DOCSLIB.ORG

Alternative Remittance Systems in Kazakhstan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alternative Remittance Systems in Kazakhstan ALTERNATIVE REMITTANCE SYSTEMS IN KAZAKHSTAN Emiko Todoroki Kuntay Celik Matin Kholmatov July 2011 Financial Market Integrity Financial and Private Sector Development The World Bank CONTENTS FOREWORD........................................................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ vi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..........................................................................................................viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. ix INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1 - REMITTANCE CHANNELS IN KAZAKHSTAN .................................................................... 4 1.1 Domestic Remittances and National Payment System ...................................................................... 4 1.2 International Payments through SWIFT Channel .............................................................................. 5 1.3 Money transfer companies housed in banks and Kazpost ................................................................. 6 1.4 Hawala transfers .............................................................................................................................. 12 1.5 Remote Financial Services/E-Money Service ................................................................................. 14 1.6 Cross-Border Physical Transportation of Cash ............................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2 - SCALE OF RECORDED REMITTANCES IN AND OUT OF KAZAKHSTAN .................... 21 2.1 Remittance data in the Balance-of-Payment Statistics .................................................................... 21 2.2 Estimate of informal remittances ..................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3 - SENDERS OF REMITTANCES AND THEIR PREFERRED REMITTANCE CHANNELS. 27 3.1 Users of Remittance Channels in Kazakhstan ................................................................................. 27 3.2 Scale and characteristics of migrants workers ................................................................................. 28 CHAPTER 4 - RISK OF MONEY LAUNDERING AND TERRORIST FINANCING TO THE REMITTANCE SERVICE PROVIDERS .......................................................................................................... 31 4.1 Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Offences in Kazakhstan ............................................. 31 4.2 Crime Environment in Kazakhstan.................................................................................................. 32 4.3 Detected Money Laundering Cases and Channels .......................................................................... 35 4.4 Financing of Terrorism and Potential Channels .............................................................................. 36 4.5 Role of Committee on Financial Monitoring in AML/CFT Activities ............................................ 37 4.6 Role of Law Enforcement Agencies in AML/CFT activities: ......................................................... 38 CHAPTER 5 - LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR REMITTANCES AND CASH COURIER .......................................................................................................................................................... 40 5.1 Relevant FATF Recommendations and its Implementation Challenges ......................................... 40 5.2 Applicable Laws and Regulations in Kazakhstan............................................................................ 41 5.3 Overarching Issues and Requirements ............................................................................................ 52 CHAPTER 6 - SUPERVISION OF REMITTANCE SERVICE PROVIDERS ................................................ 58 6.1 Supervisory Authorities ................................................................................................................... 58 6.2 Examination of Banks ..................................................................................................................... 58 6.3 Implementation of Requirements by Banks .................................................................................... 59 6.4 Sanctions ......................................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 7: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 61 7.1 Improving the access to formal remittance services and promoting their use ................................. 61 7.2 Understanding and formalizing hawala type informal remittance systems ..................................... 64 7.3 Ensuring the transparency of migration flows and accuracy of relevant statistics .......................... 64 7.4 Strengthening the regulatory and supervisory framework that applies to ARSs ............................. 65 7.5 Preventing abuse of ARSs for ML and TF purposes ....................................................................... 70 i Annex-1 Illustration of the SWIFT System ..................................................................................................... 71 Annex -2 MTOs and Their Agents (Banks and Kazpost) .................................................................................. 72 Annex-3 Demographic and Geographic Penetration in Selected Countries .................................................... 73 Annex-4 Incoming and Outgoing Cash Declaration Data (USD) .................................................................... 75 Annex-5 Migration policy in Kazakhstan and some recommendations for improvement............................... 78 Annex-6 Trafficking Rotes of Afghanistan Originated Opiate ........................................................................ 80 Annex- 7 CFM List of terrorist and extremist organizations (updated on Jan 2011) ...................................... 81 Annex-8 Relevant FATF 40+9 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 82 Annex-9 Lessons Learned from Regulation of the Remittance Market around the World ............................. 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................................. 88 ii LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES Tables Table 1 Economic Indicators for Kazakhstan Table 2 Migration Data Table 3 Remittance Data Table 4 Transactions Processed Through ISMT And ICS Table 5 Branches, Service Offices and Partner MTOs of Banks in Kazakhstan Table 6 Remittance Fees for USD200 and USD 1,000. Table 7 Shadow Economy in 21 Transition Countries (% of GDP) Table 8 Consolidated Balance-of-Payment of the Republic of Kazakhstan (USD million) Table 9 Total Remittance Transactions through MTOs and the Postal System Table 10 Outgoing Workers Remittances in 2009 and 2010 (USD million) Table 11 Transfers by Individuals by Regions and Top 5 within Category (USD million) Table 12 Employee Compensation, (BOP, USD million) Table 13 Users Of Remittance Channels Table 14 Selected Labor Quota Indicators Table 15 Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey In Kazakhstan: Business Constraints Table 16 Crime Statistics for Kazakhstan Table 17 Drug Seizures in Kazakhstan Table 18 Total Value of Smuggled Goods (KZT) Table 19 Number of Detected Money Laundering Cases Table 20 Main CDD Requirements Table 21 List of Documents Required for CDD to Be Conducted by Reporting Entities Table 22 Requirements for Non-Account-Based Remittances Table 23 CDD Requirements as per the AML/CFT Law Table 24 Information Required for Non-Account-Based Transfers Table 25 Sanctions for Breaches of the AML/CFT Law Table A4.1 Number of Declarations (Incoming) Table A4.2 Sum of Declared Amounts (Incoming) Table A4.3 Average per Declaration (Incoming) Table A4.4 Number of Declarations (Outgoing) Table A4.5 Sum of Declared Amounts (Outgoing) Table A4.6 Average per Declaration (Outgoing) iii Figures Figure 1 Demographic and Geographic Branch Penetration. Figure 2 Demographic and Geographic Branch Penetration (Including Service Offices) Figure 3 Average Remittance Fees per US$200 in Busy Corridors (%) Figure 4 A Common Payment Scheme Used in Informal Trade Figure 5 Total Number of Cash Declarations Figure 6 Total Amount of Cash Declarations (USD) Figure 7 Average Amount of Cash Declarations (USD) Figure 8 Number of Cash Declarations (Incoming) Figure 9 Sum of Declared Amounts (Incoming) Figure 10 Number of Cash Declarations (Outgoing) Figure 11 Sum of Declared Amounts (Outgoing) Figure 12 Average Declaration Amount for 2007–2010 (USD) Figure 13 Cash Smuggling Volume (KZT) Figure A1.1 Wire Transfer via SWIFT Figure A6.1 Drug Trafficking Routes from Afghanistan to the Russian Federation and Europe Boxes Box 1 Article 193. Legalization of Monetary Funds or Other Property Obtained Illegally Box 2 Article 233-3. Financing of Extremism or Terrorist Activity iv FOREWORD This study on alternative remittance systems (ARSs)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kyzylorda Oblast, Kazakhstan Challenges
    for Kyzylorda Oblast Youth Health Center Oblast Youth for Kyzylorda © Umirbai Tumenbayev, official photographer © Umirbai Tumenbayev, The Kyzylorda Oblast Medical Center, Kyzylorda Oblast, Kazakhstan Kyzylorda City General overview Kyzylorda Oblast (region) is situated along the summer, precipitation generally evaporates, and Syrdariya River in the south-western part of the it is only in winter that the soil receives moisture. Republic of Kazakhstan in central Eurasia. The There are many days with strong wind, and dust region covers an area of 226 000 km2 with a storms can occur in summer. The remaining part distance of 1000 km between its northernmost of the shrinking Aral Sea – the Small Aral Sea – is and southernmost borders (1). Comprising seven located in the southern part of the region. The districts and the capital city – also called Kyzylorda Aral Sea has been described as “one of the worst – the region is more than 190 years old, one of environmental disasters of the world”(2). The the oldest in the country. It borders on Aktobe salinity of the remaining water exceeds 100 g/l. Oblast in the north-west, Karaganda Oblast in In 2008, a project to construct a seawall made the north, South Kazakhstani Oblast in the south- it possible to increase the water level slowly in east, and the Republic of Uzbekistan in the south. the northern part of the Aral. Currently, the level It has a wide range of mineral resources, the of salinity is decreasing, which has resulted in most important being hydrocarbons, non-ferrous the appearance of some species of fish.
    [Show full text]
  • Baikonur-International Space Station : International Approach to Lunar Exploration
    ICEUM4, 10-15 July 2000, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Baikonur-International Space Station : International Approach to Lunar Exploration Gulnara Omarova, National Aerospace Agency; Chinghis Omarov, ISU Summer Session '98 alumni On 20th November 1998 our aircraft made soft landing at the Baikonur airport. I was among onboard passengers - officials from Kazakhstan Space, press and diplomats. We all were invited to attend the launch of the International Space Station (ISS) first component (the Russian-made Zarya or Functional Cargo Module FGB) by Proton launch-vehicle at the Baikonur spaceport. Two hours before ISS first module launch we joined the official delegations from NASA, Russian Space Agency (RSA), ESA, Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and NASDA to see the modified facilities of both "Energiya" Corp. and Khrunichev's Proton assembly-and- test building. Mr. Yuri Koptev, Chief of RSA and Mr. Dan Goldin, NASA Administrator actively were drinking russian tea and talking about crucial issues of the International Space Station and the future of Space Exploration. In fact, Cold War is over and the world's top space powers accomplishments are stunning: • The first human flight in space in 1961; • Human space flight initiatives to ascertain if and how long a human could survive in space; • Project Gemini (flights during 1965-1966) to practice space operations, especially rendezvous and docking of spacecraft and extravehicular activity; • Project Apollo (flights during 1968-1972) to explore the Moon; • Space Shuttle's flights (1981 - present); • Satellite programs; • A permanently occupied space station "Mir" (during 1976-1999); • A permanently occupied International Space Station presently underway. We and a few people approached them to learn much more particulars of their talking and to ask them most interesting questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Tour to Baikonur Space Launch Cosmodrome (July 25-July 30)
    Full Itinerary & Trip Details 6 days Tour to Baikonur Space Launch Cosmodrome (July 25-July 30) This tour is a one unique experience you will remember your whole life! Baikonur Cosmodrome tour with a scheduled spacecraft launch will give you an opportunity to see a rocket launch. During your visit to Baikonur city you would explore two Baikonur history museums, Buran Orbital Complex, astronauts crew at ready-to-go report, and witness a spacecraft launching into the space. PRICE STARTING FROM DURATION TOUR ID € 0 € 0 6 days 22094 ITINERARY Day 1 : DAY 1: ARRIVAL TO ALMATY Lunch and Dinner Included Transfer from the Almaty airport to the hotel. Overnight stay at the hotel. Day 2 : DAY 2: DEPARTURE TO BAIKONUR Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner Included Today you will transfer from hotel to Almaty airport and hop on a flight to Kyzylorda KC 975 (08:05 – 09:50) or KC 985 (17:05 – 18:50). On arrival you will be met and transferred to Baikonur, which is located 240 km away and it will take 3 hours. Overnight stay at the hotel. Day 3 : DAY 3: SIGHTSEEING TOUR AROUND BAIKONUR Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner Included Today you will explore the city of Baikonur. Your guide will meet you at the hotel lobby to start your sightseeing tour around Baikonur and its monuments. You will visit Spaceport History Museum, memorial to the victims of the test visited before any manned launch and monuments. After your excursion you will have free time in the afternoon. Day 4 : DAY 4: SPACE LAUNCH Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner Included Today will the day you will witness the legendary space launch.
    [Show full text]
  • Kazakhstan Missile Chronology
    Kazakhstan Missile Chronology Last update: May 2010 As of May 2010, this chronology is no longer being updated. For current developments, please see the Kazakhstan Missile Overview. This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here. Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation. 2009-1947 March 2009 On 4 March 2009, Kazakhstan signed a contract to purchase S-300 air defense missile systems from Russia. According to Ministry of Defense officials, Kazakhstan plans to purchase 10 batteries of S-300PS by 2011. Kazakhstan's Air Defense Commander Aleksandr Sorokin mentioned, however, that the 10 batteries would still not be enough to shield all the most vital" facilities designated earlier by a presidential decree. The export version of S- 300PS (NATO designation SA-10C Grumble) has a maximum range of 75 km and can hit targets moving at up to 1200 m/s at a minimum altitude of 25 meters.
    [Show full text]
  • Republics of the Silk Road: Moscow to Almaty
    Republics of the Silk Road: Moscow to Almaty https://www.irtsociety.com/journey/republics-of-the-silk-road/ Overview The Highlights - Grand trek across Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Russia - The most stylish, comfortable way to see sights rarely seen by Western travelers - Samarkand’s Registan Square, with its stunning three madrasas - Baikonur, home of the USSR Cosmonaut Program and launch point for both Sputnik 1 and Yuri Gagarin, first human in space - Khudayar-Khan Fortress, built by the last Khan of Kokand, Uzbekistan The Society of International Railway Travelers | irtsociety.com | (800) 478-4881 Page 1/8 - Andizhan, Uzbekistan, birthplace of Zahiruddin Babur, founder & first Emperor of the Mughal Dynasty - Shahrizabz, birthplace of Tamarlane the conqueror - Eagle Hunting demonstration in Kyrgyzstan - Ancient city of Margilan, world-famous for its silk production - Open-air Museum of Petroglyphs at Lake Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan, a sacred site used by Saka priests for sacrifices and other rites to the sun god - Kohi Navruz Palace in Dushanbe, capital of Tajikistan - Moscow’s Kremlin, Red Square, and St. Basil’s Cathedral - Visit Zenkhov Cathedral & Chimbulak Resort in Almaty, Kazakhstan - Tours of Osh, Khujand, Samarkand, Shahrizabz, Dushanbe, Bukhara, Merv, Ashgabat, Khiva, Tashkent, & Bishkek - All meals, wine and beer with lunch & dinner, off-train tours, and gratuities included The Tour The Republics of the Silk Road is a fascinating rail journey through the Five Stans: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Travel in comfort aboard the Golden Eagle luxury train while exploring these Southern Republics of the former Soviet Union. Watch Lonely Planet's short video explaining why they have named the Central Asian Silk Road the top region to visit in 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Kazakhstan: Trade Facilitation and Logistics Development Strategy Report
    Kazakhstan: Trade Facilitation and Logistics Development Strategy Report The Asian Development Bank has been supporting efforts to reduce poverty and improve livelihoods in the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) countries. A major focus of these efforts is improving the transport and trade sectors to spur economic growth and promote social and political cohesion within the region. Improving the efficiency of the CAREC transport corridors will allow these landlocked countries to take full advantage of being transit countries between the surging and dynamic economies of the East and the West. This report, one of a series of nine reports, highlights the substantial challenges that Kazakhstan needs to overcome and recommends measures to make its transport and trade Kazakhstan sectors more efficient and cost-competitive. Trade Facilitation and Logistics Development About the Asian Development Bank Strategy Report ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member countries substantially reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many successes, it remains home to two-thirds of the world’s poor: 1.8 billion people who live on less than $2 a day, with 903 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day. ADB is committed to reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration. Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org ISBN 978-971-561-812-0 Publication Stock No.
    [Show full text]
  • No. Name of Organization Region Town Or District, Inhabited
    Town or District, Inhabited Contact phone No. Name of organization Region Actual address of subdivision (Street, House) Settlement numbers 8 (7172) 77-31-11 Department of Public 1 Astana City Astana City Republic Square, 52 8 (7172) 77-31-16 Revenues of Astana City 8 (7172) 77-31-37 Department of Public 2 Almaty City Astana City Abylai Khan Avenue, 93/95 8 (727) 267-69-42 Revenues of Almaty City Department of Public Revenues of Akmola Region of State 3 Revenue Committee of the Akmola Region Kokshetau Gorkiy Street, 21 А 8 (7162) 72-11-76 Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan Department of Public Revenues of Aktyubinsk Region of State Revenue 8 (7132) 21-19-14 4 Aktyubinsk Region Aktobe Koblandin Street, 7 Committee of the Ministry of 8 (7132) 96-99-42 Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan Department of Public 8 (7282) 24-35-22 Revenues of Almaty Region of 8 (7282) 24-05-79 5 State Revenue Committee of Almaty Region Taldykorgan Zhansugurov Street, 113 А 8 (7282) 24-47-53 the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan Department of Public 6 Atyrau Region Atyrau Abay Street, 8 8 (7122) 35-42-03 Revenues of Atyrau Region Department of Public Revenues of West Kazakhstan Region of State Revenue Nekrasov Street, 30/1 Actual location: 7 West Kazakhstan Region Uralsk 8 (7112) 53-84-57 Committee of the Ministry of Poymennaya Street, 2/2 Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan Department of Public Revenues of Zhambyl Region 8 of State Revenue Committee Zhambyl Region Taraz Tole Bi Avenue, 36 8 (7262) 43-15-11 of the Ministry of
    [Show full text]
  • How Kazakhstanis Migrate from South to North in Pursuit of Better Life
    How Kazakhstanis Migrate from South to North in Pursuit of Better Life Since 2017, Kazakhstan has had a programme of voluntary migration from densely populated southern regions to labour-scarce northern regions. The migrants receive social package, namely, employment and accommodation assistance. Follow us on LinkedIn Many people dream of «better life» and seriously think of relocation and drastic changes. Moreover, a decision to move from the warm and prosperous south to the cold and windy north of Kazakhstan requires a well thought approach to little details. The housing problem motivates people to relocate. 32-year-old Asiya Sharipova has been moving with her family in Shymkent from one rented apartment to another. In recent months, they have lived in a temporary construction with five children. «We wanted to stay and work in the south. But we don’t have a permanent job, you know. We did not need to earn millions. The main thing is to feed our kids and to have food in the fridge. My life there was difficult,» she said hardly holding back tears. One year ago, she with her family moved to Ekibastuz in Pavlodar region under the state voluntary relocation programme. At the new place they with the husband got a job and the house – the akimat offered the vacancies of mechanic and seamstress. However, they have a language barrier. «I speak only Kazakh, but local residents prefer speaking Russian. At first, it was hard, but we could get used to the cold climate. Also, we all have different mentality, though we live in the same country.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Competitiveness of Kazakhstan Regions: Creating an Index
    E3S Web of Conferences 159, 05002 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015905002 BTSES-2020 Assessing the competitiveness of Kazakhstan regions: creating an index Aknur Zhidebekkyzy1,*, Rimma Sagiyeva1, Zhansaya Temerbulatova1 1Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, al-Farabi Ave. 71, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan Abstract. Today there is no single universally accepted method for assessing the competitiveness of the country's regions. For this reason, the research created a methodology for assessing competitiveness at the regional level for Kazakhstan. The three-factor model of Huggins for ranking the regions of Great Britain by the level of competitiveness was used as the basis, and then the model was expanded on the example of a study assessing the competitiveness of the regions of the European Union countries. All data for assessing the competitiveness of the regions of Kazakhstan were collected from the official website of the Committee on Statistics of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the article, 14 regions and 2 cities of republican significance were ranked in terms of competitiveness. As a result, the most competitive regions of Kazakhstan were Almaty city, Atyrau region and Nur-Sultan city, the worst indicator was found for the North Kazakhstan and Zhambyl regions. 1 Introduction Today, one of the highest priorities facing each state is increasing national competitiveness. National competitiveness reflects the country's ability to achieve high rates of economic growth and maintain it in the long run, control the efficient use of resources and compete in the international arena. For increasing the level of national competitiveness, it is important to understand its formation structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Kazakhstan) Using Hydrochemical Indicators
    water Article Analysis of the Water Quality of the Ishim River within the Akmola Region (Kazakhstan) Using Hydrochemical Indicators Natalya S. Salikova 1 , Javier Rodrigo-Ilarri 2,* , Kulyash K. Alimova 3 and María-Elena Rodrigo-Clavero 2 1 Department of Ecology, Life Safety and Environmental Protection, Abay Myrzakhmetov Kokshetau University, Kokshetau 020000, Kazakhstan; [email protected] 2 Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y del Medio Ambiente (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 46022 Valencia, Spain; [email protected] 3 Department of Engineering Systems and Networks, K.I. Satbayev National Research Technical University, Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: For the first time in scientific literature, this work addresses the current situation of the Ishim River water quality in the Akmola Region (Northern Kazakhstan). This work uses environ- mental monitoring techniques to analyze the current state of surface waters in the river. The content of main ions, biogenic and inorganic ions, heavy metals, organic impurities in seasonal and annual dynamics have been studied. Results show that, despite the tightening of requirements for wastew- ater discharge into the Ishim River basin, a number of water quality indicators did not fulfill the regulatory requirements for surface water bodies during 2013–2019. It has been identified that the greatest pollution in the Ishim River is brought by enterprises of the Karaganda-Temirtau techno- genic region, located in the upper reaches of the river. Future water quality monitoring is needed and should include increasing the number of sampling locations and the sampling frequency in Citation: Salikova, N.S.; order to characterize the spatial and temporal variability of hydrochemical parameters and allow a Rodrigo-Ilarri, J.; Alimova, K.K.; Rodrigo-Clavero, M.-E.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Problems of Modern Central Kazakhstan: Challenges and Possible Solutions
    E3S Web of Conferences 157, 03018 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015703018 KTTI-2019 Ecological problems of modern central Kazakhstan: challenges and possible solutions Тurgai Alimbaev1, Zhanna Mazhitova2,*, Bibizhamal Omarova2, Bekzhan Kamzayev2, and Kuralai Atanakova³ 1Buketov Karaganda State University, City University, 28, Karaganda, Republic of Kazakhstan 2Astana Medical University, Mira Street, 49a, Nur Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan ³National University of Arts, Avenue Tauelsіzdіk, 50, Nur Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan Abstract. This article discusses issues related to the environmental problems in various sectors of the Central Kazakhstan’s economy at the present stage. It is emphasized that the level of environmental pollution is increasing along with industrial progress in coal, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, engineering, and the growth of the transport highways network and numerous communications. The authors of the article give examples of how the transition to market mechanisms of economic development generated, on the one hand, the growth of the republic’s powerful economic potential. On the other hand, the increase in industrial production with energy and resource-intensive production has led to a real threat of an environmental crisis in the region. It is concluded that the solution of the environmental problem is possible by preserving and restoring natural systems, a complete social transition to sustainable development by practical implementation of the environmental concept, including natural-resource, techno-economic, demographic and sociocultural aspects. According to the authors, these measures will contribute to the way out of the current environmental crisis, a radical improvement of the environment, will be the key to preserving the ecology of space.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas-Country-Case-Kazakhstan.Pdf
    Science, Technology, and Innovation in KAZAKHSTAN The Atlas of Islamic-World Science and Innovation Prof. Yunus A. Çengel Prof. Savaş Alpay Dr. Anuarbek Sultangazin 2013 © 2013 The Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries (SESRIC) Kudüs Cad. No: 9, Diplomatik Site, 06450 Oran, Ankara –Turkey Telephone +90–312–468 6172 Internet www.sesric.org E-mail [email protected] The material presented in this publication is copyrighted. The authors give the permission to view, copy, download, and print the material presented provided that these materials are not going to be reused, on whatsoever condition, for commercial purposes. For permission to reproduce or reprint any part of this publication, please send a request with complete information to the Publication Department of SESRIC. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publication Department, SESRIC, at the aforementioned address. ISBN: 978-975-6427-29-3 Cover design by Publication Department, SESRIC. For additional information, contact Training and Technical Cooperation Department, SESRIC through: [email protected] II The Atlas of Islamic-World Science and Innovation is supported by an international consortium of partners listed below. Kazakhstan is the third country case study to be released as part of this project. The views outlined in this report do not necessarily reflect the policy position of these partner organisations. Each country report within the Atlas project importantly draws on in-country partners. In the case of Kazakhstan, special thanks go to the Ministry of Industry and New Technologies (the National Focal Point) and the National Research Partners; National Agency for Technological Development (NATD) and the National Centre for Technological Foresight (NCTF) of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
    [Show full text]