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WILDLIFE in the CITY ADAPTING the URBAN FABRIC to MEDIATE the RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANIMALS and HUMANS by ANA CORDERO

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WILDLIFE in the CITY ADAPTING the URBAN FABRIC to MEDIATE the RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANIMALS and HUMANS by ANA CORDERO WILDLIFE IN THE CITY ADAPTING THE URBAN FABRIC TO MEDIATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANIMALS AND HUMANS by ANA CORDERO 1 WILDLIFE IN THE CITY ADAPTING THE URBAN FABRIC TO MEDIATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANIMALS AND HUMANS by ANA CORDERO chair BRADLEY WALTERS co-chair STEPHEN BELTON A thesis presented to the University of Florida in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Architecture Gainesville, Florida, USA, 2018 2 3 BREAKDOWN 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 URBAN GROWTH AS A CATALYST 16 UNPACKING THE WILDLIFE THROUGH A TOOLKIT 34 DEVELOPING A RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CHOSEN CONTEXT 40 REINTERPRETING CONCEPTS AS A MEANS OF DISCOVERING RELATIONSHIPS 58 CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS 76 VISUALIZING IDEAS WITHIN A FRAGMENT OF MANY 94 RECOGNIZING THE FRAGMENTS THAT CREATE THE NETWORK 100 WORKS CITED 102 IMAGES CITED 4 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the beginning of this journey, the only thing that I was sure about was my desire to develop a project around the subject of animals. Throughout my life I have had the op- portunity to be surrounded by different types of animals, whether it was at my Grandpar- ent’s farm in Costa Rica or in my own home with my amazing dog Pluma. I want to thank my family; my mom for teaching me compassion for animals and showing me that a little bit of love for them can go a long way, and especially for supporting me every step of the way and giving me advice no matter in what direction my dreams were headed. To Di- ego, my inspiring role model of a father, for always putting aside time to help me through the difficulties that I encountered in academia or in my life. To the rest of my family for encouraging me and volunteering themselves to be my first clients. And to Patrick, my architect in training, for all the advice and reassurance that you have given me, and most importantly for agreeing to rescue all the animals in need that my heart desires. I couldn’t be more grateful to have been able to work under the guidance of my Profes- sors, Bradley Walters and Stephen Belton, who have both seen me and helped grow in this field throughout the past 6 years. Thank you for your critical insight and your will- ingness to allow me to explore my interests in this process. I hope to find mentors like you in my future endeavors. I hope to continue my research and efforts in this topic and to one day make a difference in the animal world, which I am one step closer in achieving because of all of you, so Thank You. 6 7 URBAN GROWTH AS A CATALYST 8 9 URBANIZATION With the inevitable rapid growth of urban territories throughout the world, wildlife in the As the natural and fabricated edges collide, it is unavoidable to acknowledge the un- surrounding areas is being negatively impacted. It is our responsibility to find ways in wanted relationship that arises with the fauna. Perception of wildlife can be designated which both humans and animals can coexist in the same space. Urbanization, creates into three categories, intruder, domesticate or resident. As a resident, both the animal problems such as habitat fragmentation, inbreeding, habitat loss and therefore a de- and human are aware of each other and recognize each other’s presence. As an intrud- crease in animal populations.1 Scattered habitat zones are being intersected by roads er, the animal is not welcomed, resulting in fear and irritation from its presence arising and developments that traverse through them. While these zones function as permanent from the surrounding community. Its presence can be harmful to other household an- homes for some species, they function as corridors utilized to connect and move across imals, nearby structures or to the homeowners. As a domesticate, the relationship of the urban fabric when scavenging for food or searching for habitat.2 the animal gradually becomes dependent on the human to a certain extent, growing more comfortable around the human presence.5 This is an outcome of actions such as The dispersal of animals in the city is largely as a result of the lack of accessibility to attempting to domesticate the animal by providing it with needed resource. The lack of their own resources, whether that is shelter or nourishment. Species such as raccoons fear is harmful to the animal as they belief every human to act in a similar manor and or coyotes have shown a highly adaptability to the urban conditions, becoming more thus lower their guard feeling more confident when entering our territory. Animals learn resilient and learning new skills, thus thriving more around the human population. In our behavior and can develop a relationship with us, which further demonstrates their some cases, food might be more readily available and the threat from predators might ability to adapt. not be as pertinent to their everyday life.3 While adaptability can increase their chances of survival, it also has negative impacts as their breeding habits, social dynamics, and While adaptation is important, independence is equally important. Creating an envi- diet are altered to survive.4 Other species are also forced to adapt but have not done so ronment in which the daily activities of humans and animals are parallel to each other successfully resulting in their diminishing populations. while being beneficial for both will help to ensure that animals can thrive independently. It is also interesting to imagine the situation from the animals’ perspective, where the humans are the intruders in their natural habitat, and how the relationship would then be affected. The scenario of humans being contained in their own territory would then become the organizing system. Vegetated areas would increase and transform the ur- ban concentrations into small zones. Unpacking the linkage between organisms The raccoon as an intruder and domesticate The types of issues/relationships present The effects of human interaction/intervention on organisms The changing perception of space between organisms Finding a boundary and the gradient in between What is the value and what are the benefits Previous attempts at addressing the issues 10 11 Many cities across the globe have found ways to BOUNDARIES OR GRADIENT BETWEEN EDGES address the issues of mobility and lack of habitat. The city of Alberta in Canada has developed a sys- tem of wildlife crossings, each placed along the Objects or spatial boundaries that to humans are perceived simply as elements creat- main road at Banff National Park. The project focus- ing a boundary, have a different definition for some species living in the city. Common es on restoring the vegetative connectivity that had spatial boundaries that are a reoccurrence in highly developed areas may encompass been lost. The crossings were placed at highly fre- vegetated medians along highways or busy roads and the underutilized spaces below quented points according to the animals’ range and elevated roads and complex intersections. These in between spaces serve as stepping movement, this way the structures would be more stones to move between habitat fragments and sometimes are adopted as permanent likely to be used by the wildlife. The structures en- habitats. For other species, the systematic composition of boundaries such as lineal compass different scales and different points of ac- structures help them to navigate. This is especially true for animals that navigate using cess that accommodate a large range of species.6 echolocation such as bats. Other cities like Austin, Texas, give more attention to the habitat component, providing a place of rest for bats. The South Congress bridge that connects ANIMALS AND HUMANS PERCEIVE the northern and southern parts of downtown has SAME SPACE successfully been the place of shelter for migrating Mexican bats. In this scenario, both the bats and the city have benefited as the bridge has become a destination for many, increasing the city’s appeal.7 Most of the animals that thrive in the urban context are considered opportunistic spe- The two scenarios raise questions about the kind cies. These species experience high rates of interaction that is present between human and of population as they are very resourceful, animal populations and what kind of relationship adopting unique diets to help them survive that interaction yields between both. The interac- and taking advantage of unlikely spaces to tion can go beyond simply providing mobility and use as habitat. Some of the spaces of their habitat and can initiate an operation that is able choice are spaces that from the perspec- to link the divide between both organisms. These tive of the human are not considered ideal operations develop by recognizing what it is that or might even be seen as a safety hazard. animals and humans share in terms of needs and An example of this is the areas along rail- interests. Water, which is crucial for both organ- road tracks. People think of the tracks as isms, can engage both sides in a dissimilar manner, simply infrastructure used as a mean of however it can also serve as the unifying factor be- transportation and perceived as a danger tween the two while generating outcomes that can and thus maintaining their distance from benefit both sides. them. For some animals, especially oppor- tunistic species such as coyotes, the tracks provide them with free travel that is usually undisturbed by people, and even creating LOCATION OF ANIMALS IN RELATION TO HUMANS connections to places that they would other wise not have access to. As a result, coy- otes have found safety in locating their dens Animals take shelter in places where they are protected from the elements yet are still in along the embankment of the tracks, away close proximity to valuable resources such as water.
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