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Keberhasilan Hukum Islam Menerjang Belenggu Kolonial Dan Menjaga Keutuhan Nasional

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Keberhasilan Hukum Islam Menerjang Belenggu Kolonial Dan Menjaga Keutuhan Nasional Keberhasilan Hukum Islam Menerjang Belenggu Kolonial dan...; Faiq Tobroni Keberhasilan Hukum Islam Menerjang Belenggu Kolonial dan Menjaga Keutuhan Nasional Faiq Tobroni E-mail : [email protected] The receptie exit theory of Hazairin has freed Islamic Law from legal colonization as a result of the receptie theory. Since the independence day, the receptie theory has not been effective any longer, because since then Pancasila has been the main source of laws, including Islamic Law, without any subordination. However, the inclusion of the word “Is- lam” in the previous Pancasila, known as Piagam jakarta, had been controversial. Never- theless, Hatta had been successful to cope with the problem by substituting the contro- versial word in the first principle to the symbolic word of “Oneness” which remains to contain Islamic spirit. This choice has succeeded to defend Indonesian state integrity. Keywords: receptie exit, receptie, colonization, state integrity. Pendahuluan bahwa teori ini hanyalah mainan Belanda untuk menjaga kekuasaannya aman di In- ebelum memasuki pintu kemerdekaan, donesia. Teori dari Hazairin ini adalah teori hukum Islam mengalami perlakuan S receptie exit. Teori ini merupakan instrumen marginalisasi oleh pemerintah kolonial. untuk mengembalikan kedudukan hukum Hukum Islam telah dirugikan teori receptie Islam sebagai mitra hukum adat. Sebe- yang disponsori oleh Cornelis van Vollen- lumnya, menurut teori receptie, hukum Is- hoven (1874-1993) dan kemudian diteruskan lam berada di bawah hukum adat. Di bawah Cristian Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936). teori receptie ini, hukum Islam mendapat Melalui teori ini, seolah-olah hukum Islam segudang stigma negatif termasuk penyu- terletak inferior di bawah hukum adat. dutan kedudukan Islam sebagai pemecah Penulis Barat/Belanda menggambarkan belah keutuhan nasional. Dengan teori hukum Islam dan adat sebagai dua unsur receptie exit ini, paling tidak, hukum Islam yang bertentangan. Teori konflik yang adalah mitra hukum adat untuk bersama- mereka pergunakan untuk mendekati sama membangun hukum nasional dalam masalah hubungan kedua sistem hukum itu wajah pluralitasnya. (Daud Ali, 1994) dengan sadar bertujuan untuk memecah- belah dan mengadu-domba rakyat Indone- Spirit Hazairin ini sebenarnya seirama sia. Selanjutnya, rencana ini mempunyai dengan Hatta yang berhasil menggagas target untuk mengukuhkan kekuasaan konstitusi yang menghargai keberagaman. Belanda di tanah air ini. Momen penetapan konstitusi mengisahkan adanya tarik-menarik antara merumuskan Hazairin sangat gelisah dengan ulah konstitusi yang beridentitaskan Islam teorinya Snouck ini. Ia merasakan sendiri 197 UNISIA, Vol. XXXII No. 72 Desember 2009 ataukah sekedar substansialisasi Islam. yang ada selama ini terjebak melihat Peristiwa ini seperti terekam saat peru- penghapusan tujuh kata Islami sebagai musan Piagam Jakarta/Pancasila. Panitia pengkhianatan kepada Islam. Penghapusan kecil BPUPKI telah berhasil memasukkan ini justru akan terbaca bahwa sebenarnya unsur Islam: “dengan kewa-jiban menjalan- redaksi penggantinya tetap berjiwa hukum kan sjari’at Islam bagi pemeluknya” ke dalam Islam, yakni “keesaan”. pasal 1. Akan tetapi dalam rapat besar Berdasarkan latar belakang masalah BPUPKI, Hatta mencoret 7 kata tersebut di atas, penulis mempunyai dugaan lalu menggantinya dengan “berdasarkan sementara bahwa pemerintah kolonial Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa.” menganggap gerakan Islam mempunyai Apa yang bisa ditarik kesimpulan dari potensi menjadi gerakan melawan penjajah. berbagai peristiwa hukum tersebut adalah Dengan demikian, jika keberlakuan hukum kelihaian para pemikir hukum pada eranya Islam dihentikan, maka masyarakat Islam masing-masing untuk mengedepankan akan kehilangan legitimasinya, yang dengan inklusifisme hukum nasional daripada demikian akan mengakibatkan gerakan Is- ekslusifisme. Artinya, sejak semula para ahli lam mengalami kemandulan dalam mem- tidak menginginkan hukum nasional berdiri perkuat gerakan kemerdekaan. di atas satu kaki karakter hukum saja. Tidak Terkait dengan masalah redaksi bagi dibangun di atas hukum Islam saja atau konstitusi, pemilihan karakter kata-katanya hukum adat saja. Pada akhirnya, Pancasila mempunyai signifikansi akibat yang serius. menjadi rumah bersama landasan yuridis Simbolisasi Islam dalam konstitusi akan bagi berlakunya hukum Islam dan hukum berakibat gangguan pada keutuhan bangsa adat. Indonesia. Sebab konstitusi bertujuan Di banding dengan penelitian yang telah melindungi melindungi semua elemen ada, tulisan ini membawa dua keunggulan hukum yang hidup dalam negara Indonesia, tujuan tersendiri. Pertama, penelitian ini maka susunan redaksinya harus mencer- akan menghasilkan temuan tidak hanya minkan semangat kebhinekaan. perdebatan teori saja. Di samping itu, hasilnya akan menggambarkan pergulatan Kajian Pustaka politik di balik kristalisasi teori. Penelitian Berdasarkan fokus penelitian yang yang ada selama ini terjebak melihat diambil, maka saya berangkat dari beberapa perdebatan teori berhenti sekedar per- buku yang cukup membantu untuk meng- tentangan teori. Melalui penelitian ini, teori hantarkan terlaksananya penelitian ini. Dari receptie akan terbaca bahwa sebenarnya penelusuran pustaka yang saya lakukan, bertujuan melemahkan hukum menjadi tidak buku yang sesuai dengan bidang yang supreme, karena subordinate di bawah menjadi fokus kajian adalah sebagai berikut: kepentingan politik kekuasaan penjajah. a. Ter Haar, Hukum Adat dalam Polemik Kedua, penelitian ini akan menghasil- Ilmiah (Jakarta: Bhratara, 1973). kan temuan tidak hanya perdebatan redaksi b. Hazairin, Tujuh Serangkai tentang kata-kata Piagam Jakarta. Melebihi hal itu, Hukum (Jakarta: Bina Aksara, 1981). hasilnya akan menggambarkan pemikiran c. Sayuti Thalib, Receptio a Contrario: cerdas Hatta dalam menjaga keutuhan Hubungan Hukum Adat dengan Hukum persatuan bangsa Indonesia. Penelitian Islam (Jakarta: Bina Aksara, 1980). 198 Keberhasilan Hukum Islam Menerjang Belenggu Kolonial dan...; Faiq Tobroni d. Ahmad Rofiq, Pembaharuan Hukum gunakan adalah buku-buku dari beberapa Islam di Indonesia (Yogyakarta: pemikir yang telah membahas tentang tema Penerbit Gama Media, 2001). fokus penelitian. e. A. Qodry Azizy, Hukum Nasional; Eklektisisme Hukum Islam dan 3. Teknik Menganalisis Data. Hukum Umum (Jakarta: Penerbit Dalam menganalisa data, penulis Teraju, 2004). menggunakan cara berpikir logis. (Hasan f. Mohammad Hatta, Pengertian Panca- Bisri, 2003) Namun dalam penelitian ini, sila (Jakarta: Idayu, 1977). penulis hanya akan menggunakan salah g. Muhammad Natsir, Islam dan Negara satu cara berpikir logis, yaitu cara berpikir dalam Perspektif Islam (Jakarta: induktif. Cara berpikir induktif adalah cara Penerbit Media Dakwah, 2001). berpikir yang berangkat dari fakta-fakta kasus h. Endang Saifuddin Anshari, Piagam dan kemudian dari fakta tersebut dihubung- Jakarta 22 Juni 1945; Sebuah Konsen- kan antara satu dengan yang lainnya sus Nasional tentang Dasar Negara RI sehingga ditarik dalam satu kesimpulan (1945-1949) (Jakarta: Gema Insani yang general. (Saifuddin, 1998) Metode ini Press, 1997). digunakan untuk memaparkan pendapat- i. Ahmad Syafi’i Maarif, Studi tentang pendapat yang bermacam-macam guna Percaturan dalam Konstituante; Islam disatukan untuk mendapat pemaparan yang dan Masalah Kenegaraan (Jakarta: menyatu dan saling mendukung. LP3ES, 1985). Metode Penelitian Hasil Penelitian dan Pembahasan Penulis menggunakan metode pene- Teori Receptio in Complexu litian sebagaimana teruraikan di bawah ini: Ada beberapa teori berlakunya hukum 1. Jenis Penelitian. Islam di Indonesia. Yang pertama marilah kita mulai dengan teori yang dikemukakan Jenis penelitian yang dipergunakan oleh van den Berg yang dinamakannya dalam menulis karya ini adalah library re- receptio in complexu. Teori ini dikemukakan search (penelitian pustaka), yaitu penelitian oleh Prof. Mr. Lodewijk Wilem Christian van yang menggunakan karya tertulis sebagai den Berg (1845-1927). Teori ini berpendapat sumber data dan sesuai dengan objek bahwa bagi orang Islam berlaku penuh penelitian. (Kartini, 1996) hukum Islam karena dia telah memeluk agama Islam. Hukum yang berlaku bagi 2. Teknik Pengumpulan Data. masyarakat Muslim adalah hukum Islam, Dalam penelitian ini, penulis meng- meskipun bentuk hukum tersebut menga- gunakan metode dokumentasi. Data primer lami perbedaan di masing-masing daerah. yang penulis pergunakan berangkat dari Pada zaman VOC, keberadaan hukum karya Ter Har tentang Hukum Adat dalam perdata Islam telah diakui pemerintah kolonial. Polemik Ilmiah, Hazairin tentang Tujuh Dengan diterbitkannya Regerings Reglement Serangkai tentang Hukum dan Mohammad tahun 1885, keberadaan hukum yang telah Hatta tentang Pengertian Pancasila. ada diperkuat dan dikokohkan dengan Sedangkan data primer yang penulis pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan. 199 UNISIA, Vol. XXXII No. 72 Desember 2009 Pada saat itu banyak kerajaan Islam telah Dalam kaitannya dengan hukum Islam, menerapkan hukum Islam serta mempunyai Reglement of het Beleid der Regering ven peradilan Islam sendiri-sendiri. Beberapa Nederlandsch Indie (RR) S. 1885 No. 2 kerajaan Islam seperti Samudra Pasai, menegaskan dalam pasal 75 dan 78 yang Kesultanan Demak, Kesultanan Mataram, substansi isinya adalah sbb: a) Hakim In- Cirebon, Banten Kutai, Sumatra dll. donesia harus memberlakukan undang- Dengan mengakui bahwa hukum yang undang agama (godsdientige wetten) dan berlaku bagi warga pribumi adalah hukum kebiasaan penduduk Indonesia itu; b) agamanya, ini menyebabkan VOC berke- Undang-undang dan kebiasaan
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