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Contribució a L'estudi De Les Aranyes De Tesi doctoral Contribució a l’estudi de les aranyes de mar (Pycnogonida): biogeografia de les espècies antàrtiques i biologia alimentària de les espècies mediterrànies Anna Soler i Membrives 2010 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Facultat de Biociències Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia Unitat de Zoologia Tesi doctoral Contribució a l’estudi de les aranyes de mar (Pycnogonida): biogeografia de les espècies antàrtiques i biologia alimentària de les espècies mediterrànies Memòria de tesi doctoral presentada per Anna Soler i Membrives per a optar al grau de Doctor en Zoologia sota la direcció del Dr. Tomás Munilla León. Aquesta tesi s’ha inscrit dins del programa de doctorat d’Aqüicultura, amb menció de qualitat, de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. El director La doctorand Tomás Munilla León Anna Soler i Membrives Bellaterra, Setembre 2010 A la meva família Al mar i a tots els que en ell hi viuen Sembla que no pugui ser que hagin passat tan ràpid aquests anys! I encara no m’acabo de creure com fa res vaig sortir de port, amb rumb però sense coordenades, i ara ja s’ha acabat aquesta gesta! Ha estat una travessa en la que m’ha acompanyat molta gent; alguns han desembarcat pel camí, d’altres s’han afegit a “aquesta navegació”, i d’altres amb els qui he compartit uns aspectes o d’altres durant tot el viatge... Evidentment, al mar, per donar-me la oportunitat de conèixer-lo una mica més. Primer de tot vull agrair a en Tomás que m’oferís l’oportunitat de fer aquest doctorat, i per fer-me apassionar amb aquests animalons tan increïblement intrigants! Sense ell no hagués pogut ni sortir del port! A Claudia, por invitarme a Brisbane aún no conociéndome, y darme la oportunidad de conocer a una picnogonóloga genial! Gracias por tus sabios consejos... Y a Karen Miller, por enseñarnos la genética de poblaciones! Gràcies a la Sílvia, per deixar-me “jugar” amb la ganiveta de diamant! I a en Sergi Rossi, per creure en els minúsculs picnus. I què dir dels tripulants de la unitat de zoo... En Francesc i l’Ana, que em van ensenyar tots els ets i uts del “manual del navegant”, i a saber com nuar els nusos complicats. A en Manolo i la Pilar, per solucionar-me la logística i fer-me fàcil la navegació, juntament amb la Mª Carme, en Javier i l’Òscar. A en Fernando i la Maite, pels bons consells... i l’Alejandro, un altre vell marí, per aquesta alegria i bon humor que transmets. A les noves companyies, la Núria, la Laieta, la Laia aranya, la Cecília i la Marta, que quan jo començava a estar cansada de tantes hores de mar, m’han acompanyat durant l’últim tram, han renovat l’aire, i m’han donat forces per acabar l’última etapa amb molt bon caliu. A la Montseta, perquè en els moments en què m’ha costat estabilitzar el rumb, tu em vas servir de guia. I a la Queta, la Marta i Maria, perquè tot i que sóc una “enxufada”, sempre m’he pogut refugiar en la vostra alegria i “petita família”. Al Paco, en Roger, l’Encarna, la Sílvia, el Sito i a tots aquells que han passat per allà i amb els que hagi tingut l’oportunitat de compartir durant les meves “mini-estades” a vete! A Luís García de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, por brindarme la oportunidad de conocer el último continente. A todos los compañeros chilenos, Francisco, Gonzalo, Miguel y Carlos, que me acogieron en su equipo y me hicieron sentir como una chilena más! Gracias a todos ellos, y a Jesús y a Antonio, que juntos pasamos una experiencia inolvidable en aguas antárticas. Durant cada jornada de navegació, hi ha un moment importantíssim per parar, agafar aire, desfogar-se, riure.. un moment sagrat que poques vegades em salto... les estones del dinar. A la Sandra, en Nitu i el Francesc, que durant tots aquests anys hem compartit molt més que els dinars! Al Nitu, com diu l’Emili, per tenir 24h obert el “PCR-consulting”, i per “colar-me” al CReSA per fer el “el curs accelerat de supervivència a Austràlia en un lab de molecular”. La Sandra, que m’ha ajudat tant en moments de tempesta i per la bona companyia en moments de calma. Gràcies a en Joan Giménez, per la seva paciència amb el poliquets!... I no m’oblido d’alguns incondicionals, la Mònica, el Carlos, la Risti i el Mili que m’han ajudat en la feixuga tasca d’anar a buscar picnus tan a l’estiu com a ple hivern (Temp H2O = 11ºC! Mili, no m’ho perdonaràs mai, oi? jeje). Així com a la Sandra i en Pedro que han estat buscant picnus amagats entre les algues de les safates, molts caps de setmana a les 10 de la nit... I les competicions per veure qui en troba més! ... que són molt poca cosa i necessito biomassa! I al Ruben, per les seves súper-fotos! Pots navegar en aigües llunyanes, però hi ha companyies que semblen que estiguin aquí al costat. Les nenes. Gràcies Ros, Meri, Sayon i Risti! Tot i que cadascú fa un camí diferent, el més important no canvia mai... i que així sigui!. Pels cosinets i tiet, per intentar-li buscar una utilitat aplicada als picnus... Per tots aquells que després d’aquest temps han après a dir “picnogònid”, i pels que tot i així, ho han intentat! A qui dec gran part de la tesi és al Pare, a la Mare i al Quitus, perquè són ells els qui m’han criat, i m’han inculcat el respecte i estimació pel mar. Gràcies pel suport incondicional que sempre m’heu donat, per animar-me a fer sempre tot allò que m’ha agradat, sabent que sempre podia comptar amb valtros! Perquè m’heu ensenyat tant a la vida!!! Aquesta tesi també és vostra. I a tu Mili, que junts ja formem la nostra petita família. En moments en què he anat a la deriva i m’he sentit com un nàufrag en un mar de dubtes, el far que t’il·lumina m’ha guiat a bon port. Gràcies pels petits grans moments del dia a dia! El nostre viatge plegats només ha fet que començar... “Fa milions d’anys que les flors fabriquen punxes. Fa milions d’anys que els xais es mengen les flors. I no n’és de seriós, tractar de comprendre per què les flors es preocupen tant de fabricar punxes que no els serveixen de res?” “I si jo conec una flor, única al món, que només es troba al meu planeta, i que un xai se la pot menjar d’una mossegada. No n'és d’important això?” El Petit Príncep, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. Índex I. Abstract / Resum ............................................................................ 3 II. Introducció ................................................................................... 9 II.1. Les aranyes de mar (Pycnogonida) ................................................ 9 II.1.1. Revisió sistemàtica i filogenètica ......................................... 10 II.1.1.1. Principis i mètodes actuals ...................................... 10 II.1.1.2. Relació amb els quelicerats (Chelicerata) .................... 11 II.1.1.3. Els picnogònids, un grup monofilètic .......................... 13 II.1.2. Biogeografia .................................................................. 16 II.1.2.1. Hàbitat .............................................................. 16 II.1.2.2. Distribució geogràfica ............................................ 18 II.1.2.3. Distribució batimètrica ........................................... 20 II.1.3. Ecologia ....................................................................... 21 II.1.3.1. Biologia alimentària .............................................. 21 II.1.3.2. Altres aspectes biològics ......................................... 23 II.2. Els dos ecosistemes ................................................................. 25 II.2.1. L’Antàrtica .................................................................... 25 II.2.2. La Mediterrània i la Mar catalana ......................................... 26 III. Justificació i objectius .................................................................... 33 Capítol I. Check-list of the pycnogonids from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters: zoogeographic implications ................................................................... 39 Capítol II. Pycnogonids of the Eastern Weddell Sea (Antarctica) with remarks on their bathymetric distribution ................................................................ 55 Capítol III. The occurrence of pycnogonids associated with the volcanic structures of Bransfield Strait central basin (Antarctica) ............................................. 67 Capítol IV. Genetic differentiation on the Circum-Antarctic sea spider Nymphon australe (Pycnogonida; Nymphonidae) ...................................................... 75 Annex I. Anatomy and ultrastructure of the digestive system from two Mediterranean sea spiders (Arthropoda; Pycnogonida) ................................... 95 Annex II. Feeding ecology of Mediterranean sea spider Ammothella longipes (Pycnogonida): Characterizing temporal diet and trophic links through the fatty acid composition ................................................................................ 119 IV. Resum dels resultats i discussió .......................................................... 147 IV.1. Biogeografia de les espècies antàrtiques.......... .............................. 147 IV.2. Distribució batimètrica antàrtica: el Mar de Weddell com a cas d’estudi .. 149 IV.3. Picnogònids associats a estructures volcàniques de l’estret de Bransfield . 151 IV.4. Diversificació genètica d’una espècie circumpolar: Nymphon australe ..... 152 IV.5. Estructura interna i funcionament del sistema digestiu ....................... 156 IV.6. Relacions tròfiques en el litoral català ........................................... 161 V. Conclusions (anglès / català) ............................................................
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