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The Potential for Cultural Exchanges Between the European Union and Third Countries: the Case of China

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The Potential for Cultural Exchanges Between the European Union and Third Countries: the Case of China DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES CULTURE AND EDUCATION The Potential for Cultural Exchanges between the European Union and Third Countries: The Case of China STUDY This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Culture and Education. AUTHORS Media Consulting Group (Paris, Brussels and Beijing)1 RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Mr Gonçalo MACEDO Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN. Executive Summaries: BG, CS, DA, DE, EL, ES, ET, FI, FR, HU, IT, LT, LV, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SV. ABOUT THE EDITOR To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in April 2009. Brussels, © European Parliament, 2009. This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. 1 Mr Alain Modot,Ms Héloïse Fontanel, Ms Silvia Angrisani, Mr Pierre Jalladeau, Mr Abel Ségrétin, Ms Bérénice Angremy ,Ms Li Hua, Ms Bi Dongna. DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES CULTURE AND EDUCATION The Potential for Cultural Exchanges between the European Union and Third Countries: The Case of China STUDY Abstract: This study provides an overview of the cultural sector in China, going on to describe the current state of cultural exchanges between the EU and its Member States and China. It concludes by providing ideas for policymakers on how such exchanges can be strengthened. China is taken here as a test case for the EU's cultural policy towards third countries in general. IP/B/CULT/IC/2008_109 04/2009 PE 419.097 EN The Potential for Cultural Exchanges between the EU and Third Countries: the Case of China CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9 GENERAL INFORMATION 17 PART ONE. CULTURE IN CHINA: A SECTORIAL STUDY 21 1.1. From Cultural Revolution to Cultural Evolution 21 1.2. Film industry 24 1.3. TV industry 30 1.4. New Media: Internet – Mobile phone 35 1.5. Visual Arts 42 1.6. Music industry 48 1.7. Architecture 51 1.8. Cultural Heritage 58 1.9. Performing Arts 64 1.10. Literature and Publishing 68 1.11. Chinese Intellectual Property Rights Protection 73 PART TWO. EU-CHINA CULTURAL EXCHANGES 81 2.1. Programmes and actions originated by European authorities 81 2.2. Programmes and Actions originated by EU Member States 93 PART THREE. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 107 3.1. Conclusions 107 3.2. Recommendations 109 REFERENCES 113 ANNEX 117 3 4 The Potential for Cultural Exchanges between the EU and Third Countries: the Case of China LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABB Architecture Biennale Beijing ACCU Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO ACYF All China Youth Federation AIC Administration for Industry and Commerce APA Asia Pacific Committee of the German Industry Federation API Asien-Pacifik-Institut for Management GmbH AQSIQ General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine ASC Architectural Society of China ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEF Asia Europe Foundation ASEM Asia-Europe Meetings ASEM CCM Asia Europe Meeting Cultural Ministers Meetings ASEM Asia-Europe Conference on Culture and Civilization COCC ASEMUS Asia – Europe Museum Network CAA China Artists Association CAFA Central Academy of Fine Arts CAVA China Audio & Video Association CAVCMA China Audio-Video Collective Management Association CCID China Centre for Information Industry Development CCTV China Central Television 5 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies CDA Chinese Dancers’ Association CFB - Chinese Film Bureau CFCC China Film Coproduction Corporation CFG China Film Group CITVC China International Television Corporation CNNIC China Internet Network Information Centre CPC Communist Party of China CtC Connections through Culture programme CTMO China Trade Mark Office DCMS Department for Culture Media and Sport (UK) EC European Commission EFP European Film Promotion EP European Parliament EPC European Producers Club EPO European Patent Office EU European Union EVD Agency for International Business and Cooperation (the Netherlands) EYF European Youth Forum FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK) FSS Film Sales Support initiative GAPP General Administration of Press and Publication GCA General Administration for Customs GDP Gross Domestic Product ICE Istituto per il Commercio Estero (Italian institute for Foreign Trade) 6 The Potential for Cultural Exchanges between the EU and Third Countries: the Case of China ICIF International Cultural Industries Fair IFPI International Federation of the Phonographic Industry IP Intellectual Property IPR Intellectual Property Rights ISPs Internet Service Providers LDI Local Design Institutes MHURC Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Construction MIIT Ministry of Industry and Information Technologies MoC Ministry of Culture MOC Ministry of Construction MofCom Ministry of Commerce MoST Ministry of Science & Technology MPA Motion Picture Association MCSC Music Copyright Society of China NCA National Copyright Administration NCPA National Centre for the Performing Arts NAMOC National Art Museum of China NCAF Netherlands China Arts Foundation NFDC National Film Development Corporation (India) OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OHIM Office for the Harmonisation of the Internal Market OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe PRC People’s Republic of China SACH State Administration for Cultural Heritage 7 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies SAIC Trademark Office of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce SARFT State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television SBCR State Bureau of Cultural Relics SIPO State Intellectual Property Office SKI Stadtkultur International ev SME Small and Medium sized Enterprises SWOT Strengths - Weaknesses - Opportunities – Threats TRIP’s Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreements UCCA Ullens Center for Contemporary Art UIA International Union of Architects UKTI United Kingdom Trade and Investment UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation WH World Heritage WIPO World Intellectual Property Organisation WTO World Trade Organisation 8 The Potential for Cultural Exchanges between the EU and Third Countries: the Case of China EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This study is the result of the European Parliament’s wish to be informed about the potential for cultural exchanges with third countries, using China as a case study. Information is provided on the cultural sector in China (Part One) and on the existing European Union – China cultural exchanges (Part Two). This study also offers a series of recommendations on how to maximise potential opportunities in the cooperation between the European Union and China (Part Three). 1. The study concerns both the cultural and creative industries. According to the definition adopted in this study the cultural sector includes the totality of industrial and non-industrial sectors in which culture constitutes a final product for consumption, while the creative sector includes those industries that use culture in the production process as a creative input for the production of non-cultural goods. The following sectors are covered in the study: cinema, television, new media, visual arts, architecture and design, performing arts, cultural heritage, music and literature. 2. Two main tools were used in carrying out the research: desk work and interviews. The desk work was based on the main printed and online sources available for each cultural sector. Interviews were conducted in China as well as in Europe, with some of the most relevant stakeholders in each field. 3. In Part One, the study looks at the profound changes that have arisen in the Chinese cultural and creative sectors in recent years. The most momentous change was announced as part of the 11th Five-year Plan and consisted in the swift transition from a non-profit, prestige-oriented sector to an economically integrated sector. 4. In the film industry sector, China is today - after North America and India - the third largest film producing country in the world. Simultaneously, the modernisation of existing cinemas and the deployment of new multiplex venues have driven consumer spending on cinema-going upwards and resulted in box office revenue growth of 27 % in 2008. Foreign productions are subject to stringent legal guidelines and have access to incentives. Three forms of cooperation between a foreign entity and a Chinese producer/studio are possible: joint productions, assisted productions and commissioned productions. Access to foreign markets and talent is one of the major motivating factors for cooperation in film production. China encourages foreign companies, especially European ones, which are considered similar in their values and usually operate on similar funding requirements, to invest in large scale Chinese productions. As far as the distribution of foreign films is concerned, the Government allows twenty foreign films to be imported
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