DOCSLIB.ORG

Point-Of-Care Diagnostics for Dengue, Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Virus Infection

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Point-Of-Care Diagnostics for Dengue, Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Virus Infection Short note Point-of-care diagnostics for dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus infection Subhash C. Arya and Nirmala Agarwal Sant Parmanand Hospital, 18 Alipore Road, Delhi-110054 The global resurgence of dengue in otherwise sample was positive for two infections, viz. JEV naive locations has been associated with and West Nile virus (WNV).[6] concurrent dissemination of identical vector- borne viral diseases. Concurrent infection by There has been no chemotherapy available dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus for patients with JEV, DENV, CHIKV or WNV. (CHIKV) has been known for several Such cases require appropriate clinical decades.[1] Nevertheless, recent global CHIKV management and public health response. During dissemination[2] or its local re-emergence[3] after the initial stage of illness the clinical presentations a gap has been intriguing. Increased are ambiguous and are accompanied by viremia. intercontinental travel has blown up the ghost These cases are highly infectious with their blood of the traditional endemic foci of CHIKV and teeming with viral RNA. If bitten by the mosquito has resulted in CHIKV patients being found in vector, they would contribute to disease the United States.[4] Moreover, there could dissemination. Moreover, they are likely to be even be coincidental episodes of the Japanese offered empirical doses of antibiotics by the encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. During the clinicians. Any point-of-care indication about JEV, early 1940s, there were dengue outbreaks in DENV, CHIKV or WNV would be imperative Guam, followed, during 1947, by the from the clinical and public health perspective. concurrent epidemics of mumps virus and JEV. That would necessitate initiating appropriate anti- Serological investigations in children aged 10 vector measures attuned to vector biology. years or less during 1953 had revealed Vectors transmitting JE and dengue/chikungunya/ neutralizing antibody to JEV, and DENV-1 and - West Nile fever would be controlled by entirely 2 among those born before 1947.[5] different strategies. In India, during 1997, concurrent infection A commercial diagnostic kit for the field was detected in Haryana state in the north of diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis (JE) antiviral the country. In a follow-up study of a dengue IgM has been evaluated recently.[7] Rather than outbreak, out of 30 serum samples collected, a multi-step, time-consuming format, the on- eight cases were found positive for dengue IgM the-spot point-of-care diagnostic would address antibodies, two were positive for all the three the ground realities in the JE-endemic areas. infections, viz. DENV, JEV and WNV, while one Without prejudice to the conventional enzyme- E-mail: [email protected] 176 Dengue Bulletin – Volume 31, 2007 Dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a simpler the Bio-Check Plus Dengue G/M Cassette Test on-the-spot diagnostic would assist health care (Brittney). Recent introduction of a rapid, providers better. Obviously, immunoglobulin M immunochromatographic kit for chikungunya has (IgM)-based assays would be adequate for both been a positive feature.[9] JE and chikungunya. Nevertheless, for dengue, additional markers would be essential. The International organizations including the immunological response during the secondary World Health Organization, the Programme for or tertiary dengue episodes is secondary rather Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) and than a primary one. The initial immunological the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention response would be towards IgG production (CDC) would be obliged to encourage rather than IgM. Dengue non-structural antigen, standardization of a concurrent point-of-care NS1, has been reported to be better than IgM diagnostic for JE, dengue, chikungunya and in cases of primary or secondary infections.[8] West Nile fever. A multifaceted but cost- Immunochromatographic assay kits for a point- effective rapid assay format would be a valuable of-care dengue IgG and IgM detection have armour for clinicians and public health been popular for a while, namely, the Panbio personnel to diagnose dengue, chikungunya, Dengue Duo IgM and IgG Rapid Strip test, and Japanese encephalitis and West Nile fever. References [1] Myers RM, Carey DE. Concurrent isolation dengue, through 1957. Am J Trop Med Hyg. from patient of two arboviruses, Chikungunya 1958 Jul; 7(4): 441-67. and dengue type 2. Science. 1967 Sep 15; 157(794): 1307-8. [6] Katyal R, Bhardwaj M, Harit AK, Sharma SK, Kumar K, Gill KS. Dengue, Japanese [2] Simon F, Parola P, Grandadam M, Fourcade encephalitis and West Nile flaviviral infections S, Oliver M, Brouqui P, Hance P, Kraemer P, Ali detected during a dengue outbreak in Sonepat Mohamed A, de Lamballerie X, Charrel R, district, Haryana state, India. Dengue Bulletin. Tolou H. Chikungunya infection: an emerging 2004 Dec; 28: 24-28. rheumatism among travelers returned from Indian Ocean islands. Report of 47 cases. [7] Jacobson JA, Hills SL, Winkler JL, Mammen Medicine (Baltimore). 2007 May; 86(3): 123- M, Thaisomboonsuk B, Marfin AA, Gibbons 37. RV. Evaluation of three immunoglobulin M antibody capture enzyme-linked [3] AbuBakar S, Sam IC, Wong PF, MatRahim N, immunosorbent assays for the diagnosis of Hooi PS, Roslan N. Reemergence of endemic Japanese encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. Chikungunya, Malaysia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 2007 Jul; 77(1): 164-8. Jan; 13(1): 147-9. [8] Kumarasamy V, Chua SK, Hassan Z, Wahab [4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention AH, Chem YK, Mohamad M, Chua KB. (CDC). Update: chikungunya fever diagnosed Evaluating the sensitivity of a commercial among international travelers–United States, dengue NS1 antigen-capture ELISA for early 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 diagnosis of acute dengue virus infection. Mar 30; 56(12): 276-7. Singapore Med J. 2007 Jul; 48(7): 669-73. [5] Hammon WM, Tigertt WD, Sather GE, Berge [9] CTK Biotech. Onsite Rapid Test for the TO, Meiklejohn G. Epidemiologic studies of detection of Chikungunya fever. San Diego, CA: concurrent virgin epidemics of Japanese B CTK Biotech. (http://www.ctkbiotech.com/ encephalitis and of mumps on Guam, 1947- Default.aspx?tabid=118 – accessed 11 August 1948, with subsequent observations including 2008). Dengue Bulletin – Volume 31, 2007 177.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Zika Virus Outside Africa Edward B
    Zika Virus Outside Africa Edward B. Hayes Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus related to yellow fever, est (4). Serologic studies indicated that humans could also dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. In be infected (5). Transmission of ZIKV by artificially fed 2007 ZIKV caused an outbreak of relatively mild disease Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to mice and a monkey in a labora- characterized by rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis on Yap tory was reported in 1956 (6). Island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. This was the first ZIKV was isolated from humans in Nigeria during time that ZIKV was detected outside of Africa and Asia. The studies conducted in 1968 and during 1971–1975; in 1 history, transmission dynamics, virology, and clinical mani- festations of ZIKV disease are discussed, along with the study, 40% of the persons tested had neutralizing antibody possibility for diagnostic confusion between ZIKV illness to ZIKV (7–9). Human isolates were obtained from febrile and dengue. The emergence of ZIKV outside of its previ- children 10 months, 2 years (2 cases), and 3 years of age, ously known geographic range should prompt awareness of all without other clinical details described, and from a 10 the potential for ZIKV to spread to other Pacific islands and year-old boy with fever, headache, and body pains (7,8). the Americas. From 1951 through 1981, serologic evidence of human ZIKV infection was reported from other African coun- tries such as Uganda, Tanzania, Egypt, Central African n April 2007, an outbreak of illness characterized by rash, Republic, Sierra Leone (10), and Gabon, and in parts of arthralgia, and conjunctivitis was reported on Yap Island I Asia including India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, in the Federated States of Micronesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Encephalitis
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:405–415 405 NEUROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TROPICAL DISEASE Japanese encephalitis Tom Solomon, Nguyen Minh Dung, Rachel Kneen, Mary Gainsborough, David W Vaughn, Vo Thi Khanh Although considered by many in the west to be West Nile virus, a flavivirus found in Africa, the a rare and exotic infection, Japanese encephali- Middle East, and parts of Europe, is tradition- tis is numerically one of the most important ally associated with a syndrome of fever causes of viral encephalitis worldwide, with an arthralgia and rash, and with occasional estimated 50 000 cases and 15 000 deaths nervous system disease. However, in 1996 West annually.12About one third of patients die, and Nile virus caused an outbreak of encephalitis in half of the survivors have severe neuropshychi- Romania,5 and a West Nile-like flavivirus was atric sequelae. Most of China, Southeast Asia, responsible for an encephalitis outbreak in and the Indian subcontinent are aVected by the New York in 1999.67 virus, which is spreading at an alarming rate. In In northern Europe and northern Asia, flavi- these areas, wards full of children and young viruses have evolved to use ticks as vectors adults aZicted by Japanese encephalitis attest because they are more abundant than mosqui- Department of to its importance. toes in cooler climates. Far eastern tick-borne Neurological Science, University of encephalitis virus (also known as Russian Liverpool, Walton Historical perspective spring-summer encephalitis virus) is endemic Centre for Neurology Epidemics of encephalitis were described in in the eastern part of the former USSR, and and Neurosurgery, Japan from the 1870s onwards.
    [Show full text]
  • Wnv-Case-Definition.Pdf
    Draft Case Definition for West Nile Fever Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service West Nile Fever Veterinary Services October 2018 Case Definition (Notifiable) 1. Clinical Signs 1.1 Clinical Signs: West Nile Fever (WNF) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the West Nile virus (WNV), a Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Many vertebrate species are susceptible to natural WNV infection; however, fatal neurological outbreaks have only been documented in equids, humans, geese, wild birds (particularly corvids), squirrels, farmed alligators, and dogs. Birds serve as the natural host reservoir of WNV. The incubation period is estimated to be three to 15 days in horses Ten to 39 percent of unvaccinated horses infected with WNV will develop clinical signs. Most clinically affected horses exhibit neurological signs such as ataxia (including stumbling, staggering, wobbly gait, or incoordination) or at least two of the following: circling, hind limb weakness, recumbency or inability to stand (or both), multiple limb paralysis, muscle fasciculation, proprioceptive deficits, altered mental status, blindness, lip droop/paralysis, teeth grinding. Behavioral changes including somnolence, listlessness, apprehension, or periods of hyperexcitability may occur. Other common clinical signs include colic, lameness, anorexia, and fever. 2. Laboratory criteria: 2.1 Agent isolation and identification: The virus can be identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation (VI). Preferred tissues from equids are brain or spinal cord. 2.2 Serology: Antibody titers can be identified in paired serum samples by IgM and IgG capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and virus neutralization (VN). Only a single serum sample is required for IgM capture ELISA, and this is the preferred serologic test in live animals.
    [Show full text]
  • A Replication-Defective Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)
    www.nature.com/npjvaccines ARTICLE OPEN A replication-defective Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine candidate with NS1 deletion confers dual protection against JEV and West Nile virus in mice ✉ Na Li1,2, Zhe-Rui Zhang1,2, Ya-Nan Zhang1,2, Jing Liu1,2, Cheng-Lin Deng1, Pei-Yong Shi3, Zhi-Ming Yuan1, Han-Qing Ye 1 and ✉ Bo Zhang 1,4 In our previous study, we have demonstrated in the context of WNV-ΔNS1 vaccine (a replication-defective West Nile virus (WNV) lacking NS1) that the NS1 trans-complementation system may offer a promising platform for the development of safe and efficient flavivirus vaccines only requiring one dose. Here, we produced high titer (107 IU/ml) replication-defective Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) with NS1 deletion (JEV-ΔNS1) in the BHK-21 cell line stably expressing NS1 (BHKNS1) using the same strategy. JEV-ΔNS1 appeared safe with a remarkable genetic stability and high degrees of attenuation of in vivo neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence. Meanwhile, it was demonstrated to be highly immunogenic in mice after a single dose, providing similar degrees of protection to SA14-14-2 vaccine (a most widely used live attenuated JEV vaccine), with healthy condition, undetectable viremia and gradually rising body weight. Importantly, we also found JEV-ΔNS1 induced robust cross-protective immune responses against the challenge of heterologous West Nile virus (WNV), another important member in the same JEV serocomplex, accounting for up to 80% survival rate following a single dose of immunization relative to mock-vaccinated mice. These results not only support the identification of 1234567890():,; the NS1-deleted flavivirus vaccines with a satisfied balance between safety and efficacy, but also demonstrate the potential of the JEV-ΔNS1 as an alternative vaccine candidate against both JEV and WNV challenge.
    [Show full text]
  • Rift Valley Fever for Host Innate Immunity in Resistance to a New
    A New Mouse Model Reveals a Critical Role for Host Innate Immunity in Resistance to Rift Valley Fever This information is current as Tânia Zaverucha do Valle, Agnès Billecocq, Laurent of September 25, 2021. Guillemot, Rudi Alberts, Céline Gommet, Robert Geffers, Kátia Calabrese, Klaus Schughart, Michèle Bouloy, Xavier Montagutelli and Jean-Jacques Panthier J Immunol 2010; 185:6146-6156; Prepublished online 11 October 2010; Downloaded from doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000949 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/185/10/6146 Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2010/10/12/jimmunol.100094 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Material 9.DC1 References This article cites 46 articles, 17 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/185/10/6146.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. by guest on September 25, 2021 • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2010 by The American
    [Show full text]
  • Clinically Important Vector-Borne Diseases of Europe
    Natalie Cleton, DVM Erasmus MC, Rotterdam Department of Viroscience [email protected] No potential conflicts of interest to disclose © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Erasmus Medical Centre Department of Viroscience Laboratory Diagnosis of Arboviruses © by author Natalie Cleton ESCMID Online LectureMarion Library Koopmans Chantal Reusken [email protected] Distribution Arboviruses with public health impact have a global and ever changing distribution © by author ESCMID Online Lecture Library Notifications of vector-borne diseases in the last 6 months on Healthmap.org Syndromes of arboviral diseases 1) Febrile syndrome: – Fever & Malaise – Headache & retro-orbital pain – Myalgia 2) Neurological syndrome: – Meningitis, encephalitis & myelitis – Convulsions & coma – Paralysis 3) Hemorrhagic syndrome: – Low platelet count, liver enlargement – Petechiae © by author – Spontaneous or persistent bleeding – Shock 4) Arthralgia,ESCMID Arthritis and Online Rash: Lecture Library – Exanthema or maculopapular rash – Polyarthralgia & polyarthritis Human arboviruses: 4 main virus families Family Genus Species examples Flaviviridae flavivirus Dengue 1-5 (DENV) West Nile virus (WNV) Yellow fever virus (YFV) Zika virus (ZIKV) Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) Togaviridae alphavirus Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) O’Nyong Nyong virus (ONNV) Mayaro virus (MAYV) Sindbis virus (SINV) Ross River virus (RRV) Barmah forest virus (BFV) Bunyaviridae nairo-, phlebo-©, orthobunyavirus by authorCrimean -Congo heamoragic fever (CCHFV) Sandfly fever virus
    [Show full text]
  • West Nile Virus Questions and Answers
    West Nile Virus Questions and Answers Q: How do people get infected with West Nile Virus (WNV)? A: The most likely way a human would become infected with WNV is through the bite of an infected mosquito. Some people have also become infected with WNV following receipt of contaminated blood or blood products, or transplanted organs from an infected donor. Mothers who are recently infected with WNV may also transmit the virus to their unborn child, or to their baby while breastfeeding. Q: Who is at risk for getting West Nile encephalitis? A: All residents of areas where WNV activity has been identified are at risk of getting West Nile encephalitis. Q: What is the time from exposure to onset of disease symptoms for West Nile encephalitis in humans? A: Usually 3 to 15 days. Q: What are the symptoms of West Nile virus infection? A: Most people who are infected with WNV will not have any noticeable illness, or have a mild form of illness called West Nile Fever. Persons with West Nile Fever typically experience symptoms of fever, headache, nausea, muscle weakness, and body aches lasting 2 to 6 days or longer. Sensitivity when looking at light and a skin rash appearing on the trunk of the body may also be present. Approximately 20% of persons infected with WNV will develop more severe neurologic disease that may be life-threatening. Adults over the age of 50 years are at greater risk of having serious disease. Potential symptoms of severe infection (West Nile encephalitis or meningitis) include intense headache, dizziness, severe muscle weakness, neck stiffness, vomiting, disorientation, mental confusion, tremors, muscle paralysis, or convulsions and coma.
    [Show full text]
  • Virulence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotypes I and III, Taiwan
    Virulence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotypes I and III, Taiwan Yi-Chin Fan,1 Jen-Wei Lin,1 Shu-Ying Liao, within a year (8,9), which provided an excellent opportu- Jo-Mei Chen, Yi-Ying Chen, Hsien-Chung Chiu, nity to study the transmission dynamics and pathogenicity Chen-Chang Shih, Chi-Ming Chen, of these 2 JEV genotypes. Ruey-Yi Chang, Chwan-Chuen King, A mouse model showed that the pathogenic potential Wei-June Chen, Yi-Ting Ko, Chao-Chin Chang, is similar among different JEV genotypes (10). However, Shyan-Song Chiou the pathogenic difference between GI and GIII virus infec- tions among humans remains unclear. Endy et al. report- The virulence of genotype I (GI) Japanese encephalitis vi- ed that the proportion of asymptomatic infected persons rus (JEV) is under debate. We investigated differences in among total infected persons (asymptomatic ratio) is an the virulence of GI and GIII JEV by calculating asymptomat- excellent indicator for estimating virulence or pathogenic- ic ratios based on serologic studies during GI- and GIII-JEV endemic periods. The results suggested equal virulence of ity of dengue virus infections among humans (11). We used GI and GIII JEV among humans. the asymptomatic ratio method for a study to determine if GI JEV is associated with lower virulence than GIII JEV among humans in Taiwan. apanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquitoborne Jflavivirus, causes Japanese encephalitis (JE). This virus The Study has been reported in Southeast Asia and Western Pacific re- JEVs were identified in 6 locations in Taiwan during 1994– gions since it emerged during the 1870s in Japan (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Hantavirus Infection Is Inhibited by Griffithsin in Cell Culture
    BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT published: 04 November 2020 doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.561502 Hantavirus Infection Is Inhibited by Griffithsin in Cell Culture Punya Shrivastava-Ranjan 1, Michael K. Lo 1, Payel Chatterjee 1, Mike Flint 1, Stuart T. Nichol 1, Joel M. Montgomery 1, Barry R. O’Keefe 2,3 and Christina F. Spiropoulou 1* 1 Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States, 2 Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States, 3 Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States Andes virus (ANDV) and Sin Nombre virus (SNV), highly pathogenic hantaviruses, cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas. Currently no therapeutics are approved for use against these infections. Griffithsin (GRFT) is a high-mannose oligosaccharide-binding lectin currently being evaluated in phase I clinical trials as a topical microbicide for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT04032717, NCT02875119) and has shown Edited by: broad-spectrum in vivo activity against other viruses, including severe acute respiratory Alemka Markotic, syndrome coronavirus, hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Nipah virus. University Hospital for Infectious Diseases “Dr. Fran Mihaljevic,” Croatia In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral activity of GRFT and its synthetic trimeric Reviewed by: tandemer 3mGRFT against ANDV and SNV. Our results demonstrate that GRFT is a Zhilong Yang, potent inhibitor of ANDV infection. GRFT inhibited entry of pseudo-particles typed with Kansas State University, United States ANDV envelope glycoprotein into host cells, suggesting that it inhibits viral envelope Gill Diamond, University of Louisville, United States protein function during entry.
    [Show full text]
  • West Nile Virus
    Oklahoma State Department of Health Acute Disease Service Public Health Fact Sheet West Nile Virus What is West Nile virus? West Nile virus is one of a group of viruses called arboviruses that are spread by mosquitoes and may cause illness in birds, animals, and humans. West Nile virus was not known to be present in the United States until the summer of 1999. Previously, West Nile virus was only found in Africa, western Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Where is West Nile virus in the United States? West Nile virus was first identified as a disease threat in the United States during the summer of 1999 and was limited to the northeastern states through 2000. However, the virus rapidly expanded its geographic range. By the end of 2004, West Nile virus had spread from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast with viral activity confirmed in all 48 contiguous states. How is it spread? West Nile virus is primarily spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes pick up the virus when they feed on infected birds. The virus must then circulate in the mosquito for a few days before they are capable of passing the infection to animals or humans while biting. West Nile virus is not spread person to person through casual contact such as touching or kissing. Rarely, West Nile virus has also been spread through blood transfusions, although blood banks do screen blood supply for the infection. How long does it take to get sick after a bite from an infected mosquito? It takes about three to 15 days for both human and equine (horse, mule, or donkey) illness to occur after a bite from infected mosquito.
    [Show full text]
  • Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine
    January 8, 1993 / Vol. 42 / No. RR-1 CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION Recommendations and Reports Inactivated Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta, Georgia 30333 The MMWR series of publications is published by the Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Public Health Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333. SUGGESTED CITATION Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Inactivated Japanese encephalitis vi- rus vaccine. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-1):[inclusive page numbers]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .................... William L. Roper, M.D., M.P.H. Director The material in this report was prepared for publication by: National Center for Infectious Diseases..................................James M. Hughes, M.D. Director Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases ........................Duane J. Gubler, Sc.D. Director The production of this report as an MMWR serial publication was coordinated in: Epidemiology Program Office.................................... Stephen B. Thacker, M.D., M.Sc. Director Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H. Editor, MMWR Series Scientific Information and Communications Program Recommendations and Reports ................................... Suzanne M. Hewitt, M.P.A. Managing Editor Sharon D. Hoskins Project Editor Rachel J. Wilson Editorial Trainee Peter M. Jenkins Visual Information Specialist Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    [Show full text]
  • DSHS Arbovirus Activity 061817
    Arbovirus Activity in Texas 2017 Surveillance Report June 2018 Texas Department of State Health Services Infectious Disease Control Unit Zoonosis Control Branch Overview Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes are referred to as arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses. Arboviruses reported in Texas may include California serogroup viruses (CAL), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV), many of which are endemic or enzootic in the state. In 2017, reported human arboviral disease cases were attributed to WNV (54%), ZIKV (22%), DENV (17%), and CHIKV (6%) (Table 1). Animal infections or disease caused by CAL, EEEV, SLEV, and WNV were also reported during 2017. Table 1. Year-End Arbovirus Activity Summary, Texas, 2017 California Serogroup Viruses California serogroup viruses (CAL) are bunyaviruses and include California encephalitis virus (CEV), Jamestown Canyon virus, Keystone virus, La Crosse virus (LACV), snowshoe hare virus, and Trivittatus virus. These viruses are maintained in a cycle between mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts in forest habitats. In the United States (U.S.), approximately 80-100 reported cases of human neuroinvasive disease are caused by LACV each year (CDC), mostly in mid-Atlantic and southeastern states. From 2002-2016, Texas reported a total of 5 cases of human CAL disease (range: 0-3 cases/year): 1 case of CEV neuroinvasive disease and 4 cases of LACV neuroinvasive disease. In 2017, one CEV-positive mosquito pool was identified in Orange County (Figure 1); no human cases of CAL disease were reported.
    [Show full text]