Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Structures of Nucleic Acids DNA Replication RNA and Transcription 1 Nucleotides Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides that have a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate Base PO4 Sugar nucleoside 2 Nitrogen-Containing Bases O NH2 H CH3 N N N O N N N H H adenine (A) thymine (T) O NH2 O H N CH3 H CH3 N N N N NH2 N O N O N H H H guanine (G) cytosine (C) uracil (U) 3 Sugars HOCH2 O OH HOCH2 O OH OH OH OH (no O) ribose deoxyribose 4 Nucleosides in DNA Base Sugar Nucleoside Adenine (A) Deoxyribose Adenosine Guanine (G) Deoxyribose Guanosine Cytosine (C) Deoxyribose Cytidine Thymine (T) Deoxyribose Thymidine 5 Nucleosides in RNA Base Sugar Nucleoside Adenine (A) ribose Adenosine Guanine (G) ribose Guanosine Cytosine (C) ribose Cytidine Uracil (U) ribose Uridine 6 Example of a Nucleotide NH2 N O O N O- P O CH 2O O- OH deoxycytidine monophosphate (dCMP) 7 Nucleotides in DNA and RNA DNA dAMP Deoxyadenosine monophosphate dGMP Deoxyguanosine monophosphate dCMP Deoxycytidine monophosphate dTMP Deoxythymidine monophosphate RNA AMP adenosine monophosphate GMP guanosine monophosphate CMP cytidine monophosphate UMP uridine monophosphate 8 Structure of Nucleic Acids • Polymers of four nucleotides • Linked by alternating sugar-phosphate bonds • RNA: ribose and A, G, C, U • DNA: deoxyribose and A,G,C,T base base base base sugar P sugar P sugar P sugar P nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide 9 Nucleic Acid Structure NH2 N CMP O O N - O P O CH2 O O- 3 NH2 OH N 3,5-phosphodiester bond N O 5 N N O P O CH2 O AMP O- 10 OH Double Helix of DNA • DNA contains two strands of nucleotides • H bonds hold the two strands in a double- helix structure • A helix structure is like a spiral stair case • Bases are always paired as A–T and G-C • Thus the bases along one strand complement the bases along the other 11 Complementary Base Pairs •Two H bonds for A-T •Three H bonds for G-C 12 Double Helix of DNA 13 Learning Check NA1 Write the complementary base sequence for the matching strand in the following DNA section: -A-G-T-C-C-A-A-T-G-C- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 Solution NA1 Write the complementary base sequence for the matching strand in the following DNA section: -A-G-T-C-C-A-A-T-G-C- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • -T-C-A-G-G-T-T-A-C-G- 15 DNA Replication • DNA in the chromosomes replicates itself every cell division • Maintains correct genetic information • Two strands of DNA unwind • Each strand acts like a template • New bases pair with their complementary base • Two double helixes form that are copies of original DNA 16 DNA Unwinds G- -C G-C A-T A- -T C-G C- + -G T-A T- -A 17 DNA Copied with Base Pairs Two copies of original DNA strand G-C G-C A-T A-T C-G + C-G T-A G-A 18 .

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Functional Food Ingredients
B&H BIOTECHNOLOGY CO. 必致生物科技有限公司 TRADING DIVISION FUNCTIONAL FOOD INGREDIENTS www.bhbiotech.com B&H BIOTECHNOLOGY CO. 必致生物科技有限公司 TRADING DIVISION GREAT PRODUCT OPPORTUNITIES B&H Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Hong Kong) is an international trading company specializing in pharmaceutical products and functional food ingredients. We have more than 20 years of experience in international trading business and have customers in more than 30 countries. Quick response, best service and competitive prices have made us the preferred partner. FUNCTIONAL FOOD INGREDIENTS PRODUCT PORTFOLIO 5’- Nucleotide (NUC) products Fructose – 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) products Alpha-amylase inhibitor (wheat origin) Yeast RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Casein Phosphopeptides, CPP Citicoline Sodium, CDPC S-Ademetionine, SAM Adenosine Monophophate, AMP Adenosine Cyclphosphate, cAMP Cytidine Monophosphate, CMP Feed Nucleotides Other food ingredients and supplements www.bhbiotech.com B&H BIOTECHNOLOGY CO. 必致生物科技有限公司 TRADING DIVISION 5’- NUCLEOTIDES AND FRUCTOSE-1,6-DIPHOSPHATE PRODUCTS B&H Biotechnology Co., Ltd provides high quality 5′-nucleotides, fructose-1,6- diphosphate salts and their derivatives from the most reliable manufactures. These products are widely used in pharmaceutical and food industries. Among them, 5'-nucleotides are particularly competitive owing to breakthroughs in the bio-catalysis, bio- process and separation technologies. All products have the certifications of HACCP, Halal and Kosher. These products have a strong market position in China, and are exported into EU, USA, South America , Australia and Middle-East. 5’-Nucleotide (NUC) products 5’-nucleotides are widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries, especially as infant powder milk additives. They can improve the human immunity, enhance the ability of babies to resist bacillary dysentery and can reduce the incidence rate of diarrhea.
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2425.Full.Pdf
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ASM Abbreviations
The words, abbreviations, and designations that follow are commonly encountered in ASM manuscripts. An asterisk (*) indicates that the abbreviation may be used (without introduction) with or without a numeral; however, the term should always be abbreviated in the bodies of tables. A double asterisk (**) indicates that the abbreviation must be used without introduction. “Need not be defined” means that the abbreviation does not have to be introduced, but it may be. “Hyphenated as unit modifier” means that the phrase is hyphenated when it is used adjectivally and precedes the noun it modifies; when it follows the noun, it should not be hyphenated: Gram-positive cells, BUT the cells were Gram positive. “Follow au.” means that ASM copy editors follow the author if one of the alternative forms is used consistently throughout the manuscript; otherwise, the copy editor will choose one form and be consistent. At times, your definition for an abbreviation may vary significantly from the one given here. Generally, ASM copy editors will follow the author, especially if the term is a chemical name that can be verified. If the variation is slight, however (e.g., hyphens, spacing), the copy editor will follow this manual. You may find helpful medical acronym websites like https://www.medindia.net/medical-abbreviations-and- acronyms/index.asp and https://www.medilexicon.com/abbreviations. As a general rule, use the specific abbreviations given in this list: PFU, NOT pfu; i.p., NOT IP; cpm, NOT CPM; IFN, NOT IF. For abbreviations that do not appear in this manual, periods and all-lowercase abbreviations should be avoided.
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