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Insect Community Composition and Physico-Chemical Processes in Summer-Dry Headwater Streams of Western Oregon

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Insect Community Composition and Physico-Chemical Processes in Summer-Dry Headwater Streams of Western Oregon AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Martin Dieterich for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomologypresented on December 7, 1992. Title: Insect Community Composition and Physico-Chemical Processes in Summer-Dry Headwater Streams of Western Oregon Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy N. H. Anderson Seven streams, one of them permanent, were studied in western Oregon, USA. The research was designed to assess the value of summer-dry headwaters for conservation oriented landscape management. Streams were categorized primarily according to exposure (forest versus meadow sites) and secondarily according to flow duration (ephemeral = short-flow versus temporary = long-flow sites). Ephemeral streams have discontinuous flow and last less than three months annually. Temporary streams have continuous flow for more than five months each season. Ephemeral forest streams were highly efficient at filtering road-generated sediment. Uptake lengths for suspended sediment were short (36 m - 105 m) at moderatly elevated input concentrations. As a result of the filtration mechanism, filtration efficiency is expected to increase as annual flow duration decreases. Injection experiments yielded nitrate uptake rates of almost 1% per m of temporary stream channel. Exchange with subsurface flow was the most important route for nitrate removal from the water column. Biological uptake was insignificant in a light-limited forest stream, whereas a considerable amount of nitrate was retained by the biota '- a nutrient-limited meadow channel. At least 207 insect species were collected from the summer-dry streams. Species richness recorded from temporary forest streams exceeded that in an adjacent permanent headwater and there was high overlap between the fauna of the permanent and the temporary streams. Species richness in ephemeral channels was only 1/4 to 1/3 of that in long-flow forest streams. Multivariate analysis of community structure revealed flow duration and microhabitat pattern (riffle - pool) as the most important environmental factors determining faunal composition in temporary forest streams. Summer drought conditions at the sample sites also were important. By providing habitat and contributing to water quality in permanent downstream reaches, summer-dry streams have the potential to serve multiple purposes in conservation management. Their value from a conservation perspective is unexpectedly high. Landscape management therefore should be directed toward the preservation and protection of ephemeral and temporary streams. Insect Community Composition and Physico-Chemical Processes in Summer-Dry Streams of Western Oregon by Martin Dieterich A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed December 7, 1992 Commencement June 1993 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy rofessor of Entomology Redacted for Privacy Head of Department of Entomology Redacted for Privacy Dean off Graduate School Date thesis is presented December 7, 1992 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people at different academic institutions have made extremely valuable contributions to this thesis. However, first and formost I want to thank my wife Petra for her patience over all these years of long office and laboratory hours. I am indebted to Dr. N. H. Anderson, my academic advisor at Oregon State University. He contributed his experience and broad knowledge of aquatic entomology at every stage of this thesis. My thanks go to the faculty, students and staff at the OSU Department of Entomology, who were willing to put up with me and never refused to help and discuss whatever problem there was. Specifically I want to thank Dr. J. D. Lattin for his advice on issues concerning insect conser- vation, Dr. P. B. McEvoy who taught me much about ecology, Dr. D. McIntire (Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology) and Dr. B. McCune (Dept. of General Science) for their instructive comments on the analysis of community data, Dr. G. Spycher (Dept. of Forest Science) who provided software and computer access and Dr. P. List (Department of Philosophy) for long discussions on environmental ethics and the philosophy of science. Dr. S. Gregory, Dr. M. Resche and R. Wildman let me use equipment. T. Anderson and J. DiGiulio helped with experiments. For the identification of insects I have to thank Dr. L. Ferrington (Chironomidae), Dr. G. W. Byers (Tipulidae), Dr. B. Sinclair (Empididae, Clinocera), Dr. A. Borkent (Ceratopogonidae), Dr. D. Curry (Simuliidae) and R. Wisseman (Trichoptera). I want to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. J. Schwoerbel (University of Freiburg) for his willingness to help as an adviser in Germany. Without him this thesis could not have been accomplished. This work was supported by a Baden-Wirttemberg State grant (Landesgraduiertenforderungsgesetz) given to me through the Albert-Ludwigs Universitdt, Freiburg. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. A Conservation Perspective 1 1.2. Review of Summer-Dry Stream Research 4 1.3. Thesis Structure and Objectives 8 2. CHARACTERIZATION OF STUDY AREA AND STUDY SITES 2.1. Study Area 11 2.2. Study Streams 17 Precipitation, Discharge and Flow Regime 17 Width, Slope and Velocity 22 Temperature, pH and Oxygen 22 Channel Bed Structure 25 Microbial Respiration 26 Vegetation 28 Input and Retention of Allochthonous Material... 30 2.3. Discussion 33 3. NITRATE AND SEDIMENT DYNAMICS IN SUMMER-DRY STREAMS 3.1. Introduction 39 3.2. Materials and Methods 43 Nitrate Sampling 43 Solute Injection Experiments 44 Sediment Retention 48 3.3. Results 50 Nitrate Dynamics 50 Injection Experiments 55 Sediment Dynamics and Retention 61 3.4. Model for Suspended Sediment Retention 72 Model Parameters 72 Constraints and Assumptions 75 Experimental Runs of the Model 77 3.5. Discussion 80 4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SUMMER-DRY STREAM COMMUNITY PATTERNS 4.1. Introduction 90 4.2. Methods 94 4.3. Computations 96 Diversity and Evenness 98 Similarity 99 Classification (Cluster Analysis) 103 Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP)... 104 Ordination 106 4.3. Results 108 General Findings 108 Comparison between Study Sites 113 Comparison between FLC and FLR Sample Sites... 124 4.4. Discussion 132 Species Richness and Abundances 132 Multivariate Analysis 138 General Characteristics of Summer-Dry Streams 145 Applicability 148 5. CONSERVATION VALUE, THREATS AND MANAGEMENT 5.1. Conservation Value 150 5.2. Threats 152 5.3. Management 154 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 157 8. APPENDIX 169 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 2. 1 The western United States with the study 12 area in Oregon (arrow) 2. 2 The study area northwest of Corvallis, 15 Oregon 2. 3 Correspondence between precipitation and 18 discharge in two summer-dry streams (October 1988 to July 1990) 2. 4 Drying patterns of 5 summer-dry streams 20 2.5 Compaison of water temperature in PERM and 24 FLR 2.6 Leaf input and retention in summer-dry 33 forest streams (FLC and FLR) 3. 1 Diel fluctuations in nitrate concentrations 52 [gg/l] 3. 2 Discharge and nitrate patterns (FLC and 54 FLR) 3. 3 Nitrate export from headwater streams 55 3. 4 Fertilization Experiment in FLC (left 56 column) and MLR (right column). 3. 5 Effect of fertilization on microbial 60 respiration 3. 6 Sediment concentrations (site FSC) 62 3. 7 Sediment export via FSC 64 3. 8 Suspended sediment retention (FSC and FSL) 67 3. 9 Suspended sediment deposition in leaf packs 68 (FSC and FSL) 3.10 Effect of forest road sediment on stream 71 bed structure 3.11 Alteration of single variables in the 79 sediment retention model 4. 1 Emergence trap design 95 4. 2 Comparison between study sites (streams) 123 4. 3 Comparison between sample sites (forest 125 long-flow streams) 4. 4 Polar ordination of FLC and FLR sample 129 sites (Endpoints objectively selected). 4. 5 Polar ordination of FLC and FLR sample 131 sites (endpoints of first axis subjectively selected). LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. 1 Definition of terms 5 2. 1 Water quality data for Berry Creek, Oregon 13 (1959-63) 2. 2 Nomenclature of study streams near 16 Corvallis, Oregon 2. 3 Summer moisture conditions at sample sites 20 2. 4 Physical parameters characterizing the study 23 streams near Corvallis, Oregon 2.5 Composition of stream bed substrate 26 2.6 Respiration associated with organic 27 substrates 2. 7 Vegetation along the study streams in 29 McDonald forest near Corvallis, Oregon. 2. 8 Litterfall collections from summer-dry 31 stream channels in McDonald forest near Corvallis, Oregon (01/09/89 - 25/11/89) 3.1 N -NO3 concentrations [gg/1] in the study 51 streams 3.2 Solute retention in FLC and FLR 58 3. 3 Sediment removal from the water column 65 3.4 Sediment retention in leaf packs 70 3. 5 Model parameters 73 3. 6 Basic setting of constants and variables for 77 the model runs. 4. 1 Level of systematic resolution for different 97 groups 4. 2 Effect of relativization on similarity 100 measures 4. 3 Species numbers in summer-dry streams 110 4. 4 Habitat association of taxa collected 111 4.5 Microhabitat association of summer-dry 113 stream taxa 4. 6 Species richness in different summer-dry 114 streams 4. 7 Invertebrate abundance in leaf pack 115 collections 4. 8 Insect abundance in emergence collections 117 4.9 Effect of drought on insect abundances 118 4.10 Diversity and Evenness in community samples 120 from summer-dry streams 4.11 Comparison of species identity and percent 121 similarity between streams 4.12 Correspondence of faunistic classification 126 and classification based on environmental parameters (MRPP-analysis) 4.13 Ranking of environmental parameters 127 Insect Community Composition and Physico-Chemical Processes in Summer-Dry Headwater Streams of Western Oregon Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. A Conservation Perspective This study of invertebrate communities and physico- chemical processes in summer-dry headwater streams was designed and conducted from a conservation perspective. The researcher's perspective determines the questions to be asked or the hypotheses to be tested in a scientific project.
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