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Araştırma Türkiye Kivi Bahçelerinde Yeni Bir Zararlı, Metcalfa Pruinosa

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Araştırma Türkiye Kivi Bahçelerinde Yeni Bir Zararlı, Metcalfa Pruinosa Akademik Ziraat Dergisi 3(1):41-44 (2014) Araştırma ISSN: 2147-6403 http://azd.odu.edu.tr (Research) Türkiye kivi bahçelerinde yeni bir zararlı, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) Ali GÜNCAN Ordu Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü, 52200-Ordu 07 Ocak 2015, Kabul tarihi: 15 Mart 2015 Sorumlu Yazar: Ali GÜNCAN, e-posta:[email protected] Alınış tarihi: Öz Giriş - Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang Ordu ili kivi bahçelerindeMetcalfa 2014 pruinosa yılı Haziran (Say,Ağustos 1830) Anavatanı Çin olan kivi, ayları arasında yapılan gözlemlerde, önemli bir et A.R. Fergusson, (Actinidiaceae), istilacı tür olan üretimindedünyanın ılıman önemli iklimebir yere sahip sahip birçokolma yolunda bölgesinde olup (Hemiptera: Flatidae) ile tespit edilmiştir. Bu üretiminiyaygın olarak 1994’te yetiştirilmektedir. 7 tondan 2012 Türkiye, de 36800 dünya tona kivi çalışmada dünyada önemli bir kivi zararlısı olan bu polifag türün, Ordu ili kivi üretim alanlarındaki yayılışı verilmiştir. Sonuçlar zararlıya karşı çıkarmayı başarabilmi andş Scrimgeour, ve Çin, İtalya, 2012; Yeni FAO, Zelanda, 2014; yürütülecek savaş yöntemleri yönünden Şili, Yunanistan ve Fransa’nın ardından yedinci sıraya tartışılmıştır. yükselmiştir (Bano Anahtar kelimeler: Actinidia deliciosa, Kivi, Metcalfa göreTUİK, kivi2014). üretimind Türkiye geneli incelendiğinde ise pruinosa, Ordu, Türkiye Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun 2013 yılı verilerine e Yalova yaklaşık 18000 ton ile Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera: birinci, Rize yaklaşık 6270 ton ile ikinci ve Ordu Flatidae), a new pest in kiwifruit orchards of yaklaşık 6070 ton ile üçüncü sırayı almaktadır (TÜİK, Turkey 2014). Türkiye’de 1988 yılında deneme aşamasında yetiştiriciliğine başlanan kivinin, günümüzde üretimi Bölgesi’nde vazgeçilmez olarak görülen çay ve hızla artış göstermiş ve özellikle Doğu Karadeniz Abstract bahsettiren ekonomik getirisi yüksek bir meyve türü Citrus Flatid Planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, fındığın yanında son yıllarda adından sıkça 1830) ( haline gelmiştir. Hemiptera: Flatidae), an invasive pest, was Diğer tarımsal ürünlerde olduğu gibi kivi found during the field surveys of kiwifruit orchards of 2014. Distribution of this polyphagous species, an yetiştiriciliği de, önemli verim kaybına neden olan Ordu Province (Turkey) between June and August hastalık, zararlı ve yabancı otlar gibi sorunlarla 1999). karşı given i karşıyadır. Dünyada kivide zararlı olduğu saptanmış discussedimportant inkiwifruit terms ofpest control throughout methods the againstworld, wasthis böcek sayısıböcekler yaklaşık 50 kadardır (Steven,(Fabricius), pest. n kiwi production areas of Ordu. Results were Xyleborus dispar XyleborusTürkiye’de xylographus tespit edilmiş (Say), zararlı Xylosandrus böcek zararlıları germanus ise; yazıcı(Blandford) ve Lymantor coryli (Perris) (Coleoptera: Key words: Actinidia deliciosa Metcalfa Scolytinae) (Ak ve ark., 2006; 2010; 2011) ve pruinosa, Ordu, Turkey kabuklubitler Hemiberlesia rapax (Comstock), , kiwifruit, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti), Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio, Coccus hesperidum L. 42 Güncan, A. (Ülgentürk ve ark., 2009) olmak üzere iki ana grup konul olmak üzere kabuklubitler (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) bulunanörnekler alınmışMetcalfa ve pruinosa etiketlenerek erginleri kağıt %70’lik torbalar alkole içine Ricania simulans (Walker) ( up laboratuvara getirilmiştir. Örneklerde altında(Güçlü etincelenebilir. al., 2010; BununGöktürk dışında ve Aksu, yine 2014) kivi deve Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché)Hemiptera: (Thysanoptera: Ricaniidae) alınmıştır. Nimfler ise kaçışları engelleyecek şekilde Thripidae)’in tülle kaplı saksıda yetiştirilen kivi fidanlarında bildirilmektedir. beslenemeye bırakılmış ve ergin olmaları (Ülgentürk ve ark., 2011) zararlı olduğu beklenmiştir. Örnekler hazırlanarak tanılama için Dr. Ordu ili kivi bahçelerinde bulunan kabuklubit Stephen Wilson (University of Central Missouri, AndreaLucchi (University of Pisa, İtalya) ve Dr. Araştırma Bulguları ve Tartışma türlerini tespit etmek amacı ile 2014 yılında ABD)’ya eş zamanlı gönderilerek teşhisi sağlanmıştır. Metcalfayürütülen pruinosa proje kapsamında yapılan incelemelerde bahçenin kivi üretim alanlarında önemli bir istilacı tür olan Çalışmada sörveyi yapılan toplam 63 (20 (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) ile karşılaşılmıştır. Daha önce Karsavuran ve Güçlü 13’ünün zararlının nimf ve erginleri ile bulaşık olduğu 04), tarafından İzmir ili mandarin bahçelerinde bulunmuştur (Çizelge 1). Örneklenen ilçelerin Gülyalı belirlenen bu tür kivi üretimi için yeni bir zararlı hariç tümünde bulaşıklık tespit edilmiştir. Bulaşık olması nedeni ile bu çalışmada ele alınarak zararlının bahçe sayısı en fazla Fatsa ilçesinde, en az ise kivi üretimin büyük bir kısmının yapıldığı Altınordu ve Ordu ili kivi üretim alanlarındaki yayılış bilgileri verilmiş ve zararlıya karşı yürütülebilecek savaş Perşembe ilçelerinde karşılaşılmıştır. Ünye’de ise Materyal ve Yöntem sekiz bahçenin dördünün zararlı ile bulaşık olduğu yöntemleri yönünden tartışılmıştır. Metcalfa pruinosa tespit edilmiştir. and - Donadini ilk kez 1979 yılında Kuzey Çalışma kapsamında kivi üretiminin yoğun olduğu Amerika’dan İtalya’ya bulaşmış (Zangheri Ordu ili merkez ve ilçelerinden 2014 yılı Haziran , 1980), daha sonra aralarında Türkiye’nin Ağustos aylarında tesadüfi olarak seçilen 63 kivi de bulunduğu 15 Avrupa ülkesinde hızla yayılmıştır bahçesinde gözlemler yapılmışolarak ve örnekler alınmıştır (Strauss, 2010). Yayılışı kısa mesafelerde erginlerin (Çizelge 1). Buna göre Ordu genelinde bulunan tüm muçma kabiliyetinin iyi olması ile daha uzun mesafelere omcaların ortalama %1’i incelenmiştir. ise bitki dokusuna koydukları yumurtaların bitkisel Gözlem yapılan bahçeler gözle kontrol edilerek ateryal ile taşınması şeklinde olmaktadır. bulaşıklık durumu tespit edilmiştir. Her bahçeden Çizelge 1. Ordu ilinde gözlem yapılan ilçeler, gözlemGözlem Tarihleritarihleri, (2014) incelenen ve bulaşık bahçe sayıları 19950 7 0 İlçeler Toplam Ağaç sayısı* İncelenen bahçe sayısı Bulaşık Bahçe sayısı 54600 16 1 Gülyalı 31800 1019 TemmuzHaziran 18 1 FatsaAltınordu 18700 26 Haziran,14 03 Temmuz 14 7 ÜnyePerşembe 13000 8 4 Ağustos TOPLAM 63 13 21 Ağustos *TÜİK (2014)’e göre Konukçu dizini oldukça fazla olan M. pruinosa Ergin ve nimflerin kivide bitki özsuyu ile beslenerek belirtilmektedir, başta (Girolamiturunçgiller et olmakal., 1996). üzere Türkiye’de toplamda 200’üise ilk aşkın kez 2003bitki nedenoluşturdukları old doğrudan zararın yanısıra yoğun türünde konukçuluk yaptığı popülasyonlarda salgıladıkları tatlımsı madde ile ukları fumajin ile özellikle meyvelerin yılında İzmir ilinde mandarin andbahçesinde Girolami, dönemekonomik nimf değerinin ve ergin düşmesine dönemlerinde neden dahadaolacağı rastlanılmıştır (Karsavuran ve Güçlü, 2004). Kivide ve düşünülmektedir. Tatlımsı madde salgılanması, 5. Yunanistan’dazararlı olduğunu (Souliotis ise İtalya’da et al., 2008;(Greatti Navrozidis et al., fumajinin vun, Trabzon 1994), Fransa’da (Hennion et al., 2003) artmaktadır (Wilson and Lucchi, 2007) ve oluşan başta kivi olmak üzere, ka 2009) tarafından bildirilmiştir. hurması, incir, ceviz ve elmanın meyvelerinde kaliteyi Metcalfa pruinosa ___ 43 Türkiye kivi bahçelerinde yeni bir zararlı, (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) Greatti and Girolami, 1994). düşürdüğünü bildirilmiştir ( sağlığı gözeterek zararlı ile mücadelede uygun tedbirlerinTeşekkür alınması gerekmektedir. parazitoiti,Çalışma esnasında Neodryinus herhangi typhlocybae bir doğal (Ashmead) düşmana Dr. Andrea Lucchi (University of Pisa, Italy) ve Dr. rastlanılmamıştır. Dünyada ise zararlının etkili Stephen Wilson (University of Central Missouri, USA) Metcalfa pruinosa (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) 1987 yılında Kuzey Amerika’dan getirtilerek, İtalya’ya yerleştirilmiştir. ’nın tanılaması konusunda yardımlarıKaynaklar için teşekkür ederim. Daha sonraları da Fransa, Slovenya, İsviçre,M. pruniosaHırvatistan, Yunanistan, Hollanda ve İspanya’ya parazitoitin salım çalışmaları yapılmış ve Lymantor coryli (Perris, 1853) Ak, K., Güçlü, Ş. ve Tuncer, C., 2010. Kivide yeni bir meyve ’nın baskılanmasında günümüze kadar (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi,zararlısı: 34(3):391 -397. önemli bir faktör olmuştur (Strauss, 2010). Ergin dişi parazitoit, zararlının 3., 4. ve 5. dönem nimflerini parazitlemektedir. Ayrıca ergin parazitoitin genç ini daha da önemli hale getirmektedir Ak, K., Saruhan, İ., Tuncer, C., Akyol, H. ve Kılıç, A. 2011. Ordu dönem nimfler ile beslenme özelliği ise parazitoitin (Girolami et al., 1996). Fulgoraecia barberiana Türkiyeili kivi Entomolojibahçelerinde Bülteni, yazıcıböcek 1(4):229 -234.(Coleoptera: Dyaretkililiğ (Lepidoptera: Scolytidae) türlerinin tespiti ve zarar oranları. M. pruniosa Ayrıca ildiril Ak, K., Uysal, M. ve Tuncer, C., 2006. Karadeniz Bölgesinde Epipyropidae)’nin larvalarının ise ’da parazit olarak yaşadığı b miştir Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: kivilerde zararlı yazıcıböcek (Coleoptera: (Wilson and McPherson, 1979). Bunun dışında Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, II. Ulusal Kivi ve ÜzümsüScolytidae) Meyveler türleri Sempozyumuve mücadelesi. Bildirileri, Gaziosmanpaşa Tokat, M. Türkiye, 14-16 Eylül, 365-370. pruniosaCoccinellidae), Miridae (Hemiptera) ve Chrysopidae Bano, S. and Scrimgeour, F., 2012. The export and (Neuroptera) familyasına (Barbattini bağlı predatörlerin et al. 1991; ile beslendikleri çeşitli araştırıcılar revealed comparative Greatti et al. 1994; Kahrer et al., 2009; Strauss, 2012). growth tarafından belirtilmiştir
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