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Pollination of Crops in Australia and New Zealand by Mark Goodwin © 2012 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

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Pollination of Crops in Australia and New Zealand by Mark Goodwin © 2012 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Pollination of Crops in Australia and New Zealand by Mark Goodwin © 2012 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-402-1 ISSN 1440-6845 Pollination of Crops in Australia and New Zealand Publication No. 12/059 Project No. HG09058 DISCLAIMER The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. Products have been included on the basis that they either contain a bee related warning on the product label, or they have the same active constituent(s), active constituent(s) concentration, application rate and intended use as products which contain a bee related warning on the label. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the RIRDC Publications Manager on phone 02 6271 4165. Any recommendations contained in this publication do not necessarily represent current HAL Limited policy. No person should act on the basis of the contents of this publication, whether as to matters of fact or opinion or other content, without first obtaining specific, independent professional advice in respect of the matters set out in this publication. Unless agreed otherwise, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited does not give any prediction, warranty or assurance in relation to the accuracy of or fitness for any particular use or application of, any information or scientific or other result contained in this publication. Neither Plant & Food Research nor any of its employees shall be liable for any cost (including legal costs), claim, liability, loss, damage, injury or the like, which may be suffered or incurred as a direct or indirect result of the reliance by any person on any information contained in this publication. Pollination of Crops in Australia and New Zealand HAL Project HG09058 by Dr Mark Goodwin Plant & Food Research, Ruakura, New Zealand Foreword Compared with the other growing practices required to produce a crop, pollination is often the most poorly managed. For many crops this places limitations on production. This Pollination Manual provides growers with a range of tools that can be used to assess the levels of pollination their crops receive. It also provides growers and beekeepers with methods that can be used to better manage, and optimize, pollination. It also discusses how to protect pollinators introduced to orchards. This project is part of the Pollination Program – a jointly funded partnership with the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), Horticulture Australia Limited (HAL) and the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. The Pollination Program is managed by RIRDC and aims to secure the pollination of Australia’s horticultural and agricultural crops into the future on a sustainable and profitable basis. Research and development in this program is conducted to raise awareness that will help protect pollination in Australia. RIRDC funds for the program are provided by the Honeybee Research and Development Program, with industry levies matched by funds provided by the Australian Government. Funding from HAL for the program is from the apple and pear, almond, avocado, cherry, vegetable and summerfruit levies and voluntary contributions from the dried prune and melon industries, with matched funds from the Australian Government. Funding for this manual was also provided by The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), PollenPlus Ltd, The Foundation for Arable Research, and Summerfruit New Zealand. This manual is an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 2000 research publications, which can be viewed and freely downloaded from our website www.rirdc.gov.au. Purchases can also be made by phoning 1300 634 313. Information on the Pollination Program is available online at www.rirdc.gov.au. Craig Burns Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Author’s Biography Dr Mark Goodwin leads the Apiculture and Pollination research team at The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited in New Zealand. He works at the Ruakura Research Centre in Hamilton. Mark and his team carry out research on both insect and artificial pollination of crops, honey bee behaviour, toxicology and pests and diseases. Acknowledgements I wish to thank Tim Holmes, Robert Lamberts, Geoff Langford, Brad Howlett, Barry Donovan and Glynn Maynard for providing photographs. Also Glynn Maynard for providing a description of Australian native bees. For further information please contact: Mark Goodwin The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd Plant & Food Research Ruakura Private Bag 3230, Waikato Mail Centre Hamilton 3240 NEW ZEALAND Email: [email protected] Contents Chapter 1 Introduction..........................................................................................1 The process of pollination ....................................................................................1 Flower parts .....................................................................................................1 Pollination .........................................................................................................3 Self and cross pollination..................................................................................4 Vectors for pollen movement ...........................................................................4 Free and managed pollinators ..........................................................................8 Pollination and weather ....................................................................................8 Chapter 2 Assessing pollination ..........................................................................9 Potential pollination rates ...................................................................................10 Where and when to assess pollination ...............................................................12 Assessing pollination during the flowering season ..........................................12 Counting pollinators .......................................................................................12 Counting pollen grains ...................................................................................13 Chapter 3 Managed bee species .......................................................................14 Honey bees .......................................................................................................14 Bumble bees .....................................................................................................15 Lifecycle .........................................................................................................15 Advantages/disadvantages ............................................................................16 Purchasing bumble bee colonies ...................................................................17 Feral bumble bee colonies .............................................................................17 Leafcutter bees ..................................................................................................18 Lifecycle .........................................................................................................18 Alkali bees ......................................................................................................18 Native New Zealand bees ..................................................................................19 Native Australian bees .......................................................................................19 Chapter 4 Honey bee biology and behaviour ...................................................21 Feral honey bee colonies ...................................................................................21 Beehives ............................................................................................................22 Honey bee castes ..............................................................................................22 Queen ............................................................................................................22 Drones ..........................................................................................................23 Workers .........................................................................................................23
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