DOCSLIB.ORG

Cold Hardiness Within the Genus Actinidia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cold Hardiness Within the Genus Actinidia HORTSCIENCE 30(2):329–332. 1995. intermittent mist (Roche, 1983). Cuttings were transplanted and grown in a plastic green- house until May 1991. In winter, all cuttings Cold Hardiness within the Genus were replanted into 5-liter pots containing 3 leaf-mold : 1 peat : 1 sand (by volume) and cut Actinidia back to 20 cm above ground level. In May 1991, vines were transferred to an outdoor site Joëlle Chat for natural cold acclimation until they were Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches tested. The pots were watered daily and fertil- ized from May to July 1991 with 15N–15P– Fruitières, B.P. 81, 33883 Villenave D’Ornon Cedex, France 15K for a total application rate of 30 g/pot. Additional index words. Actinidia arguta, Actinidia deliciosa, Actinidia kolomikta, Actinidia Freezing tests. Two tests were carried out polygama, artificial freezing test, freezing tolerance, kiwifruit with a 3-day interval on 19 and 22 Feb. 1992. The first test involved A. deliciosa, the second Abstract. Two-year-old Actinidia vines, grown on their own roots, were subjected to involved the other species. All vines were artificial freezing tests in midwinter to determine their relative hardiness. Plant survival, subjected to the same temperature regime. growth recovery, and stem necrosis were used for estimating freezing injury. Actinidia One clone of a female A. arguta and ‘Hayward’ deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R. Ferguson var. deliciosa vines, which included were used as reference genotypes in each test. ‘Abbott’, ‘Bruno’, ‘Greensill’, ‘Hayward’, and ‘Jones’ kiwifruit, were all severely dam- In addition, two vines per genotype, not sub- aged by exposure to a temperature of –18C for 4 hours. Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) jected to any artificial freezing, were used as Planch. ex Miq., A. kolomikta (Maxim. et Rupr.) Maxim., and A. polygama (Sieb. et Zucc.) controls. A 300 × 345 × 200-cm chamber, Maxim. appeared to be more tolerant to winter cold than A. deliciosa, indicating that capable of precisely reproducing advective potential germplasm exists for improvement of cold hardiness through interspecific freezing conditions, was used. Air tempera- hybridization. ture could be controlled from 10 to –25C. Pots were placed within the chamber in a 280 × 210 Freezing temperatures may cause serious buds in the lower leaf axils (Brundell, 1975). × 25-cm Styrofoam box and kept in darkness yield losses in kiwifruit, particularly in Eu- Young shoots can be damaged by exposure to throughout the experiment. Two 8-cm-thick rope. Previous observations have indicated –0.5C (Pyke et al., 1986) and flower buds can glass wool insulation layers, surrounded by that kiwifruit vines may incur serious freezing be killed at –1.5C (Hewett and Young, 1981). polythene, covered the pots, thus reducing the injury in spring on young shoots and flower In autumn, kiwifruit maturity is reached later incidence and duration of root system expo- buds, in autumn on fruits and leaves, and in than for other deciduous fruit trees. Thus, the sure to freezing injury. All the vines were first winter on trunk, canes, and dormant buds, as fruit may be damaged by early unexpected placed in the controlled-environment cham- observed in many European kiwifruit orchards freezing before harvest (Ferguson et al., 1990). ber at a constant 6C before the freezing test. in Jan. 1985 (Blanchet, 1985). Limited information is available on the The air temperature program included five The threshold level of freezing tolerance of cold hardiness of specific cultivars or species sequential 4-h steps at –10, –2, –18, –2, and kiwifruit vines in winter under field conditions of Actinidia, although some botanical species –10C. Alternating freezing temperatures were varies from –10C to –18C (Dozier et al., 1992; are reported to be more cold hardy than A. selected for the temperature regime since this Kamota et al., 1989; Monet and Bastard, 1985). deliciosa ‘Hayward’, the most commonly simulated best the natural freezing conditions Damage to buds occurs on dormant vines at planted cultivar. Five species of Actinidia are that occurred in France during Jan. 1985. Freez- temperatures below –10C (Hewett and Young, reported by Avery (1991) to be hardier than A. ing and thawing were programmed at a rate of 1981), consisting of an increase in the propor- deliciosa and are as follows: A. arguta, A. either 1 or 2C/h. A temperature sensor, located tion of dead buds and a subsequent decrease in kolomikta, A. melanandra, A. polygama, and in the air-conditioning machinery area of the the proportion of fruit-bearing shoots (Testolin A. purpurea. Chat (1994) has previously con- chamber, measured the temperature of the and Messina, 1987). Exposure to temperatures firmed the superior cold hardiness of three of return air flow. The air temperature measured below –18C can cause more serious damage, these species. The objective of the present in the chamber differed from that of the sensor as evidenced by bark splitting of the trunk research was to determine the degree of freez- by up to +2C, when temporal variation was (Monet and Bastard, 1985; Weet, 1979). The ing tolerance of container-grown Actinidia restricted to 1C. After the temperature had resumption of growth in the orchard in early vines belonging to A. deliciosa, the cultivated returned to 6C, vines were removed from the spring predisposes the kiwifruit vine to the species, as well as wild species, to identify chamber and transferred to the greenhouse. risk of cold damage. Dormant buds, deeply suitable parental genotypes for a breeding Evaluating freezing injury. Vines were embedded in corky tissue during winter, re- program. Exposure to natural freezing condi- forced in the greenhouse for 6 weeks at a mean quire little chilling to overcome rest (Brundell, tions is the oldest and ultimate test of plant 1976) and often burst in March in France cold hardiness, with the major drawback that (Blanchet, 1985). On a mature vine, young experimental results are not reproducible and Table 1. Actinidia species and clones tested for shoots, arising from dormant buds, bear flower therefore difficult to interpret (Li, 1984). The freezing tolerance in 1992. most reliable method for assessing freezing Clone tolerance involves subjecting entire plants or Species Sexz Cultivar code plant parts to artificial cold treatment and A. deliciosa F Abbott W6 evaluating the subsequent recovery and tissue F Bruno W7 damage incurred (Quamme, 1978). F Greensill W8 Received for publication 5 Aug. 1994. Accepted for F Jones W9 F Hayward K5 publication 3 Nov. 1994. I thank A. Escobar for Materials and Methods helpful discussions; F. Dosba, R. Monet, and A. M --- K7 Moing for critical reading of the manuscript; M. M --- K8 Plant material. Seven A. deliciosa clones A. arguta F --- W20 Guye for the English language corrections; and A. and six clones belonging to other Actinidia Bonnet for technical assistance. This research was F --- W16 supported in part by the European Community (Con- species were used in this study (Table 1). K7 M --- W4 tract CT 91010). The cost of publishing this paper and K8 are male clones selected at the Institut A. kolomikta F --- W12 was defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. National de la Recherche Agronomique Fruit M --- W10 Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must Research Station orchard of Bordeaux, France. A. polygama F --- W18 be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate Semi-hardwood cuttings treated in July 1990 zF and M indicate a female and a male plant, respec- this fact. with indole-3-butyric acid were rooted under tively. HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 30(2), APRIL 1995 329 BREEDING, CULTIVARS, ROOTSTOCKS, & GERMPLASM RESOURCES of 22C. The air ranged from a 35C daytime freezing injury on the terminal portion of the A. arguta (W16) and A. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ maximum to a 15C nighttime minimum. The shoot, and cessation of growth. Terminal stem (K5) showed similar levels of cold hardiness date at which growth resumed was noted for necrosis, due to natural freezing in Fall 1991 in the 19 and 22 Feb. tests. Under our experi- each vine. Each vine was assessed for survival and Winter 1992, ranged from 5 to 32 cm for mental conditions, the 3-day interval between and freezing injury 6 weeks after the freezing A. deliciosa, and from 2 to 34 cm for the other the two freezing tests did not appear to modify test. Vines that showed no regrowth on this species (see controls in Tables 3 and 4). This the freezing tolerance of the Actinidia vines. date were rated as dead. Freezing injury was experiment does not permit determining For necrosis length, an ANOVA for data col- estimated by the damage exhibited by the whether these differences are due to variation lected following the two freezing tests indi- main stem. Undamaged stems remained green in temperature among the pots within the out- cated no significant effect due to the blocks but and firm, while damaged stems first darkened door site or to variation in freezing susceptibil- a highly significant effect due to genotypes. and ultimately dried out. Necrosis length (cen- ity among genotypes. Within A. deliciosa, necrosis length ap- timeters) was expressed as the length of the Damage due to artificial freezing. All the peared to vary greatly depending on the geno- main stem showing necrotic lesions. Necrosis vines subjected to the artificial freezing test type, although it increased in direct ratio to percentage was based on necrosis length rela- exhibited more freezing injury than the con- plant height (Table 3). The A. deliciosa clone tive to plant height (Lu and Rieger, 1990). trols when considering each genotype sepa- K8 exhibited the smallest amount of freezing Statistical analysis. The design was a ran- rately (Tables 3 and 4).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Various Cultivars of Kiwi
    J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (2016), 26(8), 1367–1374 http://dx.doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1603.03009 Research Article Review jmb Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Various Cultivars of Kiwi Berry (Actinidia arguta) on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells Xiangxue An1,2, Sang Gil Lee3, Hee Kang4, Ho Jin Heo5, Youn-Sup Cho6, and Dae-Ok Kim1,2* 1Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea 2Skin Biotechnology Center, Kyung Hee University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea 3Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA 4Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea 5Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea 6Fruit Research Institute, Jeollanam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Wando 59104, Republic of Korea Received: March 4, 2016 Revised: April 15, 2016 The present study evaluated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as total Accepted: May 9, 2016 antioxidant capacity (TAC) of three cultivars of Actinidia arguta Planch. kiwi berries; cv. Mansoo (Mansoo), cv. Chiak (Chiak), and cv. Haeyeon (Haeyeon). In addition, the anti- inflammatory effects of the three cultivars of kiwi berries were investigated using a First published online lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Mansoo had the May 9, 2016 highest total phenolic content and TAC among the three cultivars, whereas Chiak had the *Corresponding author highest total flavonoid content. The total antioxidant capacities of the kiwi berry extracts were Phone: +82-31-201-3796; more strongly correlated with total phenolic content than with total flavonoid content.
    [Show full text]
  • A High-Quality Actinidia Chinensis (Kiwifruit) Genome Haolin Wu1,Taoma1,Minghuikang1,Fandiai1, Junlin Zhang1, Guanyong Dong2 and Jianquan Liu1,3
    Wu et al. Horticulture Research (2019) 6:117 Horticulture Research https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-019-0202-y www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access A high-quality Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) genome Haolin Wu1,TaoMa1,MinghuiKang1,FandiAi1, Junlin Zhang1, Guanyong Dong2 and Jianquan Liu1,3 Abstract Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) is a perennial horticultural crop species of the Actinidiaceae family with high nutritional and economic value. Two versions of the A. chinensis genomes have been previously assembled, based mainly on relatively short reads. Here, we report an improved chromosome-level reference genome of A. chinensis (v3.0), based mainly on PacBio long reads and Hi-C data. The high-quality assembled genome is 653 Mb long, with 0.76% heterozygosity. At least 43% of the genome consists of repetitive sequences, and the most abundant long terminal repeats were further identified and account for 23.38% of our novel genome. It has clear improvements in contiguity, accuracy, and gene annotation over the two previous versions and contains 40,464 annotated protein-coding genes, of which 94.41% are functionally annotated. Moreover, further analyses of genetic collinearity revealed that the kiwifruit genome has undergone two whole-genome duplications: one affecting all Ericales families near the K-T extinction event and a recent genus-specific duplication. The reference genome presented here will be highly useful for further molecular elucidation of diverse traits and for the breeding of this horticultural crop, as well as evolutionary studies with related taxa. Introduction require improvement because of difficulties in assembling “ ” 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; Kiwifruit (known as the king of fruits because of its the short reads into long contigs and scaffolds.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom Plantae
    KIWIFRUIT Kingdom Plantae - Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta - Vascular plants Superdivision Spermatophyta - Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants Class Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons Subclass Dilleniidae Order Theales Family Actinidiaceae - Chinese Gooseberry family Genus Actinidia Lindl. - Actinidia Species Actinidia Deliciosa - Kiwi Fruit Kiwi FACTS . Kiwi fruit gets its name from the kiwi bird, a flightless bird native to New Zealand. .Native to China where they called it the “macaque peach” . Contains just as much potassium as a banana. Useful for improving asthmatic conditions in children and preventing colon cancer. .Contain a protein dissolving enzyme called actinidin which can cause allergic reactions . Kiwi History Almost all kiwi fruit in commerce belong to a few cultivators of Actininidia deliciosa: Hayward, Chico, and Saanichton 12 which are almost all indistiguishable from each other First appeared in Southern China and is still considered its national fruit. Introduced to the western world in the beginning of the 20th century when missionaries from China brought them to New Zealand 1952 Kiwifruits were exported to New England 1958 the first kiwifruits were exported to California 1970 the first crop of kiwifruits were successfully harvested in California 1991 a new variety of golden kiwifruit was developed named Hort16A As of today the leading producers are Italy, New Zealand, Chile, France, Greece, Japan, and the USA Kiwi Cultivation Planted in a moderately sunny place and vines should be protected
    [Show full text]
  • ACTINIDIACEAE 1. ACTINIDIA Lindley, Nat. Syst. Bot., Ed. 2, 439
    ACTINIDIACEAE 猕猴桃科 mi hou tao ke Li Jianqiang (李建强)1, Li Xinwei (李新伟)1; Djaja Djendoel Soejarto2 Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Leaves alternate, simple, shortly or long petiolate, not stipulate. Flowers bisexual or unisexual or plants polygamous or functionally dioecious, usually fascicled, cymose, or paniculate. Sepals (2 or 3 or)5, imbricate, rarely valvate. Petals (4 or)5, sometimes more, imbricate. Stamens 10 to numerous, distinct or adnate to base of petals, hypogynous; anthers 2- celled, versatile, dehiscing by apical pores or longitudinally. Ovary superior, disk absent, locules and carpels 3–5 or more; placentation axile; ovules anatropous with a single integument, 10 or more per locule; styles as many as carpels, distinct or connate (then only one style), generally persistent. Fruit a berry or leathery capsule. Seeds not arillate, with usually large embryos and abundant endosperm. Three genera and ca. 357 species: Asia and the Americas; three genera (one endemic) and 66 species (52 endemic) in China. Economically, kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa) is an important fruit, which originated in central China and is especially common along the Yangtze River (well known as yang-tao). Now, it is widely cultivated throughout the world. For additional information see the paper by X. W. Li, J. Q. Li, and D. D. Soejarto (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 45: 633–660. 2007). Liang Chou-fen, Chen Yong-chang & Wang Yu-sheng. 1984. Actinidiaceae (excluding Sladenia). In: Feng Kuo-mei, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 49(2): 195–301, 309–334. 1a. Trees or shrubs; flowers bisexual or plants functionally dioecious .................................................................................. 3. Saurauia 1b.
    [Show full text]
  • New Combinations in Actinidiaceae from China
    New Combinations in Actinidiaceae from China Li Xin-Wei Herbarium (HIB), Wuhan Botanical Garden of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China Li Jian-Qiang Herbarium (HIB), Wuhan Botanical Garden of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China. [email protected] (author for correspondence) Soejarto Djaja Djendoel College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, U.S.A. ABSTRACT . During the revision of Actinidiaceae for The taxonomy of Saurauia Willdenow is much less the Flora of China, two new combinations are confusing than that of Actinidia, although the trichome proposed, Actinidia fulvicoma var. cinerascens (C. F. and other characters exhibit considerable variation; Liang) J. Q. Li & D. D. Soejarto and Saurauia we recognize 13 species from China. polyneura var. paucinervis (C. F. Liang & Y. S. Wang) J. Q. Li & D. D. Soejarto. 1. Actinidia fulvicoma Hance, J. Bot. 23: 321. Key words: Actinidia, China, Guangxi, Saurauia, 1885. TYPE: China. Guangdong: Luo-Fu-Shan, Xizang. May 1883, B. C. Henry s.n. (holotype, K). 1a. Actinidia fulvicoma var. cinerascens (C. F. In the first comprehensive revision of Actinidia Liang) J. Q. Li & D. D. Soejarto, comb. nov. Lindley, Dunn recognized 24 species in four sections, Basionym: Actinidia cinerascens C. F. Liang, Fl. i.e., sections Ampulliferae Dunn, Leiocarpae Dunn, Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 49(2): 252–254, 320– Maculatae Dunn, and Vestitae Dunn (Dunn, 1911). 321. 1984. TYPE: China. Guangdong: Luofu Later, H.
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Regulation of the Anthocyanin Profile in Purple Kiwifruit
    Peng et al. Horticulture Research (2019) 6:3 Horticulture Research DOI 10.1038/s41438-018-0076-4 www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access Differential regulation of the anthocyanin profile in purple kiwifruit (Actinidia species) Yongyan Peng1,2,KuiLin-Wang2, Janine M. Cooney3, Tianchi Wang2, Richard V. Espley2 and Andrew C. Allan 1,2 Abstract Anthocyanins are a group of secondary metabolites that colour fruit and flowers orange, red, purple or blue depending on a number of factors, such as the basic structure, co-pigmentation, metal ion complexation and vacuolar pH. The biosynthesis of anthocyanin is regulated at the transcriptional level by a group of transcription factors, the MYB–bHLH–WD40 (MBW) complex. In this study, the purple colouration in several kiwifruit (Actinidia) species was identified and characterised as red cyanidin-based and blue delphinidin-based anthocyanins. The differential pigmentation in the skin and flesh can be attributed to the differential ratio of cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives accumulated in the total anthocyanin profile. The expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (F3GT), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) and flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) is crucial for anthocyanin accumulation. However, the balance of expression of the F3′H and F3′5′H genes appears responsible for the ratio of cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives, while a lack of CHS, F3GT and MYB110 expression is responsible for a lack of total anthocyanins. The transcriptional regulation of the F3′H and F3′5′H promoters by the R2R3 MYB transcription factor MYB110 is markedly different in tobacco transient assays.
    [Show full text]
  • Hardy Kiwi (Actinidia Arguta, Actinidia Kolomikta) by Gary Micsky
    Hardy kiwi (Actinidia arguta, Actinidia kolomikta) By Gary Micsky Hardy kiwi is a cousin of the brown fuzzy kiwi seen in most supermarkets today. Although not nearly as large as its relative, it does have some potential as a crop in the northeast. While there are concerns over cold hardiness of the shoots, experimentation by those willing to invest the time may yield promise. Athough the kiwi fruit, once referred to as the “Chinese gooseberry,” has been grown and collected from the wild for centuries in Asia, it only recently has become commonly available in the Western world. This hen’s-egg-sized fruit is covered with a brown fuzzy skin and has a melting green and very tasty pulp. This type of kiwi, which we can purchase readily from our grocery stores, can not be grown in Pennsylvania because of its cold tenderness and long growing season. A cousin of this kiwi, though, the hardy kiwi (Actinidia arguta, Actinidia kolomikta), is much more cold hardy than the plant of the commercially available fruit. It is the subject of considerable interest in our region due to its lovely flavor, relatively smooth (and edible) skin, “out of hand” eating size (about the size of a large grape), and its good shelf life. Although commercial plantings have been established in several locations in Pennsylvania, the growing of hardy kiwi remains an experiment. Hardy kiwis have some horticultural limitations that need to be addressed by the prospective grower. 1. Male and female flowers are born on different plants, so both males and females must be planted in roughly a 1:6 ratio of males to females.
    [Show full text]
  • Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) of New Guinea: Current Status, Future Plans
    Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 63(1 & 2): 77–82. 2011 77 Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) of New Guinea: current status, future plans Marie Briggs Herbarium, Library, Art and Archives, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, U.K. [email protected] ABSTRACT. Saurauia, with approximately 300 species, is the largest of three genera within the family Actinidiaceae and is found in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia, Central and South America. The family placement of the genus has changed several times, at times being placed in Ternstroemiaceae, Dilleniaceae and its own family, Saurauiaceae. The island of New Guinea may be a centre of diversity for Saurauia in South East Asia with more than 50 species. No comprehensive treatment of New Guinean Saurauia has been attempted since the work of Diels in 1922, despite complaints by later researchers that this publication is out of date and the subdivisions of the genus proposed therein are unsatisfactory. A full account of the family, including Saurauia, has yet to be covered in Flora Malesiana. This paper presents an introduction to the genus Saurauia in New Guinea and communicates plans for future research. Keywords. Actinidiaceae, New Guinea, Saurauia The family Actinidiaceae The family Actinidiaceae Gilg & Werdermann contains c. 355 species within three genera—Actinidia Lindl. (which includes the kiwi-fruit, c. 30 species), Saurauia Willd. (c. 300 species) and Clematoclethra (Franch.) Maxim. (c. 25 species). The family occurs in tropical and subtropical Central America, South America and South East Asia and also in temperate Asia and northern Australia (Heywood 2007). According to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) 3 (Stevens 2001 onwards), Actinidiaceae sits in the order Ericales as a sister group to the families Roridulaceae and Sarraceniaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • Actinidin Levels in Fruit of Actinidia Species and Some Actinidia Arguta Rootstock-Scion Combinations Stewart Boyes, Peter Striibi and Hinga Marsh
    Lebensm.-Wiss_ u -Techno!., JO, 379-389 (1997) Actinidin Levels in Fruit of Actinidia Species and Some Actinidia arguta Rootstock-Scion Combinations Stewart Boyes, Peter Striibi and Hinga Marsh S. Boyes, P. Striibi: Food Science and Technology, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., Mt. Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland (New Zealand) H. Marsh: Te Puke Research Centre, The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd., No. 1 Road, RD2, Te Puke (New Zealand) (Received May 20, 1996; accepted August I, 1996} Actinidin, the kiwifruit protease, was measured in the fruit of a number ofActinidia species during their growth, at harvest and during subsequent storage. Actlr::ldla deliciosa cv. Hayward (kiwifruit) fruit actinidin levels were compared to fmit levels measured in cutting-grown plants of species to be used as rootstocks, A arguta selections and some rootstock-scion combinations. The fruit showed a wide range of actin/din activities, which were influenced by the scion and rootstock genotype. Some trends were seen in rootstock-sdon combinations; rootstocks whose fruit had low actinfdin levels conferred low levels in the fruit of grafted scion species. Simllariy, high levels were seen in sdon fruit whose rootstock had high levels. There was a significant sdon influence in som1! combinations. The correlation between actinidin and protein levels suggested control at transcription. An SDS-PAGE gel showed that the density of the actin/din band correlated w/th the measured actin/din levels. The data suggested that variation in actfnidin activity was not due to endogenous inhibitor contTo/ or the presence of an inactive zymogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Actinidia (Mini Kiwi) Fruit Quality in Relation to Summer Cutting
    agronomy Article Actinidia (Mini Kiwi) Fruit Quality in Relation to Summer Cutting Monika Figiel-Kroczy ´nska 1, Ireneusz Ochmian 1,* , Sabina Lachowicz 2 , Marcelina Krupa-Małkiewicz 3, Jacek Wróbel 4 and Renata Gamrat 5 1 Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Słowackiego 17 Street, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland; monika.fi[email protected] 2 Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmo´nskiego37 Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Genetic, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Słowackiego 17 Street, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department of Bioengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Słowackiego 17 Street, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] 5 Department of Environmental Management, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Słowackiego 17 Street, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Recently, there has been a trend towards healthy food. Consumers are looking for products that have health-promoting properties in addition to their taste. Actinidia fruit, apart from being tasty, contains valuable macro and micronutrients, vitamins, polyphenols and pectins. Tested cultivar Sientiabrskaja belong to Actinidia arguta and cultivars Geneva, Issai and Ken’s Red to A. kolomitka. Citation: Figiel-Kroczy´nska,M.; They well tolerate conditions of moderate climate with negative temperatures in winter. To improve Ochmian, I.; Lachowicz, S.; fruit quality, an additional summer pruning of the plants was performed at the time of ripening. Krupa-Małkiewicz, M.; Wróbel, J.; After the second additional cutting of Actinidia shoots, an increase in the content of N, P and K Gamrat, R.
    [Show full text]
  • Hardy Kiwi, and Actinidia Deliciosa, the Fuzzy Kiwi
    Growing kiwifruit can be an easy, exciting adventure with an abundant, delicious reward. Before embarking on this adventure, one must plan ahead for a sturdy support system and be willing to do some annual pruning. FRUIT: There are two main types of kiwi. Actinidia arguta, the hardy kiwi, and Actinidia deliciosa, the fuzzy kiwi. In general, both types require two plants of the same species, a male and a female, for pollination. Both plants produce flowers, but only the female will produce fruit. There are self-fertile varieties of each species which yield fewer, often smaller fruits. A. arguta has small, smooth skinned fruit and can withstand -25˚ F. Fruits of the hardy kiwi can ripen on the vine in late fall. A. deliciosa has larger, brown, fuzzy fruits and can withstand 10- 15˚ F (they can survive 0˚ F with freezing damage). The fruit does not ripen on the vine in our climate and should be harvested after the first hard frost in Nov. or Dec. and ripened in cool storage. There is also a third type, the Arctic Kiwi, A. kolomikta, which produces small, smooth skinned fruit and withstands –40˚ F. CARE: The first years of establishing a strong root system are critical for success. Three important elements include warm soil, soil nutrients, and ample water. A site that is full sun with well drained soil is best for arguta and deliciosa varieties. Kiwi vines are brittle so they should be kept out of strong winds. Vines should be planted 10 feet apart or trained to grow in opposite directions.
    [Show full text]
  • Actinidiaceae
    Actinidiaceae Actinidia Lindl. Clematoclethra (Franch.) Maxim. VEGETATIVE KEY TO SPECIES IN CULTIVATION Jan De Langhe (16 June 2010 - 31 January 2019) Vegetative identification key. Introduction: This key is based on vegetative characteristics, and therefore also of use when flowers and fruits are absent. - Use a 10× hand lens to check pubescence, leaf margin incisions and venation. - Look at the entire plant - Beware of hybridisation, especially with plants raised from seed other than wild origin. Abbreviations used in this key: - L/W = length/width - LS = lower surface - US = upper surface Taxa treated in this key: → page 3. Taxa referred to synonymy in this key: → page 3. References: - JDL herbarium and illustrations - living specimens, in various arboreta, botanic gardens and collections - literature: Bean, W.J. & Clarke, D.L. - (1980) - Actinidia in Bean's Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles 1, p.241-246. – and Trees and Shrubs online: Bean, W.J. & Clarke, D.L. - (1980) - Clematoclethra in Bean's Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles 1, p.665-666. – and Trees and Shrubs online: Debersaques, F., De Kezel, C., & Mekers, O. - (2012) - Van kiwi tot kiwibes, 131p. Huwang, HW - (2014) - The genus Actinidia, a world monograph, 317p. Krüssmann, G. - (1976) - Actinidia in Handbuch der Laubgehölze 1, p.115-120. Krüssmann, G. - (1976) - Clematoclethra in Handbuch der Laubgehölze 1, p.382-383. Li, HL. - (1952) - A taxonomic review of the genus Actinidia, J. Arnold Arb., 33, p.1-61. Li, JQ., Li, XW, & Soejarto, DD. - (2007) - Actinidiaceae In Flora of China 12, p.334-360. – and online edition I am particularly grateful to Ben Baudts, Christian De Kezel, Paul Goetghebeur, Tom Hudson and Bleddyn Wynn-Jones for extra help with constructive comments and specimens.
    [Show full text]