DOCSLIB.ORG

Including the Aviation Sector in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Including the Aviation Sector in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme 11mm Spine 6/2/06 2:06 pm Page 1 INCLUDING EUR Distributed by TSO (The Stationery Office) and available from: OPEAN UNION COMMITTEE 21st REPOR TSO HOUSE OF LORDS (Mail, telephone and fax orders only) PO Box 29, Norwich NR3 1GN General enquiries 0870 600 5522 THE Order through the Parliamentary Hotline Lo-call 0845 7 023474 Fax orders 0870 600 5533 A Email [email protected] VIA Internet http://www.tsoshop.co.uk European Union Committee TION SECT TSO Shops 123 Kingsway, London WC2B 6PQ 020 7242 6393 Fax 020 7242 6394 68-69 Bull Street, Birmingham B4 6AD 0121 236 9696 Fax 0121 236 9699 21st Report of Session 2005–06 9-21 Princess Street, Manchester M60 8AS OR IN 0161 834 7201 Fax 0161 833 0634 16 Arthur Street, Belfast BT1 4GD 028 9023 8451 Fax 028 9023 5401 THE EU EMISSIONS 18-19 High Street, Cardiff CF10 1PT 029 2039 5548 Fax 029 2038 4347 71 Lothian Road, Edinburgh EH3 9AZ T 2005–06 0870 606 5566 Fax 0870 606 5588 Including the The Parliamentary Bookshop 12 Bridge Street, Parliament Square London SW1A 2JX Telephone orders 020 7219 3890 Aviation Sector in the General enquiries 020 7219 3890 Fax orders 020 7219 3866 TRADING SCHEM Accredited Agents (See Yellow Pages) European Union and through good booksellers © Parliamentary Copyright House of Lords 2006 Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to The Licensing Division, Emissions Trading HMSO, St Clements House, 2–16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ – Fax 01603 723000 ISBN 0 10 400813 X E – Scheme Report with Evidene HL Paper 107 HOUSE OF LORDS European Union Committee 21st Report of Session 2005–06 Including the Aviation Sector in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme Report with Evidence Ordered to be printed 17 January 2006 and published 9 February 2006 Published by the Authority of the House of Lords London : The Stationery Office Limited £17. 50 HL Paper 107 The European Union Committee The European Union Committee is appointed by the House of Lords “to consider European Union documents and other matters relating to the European Union”. The Committee has seven Sub-Committees which are: Economic and Financial Affairs, and International Trade (Sub-Committee A) Internal Market (Sub-Committee B) Foreign Affairs, Defence and Development Policy (Sub-Committee C) Environment and Agriculture (Sub-Committee D) Law and Institutions (Sub-Committee E) Home Affairs (Sub-Committee F) Social and Consumer Affairs (Sub-Committee G) Our Membership The Members of the European Union Committee are: Lord Blackwell Lord Maclennan of Rogart Lord Bowness Lord Marlesford Lord Brown of Eaton-under-Heywood Lord Neill of Bladen Lord Dubs Lord Radice Lord Geddes Lord Renton of Mount Harry Lord Grenfell (Chairman) Baroness Thomas of Walliswood Lord Goodhart Lord Tomlinson Lord Hannay of Chiswick Lord Woolmer of Leeds Lord Harrison Lord Wright of Richmond The Members of the Sub-Committee which carried out this inquiry (Sub-Committee B: Internal Market) are: Baroness Eccles of Moulton Lord Roper Lord Fearn Lord Swinfen Lord St John of Bletso Lord Fyfe of Fairhead Lord Walpole Lord Geddes Woolmer of Leeds (Chairman) Lord Haskel Information about the Committee The reports and evidence of the Committee are published by and available from The Stationery Office. For information freely available on the web, our homepage is: http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_committees/lords_eu_select_committee.cfm There you will find many of our publications, along with press notices, details of membership and forthcoming meetings, and other information about the ongoing work of the Committee and its Sub-Committees, each of which has its own homepage. General Information General information about the House of Lords and its Committees, including guidance to witnesses, details of current inquiries and forthcoming meetings is on the internet at http://www.parliament.uk/about_lords/about_lords.cfm Contacts for the European Union Committee Contact details for individual Sub-Committees are given on the website. General correspondence should be addressed to the Clerk of the European Union Committee, Committee Office, House of Lords, London, SW1A OPW The telephone number for general enquiries is 020 7219 5791. The Committee’s email address is [email protected] CONTENTS Paragraph Page Chapter 1: Tackling the climate-change impact of aviation 1 9 Kyoto Protocol 11 10 International Civil Aviation Organisation and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 16 11 The European Commission 22 12 The United Kingdom Government 25 13 Report for information 28 13 Chapter 2: Air transport and the environment 30 14 Introduction 30 14 Current and projected air traffic levels 33 14 Current and projected environmental effects of aviation 37 15 European Commission’s solution 44 16 Chapter 3: Options for tackling the climate-change impact of aviation emissions 46 17 Options considered to be not sufficiently effective or practicable 47 17 Restrictions on air traffic volume 48 17 Regulatory standards 49 17 Restrictions on access to EU airports for the least-efficient aircraft 50 17 Voluntary agreements with airlines to reduce emissions 51 18 Departure/arrival taxes, VAT on air transport, removal of public subsidies 52 18 Options considered inadequate to achieve policy objective but worth pursuing 55 18 Raising awareness of air transport users 56 18 Improving air traffic management 57 19 Research and development in air transport technology and operations 58 19 Applying energy taxes to commercial aviation 59 19 Improving the competitiveness of rail transport 60 19 Options considered in detail by the Commission 61 19 En-route charges or taxes on aircraft emissions and impacts 62 20 Emissions trading for aviation 64 20 Commission’s conclusions 65 20 What views were expressed in written and oral evidence? 67 20 Other solutions to aviation’s climate change impacts 72 21 Fuel tax 73 22 En-route charges 76 22 Carbon offset schemes 77 22 Improved efficiency of Air Traffic Control 79 23 Investment in new technologies 82 23 Other policy tools 83 24 Inclusion of intra-UK flights in NAP of current ETS 84 24 Conclusions 85 24 Chapter 4: Design of an ETS which includes aviation 88 25 Interplay with Kyoto Protocol and with the existing EU ETS 93 25 Coverage of climate impacts 98 26 Geographical scope of scheme 103 27 A global scheme 105 28 Inclusion of intra-EU flights only 107 28 Inclusion of intra-EU flights plus flights departing from the EU 114 30 Inclusion of intra-EU flights plus flights departing from and landing in the EU 122 31 Conclusions on geographical scope 127 32 Decision on allocation rules 130 32 Trading entities 135 33 Allocation method for allowances 137 34 Auctioning or free allocation? 137 34 Grandfathering or benchmarking? 149 36 Chapter 5: The impact of aviation entering the ETS 157 38 More research on impacts needed 158 38 Impact on air fares and the environment 161 39 TABLE 1: Estimates of impacts of ETS on air fares 40 Length of flight 169 41 Range of fare increases depending on assumptions in Euros) – per round trip 169 41 Other impacts 186 44 Would no-frills airlines be disproportionately affected? 187 45 Would European airlines be disadvantaged? 191 45 Environmental impacts 195 46 Clean Development Mechanisms and Joint Implementation Projects 201 46 Impact on economies, business and tourism 206 47 Is there a better solution to aviation emissions? 211 48 Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusions 220 51 Appendix 1: Sub-Committee B (Internal Market) 58 Appendix 2: Call for Evidence 59 Appendix 3: LIST OF WITNESSES 60 Appendix 4: Glossary 61 Appendix 5: Recent Reports 64 ORAL EVIDENCE British Air Transport Association Written evidence 1 Oral evidence, 17 October 2005 3 European Commission Written evidence 16 Oral evidence, 18 October 2005 16 Supplementary written evidence 23 European Low Fares Airline Association (ELFAA) Written evidence 25 Oral evidence, 18 October 2005 27 Aviation Environment Federation (AEF) Written evidence 35 Oral evidence, 24 October 2005 38 Supplementary written evidence 45 British Airways Written evidence 46 Oral evidence, 24 October 2005 50 Supplementary written evidence 61 Mr Elliot Morley MP, Minister of State for Climate Change and Environment, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) Written evidence 63 Oral evidence, 31 October 2005 66 Supplementary written evidence 76 Tyndall Centre for Climate Change, The University of Manchester Written evidence 79 Oral evidence, 31 October 2005 82 WRITTEN EVIDENCE Air France 93 BAA plc 93 Environment Agency 99 Supplementary Memorandum by Environment Agency 102 Friends of the Earth 104 Monarch Airlines Limited 108 NOTE: References in the text of the report are as follows: (Q) refers to a question in oral evidence (p) refers to a page of written evidence ABSTRACT ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Global aviation emissions are not currently a serious problem but they will become so. The December 2005 European Environment Council said that the inclusion of the aviation sector in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) seems to be the best way forward on aviation emissions and that it has greater potential for application internationally than other policy alternatives. We agree with them but there are substantial problems ahead. Any legislative proposals must be well thought through and sustainable in the longer term, both on environmental and economic grounds. There must be a robust framework within which to accommodate EU and UK policies on aviation emissions and on air-passenger and air freight growth. It is not clear that those policies are compatible. An ETS scheme with aviation should include all flights departing EU airports. This would cover all the EU’s contribution to aviation’s CO2 emissions, some 40% of which arise from intra-EU flights and some 60% from departing flights to third countries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Putting Costs of Direct Air Capture in Context
    PUTTING COSTS OF DIRECT AIR CAPTURE IN CONTEXT Yuki Ishimoto1*, Masahiro Sugiyama2*, Etsushi Kato1, Ryo Moriyama1, 1 1 Kazuhiro Tsuzuki and Atsushi Kurosawa 1 The Institute of Applied Energy 2 Policy Alternatives Research Institute, The University of Tokyo * Corresponding Author; [email protected]; [email protected] FCEA Working Paper Series: 002 SSRN: 2982422 June, 2017 Putting Costs of Direct Air Capture in Context 1 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Description of DAC Technologies 5 Cost Estimates by DAC companies 7 Cost Estimates by Technology Developers 8 Other studies 10 Comparing Different Cost Estimates 11 Niche Market for DAC 12 Prospects for DAC in the Near Term 13 Acknowledgement 14 References 15 Table 1. Summary of DAC Technology Companies 18 Putting Costs of Direct Air Capture in Context 1 Abstract This working paper provides an overview of various estimates and claims on direct air capture (DAC) of carbon dioxide, and places them in a broader context of global climate policy. Unlike other techniques of climate engineering, DAC has received significant attention from startups since its main issue is deemed to be the direct implementation cost (not side effects or social concerns), which could be significantly reduced with successful innovation. Publicly available sources demonstrate that there is a huge range of cost estimates with three orders-of-magnitude differences, with the upper end on the order of 1000 USD/t-CO2. Cost values reported by private companies tend to be lower than academic estimates, though there is no a priori reason to believe that either is inherently biased.
    [Show full text]
  • International Aviation Regulations, Including the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation
    Chapter 2. An international dimension: Aviation Lucy Budd and Tim Ryley Transport Studies Group, School of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, UK. Chapter 2. An international dimension: Aviation. Budd & Ryley Structured Abstract Purpose: To examine the relationship between aviation and climate change, and the international dimensions of air transport, Methodology/approach: An examination of aviation’s impacts on the global climate, mitigation strategies to lessen aviation’s climate change impact and on the possible consequences of climate change for commercial aviation. Findings: Although a range of mitigation measures have been developed and implemented to reduce aircraft emissions in the short-term, with some environmental benefit, there is a real need for the aviation sector to identify the possible impacts of climate change on air travel operations, including both aircraft in flight and operations at airports. A further challenge will be to devise plans that will address the vulnerabilities and thus ensure safe aviation-related operations. Social implications: The climate change impacts of aviation will adversely affect society. In addition, some individuals may have to reduce or stop flying as a result of increased taxes and legislation implemented in response to climate change. Originality/value of paper: There is a novel focus on the adaptation challenges for the aviation industry in response to climate change. Introduction In a little over one hundred years between the first tentative twelve-second flight of the Wright brothers’ biplane and today, civil aviation has rapidly developed from a dangerous and unreliable form of mobility into a multi-billion dollar commercial enterprise that facilitates the routine international mobility of two billion passengers and tens of millions of tonnes of airfreight every year.
    [Show full text]
  • What Role for Offsetting Aviation Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Deep-Cut Carbon World?
    Journal of Air Transport Management 63 (2017) 71e83 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Air Transport Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jairtraman What role for offsetting aviation greenhouse gas emissions in a deep-cut carbon world? * Prof Susanne Becken a, , Prof Brendan Mackey b a Griffith Institute for Tourism, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia b Griffith Climate Change Response Program, Griffith University, QLD 4222, Australia article info abstract Article history: The long-term goal of containing average warming below the 2 C limit requires deep cuts in emissions Received 29 June 2016 from all sectors. The fast growing global aviation industry has committed to reduce carbon emissions. Received in revised form Carbon offsetting is an integral element of the sector's strategy. Already, airlines offer voluntary carbon 29 May 2017 offsetting to those customers who wish to mitigate the impact of their travel. To ensure carbon offsetting Accepted 29 May 2017 can make a meaningful and credible contribution, this paper first discusses the science behind ‘carbon Available online 7 June 2017 offsetting’, followed by the associated policy perspective. Then, against the context of different aviation emissions pathways, the paper provides empirical evidence of current airline practices in relation to Keywords: Carbon offset offsetting mechanisms and communication. Building on these insights, the challenges of reducing Emissions pathway aviation emissions and using carbon credits to compensate for ongoing growth are discussed. The paper Carbon budget concludes by proposing five principles of best practice for carbon offsetting that airlines can use as a basis Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to develop credible emissions strategies, and that could inform the sectoral framework currently being Airlines developed by leading aviation organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • Rewarding Energy Innovation to Achieve Climate Stabilization
    Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons Faculty Publications 2011 Eyes on a Climate Prize: Rewarding Energy Innovation to Achieve Climate Stabilization Jonathan H. Adler Case Western University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Environmental Law Commons, and the Science and Technology Law Commons Repository Citation Adler, Jonathan H., "Eyes on a Climate Prize: Rewarding Energy Innovation to Achieve Climate Stabilization" (2011). Faculty Publications. 656. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/faculty_publications/656 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. \\jciprod01\productn\H\HLE\35-1\HLE101.txt unknown Seq: 1 14-MAR-11 12:33 EYES ON A CLIMATE PRIZE:REWARDING ENERGY INNOVATION TO ACHIEVE CLIMATE STABILIZATION Jonathan H. Adler* Stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases at double their pre-in- dustrial levels (or lower) will require emission reductions far in excess of what can be achieved at a politically acceptable cost with current or projected levels of tech- nology. Substantial technological innovation is required if the nations of the world are to come anywhere close to proposed emission reduction targets. Neither tradi- tional federal support for research and development of new technologies nor tradi- tional command-and-control regulations are likely to spur sufficient innovation. Technology inducement prizes, on the other hand, have the potential to significantly accelerate the rate of technological innovation in the energy sector.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sustainability Debate
    February 2020 HOW GREEN IS YOUR AIRLINE? The sustainability debate MAKE SMARTER MOVES ‘ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP IS THE EXISTENTIAL THREAT TO OUR FUTURE ABILITY TO GROW’ Ed Bastian, CEO Delta Air Lines speaking 12th December 2019 Investor Day 2019 (Reported in Atlanta News Now) 2 HOW GREEN IS YOUR AIRLINE? Scientists may have been talking about climate change for years but 2019 was the year when the issue went mainstream. Even as the year ended, the news was filled with stories about rampant bushfires in Australia and flooding in Indonesia. As the evidence mounts that the earth is warming, climate related impacts are both being seen more widely and are also being reported more widely by a media thirsty for news which makes headlines. For aviation, which accounts for 2.4% of global CO2 emissions, according to the International Council on Clean Transport1, it is a difficult time. Arguably, the industry has been reluctant to engage on the topic, at least in public, although behind the scenes there have been plenty of measures taken to significantly improve the impact of flying aircraft. The problem, however, is that no matter how fast the industry brings down CO2 emissions, the number of people flying grows faster. As other industries reduce their dependence on fossil fuels, an industry dependent on kerosene, as aviation is, risks accounting for an ever- growing share of global emissions. The industry faces the real possibility that it could become a toxic brand within the next decade. In this paper, OAG aims to take a dispassionate look at the problem, the action the industry has been taking, the difficulties associated with communicating with the public, and possible consumer responses to flying as a result of climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Register of Lords' Interests
    REGISTER OF LORDS’ INTERESTS _________________ The following Members of the House of Lords have registered relevant interests under the code of conduct: ABERDARE, LORD Category 10: Non-financial interests (a) Director, F.C.M. Limited (recording rights) Category 10: Non-financial interests (c) Trustee, Berlioz Society Trustee, St John Cymru-Wales Trustee, National Library of Wales Category 10: Non-financial interests (e) Trustee, Stephen Dodgson Trust (promotes continued awareness/performance of works of composer Stephen Dodgson) Trustee, West Wycombe Charitable Trust ADAMS OF CRAIGIELEA, BARONESS Nil No registrable interests ADDINGTON, LORD Category 1: Directorships Chairman, Microlink PC (UK) Ltd (computing and software) Category 7: Overseas visits Visit to Dublin, 6-7 May 2015, to talk on UK Election at seminar organised by Goodbody and the British Irish Chamber of Commerce who paid for airfares, accommodation and hospitality Category 8: Gifts, benefits and hospitality Gift of two tickets and lunch at Challenge Cup Final as guest of the Rugby League, 30 August 2015 * Gift of tickets for England-Australia game during Rugby World Cup as guest of Rugby Football Union, 3 October 2015 Gift of one ticket to the semi-finals of the Rugby World Cup, 24-25 October 2015, given by Rugby World Cup 2015 and RFU Category 10: Non-financial interests (d) President (formerly Vice President), British Dyslexia Association Category 10: Non-financial interests (e) Vice President, UK Sports Association Vice President, Lakenham Hewitt Rugby Club ADEBOWALE,
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Music Market Access Report Canada
    CAAMA PRESENTS canada MARKET ACCESS GUIDE PREPARED BY PREPARED FOR Martin Melhuish Canadian Association for the Advancement of Music and the Arts The Canadian Landscape - Market Overview PAGE 03 01 Geography 03 Population 04 Cultural Diversity 04 Canadian Recorded Music Market PAGE 06 02 Canada’s Heritage 06 Canada’s Wide-Open Spaces 07 The 30 Per Cent Solution 08 Music Culture in Canadian Life 08 The Music of Canada’s First Nations 10 The Birth of the Recording Industry – Canada’s Role 10 LIST: SELECT RECORDING STUDIOS 14 The Indies Emerge 30 Interview: Stuart Johnston, President – CIMA 31 List: SELECT Indie Record Companies & Labels 33 List: Multinational Distributors 42 Canada’s Star System: Juno Canadian Music Hall of Fame Inductees 42 List: SELECT Canadian MUSIC Funding Agencies 43 Media: Radio & Television in Canada PAGE 47 03 List: SELECT Radio Stations IN KEY MARKETS 51 Internet Music Sites in Canada 66 State of the canadian industry 67 LIST: SELECT PUBLICITY & PROMOTION SERVICES 68 MUSIC RETAIL PAGE 73 04 List: SELECT RETAIL CHAIN STORES 74 Interview: Paul Tuch, Director, Nielsen Music Canada 84 2017 Billboard Top Canadian Albums Year-End Chart 86 Copyright and Music Publishing in Canada PAGE 87 05 The Collectors – A History 89 Interview: Vince Degiorgio, BOARD, MUSIC PUBLISHERS CANADA 92 List: SELECT Music Publishers / Rights Management Companies 94 List: Artist / Songwriter Showcases 96 List: Licensing, Lyrics 96 LIST: MUSIC SUPERVISORS / MUSIC CLEARANCE 97 INTERVIEW: ERIC BAPTISTE, SOCAN 98 List: Collection Societies, Performing
    [Show full text]
  • Terms and Conditions
    Terms and Conditions www.virginearth.com Please note that the Virgin Earth Challenge Terms and Conditions and Participation Agreement were changed and amalgamated into this document on 7 September 2009. Additionally, the postal address in Clause 2.1 was updated on 18 August 2017 to present the correct current address of the Virgin Earth Challenge. Please read the changes carefully. This version overrides all previous terms and conditions governing the Virgin Earth Challenge. If you have queries regarding the Terms and Conditions Agreement please contact us at [email protected] The Terms and Conditions Agreement and the Challenge Checklist (together, the “Agreement”) are to be signed by all (including existing) applicants to the Virgin Earth Challenge. The Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between you and the VEC, and supersedes any previous agreements between you and the VEC (including, but not limited to, any previous versions of the Agreement and/or any signed Participation Agreement). The promoter of the Virgin Earth Challenge shall be Virgin Management Limited on behalf of the Virgin Group of companies (“Virgin”). 1. PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW 1.1 The purpose of the Virgin Earth Challenge (the “VEC”) is to encourage development of a commercially viable new technology, process or method to remove anthropogenic greenhouse gases (“GHG(s)”) from the atmosphere, so as to improve the stability of the Earth’s climate. Whilst we at Virgin fully recognise the benefits of mitigating GHG emissions, this award is targeted specifically at the narrow field of sequestration. Entries focussing on other areas outside of sequestration (including, but not limited to, renewable energy and energy efficiency) will not be considered by the VEC Judges.
    [Show full text]
  • International Action on Climate Change: the Post Cancun UNFCCC Framework and Other Emissions Abatement Schemes
    International Action on Climate Change: The post Cancun UNFCCC framework and other emissions abatement schemes 9 March 2011, 09.00 – 13.00 Chatham House, 10 St James's Square, London SWY 4LE Creating global climate security remains one of the top political and scientific challenges. However, despite global awareness of the urgency of the problem and decades of negotiations even the current pledges for national action are unlikely to be sufficient to avoid dangerous climate change. Global stability is further threatened by other environmental damages caused by our ever increasing consumption patterns with their associated impacts on resource availability. The environmental and resource constraints of the energy sector and the development of harder to reach and more difficult to extract and process fossil fuels, with their larger environmental footprints and risks, highlight the multi- dimensional nature of the problem. The workshop will discuss international actions and developments on climate change in and outside the UN framework. The meeting is timed to offer a chance for a measured reflection of the outcomes of the COP16 Conference in Cancun and discuss how the process might develop over the next 12 months towards the meeting in South Africa and beyond. The workshop will also discuss regional initiatives and other international proposals that may or may not complement the UN process to assess their status and possible futures. The workshop is designed to stimulate discussion and a greater understanding of possible pre and post 2012 landscapes. AGENDA 9.00 – 9.30 Registration; tea and coffee OPENING SESSION | PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE ACTION 9.30 – 10.30 The human race is shaping the earth and its future like no other time in history.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Research, Debates and Positions
    INDUSTRY SECTORAL APPROACHES AND CLIMATE ACTION : FROM GLOBAL TO LOCAL LEVEL IN A POST -2012 CLIMATE FRAMEWORK A Review of Research, Debates and Positions ROGRAMME P NVIRONMENT E ATIONS N NITED U Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2009 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. About this Discussion Paper his Discussion Paper on Industry Sector Approaches to • outlines the positions and activities of key industry bodies on T Climate Change is intended to assist negotiators, policy- industry sectoral approaches (Chapter 3); and makers and other interested parties in the definition, development • provides an analysis of the outcomes of the above reviews – and implementation of sectoral approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenge Prizes Offer Unique Opportunities for Materials Innovation
    NEWS & ANALYSIS MATERIALS NEWS of antibiotics to prescribe for a bacterial Challenge prizes offer infection, in response to the growing in- cidence of antibiotic resistance. unique opportunities for Challenge prizes aim to drive solu- tions, often in the space that comes after materials innovation basic research and between early tech- nological advancement and commer- cialization. They are most effective for By Kendra Redmond well-defi ned goals that require a techno- logical leap whose details are uncertain. One such example is the USD$2.25 mil- rizes that recognize groundbreaking Called inducement prizes or challenge lion US Department of Energy’s Wave Pdiscoveries and technological ad- prizes, these competitions outline a de- Energy Prize competition, encouraging vancements are common in the scientifi c sired outcome and, in most cases, offer game-changing developments in ocean community; prizes that incentivize such participants zero funding and few guide- wave energy converter devices that ex- work with millions of dollars are much lines on how to get there. Unlike most tract energy from waves and convert it less familiar in the physical sciences. A research grants, prizes are open to indi- to electricity. growing number of competitions have viduals, academic groups, industry teams, “Wave energy became a strong candi- emerged over the past decade that offer and mixed collaborations. This can lead to date for a public prize challenge due to the a large cash prize to the person or team more novel approaches to solving prob- need for a technology leap in this sector,” that can meet a challenge most effi ciently lems, according to Tamar Ghosh, lead for says Alison LaBonte, a program manager or quickly.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Policy & Sustainability Update
    NOVEMBER, 2011 Climate Change Policy & Sustainability Update Did you know… Anchoring Sustainability into Corporate CultureCompanies with engaged employees achieved 26% higher revenue per Institutionalizing sustainability into organizational culture is becoming increasingly employee. (WorkUSA) and 82% of relevant as corporations begin to enhance on their sustainability strategies and employees felt a deeper commitment practices. Corporate sustainability has grown away from a compartmentalized business unit into a more integrated and diverse medium for delivering on business to their organization following a strategy and value. The Network for Business Sustainability recently completed a company-sponsored day of comprehensive review of information on organizational culture and sustainability and community volunteering. (Gavin compiled the information to produce a framework detailing how to implement a Walker, Business First Online) culture of sustainability within any organization. This framework takes a broad ‘portfolio approach’ that includes four main categories: 1. Foster Employee Engagement and Commitment: By creating support for employees who are integrating sustainability into their lives, they will feel more Contents committed to supporting corporate efforts. Key Words: Engage, Model Behaviour, Allocate Resources, Anchoring Sustainability into Communicate, Manage Talent, and Reinforce Good Behaviour. Corporate Culture 1 2. Clarify Expectations and Process: Clarifying expectations into more formal Alberta Water License Trading practices/processes will help guide the organization and its people towards Revamp Approaches 2 developing a culture of sustainability. The development of policies, the assignment of senior staff accountability and the creation of sustainability roles Insuring Climate Change: For the Insurers and the Insured 2 throughout the organization can empower employees to lead their company in a structured way towards becoming more sustainable.
    [Show full text]