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Atlas-Country-Case-Kazakhstan.Pdf Science, Technology, and Innovation in KAZAKHSTAN The Atlas of Islamic-World Science and Innovation Prof. Yunus A. Çengel Prof. Savaş Alpay Dr. Anuarbek Sultangazin 2013 © 2013 The Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries (SESRIC) Kudüs Cad. No: 9, Diplomatik Site, 06450 Oran, Ankara –Turkey Telephone +90–312–468 6172 Internet www.sesric.org E-mail [email protected] The material presented in this publication is copyrighted. The authors give the permission to view, copy, download, and print the material presented provided that these materials are not going to be reused, on whatsoever condition, for commercial purposes. For permission to reproduce or reprint any part of this publication, please send a request with complete information to the Publication Department of SESRIC. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publication Department, SESRIC, at the aforementioned address. ISBN: 978-975-6427-29-3 Cover design by Publication Department, SESRIC. For additional information, contact Training and Technical Cooperation Department, SESRIC through: [email protected] II The Atlas of Islamic-World Science and Innovation is supported by an international consortium of partners listed below. Kazakhstan is the third country case study to be released as part of this project. The views outlined in this report do not necessarily reflect the policy position of these partner organisations. Each country report within the Atlas project importantly draws on in-country partners. In the case of Kazakhstan, special thanks go to the Ministry of Industry and New Technologies (the National Focal Point) and the National Research Partners; National Agency for Technological Development (NATD) and the National Centre for Technological Foresight (NCTF) of the Republic of Kazakhstan. III Contents FOREWORD....................................................................................................................................................-VI- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………...…...………-VII- 1. MAPPING ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. A Brief History of Science, Technology, and Innovation ................................................................. 1 1.2. Key Actors in Kazakhstan’s STI System ............................................................................................. 3 1.3. STI Policy Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................ 5 1.4. Human Capital & Funding:Critical Drivers of STI ........................................................................... 7 1.5. Publications & Patents: Fruitful Products of STI ............................................................................... 9 2. PEOPLE ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1. A Free Spirit – The Kazakh People ..................................................................................................... 12 2.2. National Policies for Education ........................................................................................................... 12 2.3. Demands for Specialists: Vocational Education .............................................................................. 15 2.4. Gender Friendly Development ........................................................................................................... 16 2.5. Healthy Futures ...................................................................................................................................... 17 3. PLACES ...................................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1. Comparative Analysis of the Level of Innovative Capacity .......................................................... 19 3.2. Regional Policy Tools ........................................................................................................................... 21 3.3. Distribution of STI Assets & Industries in Different Regions ..................................................... 23 4. BUSINESS .................................................................................................................................................. 31 4.1. The Structure of Kazakhstan’s Economy ........................................................................................... 31 4.2. State of STI in Business ........................................................................................................................ 32 4.3. Factors Affecting Business Innovation .............................................................................................. 33 4.4. Nurturing an Entrepreneurial Culture ............................................................................................... 35 4.5. Challenges.................................................................................................................................................36 5. CULTURE .................................................................................................................................................. 39 5.1. Supporting Science ................................................................................................................................ 39 5.2. Islam in Kazakhstan: Modern and Moderate ................................................................................... 40 5.3. Government Assistance to Science and Technology ....................................................................... 40 5.4. Decline of STI Personnel .................................................................................................................... 41 6. SUSTAINABILITY .................................................................................................................................... 43 6.1. State of Energy Resources .................................................................................................................... 43 6.2. State of Water Resources ...................................................................................................................... 44 6.3. State of Renewable Energy Resources ............................................................................................... 45 6.4. Innovative Approaches to Poverty Alleviation ................................................................................ 47 IV 6.5. Thinking Strategically about Climate Change ................................................................................. 47 7. INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION ............................................................................................... 48 7.1. Collaboration within OIC .................................................................................................................... 49 7.2. Regional Collaboration ......................................................................................................................... 52 7.3. Patterns of Cooperation with International Organizations ........................................................... 54 7.4. Collaboration with Non-OIC Member Countries ........................................................................... 56 7.5. Unexplored Avenues and Challenges ................................................................................................ 57 8. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION INDICATORS OF KAZAKHSTAN .................. 59 8.1. Inputs to the STI System ...................................................................................................................... 59 8.2. Outputs from the STI System .............................................................................................................. 66 9. OVERVIEW OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION SECTORS ................................ 72 9.1. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) ................................................................... 72 9.2. Energy ...................................................................................................................................................... 75 9.3. Natural Resources .................................................................................................................................. 78 9.4. Chemicals, Biotechnology and Gene Technology ........................................................................... 78 9.5. Machinery and Materials ..................................................................................................................... 80 9.6. Nanotechnology ..................................................................................................................................... 81 9.7. Defence .................................................................................................................................................... 81 9.8. Transportation and Space Technologies ........................................................................................... 82 9.9. Agriculture and Food Processing Industry ....................................................................................... 83 9.10. Health, Pharmaceuticals and Safe Drinking Water ......................................................................
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