The Dictionary of VIROLOGY This page intentionally left blank The Dictionary of VIROLOGY Fourth Edition Brian W.J. Mahy Division of Emerging Infections and Surveillance Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA 30333 USA AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. 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Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-12-373732-8 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd., A Macmillan Company. (www.macmillansolutions.com) Printed and bound in the USA 09 10 11 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Preface to the Fourth Edition The fourth edition of this Dictionary was necessary because of the consider- able body of new knowledge concerning viruses which has accumulated since the last edition appeared in 2001. As in previous editions, the Dictionary is confined to viruses affecting vertebrates, from humans to fish, and no attempt has been made to include viruses which infect bacteria, fungi, invertebrates, or plants. Thus this book is mainly aimed at an audience of those interested in human or veterinary virology. Those needing a complete coverage of all viruses can consult the Encyclopedia of Virology (3rd edition, 2008) edited by BWJ Mahy and MHV van Regenmortel (Oxford: Academic Press). W i t hin this field the last 7 years have witnessed the emergence of numer- ous previously unknown viruses, such as the new human coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This disease spread rapidly around the world from its origin in China to infect more than 8000 persons, some 800 of whom died. In addition, new technological approaches have uncovered other new viruses such as the human bocavirus and the human metapneumo- virus, both of which are associated with respiratory tract infections worldwide. A further reason for this fourth edition is that the ICTV, which is the decid- ing body on virus nomenclature and taxonomy of the International Union of Microbiological Societies, has produced a new eighth Report, under the chair- manship of L Andrew Ball, which includes many changes and refinements, and these are reflected throughout this new edition. Many of the changes are based upon reliable nucleotide sequence analyses of viral genomes. The speed with which this information can be obtained nowadays is evident from the outbreak of SARS which was first isolated in March 2003, but even though the coronavirus genome is the largest of any RNA virus, two complete genome sequences were published by independent laboratories in Canada and US by May of that year. As in previous editions, I have provided many references that will serve to provide easy entry into the literature. In general these have been chosen on the basis of wide coverage of the field, such as review articles, rather than first reports. Space constraints made it impossible to cite all key papers in an area, and omission of a relevant publication does not mean that it was not consid- ered in writing the entry. I wish to thank the many fellow virologists who provided comments or information during the preparation of this edition, especially Tom Barrett, Charles Calisher, Rosa Gualano, James Mills, Stuart Nichol, Colin Parrish, Peter Tattersall, Bill Taylor Marc van Regenmortel, Peter Walker, and Scott Weaver. If any readers wish to offer suggestions for correction or other improvement to this text, I would appreciate receiving them by e-mail to [email protected]. Finally, I wish to express my deepest thanks to my dear wife Penny for the great skill and dedication she was able to bring to editing this new edition. Brian WJ Mahy Atlanta, Georgia USA This page intentionally left blank A 10924 virus An isolate of Latino virus in lung carcinomatous tissue from a 58- the genus Arenavirus . year-old Caucasian male. 12056 virus An isolate of Paraná virus in A6 cells (CCL 102) Epithelial cell line the genus Arenavirus . initiated by primary cultivation of normal kidneys from an adult male 127 virus See egg drop syndrome 1976- toad. The cells support the replication associated virus . of frog virus 3 but not the Lucke frog herpesvirus. 13p2 virus American oyster reovirus in the genus Aquareovirus . A9 cells (CCL 1.4) A fibroblastic cell line derived from wild-type L929 cells. 1324Cg/79 virus A strain of Puumala virus Sensitive to HAT selection media, in the genus Hantavirus . deficient in adenosine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) and hypoxanthine 2060 virus Classified originally as echo- phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT). virus 28. Now designated a strain of See HAT selection . human rhinovirus subtype 1A in the genus Rhinovirus . A particles See A-type virus particles . 3076 virus An isolate of Mobala virus in A23 virus A subtype in the genus Human the genus Arenavirus . enterovirus B . Originally thought to be coxsackie A23 virus but identical to 3099 virus An isolate of Mobala virus in human echovirus 9. the genus Arenavirus . AA288-77 virus An isolate of Machupo 3739 virus An isolate of Pichinde virus in virus in the genus Arenavirus . Isolated the genus Arenavirus . in Bolivia from the rodent Calomys callosus . 63U-11 virus (63UV) A strain of Marituba virus in the genus Orthobunyavirus . AAV Abbreviation for Adeno-associated virus in the genus Dependovirus . 75V 446 virus (San Juan virus) A strain of Alajuela virus in the genus Abacavir n 6-Cyclopropylamino 2 Ј 3 Ј - Orthobunyavirus . dideoxyguanosine. A carbocyclic nucle- oside analog of deoxyguanosine, which 75V 2374 virus (V2374V) A strain is phosphorylated to form carbovir of Alajuela virus in the genus triphosphate, an inhibitor of reverse Orthobunyavirus . transcriptase activity. Potentially active against retrovirus infection, but resist- 75V 2621 virus (V2621V) A strain ant mutations have been observed in of Gamboa virus in the genus clinical isolates. Orthobunyavirus . Abadina virus (ABAV) A serotype of 78V 2441 virus (V2441V) A strain Palyam virus in the genus Orbivirus of Alajuela virus in the genus belonging to the Palyam serogroup. Orthobunyavirus . Isolated from Culicoides sp. A549 cells (CCL 185) Epithelial cell line Abelson murine leukemia virus initiated through the explant culture of (AbMLV) An acutely transforming Abelson murine leukemia virus (AbMLV) 2 strain of Murine leukemia virus in the blood of a 3-year-old boy with biphasic genus Gammaretrovirus isolated from fever and signs of meningitis. Found prednisolone-treated BALB/c mice in Sweden, Finland, Poland, former inoculated with Moloney leukemia Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria, virus. It has a short latent period and Bulgaria, and western parts of the produces lymphoid leukemia of B-cell former USSR. type. It can transform 3T3 mouse cells in vitro . Requires a helper virus for absorbance The amount of light absorbed complete virus replication. by a solution or substance at a particu- Risser R et al (1982) Biochim Biophys Acta 651 , lar wavelength. 213 Synonym : optical density. abl gene The oncogene of Abelson absorption Uptake of one substance by murine leukemia virus. The gene prod- another, e.g. removal of antibodies uct, a 160-kDa fusion protein, attaches from a mixture by adding soluble anti- to the cell plasma membrane via a gens, or vice versa . myristic acid residue and has tyrosine- specific protein kinase activity. absorption spectrum Graphical represen- tation of the absorbance of a substance Abney virus A virus, isolated from an at different wavelengths. anal swab of a child with upper respi- Abu Hammad virus (AHV) ratory illness, which became a proto- A strain of Dera Ghazi Khan virus type strain of reovirus type 3. in the genus Nairovirus . Isolated from a tick, Argas Rosen L et al (1960) Am J Hyg 71 , 258 hermanni , in Egypt. Not reported to cause disease in humans. abortive infection Infection in which some or all virus components are syn- Abu Mina virus (ABMV) A strain of thesized but no infective virus is pro- Dera Ghazi Khan virus in the genus duced. Also termed ‘ non-productive Nairovirus . Not reported to cause dis- infection. ’ Usually occurs because the ease in humans. host cell is non-permissive. May also result from infection with defective Acado virus (ACDV) A strain of viruses; in these cases it may be possi- Corriparta virus in the genus Orbivirus . ble to rescue the virus by co-infection Isolated from Culex antennatus and with a helper virus or by co-cultivation.