Wnv-Case-Definition.Pdf
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Executive Orders and Emergency Declarations for the West Nile Virus: Applying Lessons from Past Outbreaks to Zika
Executive Orders and Emergency Declarations for the West Nile Virus: Applying Lessons from Past Outbreaks to Zika Government leaders are often given the authority to issue executive orders (EOs), proclamations, or emergency declarations to address public health threats, such as that posed by the Zika virus.1 Local, state, and federal executive branch leaders have used these powers to address public health threats posed by other mosquito-borne diseases.2 While existing laws and regulations may allow localities, states, and the federal government to take action to combat mosquito-borne threats absent an EO or emergency declaration, examining such executive actions provides a snapshot of how some jurisdictions have responded to past outbreaks. As of February 21, 2016, only one territory and two states (Puerto Rico, Florida, and Hawaii) have issued emergency declarations that contemplate the threats posed by the Zika virus.3, 4 Historically, however, many US jurisdictions have taken such actions to address other mosquito-borne illnesses, such as West Nile virus. The following provides a brief analysis of select uses of local, state, and federal executive powers to combat West Nile virus. Examining the use of executive powers to address West 1 L Rutkow et al. The Public Health Workforce and Willingness to Respond to Emergencies: A 50-State Analysis of Potentially Influential Laws, 42 J. LAW MED. & ETHICS 64, 64 (2014) (“In the United States, at the federal, state, and local levels, laws provide an infrastructure for public health emergency preparedness and response efforts. Law is perhaps most visible during an emergency when the president or a state’s governor issues a disaster declaration establishing the temporal and geographic parameters for the response and making financial and other resources available.”). -
Rift Valley and West Nile Virus Antibodies in Camels, North Africa
LETTERS 4°75′Ε) during May–June 2010. All 2. Fijan N, Matasin Z, Petrinec Z, Val- Rift Valley and larvae were euthanized as part of an potiç I, Zwillenberg LO. Isolation of an iridovirus-like agent from the green frog West Nile Virus invasive species eradication project (Rana esculenta L.). Vet Arch Zagreb. and stored at –20°C until further 1991;3:151–8. Antibodies use. At necropsy, liver tissues were 3. Cunningham AA, Langton TES, Bennet in Camels, collected, and DNA was extracted PM, Lewin JF, Drury SEN, Gough RE, et al. Pathological and microbiological North Africa by using the Genomic DNA Mini fi ndings from incidents of unusual mor- Kit (BIOLINE, London, UK). PCR tality of the common frog (Rana tempo- To the Editor: Different to detect ranavirus was performed as raria). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol arboviral diseases have expanded described by Mao et al. (10). Sci. 1996;351:1539–57. doi:10.1098/ rstb.1996.0140 their geographic range in recent times. Three samples showed positive 4. Hyatt AD, Gould AR, Zupanovic Z, Of them, Rift Valley fever, West Nile results with this PCR. These samples Cunningham AA, Hengstberger S, Whit- fever, and African horse sickness were sequenced by using primers tington RJ, et al. Comparative studies of are of particular concern. They are M4 and M5 described by Mao et al. piscine and amphibian iridoviruses. Arch Virol. 2000;145:301–31. doi:10.1007/ endemic to sub-Saharan Africa but (10) and blasted in GenBank. A 100% s007050050025 occasionally spread beyond this area. -
A New Orbivirus Isolated from Mosquitoes in North-Western Australia Shows Antigenic and Genetic Similarity to Corriparta Virus B
viruses Article A New Orbivirus Isolated from Mosquitoes in North-Western Australia Shows Antigenic and Genetic Similarity to Corriparta Virus but Does Not Replicate in Vertebrate Cells Jessica J. Harrison 1,†, David Warrilow 2,†, Breeanna J. McLean 1, Daniel Watterson 1, Caitlin A. O’Brien 1, Agathe M.G. Colmant 1, Cheryl A. Johansen 3, Ross T. Barnard 1, Sonja Hall-Mendelin 2, Steven S. Davis 4, Roy A. Hall 1 and Jody Hobson-Peters 1,* 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia; [email protected] (J.J.H.); [email protected] (B.J.M.); [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (C.A.O.B.); [email protected] (A.M.G.C.); [email protected] (R.T.B.); [email protected] (R.A.H.) 2 Public Health Virology Laboratory, Department of Health, Queensland Government, P.O. Box 594, Archerfield 4108, Australia; [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (S.H.-M.) 3 School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia; [email protected] 4 Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Darwin 0828, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-7-3365-4648 † These authors contributed equally to the work. Academic Editor: Karyn Johnson Received: 19 February 2016; Accepted: 10 May 2016; Published: 20 May 2016 Abstract: The discovery and characterisation of new mosquito-borne viruses provides valuable information on the biodiversity of vector-borne viruses and important insights into their evolution. -
Potential Arbovirus Emergence and Implications for the United Kingdom Ernest Andrew Gould,* Stephen Higgs,† Alan Buckley,* and Tamara Sergeevna Gritsun*
Potential Arbovirus Emergence and Implications for the United Kingdom Ernest Andrew Gould,* Stephen Higgs,† Alan Buckley,* and Tamara Sergeevna Gritsun* Arboviruses have evolved a number of strategies to Chikungunya virus and in the family Bunyaviridae, sand- survive environmental challenges. This review examines fly fever Naples virus (often referred to as Toscana virus), the factors that may determine arbovirus emergence, pro- sandfly fever Sicilian virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic vides examples of arboviruses that have emerged into new fever virus (CCHFV), Inkoo virus, and Tahyna virus, habitats, reviews the arbovirus situation in western Europe which is widespread throughout Europe. Rift Valley fever in detail, discusses potential arthropod vectors, and attempts to predict the risk for arbovirus emergence in the virus (RVFV) and Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV) United Kingdom. We conclude that climate change is prob- could be introduced to Europe from Africa through animal ably the most important requirement for the emergence of transportation. Finally, the family Reoviridae contains a arthropodborne diseases such as dengue fever, yellow variety of animal arbovirus pathogens, including blue- fever, Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis, Crimean- tongue virus and African horse sickness virus, both known Congo hemorrhagic fever, bluetongue, and African horse to be circulating in Europe. This review considers whether sickness in the United Kingdom. While other arboviruses, any of these pathogenic arboviruses are likely to emerge such as West Nile virus, Sindbis virus, Tahyna virus, and and cause disease in the United Kingdom in the foresee- Louping ill virus, apparently circulate in the United able future. Kingdom, they do not appear to present an imminent threat to humans or animals. -
Rift Valley Fever for Host Innate Immunity in Resistance to a New
A New Mouse Model Reveals a Critical Role for Host Innate Immunity in Resistance to Rift Valley Fever This information is current as Tânia Zaverucha do Valle, Agnès Billecocq, Laurent of September 25, 2021. Guillemot, Rudi Alberts, Céline Gommet, Robert Geffers, Kátia Calabrese, Klaus Schughart, Michèle Bouloy, Xavier Montagutelli and Jean-Jacques Panthier J Immunol 2010; 185:6146-6156; Prepublished online 11 October 2010; Downloaded from doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000949 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/185/10/6146 Supplementary http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2010/10/12/jimmunol.100094 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Material 9.DC1 References This article cites 46 articles, 17 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/185/10/6146.full#ref-list-1 Why The JI? Submit online. by guest on September 25, 2021 • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2010 by The American -
West Nile Virus (WNV) Fact Sheet
West Nile Virus (WNV) Fact Sheet What Is West Nile Virus? How Does West Nile Virus Spread? West Nile virus infection can cause serious disease. WNV is ▪ Infected Mosquitoes. established as a seasonal epidemic in North America that WNV is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. flares up in the summer and continues into the fall. This Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on fact sheet contains important information that can help infected birds. Infected mosquitoes can then spread you recognize and prevent West Nile virus. WNV to humans and other animals when they bite. What Can I Do to Prevent WNV? ▪ Transfusions, Transplants, and Mother-to-Child. In a very small number of cases, WNV also has been The easiest and best way to avoid WNV is to prevent spread directly from an infected person through blood mosquito bites. transfusions, organ transplants, breastfeeding and ▪ When outdoors, use repellents containing DEET, during pregnancy from mother to baby. picaridin, IR3535, some oil of lemon eucalyptus or para- Not through touching. menthane-diol. Follow the directions on the package. ▪ WNV is not spread through casual contact such as ▪ Many mosquitoes are most active from dusk to dawn. touching or kissing a person with the virus. Be sure to use insect repellent and wear long sleeves and pants at these times or consider staying indoors How Soon Do Infected People Get Sick? during these hours. People typically develop symptoms between 3 and 14 days after they are bitten by the infected mosquito. ▪ Make sure you have good screens on your windows and doors to keep mosquitoes out. -
West Nile Virus Questions and Answers
West Nile Virus Questions and Answers Q: How do people get infected with West Nile Virus (WNV)? A: The most likely way a human would become infected with WNV is through the bite of an infected mosquito. Some people have also become infected with WNV following receipt of contaminated blood or blood products, or transplanted organs from an infected donor. Mothers who are recently infected with WNV may also transmit the virus to their unborn child, or to their baby while breastfeeding. Q: Who is at risk for getting West Nile encephalitis? A: All residents of areas where WNV activity has been identified are at risk of getting West Nile encephalitis. Q: What is the time from exposure to onset of disease symptoms for West Nile encephalitis in humans? A: Usually 3 to 15 days. Q: What are the symptoms of West Nile virus infection? A: Most people who are infected with WNV will not have any noticeable illness, or have a mild form of illness called West Nile Fever. Persons with West Nile Fever typically experience symptoms of fever, headache, nausea, muscle weakness, and body aches lasting 2 to 6 days or longer. Sensitivity when looking at light and a skin rash appearing on the trunk of the body may also be present. Approximately 20% of persons infected with WNV will develop more severe neurologic disease that may be life-threatening. Adults over the age of 50 years are at greater risk of having serious disease. Potential symptoms of severe infection (West Nile encephalitis or meningitis) include intense headache, dizziness, severe muscle weakness, neck stiffness, vomiting, disorientation, mental confusion, tremors, muscle paralysis, or convulsions and coma. -
West Nile Virus
Oklahoma State Department of Health Acute Disease Service Public Health Fact Sheet West Nile Virus What is West Nile virus? West Nile virus is one of a group of viruses called arboviruses that are spread by mosquitoes and may cause illness in birds, animals, and humans. West Nile virus was not known to be present in the United States until the summer of 1999. Previously, West Nile virus was only found in Africa, western Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe. Where is West Nile virus in the United States? West Nile virus was first identified as a disease threat in the United States during the summer of 1999 and was limited to the northeastern states through 2000. However, the virus rapidly expanded its geographic range. By the end of 2004, West Nile virus had spread from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast with viral activity confirmed in all 48 contiguous states. How is it spread? West Nile virus is primarily spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes pick up the virus when they feed on infected birds. The virus must then circulate in the mosquito for a few days before they are capable of passing the infection to animals or humans while biting. West Nile virus is not spread person to person through casual contact such as touching or kissing. Rarely, West Nile virus has also been spread through blood transfusions, although blood banks do screen blood supply for the infection. How long does it take to get sick after a bite from an infected mosquito? It takes about three to 15 days for both human and equine (horse, mule, or donkey) illness to occur after a bite from infected mosquito. -
Interaction of TIA-1/TIAR with West Nile and Dengue Virus Products in Infected Cells Interferes with Stress Granule Formation and Processing Body Assembly
Interaction of TIA-1/TIAR with West Nile and dengue virus products in infected cells interferes with stress granule formation and processing body assembly Mohamed M. Emara and Margo A. Brinton* Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302 Communicated by Hilary Koprowski, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, April 11, 2007 (received for review February 23, 2007) -The West Nile virus minus-strand 3 terminal stem loop (SL) RNA cells and tissues (8, 9). TIA-1 and TIAR contain three N was previously shown to bind specifically to cellular stress granule terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRM) (10) and a glutamine- (SG) components, T cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1) and the rich C-terminal domain, called prion-related domain (PRD), related protein TIAR. In vitro TIAR binding was 10 times more that shares structural and functional characteristics with the efficient than TIA-1. The 3(؊)SL functions as the promoter for aggregation domains of mammalian and yeast prion proteins genomic RNA synthesis. Colocalization of TIAR and TIA-1 with the (11). A recombinant TIA-1 protein lacking the three RNA- viral replication complex components dsRNA and NS3 was ob- binding domains was unable to bind poly(A)ϩ RNA and recruit served in the perinuclear regions of West Nile virus- and dengue it to SGs (2). Deletion of the TIA-1 PRD inhibited protein virus-infected cells. The kinetics of accumulation of TIAR in the aggregation and SG assembly (11). PRD aggregation is regulated perinuclear region was similar to those of genomic RNA synthesis. by the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and In contrast, relocation of TIA-1 to the perinuclear region began only overexpression of HSP70 prevented cytosolic aggregation of after maximal levels of RNA synthesis had been achieved, except PRD (11). -
Transmission of Dengue Virus Without a Mosquito Vector: Nosocomial
BRIEF REPORT Transmission of Dengue Virus had recently returned from Peru; the presumed mechanism of transmission was mucocutaneous exposure that occurred dur- without a Mosquito Vector: ing medical care. We describe both cases of dengue fever and Nosocomial Mucocutaneous review the ways that dengue virus can be transmitted without mosquito vectors. Transmission and Other Routes Case reports. Patient 1, a 48-year-old female traveler, pres- of Transmission ented in November 2002 with a 5-day history of fever, myalgia, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/39/6/e56/359683 by guest on 30 September 2021 and headache. She had recently returned from Iquitos, Peru Lin H. Chen1,2,3 and Mary E. Wilson1,3 (on a trip that lasted from 1 through 10 November), where 1Harvard Medical School, and 2Travel Medicine Center and 3Division of she worked as a nurse on a medical mission and traveled Infectious Diseases, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts through the Amazon jungles. She stayed in a hotel that had unscreened, open windows. The patient had received hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and oral typhoid vaccines prior to We report a case of dengue fever in a Boston-area health travel, and she took mefloquine hydrochloride for malaria pro- care worker with no recent history of travel but with mu- phylaxis. She had received yellow fever vaccine in 1997. cocutaneous exposure to infected blood from a febrile trav- At examination, the patient’s temperature was 37.9ЊC. Ab- eler who had recently returned from Peru. Serologic tests normal findings included marked erythroderma, especially on confirmed acute dengue virus infection in both the traveler the patient’s back, and a maculopapular rash along her hairline. -
DSHS Arbovirus Activity 061817
Arbovirus Activity in Texas 2017 Surveillance Report June 2018 Texas Department of State Health Services Infectious Disease Control Unit Zoonosis Control Branch Overview Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes are referred to as arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses. Arboviruses reported in Texas may include California serogroup viruses (CAL), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV), many of which are endemic or enzootic in the state. In 2017, reported human arboviral disease cases were attributed to WNV (54%), ZIKV (22%), DENV (17%), and CHIKV (6%) (Table 1). Animal infections or disease caused by CAL, EEEV, SLEV, and WNV were also reported during 2017. Table 1. Year-End Arbovirus Activity Summary, Texas, 2017 California Serogroup Viruses California serogroup viruses (CAL) are bunyaviruses and include California encephalitis virus (CEV), Jamestown Canyon virus, Keystone virus, La Crosse virus (LACV), snowshoe hare virus, and Trivittatus virus. These viruses are maintained in a cycle between mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts in forest habitats. In the United States (U.S.), approximately 80-100 reported cases of human neuroinvasive disease are caused by LACV each year (CDC), mostly in mid-Atlantic and southeastern states. From 2002-2016, Texas reported a total of 5 cases of human CAL disease (range: 0-3 cases/year): 1 case of CEV neuroinvasive disease and 4 cases of LACV neuroinvasive disease. In 2017, one CEV-positive mosquito pool was identified in Orange County (Figure 1); no human cases of CAL disease were reported. -
Single Mosquito Metatranscriptomics Identifies Vectors, Emerging Pathogens and Reservoirs in One Assay
TOOLS AND RESOURCES Single mosquito metatranscriptomics identifies vectors, emerging pathogens and reservoirs in one assay Joshua Batson1†, Gytis Dudas2†, Eric Haas-Stapleton3†, Amy L Kistler1†*, Lucy M Li1†, Phoenix Logan1†, Kalani Ratnasiri4†, Hanna Retallack5† 1Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States; 2Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden; 3Alameda County Mosquito Abatement District, Hayward, United States; 4Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States; 5Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States Abstract Mosquitoes are major infectious disease-carrying vectors. Assessment of current and future risks associated with the mosquito population requires knowledge of the full repertoire of pathogens they carry, including novel viruses, as well as their blood meal sources. Unbiased metatranscriptomic sequencing of individual mosquitoes offers a straightforward, rapid, and quantitative means to acquire this information. Here, we profile 148 diverse wild-caught mosquitoes collected in California and detect sequences from eukaryotes, prokaryotes, 24 known and 46 novel viral species. Importantly, sequencing individuals greatly enhanced the value of the biological information obtained. It allowed us to (a) speciate host mosquito, (b) compute the prevalence of each microbe and recognize a high frequency of viral co-infections, (c) associate animal pathogens with specific blood meal sources, and (d) apply simple co-occurrence methods to recover previously undetected components of highly prevalent segmented viruses. In the context *For correspondence: of emerging diseases, where knowledge about vectors, pathogens, and reservoirs is lacking, the [email protected] approaches described here can provide actionable information for public health surveillance and †These authors contributed intervention decisions.