds 104 (iii) Average floNer bud size (all buds included) 110 C. .DISCUSSION 110 6 . A SURVEY OF THE . FIDWERING CHARZiCTERISTICS OF VARIOUS CULTIVARS AND STAMINATE VINES A. Th1TRODUCTION 117 B. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS 117 I Staminate Vines 117 (a) Number of flCM"ers and flovvering axils per shoot 117 (b) Percentage of shoots bursting per lateral 118 (c) Flovvering index for grouped vines 118 (d) Number of fl<::M'ers per inflorescence 121 (e) Distribution of fl<::M'ers per shoot 121 (f) Flaver opening seqoonce 121 II Pistillate Cultivars 125 (a) Number of flovvers and flCM"ering axils per shoot 125 (b) Percentage of shoots bursting :i;er lateral 125 (c) Nunibo--.r of flovvers per inflorescence 125 Chapter Page (d) Distribution of flcwers per shoot 125 C. DISCUSSION 129 7 CONCLUSIONS 132 LITERATURE CITED LIST OF TABLES Table 1 'Ihe effect of nodal position along a lateral on the number of basal bud axils per shoot in Hayward. 43 2 'Ihe effect of nodal position along a lateral on the number of reproductive axils per shoot in Hayward. 54 3 'Ihe grcMth of the flower parts of Hayward over the ten days preceding blc:xxn. 61 4 'Ihe relationship between the number of petals in terminal flowers and lateral flowers at each flCMering axil along a shoot in Alpha. 62 5 The relationship between the direction of the phyllotactic spiral of the bud (or shoot) and that of the lateral in Hayward. 65 6 The relationship between the direction of the phyllotactic spiral of the bud (or shoot) and of the lateral, and that of ti.11e vine in Hayward. 65 7 The effects of defoliation, shading, and tipping treatrrents on the number of reproductive axils per shoot, the number of flowering axils per shoot, and the average flower bud (or ovary) size per shoot in Hayward. 79 (a) Single node cuttings. (b) Field studies. 8 The effects of defoliation, shading, and tipping treatrrents on the number of open leaves (or the total number of leaves) per shoot and the average leaf size per shoot in Hayward. 82 (a) Single node cuttings. (b) Field studies. 9 'Ihe effects of defoliation, shading, and tipping treatments on the shoot length and thickness in Hayward. 85 (a) Single node cuttings. (b) Field studies. Table 10 The effects of defoliation, shading, and tipping treat:rrents on the number of leaf prirrordia in the new bud in Hayward. 88 (a) Single node cuttings. (b) Field studies. 11 The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sarrpling on: 97 (a) The number of days to bud burst. (b) The percentage bud burst. 12 The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on: 100 (a) The number of reproductive axils per shoot. (b) The number of aborted axils per shoot. 13 The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on: 101 (a) '!he number of early aborted axils per shoot. (b) The number of late aborted axils per shoot. 14 The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sarrpling on: 103 (a) The number of tenninal flaver buds per shoot. (b) The number of lateral fl~r buds per shoot. 15 The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on: 105 (a) The total number of flower buds per shoot. (b) The average fl~r bud size (all buds included) per shoot. 16 Analysis of variance with orthogonal polynornals on the effects of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on the total number of f laver buds per shoot. 108 17 The effects of the period of chilling and the date of sampling on: 109 {a) The average tenninal flower bud size per shoot.
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