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Perayaan Tahun Baru Di Jepang Nihon De No Oshougatsu

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Perayaan Tahun Baru Di Jepang Nihon De No Oshougatsu PERAYAAN TAHUN BARU DI JEPANG NIHON DE NO OSHOUGATSU Kertas Karya DISUSUN O L E H FRISKA RATZAN RIANA 132203066 PROGRAM STUDI D-III BAHASA JEPANG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2016 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA PERAYAAN TAHUN BARU DI JEPANG NIHON DE NO OSHOUGATSU KERTAS KARYA Kertas karya ini diajukan kepada panitia ujian program pendidikan Non-Gelar Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, untuk melengkapi salah satu syarat kelulusan Diploma III dalam bidang Bahasa Jepang. Dikerjakan OLEH: FRISKA RATZAN RIANA NIM:132203066 Pembimbing, Pembaca Zulnaidi, S.S., M.Hum Mhd. Pujiono, M.Hum., Ph.D NIP. 196708072004011001 NIP.196910112002121001 PROGRAM STUDI DIII BAHASA JEPANG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2016 2 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Disetujui oleh : Program Diploma Sastra dan Budaya Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Program Studi DIII Bahasa Jepang Ketua Program Studi Zulnaidi S.S, M.Hum NIP. 196708072005011001 Medan, Juni 2016 3 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA PENGESAHAN Diterima Oleh Panitia Ujian Program Pendidikan Non-Gelar Sastra Budaya Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, untuk melengkapi salah satu syarat Diploma III dalam Bidang Studi Bahasa Jepang. Pada : Tanggal : Hari : Program Diploma Sastra Budaya Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Dekan, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. Nip 196008051987031001 Panitia Ujian : No. Nama 1. Zulnaidi, S.S, M.Hum. ( ) 2. Zulnaidi, S.S, M.Hum. ( ) 3. Mhd. Pujiono, M.Hum., Ph.D. ( ) 4 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KATA PENGANTAR Pertama-tama saya panjatkan puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT karena berkat rahmat dan karunia-Nya, saya dapat menyelesaikan kertas karya yang berjudul PERAYAAN TAHUN BARU DI JEPANG, sebagaimana syarat dalam menyelesaikan Pendidikan Program Study D-III Bahasa Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya dengan gelar Ahli Madya pada Universitas Sumatera Utara. Dalam penyelesaian kertas karya ini, penulis banyak menerima bantuan dari berbagai pihak yang bersedia membantu, baik berupa bimbingan maupun pengarahan. Untuk itu, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada : 1. Bapak Dr. Budi Agustono MS, selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2. Bapak Zulnaidi, S.S., M.Hum, selaku Ketua Jurusan Program Studi D-III Bahasa Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. 3. Bapak Zulnaidi, S.S., M.Hum, selaku dosen pembimbing yang sudah banyak membimbing serta membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan perkuliahan dan kertas karya ini. 4. Bapak Mhd. Pujiono. M.Hum., Ph.D, selaku dosen pembaca yang sudah memberikan bimbingan dan arahan dalam menyelesaikan kertas karya ini. 5. Bapak dan Ibu dosen Bahasa Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara yang telah mendidik penulis selama menjadi mahasiswa di Program Studi D-III Bahasa Jepang. i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 6. Kedua orangtua saya Agus Efendy Tanjung dan Diana br Siringo-ringo yang telah membesarkan saya dan merawat saya sampai saya menjadi seperti sekarang serta senantiasa mendukung saya, baik berupa dukungan moril maupun material. 7. Teman-teman saya, Ade Andriani, Intan Arianta dan teman-teman angkatan 2013 yang telah banyak membantu dan memberi semangat kepada saya dalam penyelesaian kertas karya ini. 8. Semua pihak yang terkait yang tidak dapat penulis sebutkan namanya satu per satu, yang telah membantu dan mendukung penulis dalam menyelesaikan kertas karya ini. Semoga kertas karya ini memberi manfaat dan semoga dapat menambah wawasan bagi orang yang membacanya. Penulis juga mengharapkan kritik dan saran pembaca demi kesempurnaan kertas karya ini. Medan, Juni 2016 Penulis Friska Ratzan Riana NIM. 132203066 ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ……………………………………………………..…... i DAFTAR ISI ......…………………………………………………………….... iii BAB I PENDAHULUAN ……………………………………………………... 1 1.1 Alasan Pemilihan Judul ………………………………………………... 1 1.2 Tujuan Penulisan ……………………………………………………….. 3 1.3 Batasan Masalah ………………………………………………………... 3 1.4 Metode Penulisan ……………………………………………………..... 4 BAB II GAMBARAN UMUM …………………………………………..…… 5 2.1 Sejarah Tahun Baru di Jepang ………………………………………….. 5 2.2 Makna Tahun Baru Bagi Masyarakat Jepang ………………………...… 6 BAB III PERAYAAN TAHUN BARU DI JEPANG ……………………….. 9 3.1 Cara Merayakan Tahun Baru di Jepang ………………………………... 9 3.2 Kegiatan Perayaan Tahun Baru di Jepang ..………………………...…. 10 BAB IV KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ………………………………......… 27 4.1 Kesimpulan ……………………………………………………...…….. 27 4.2 Saran ………………………………………………………...……….... 29 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ABSTRAK iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Alasan Pemilihan Judul Jepang adalah sebutan orang Indonesia, sementara orang Eropa menyebutnya Japan atau Japon, sedangkan orang Jepang sendiri menyebut Nippon atau Nihon (日本). Dilihat dari kanjinya, Nihon (日本) artinya asal matahari. Sebutan ini berasal dari bangsa yang berada di sebelah barat Jepang, yaitu orang Tairiku (daratan Asia). Masa itu adalah masa pengiriman Kenzuishi dan Kentoshi dari Kerajaan China untuk mengetahui daerah asal matahari terbit. Jepang adalah Negara kepulauan yang terdiri dari 4 pulau besar dan beribu-ribu pulau kecil. Pulau-pulau besar tersebut adalah Hokkaido (北海道), Honshu ( 本 州 ), Shikoku ( 四 国 ) dan Kyushu ( 九 州 ). Berdasarkan letak geografisnya, Jepang mempunyai 4 musim yaitu musim dingin (fuyu/Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.), musim semi (haru/Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.), musim panas (natsu/Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.) dan musim gugur (aki/Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.). Di setiap musim, ada berbagai festival atau perayaan (matsuri/祭り). Matsuri adalah sesuatu yang paling penting dalam sistem kepercayaan Jepang. Inti dari matsuri di Jepang adalah penyembahan Roh leluhur yang tinggal di gunung. Orang Jepang percaya perjalanan roh leluhur berhubungan dengan musim pada setiap tahunnya. Dalam matsuri, yang dipersembahkan adalah makanan dan minuman yang kemudian bisa dimakan oleh 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA manusia. Di Jepang, penghormatan terhadap roh leluhur dilakukan 2 kali, yaitu pada musim panas saat merayakan perayaan obon dan di awal Tahun Baru. Saat perayaan Tahun Baru, orang Jepang percaya roh leluhur datang sebagai Toshigami (Dewa Tahun) yang memberi berkah dan kelimpahan sepanjang tahun. Dalam bahasa Jepang, Tahun Baru disebut Shougatsu (正月). Tahun Baru di Jepang berlangsung selama 3 hari, mulai dari tanggal 1 Januari sampai tanggal 3 Januari. Sedangkan kegiatan menyambut Tahun Baru sudah dimulai sejak 2 atau 3 minggu sebelum pergantian tahun. Kegiatan-kegiatan tersebut adalah oosouji ( 大掃除/kegiatan bersih-bersih rumah secara besar-besaran), pemasangan kazari atau hiasan, menyiapkan makanan khas Tahun Baru (osechi ryouri/お節料理), mengirim nengajou (年賀状/kartu pos Tahun Baru) ke kantor pos dan beberapa kegiatan religius lainnya. Berbeda dengan kota-kota besar pada umumnya yang merayakan Tahun Baru dengan penuh kemeriahan, di Jepang Tahun Baru dirayakan dengan suasana hening dan sepi. Hal ini dikarenakan Jepang masih memegang teguh tradisi dari nenek moyang mereka. Pada malam Tahun Baru, orang Jepang mempunyai tradisi memakan soba yang disebut toshikoshi soba. Kemudian pada malam pergantian tahun, seluruh kuil Buddha yang ada di Jepang akan memukul genta sebanyak 108 kali. Hari-hari pada awal Tahun Baru ditandai dengan kunjungan pertama ke kuil- kuil agama Shinto dan Buddha yang disebut dengan hatsumoude. Selain itu, Tahun Baru juga dijadikan moment untuk mengunjungi tetangga atau bunke (keluarga cabang) dan honke (keluarga asal). Bagi anak-anak yang tinggal jauh dari orang tua dan keluarga atau perantau, memanfaatkan libur Tahun Baru untuk 2 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA pulang ke kampung halaman, berkumpul bersama keluarga dan saling memberi salam Tahun Baru. Orang Jepang merayakan Tahun Baru berdasarkan tradisi yang turun dari nenek moyang mereka dan sangat jauh dari kemeriahan. Hal inilah yang membuat penulis tertarik untuk membahas lebih dalam tentang perayaan Tahun Baru di Jepang. Sesuai dengan topik yang akan dibahas, judul kertas karya ini adalah “PERAYAAN TAHUN BARU DI JEPANG”. 1.2 Tujuan Penulisan Adapun tujuan penulisan kertas karya dengan judul “PERAYAAN TAHUN BARU DI JEPANG” ini adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Untuk mengetahui sejarah Tahun Baru di Jepang 2. Untuk mengetahui makna Tahun Baru bagi masyarakat Jepang 3. Untuk mengetahui cara orang Jepang merayakan Tahun Baru 4. Untuk mengetahui tradisi dan kebiasaan yang dilakukan pada perayaan Tahun Baru di Jepang 1.3 Batasan Masalah Pada penulisan kertas karya ini, penulis memfokuskan tentang cara merayakan Tahun Baru di Jepang. Untuk mendukung pembahasan ini, penulis 3 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA juga mengemukakan tentang sejarah Tahun Baru di Jepang serta makna dan keunikan perayaan Tahun Baru di Jepang. 1.4 Metode Penulisan Dalam penulisan kertas karya ini, penulis menggunakan metode kepustakaan (library research), yaitu dengan cara mengumpulkan sumber-sumber bacaan berupa buku sebagai referensi yang berkaitan dengan pokok permasalahan yang dibahas kemudian dirangkum dan dideskripsikan ke dalam kertas karya ini. Selain itu, penulis juga memanfaatkan media Internet untuk mencari referensi tambahan agar data yang didapatkan menjadi lebih jelas dan lebih akurat. 4 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB II GAMBARAN UMUM 2.1 Sejarah Tahun Baru di Jepang Bagi Negara atau budaya yang mempunyai kalender tahunan mempunyai perayaan Tahun Baru. Mereka memperingati Tahun Baru pada tanggal yang ditentukan oleh agama mereka. Bagi Negara yang mengadopsi Kalender Gregorian, merayakan Tahun Baru
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